CAT/GC/2 CAT_GC_2E.docx (English)

CAT/GC/2 CAT_GC_2C.docx (Chinese)

CAT

CAT

General comment No. 2:

第2号一般性意见：

Implementation of article 2 by States parties

缔约国执行第2条

Thirty-ninth session (2007)

第三十九届会议(2007年)

1.

1.

This general comment addresses the three parts of article 2, each of which identifies distinct interrelated and essential principles that undergird the Convention’s absolute prohibition against torture.

本一般性意见论述的是第2条的三个组成部分，其中每个部分提出了不同而相互关联并且不可或缺的特定原则，这些原则正是《公约》绝对禁止酷刑的立足点。

Since the adoption of the Convention against Torture, the absolute and non‑derogable character of this prohibition has become accepted as a matter of customary international law.

《禁止酷刑公约》自通过以来，这一禁止规定的绝对性和不可克减性已成为习惯国际法的一部分。

The provisions of article 2 reinforce this peremptory jus cogens norm against torture and constitute the foundation of the Committee’s authority to implement effective means of prevention, including but not limited to those measures contained in the subsequent articles 3 to 16, in response to evolving threats, issues, and practices.

第2条的规定加强了这项禁止酷刑的绝对强制性规范，构成了委员会权力的基础，使委员会有权采取有效的预防手段，包括但不限于采取其后第3至第16条所载的各项措施，以应对出现的各种威胁、问题和做法。

2.

2.

Article 2, paragraph 1, obliges each State party to take actions that will reinforce the prohibition against torture through legislative, administrative, judicial, or other actions that must, in the end, be effective in preventing it.

根据第2条第1款，每一缔约国有义务采取行动，包括立法、行政、司法或其他行动，以加强禁止酷刑的规定，而这些行动必须最后能够有效地防止酷刑。

To ensure that measures are in fact taken that are known to prevent or punish any acts of torture, the Convention outlines in subsequent articles obligations for the State party to take measures specified therein.

为了保证确实采取防止或惩罚任何酷刑行为的措施，《公约》在其后各条中载明缔约国有义务采取其中所规定的各项措施。

3.

3.

The obligation to prevent torture in article 2 is wide-ranging.

第2条中规定的防止酷刑的义务的范围十分广泛。

The obligations to prevent torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (hereinafter “ill‑treatment”) under article 16, paragraph 1, are indivisible, interdependent and interrelated.

防止酷刑的义务与第16条第1款所规定的防止其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚(下称“虐待”)的义务是不可分割、互为依存和相互关联的。

The obligation to prevent ill-treatment in practice overlaps with and is largely congruent with the obligation to prevent torture.

防止虐待的义务与防止酷刑的义务实际上相重叠，而且基本上相一致。

Article 16, identifying the means of prevention of ill-treatment, emphasizes “in particular” the measures outlined in articles 10 to 13, but does not limit effective prevention to these articles, as the Committee has explained, for example, with respect to compensation in article 14.

第16条在规定防止虐待的手段时，“特别”强调了第10至第13条所列的措施，但正如委员会所解释过的那样，有效防止虐待的措施并不仅仅限于这几条所列的措施，例如，还包括第14条所规定的补偿。

In practice, the definitional threshold between ill-treatment and torture is often not clear.

实际上，虐待与酷刑之间往往没有明确的界限。

Experience demonstrates that the conditions that give rise to ill‑treatment frequently facilitate torture and therefore the measures required to prevent torture must be applied to prevent ill-treatment.

经验表明，发生虐待的情况往往也会助长酷刑的发生，因此，必须采取那些为防止酷刑所必须采取的措施来防止虐待的发生。

Accordingly, the Committee has considered the prohibition of ill-treatment to be likewise non-derogable under the Convention and its prevention to be an effective and non-derogable measure.

所以，委员会认为，《公约》禁止虐待的规定同样是不可克减的，必须采取不可克减的有效措施防止虐待的发生。

4.

4.

States parties are obligated to eliminate any legal or other obstacles that impede the eradication of torture and ill-treatment;

缔约国有义务消除有碍于杜绝酷刑和虐待的一切法律或其他障碍；

and to take positive effective measures to ensure that such conduct and any recurrences thereof are effectively prevented.

采取积极有效措施确保切实防止此种行为的发生和重演。

States parties also have the obligation continually to keep under review and improve their national laws and performance under the Convention in accordance with the Committee’s concluding observations and views adopted on individual communications.

缔约国还有义务不断审查其本国法律和执行《公约》的情况，并按照委员会就个别来文通过的意见和结论性意见加以改进。

If the measures adopted by the State party fail to accomplish the purpose of eradicating acts of torture, the Convention requires that they be revised and/or that new, more effective measures be adopted.

如果缔约国采取的措施未能实现杜绝酷刑行为这一目标，则按照《公约》的要求，缔约国须作出改进和/或采取新的、更为有效的措施。

Likewise, the Committee’s understanding of and recommendations in respect of effective measures are in a process of continual evolution, as, unfortunately, are the methods of torture and ill-treatment.

同样，由于酷刑和虐待的形式不幸地一直在翻新，委员会对有效措施的理解和建议也一直在与时俱进。

II.

二、

Absolute prohibition

绝对禁止

5.

5.

Article 2, paragraph 2, provides that the prohibition against torture is absolute and non‑derogable.

第2条第2款规定，禁止施行酷刑这一点是绝对的，不可克减的。

It emphasizes that no exceptional circumstances whatsoever may be invoked by a State Party to justify acts of torture in any territory under its jurisdiction.

该款强调，缔约国不得援引“任何特殊情况”作为在其管辖的任何领土内施行酷刑的理由。

The Convention identifies as among such circumstances a state of war or threat thereof, internal political instability or any other public emergency.

《公约》所指出的特殊情况包括战争状态、战争威胁、国内政局动荡或任何其他社会紧急状态。

This includes any threat of terrorist acts or violent crime as well as armed conflict, international or non-international.

其中包括了任何恐怖主义行为或暴力犯罪的威胁以及国际性或非国际性的武装冲突。

The Committee is deeply concerned at and rejects absolutely any efforts by States to justify torture and ill-treatment as a means to protect public safety or avert emergencies in these and all other situations.

任何国家想要以在此种情况或一切其他情况下维护公共安全或防止出现紧急状态为理由而施行酷刑或虐待，委员会都深感关注并断然反对。

Similarly, it rejects any religious or traditional justification that would violate this absolute prohibition.

同样，委员会也反对用任何宗教或传统理由违反绝对禁止施行酷刑或虐待的规定。

The Committee considers that amnesties or other impediments which preclude or indicate unwillingness to provide prompt and fair prosecution and punishment of perpetrators of torture or ill-treatment violate the principle of non-derogability.

委员会认为，实行特赦或采取其他阻挠办法，事先排除或表明不愿意对施行酷刑或虐待的人进行即时和公正的起诉和处罚，是违反不可克减原则的。

6.

6.

The Committee reminds all States parties to the Convention of the non-derogable nature of the obligations undertaken by them in ratifying the Convention.

委员会提请《公约》所有缔约国注意其因批准《公约》而承担的义务的不可克减性。

In the aftermath of the attacks of 11 September 2001, the Committee specified that the obligations in articles 2 (whereby “no exceptional circumstances whatsoever…may be invoked as a justification of torture”), 15 (prohibiting confessions extorted by torture being admitted in evidence, except against the torturer), and 16 (prohibiting cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment) are three such provisions that “must be observed in all circumstances”.

在 2001年9月11日的袭击事件发生后，委员会表明，第2条(任何特殊情况，不论为……均不得援引为施行酷刑的理由)、第15条(不得援引任何业经确定系 以酷刑取得的口供为证据，但这类口供可用作被控施用酷刑者刑求逼供的证据)和第16条(禁止残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚)所载的义务是三条“在一 切情况下都必须遵守”的规定 1 。

The Committee considers that articles 3 to 15 are likewise obligatory as applied to both torture and ill-treatment.

委员会认为，第3至第15条同样不可克减，既适用于酷刑，也适用于虐待。

The Committee recognizes that States parties may choose the measures through which they fulfill these obligations, so long as they are effective and consistent with the object and purpose of the Convention.

委员会确认，缔约国可选择采取某些措施来履行上述义务，但这些措施必须有效，并且符合《公约》的宗旨和目标。

7.

7.

The Committee also understands that the concept of “any territory under its jurisdiction,” linked as it is with the principle of non-derogability, includes any territory or facilities and must be applied to protect any person, citizen or non-citizen without discrimination subject to the de jure or de facto control of a State party.

委员会还认为，与不可克减原则相联系的“其管辖的任何领土”的概念包括任何领土或设施，必须用来保护在一缔约国法律上或事实上控制之下的任何人，无论是公民还是非公民，不得有任何歧视。

The Committee emphasizes that the State’s obligation to prevent torture also applies to all persons who act, de jure or de facto, in the name of, in conjunction with, or at the behest of the State party.

委员会强调，防止酷刑的国家义务也适用于法律上或事实上以缔约国名义、与缔约国配合或应缔约国要求而行事的所有人。

It is a matter of urgency that each State party should closely monitor its officials and those acting on its behalf and should identify and report to the Committee any incidents of torture or ill-treatment as a consequence of anti-terrorism measures, among others, and the measures taken to investigate, punish, and prevent further torture or ill-treatment in the future, with particular attention to the legal responsibility of both the direct perpetrators and officials in the chain of command, whether by acts of instigation, consent or acquiescence.

每一缔约国应作为紧要事项，密切监督其官员或代表其行事的人，并应向委员会报告 因采取反恐措施或其他措施而发生的任何酷刑或虐待事件以及为调查、惩罚和防止未来再发生酷刑或虐待行为而采取的措施，其中应特别关注直接行为者的法律责任 以及各级指挥系统的官员教唆、同意或默许此种行为的法律责任。

III.

三、

Content of the obligation to take effective measures to prevent torture

采取有效措施防止酷刑的义务的内容

8.

8.

States parties must make the offence of torture punishable as an offence under its criminal law, in accordance, at a minimum, with the elements of torture as defined in article 1 of the Convention, and the requirements of article 4.

缔约国必须至少按照《公约》第1条所界定的酷刑行为要素和第4条的要求，将酷刑行为定为根据其刑法须加以惩罚的罪行。

9.

9.

Serious discrepancies between the Convention’s definition and that incorporated into domestic law create actual or potential loopholes for impunity.

《公约》中的定义若与国内法中纳入的定义有重大差距，就会出现实际或可能的漏洞，从而导致有罪不罚。

In some cases, although similar language may be used, its meaning may be qualified by domestic law or by judicial interpretation and thus the Committee calls upon each State party to ensure that all parts of its Government adhere to the definition set forth in the Convention for the purpose of defining the obligations of the State.

在某些情况下，尽管用语也许相近，但国内法或司法解释可能对其含义作了限定。 因此，委员会要求每一缔约国确保政府所有部门都根据《公约》中的定义来界定国家义务。

At the same time, the Committee recognizes that broader domestic definitions also advance the object and purpose of this Convention so long as they contain and are applied in accordance with the standards of the Convention, at a minimum.

同时，委员会也确认，如果本国的定义至少包含《公约》的标准并且按照《公约》的标准予以适用，则更广泛的本国定义也可促进《公约》的宗旨和目标。

In particular, the Committee emphasizes that elements of intent and purpose in article 1 do not involve a subjective inquiry into the motivations of the perpetrators, but rather must be objective determinations under the circumstances.

委员会特别要强调的是，第1条的旨意和目的并不包括要对行为者的动机进行主观探究，而是必须根据有关情况进行客观裁判。

It is essential to investigate and establish the responsibility of persons in the chain of command as well as that of the direct perpetrator(s).

有必要调查和确定各级指挥人员以及直接行为者的责任。

10.

10.

The Committee recognizes that most States parties identify or define certain conduct as ill‑treatment in their criminal codes.

委员会确认，大多数缔约国在其刑法典中将某些行为确定为或界定为虐待。

In comparison to torture, ill-treatment may differ in the severity of pain and suffering and does not require proof of impermissible purposes.

与酷刑相比，虐待可能在疼痛或痛苦的程度上有差别，而且无须证明施行虐待是为了不被准许的目的。

The Committee emphasizes that it would be a violation of the Convention to prosecute conduct solely as ill-treatment where the elements of torture are also present.

委员会强调，如果也存在酷刑行为的要素，则仅以虐待罪名起诉有关行为就违反了《公约》。

11.

11.

By defining the offence of torture as distinct from common assault or other crimes, the Committee considers that States parties will directly advance the Convention’s overarching aim of preventing torture and ill-treatment.

委员会认为，缔约国若将酷刑行为界定为有别于普通攻击行为或其他犯罪行为的罪行，将可直接促进《公约》防止酷刑和虐待的总目标。

Naming and defining this crime will promote the Convention’s aim, inter alia, by alerting everyone, including perpetrators, victims, and the public, to the special gravity of the crime of torture.

将酷刑行为称为酷刑并加以界定，有助于实现《公约》的目标，特别是可促使每一个人――包括行为者、受害者和公众――都认识到酷刑罪行的特别严重的性质。

Codifying this crime will also

将这种行为定为罪行，还可：

(a)

(a)

emphasize the need for appropriate punishment that takes into account the gravity of the offence,

突出按罪行的严重程度加以适当惩罚的必要性；

(b)

(b)

strengthen the deterrent effect of the prohibition itself,

加强禁止规定本身的威慑作用；

(c)

(c)

enhance the ability of responsible officials to track the specific crime of torture and

使负责官员更能够追查具体的酷刑行为；和

(d) enable and empower the public to monitor and, when required, to challenge State action as well as State inaction that violates the Convention.

(d) 使公众有能力和有权力对违反《公约》的国家行为和国家不行为进行监督和在必要时提出质疑。

12.

12.

Through review of successive reports from States parties, the examination of individual communications, and monitoring of developments, the Committee has, in its concluding observations, articulated its understanding of what constitute effective measures, highlights of which we set forth here.

通过审议各缔约国历次提交的报告、审理个别来文和监督事态发展，委员会在其结论性意见中阐述了它对有效措施的理解，而本文件也择要概述了这一理解。

In terms of both the principles of general application of article 2 and developments that build upon specific articles of the Convention, the Committee has recommended specific actions designed to enhance each State party’s ability swiftly and effectively to implement measures necessary and appropriate to prevent acts of torture and ill‑treatment and thereby assist States parties in bringing their law and practice into full compliance with the Convention.

在第2条的一般适用原则和以《公约》特定条款为基础的进一步发展方面，委员会建议了种种具体的行动，这些行动旨在加强每一缔约国的能力，使其能够迅速地、切实地采取必要且适当的措施来防止酷刑和虐待行为，从而有助于缔约国的法律和做法与《公约》完全相符。

13.

13.

Certain basic guarantees apply to all persons deprived of their liberty.

某些基本保障措施对一切被剥夺自由的人都适用。

Some of these are specified in the Convention, and the Committee consistently calls upon States parties to use them.

其中一些保障措施已经载入《公约》，而委员会也一直要求各缔约国采用这些保障措施。

The Committee’s recommendations concerning effective measures aim to clarify the current baseline and are not exhaustive.

委员会就有效措施提出了建议，其目的是澄清目前的基本措施，所建议的措施也并非详尽无遗。

Such guarantees include, inter alia, maintaining an official register of detainees, the right of detainees to be informed of their rights, the right promptly to receive independent legal assistance, independent medical assistance, and to contact relatives, the need to establish impartial mechanisms for inspecting and visiting places of detention and confinement, and the availability to detainees and persons at risk of torture and ill‑treatment of judicial and other remedies that will allow them to have their complaints promptly and impartially examined, to defend their rights, and to challenge the legality of their detention or treatment.

除其他外，保障措施 包括： 保有被拘留者正式名册； 被拘留者有权被告知其权利； 被拘留者有权迅速获得独立的法律援助、获得独立的医疗保健服务和联系其亲人； 需要建立察看和访问拘留和监禁地点的公正机制； 以及为被拘留者和有遭受酷刑和虐待危险的人提供司法和其他补救办法，使他们的申诉能够得到迅速和公正的审理，并使他们能够维护其权利并对其拘留或待遇的合 法性提出质疑。

14.

14.

Experience since the Convention came into force has enhanced the Committee’s understanding of the scope and nature of the prohibition against torture, of the methodologies of torture, of the contexts and consequences in which it occurs, as well as of evolving effective measures to prevent it in different contexts.

《公约》生效以来取得的经验加深了委员会对下列各方面的认识： 禁止酷刑的规定的范围和性质； 酷刑的方式； 酷刑发生的背景和后果； 以及在不同情况下可采取何种与时俱进的有效措施来防止酷刑。

For example, the Committee has emphasized the importance of having same sex guards when privacy is involved.

例如，委员会强调，在涉及单独拘留审讯的情况下，警卫必须为同一性别。

As new methods of prevention (e.g. videotaping all interrogations, utilizing investigative procedures such as the Istanbul Protocol of 1999, or new approaches to public education or the protection of minors) are discovered, tested and found effective, article 2 provides authority to build upon the remaining articles and to expand the scope of measures required to prevent torture.

随着新的预防方法的发现、试用和证明有效(诸如对所有审讯过程进行录像、实施1999年《伊斯坦布尔议定书》2 一类的调查程序或采用新的教育公众或保护未成年人的办法)，可按照第2条的授权，在其余条款的基础上扩大为防止酷刑所需要采取的措施的范围。

IV.

四、

Scope of State obligations and responsibility

国家义务和责任的范围

15.

15.

The Convention imposes obligations on States parties and not on individuals.

《公约》为缔约国而非为个人规定了义务。

States bear international responsibility for the acts and omissions of their officials and others, including agents, private contractors, and others acting in official capacity or acting on behalf of the State, in conjunction with the State, under its direction or control, or otherwise under colour of law.

国家为其官员和其他人员的行为和不行为承担国际责任，其中包括以官方身份或代表国家行事、与国家配合行事、在其指挥或控制下行事或表面上依法行事的代理人、私营承包商和其他人员。

Accordingly, each State party should prohibit, prevent and redress torture and ill-treatment in all contexts of custody or control, for example, in prisons, hospitals, schools, institutions that engage in the care of children, the aged, the mentally ill or disabled, in military service, and other institutions as well as contexts where the failure of the State to intervene encourages and enhances the danger of privately inflicted harm.

因此，每一缔约国应禁止和防止在一切监管或控制的情况下发生酷刑和虐待行为并对此种行为作出纠正，这些监管和控制的情况包括监狱、医院、学校、负责照顾儿童、老年人、精神病人或残疾人的机构、兵役单位以及如果国家不进行干预就会纵容和加大私下伤害危险的其他机构和环境。

The Convention does not, however, limit the international responsibility that States or individuals can incur for perpetrating torture and ill‑treatment under international customary law and other treaties.

然而，对于国家或个人根据习惯国际法和其他条约所引起的施行酷刑和虐待的国际责任，《公约》未作任何限制。

16.

16.

Article 2, paragraph 1, requires that each State party shall take effective measures to prevent acts of torture not only in its sovereign territory but also “in any territory under its jurisdiction.”

第2条第1款要求每一缔约国不但在其主权领土内而且“在其管辖的任何领土内”采取有效措施防止出现酷刑行为。

The Committee has recognized that “any territory” includes all areas where the State party exercises, directly or indirectly, in whole or in part, de jure or de facto effective control, in accordance with international law.

委员会确认，“任何领土”包括缔约国按照国际法直接或间接、全部或部分、法律上或事实上实行有效控制的所有地区。

The reference to “any territory” in article 2, like that in articles 5, 11, 12, 13 and 16, refers to prohibited acts committed not only on board a ship or aircraft registered by a State party, but also during military occupation or peacekeeping operations and in such places as embassies, military bases, detention facilities, or other areas over which a State exercises factual or effective control.

第2条以及第5、第11、第12、第13和第16条提到“任何领土”，不但是指在缔约国注册的船舶或飞机上犯下的违禁行为，而且也指在军事占领或维和行动期间以及在诸如使馆、军事基地、拘留设施或一国实际或有效控制下的其他地区犯下的此种行为。

The Committee notes that this interpretation reinforces article 5, paragraph 1 (b), which requires that a State party must take measures to exercise jurisdiction “when the alleged offender is a national of the State.”

委员会要指出，这一解释加强了第5条第1款(b)项，其中规定缔约国必须采取措施，在“被控罪犯为该国国民”的情况下行使管辖权。

The Committee considers that the scope of “territory” under article 2 must also include situations where a State party exercises, directly or indirectly, de facto or de jure control over persons in detention.

委员会认为，第2条所指的“领土”的范围还必须包括缔约国直接或间接、事实上或法律上对被拘留的人实行控制的情况。

17.

17.

The Committee observes that States parties are obligated to adopt effective measures to prevent public authorities and other persons acting in an official capacity from directly committing, instigating, inciting, encouraging, acquiescing in or otherwise participating or being complicit in acts of torture as defined in the Convention.

委员会认为，缔约国有义务采取有效措施，防止政府当局和以官方身份行事的其他人直接犯下、教唆、煽动、鼓励、默许或以其他方式参与或共同犯下《公约》所界定的酷刑行为。

Thus, States parties should adopt effective measures to prevent such authorities or others acting in an official capacity or under colour of law, from consenting to or acquiescing in any acts of torture.

因此，缔约国应采取有效措施，防止政府当局或以官方身份行事或表面上依法行事的其他人同意或默许任何酷刑行为。

The Committee has concluded that States parties are in violation of the Convention when they fail to fulfil these obligations.

委员会断定，缔约国若没有履行这些义务，就是违反了《公约》。

For example, where detention centres are privately owned or run, the Committee considers that personnel are acting in an official capacity on account of their responsibility for carrying out the State function without derogation of the obligation of State officials to monitor and take all effective measures to prevent torture and ill-treatment.

例如，对于私人拥有或管理拘留中心的情况，委员会认为，鉴于有关人员负责执行国家的职能，因而他们是以官方身份行事，所以丝毫不减损国家官员进行监督并采取一切有效措施防止酷刑和虐待的义务。

18.

18.

The Committee has made clear that where State authorities or others acting in official capacity or under colour of law, know or have reasonable grounds to believe that acts of torture or ill-treatment are being committed by non-State officials or private actors and they fail to exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate, prosecute and punish such non-State officials or private actors consistently with the Convention, the State bears responsibility and its officials should be considered as authors, complicit or otherwise responsible under the Convention for consenting to or acquiescing in such impermissible acts.

委员会已表明，如果国家当局或以官方身份行事或表面上依 法行事的其他人知悉或有合理的理由相信非国家官员或私人行为者正在施行酷刑或虐待但并未按照《公约》阻止、调查、起诉和惩罚这些非国家官员或私人行为者， 则国家应承担责任，其官员应视为违禁行为的行为者、共犯或根据《公约》须为同意或默许此种行为负责的人。

Since the failure of the State to exercise due diligence to intervene to stop, sanction and provide remedies to victims of torture facilitates and enables non-State actors to commit acts impermissible under the Convention with impunity, the State’s indifference or inaction provides a form of encouragement and/or de facto permission.

国家若未适当注意进行干预以制止和制裁酷刑行为并为受害者提供补救，就会纵容非国家行为者，使他们能够犯下《公约》所不准许的行为而且不受惩罚。 因此，国家的漠不关心或无所作为构成了鼓励和/或事实上准许。

The Committee has applied this principle to States parties’ failure to prevent and protect victims from gender-based violence, such as rape, domestic violence, female genital mutilation, and trafficking.

对于缔约国未能防止诸如强奸、家庭暴力、切割女性生殖器和贩卖妇女等基于性别的暴力行为和保护妇女不受此种行为之害，委员会已适用了这项原则。

19.

19.

Additionally, if a person is to be transferred or sent to the custody or control of an individual or institution known to have engaged in torture or ill-treatment, or has not implemented adequate safeguards, the State is responsible, and its officials subject to punishment for ordering, permitting or participating in this transfer contrary to the State’s obligation to take effective measures to prevent torture in accordance with article 2, paragraph 1.

此外，如果将一个人移交或送交已知曾施行过酷刑或虐待或者未实行适当保障措施的个人或机构，由其加以监管或控制，则国家须为此负责，其官员须为违反第2条第1款所规定采取有效措施防止酷刑的国家义务下令、准许或参与此一移交行动而受处罚。

The Committee has expressed its concern when States parties send persons to such places without due process of law as required by articles 2 and 3.

对于缔约国未经第2和第3条所要求的适当法律程序而将人送到这种地方，委员会已表示了关注。

V.

五、

Protection for individuals and groups made vulnerable by discrimination or marginalization

保护因遭受歧视或被边缘化而处于弱势地位的个人和群体

20.

20.

The principle of non-discrimination is a basic and general principle in the protection of human rights and fundamental to the interpretation and application of the Convention.

不歧视原则是保护人权的一项基本和普遍的原则，对《公约》的解释和适用至为重要。

Non‑discrimination is included within the definition of torture itself in article 1, paragraph 1, of the Convention, which explicitly prohibits specified acts when carried out for “any reason based on discrimination of any kind …”.

“不歧视”已纳入了《公约》第1条第1款所载的酷刑定义本身，该款明文禁止为了“基于任何一种歧视的任何理由”而作出的特定行为。

The Committee emphasizes that the discriminatory use of mental or physical violence or abuse is an important factor in determining whether an act constitutes torture.

委员会强调，歧视性地使用精神或肉体暴力或虐待，是决定某一行为是否构成酷刑的一个重要因素。

21.

21.

The protection of certain minority or marginalized individuals or populations especially at risk of torture is a part of the obligation to prevent torture or ill-treatment.

对特别有可能遭受酷刑的某些少数或边缘化个人或人群加以保护，是防止酷刑或虐待义务的一个组成部分。

States parties must ensure that, insofar as the obligations arising under the Convention are concerned, their laws are in practice applied to all persons, regardless of race, colour, ethnicity, age, religious belief or affiliation, political or other opinion, national or social origin, gender, sexual orientation, transgender identity, mental or other disability, health status, economic or indigenous status, reason for which the person is detained, including persons accused of political offences or terrorist acts, asylum-seekers, refugees or others under international protection, or any other status or adverse distinction.

就《公约》引起的义务 而言，缔约国必须确保其法律实际上适用于所有人，而无论其种族、肤色、族裔、年龄、宗教信仰或教派、政治见解或其他见解、原籍或社会出身、性别、性倾向、 变性身份、心智残障或其他残疾、健康状况、经济状况或土著身份、拘留理由等，其中包括被控犯下政治罪行或恐怖主义行为的人、寻求避难者、难民或其他受到国 际保护的人或具有任何其他地位或不利特性的人。

States parties should, therefore, ensure the protection of members of groups especially at risk of being tortured, by fully prosecuting and punishing all acts of violence and abuse against these individuals and ensuring implementation of other positive measures of prevention and protection, including but not limited to those outlined above.

因此，缔约国应确保特别有可能遭受酷刑的群体成员受到保护，全力起诉和处罚对这些人施行的一切暴力和虐待行为，并确保实行其他预防性和保护性积极措施，包括但不限于上述各项措施。

22.

22.

State reports frequently lack specific and sufficient information on the implementation of the Convention with respect to women.

国家提交的报告往往不说明与妇女相关的具体而又充分的《公约》执行情况。

The Committee emphasizes that gender is a key factor.

委员会强调，性别是一个关键因素。

Being female intersects with other identifying characteristics or status of the person such as race, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, age, immigrant status etc. to determine the ways that women and girls are subject to or at risk of torture or ill-treatment and the consequences thereof.

女性的身份加上诸如种族、国籍、宗教、性倾向、年龄、移民身份等其他特性或身份，可以决定妇女和女孩遭受或可能遭受酷刑或虐待的方式及其后果。

The contexts in which females are at risk include deprivation of liberty, medical treatment, particularly involving reproductive decisions, and violence by private actors in communities and homes.

妇女遭此危险的情况包括被剥夺自由、接受医疗(特别是涉及生育决定)以及遭受社区和家庭中的私人行为者施行暴力等情况。

Men are also subject to certain gendered violations of the Convention such as rape or sexual violence and abuse.

男人也有可能遭受某些基于性别的违反《公约》的行为之害，诸如强奸或性暴力和虐待。

Both men and women and boys and girls may be subject to violations of the Convention on the basis of their actual or perceived non-conformity with socially determined gender roles.

男子和妇女以及男孩和女孩都有可能因为实际上或被认为不符合社会决定的性角色而遭受违反《公约》的行为之害。

States parties are requested to identify these situations and the measures taken to punish and prevent them in their reports.

委员会要求缔约国在其报告中说明这些情况并说明采取了何种措施来处罚和防止此种行为。

23.

23.

Continual evaluation is therefore a crucial component of effective measures.

因此，不断进行审评是有效措施的一个关键组成部分。

The Committee has consistently recommended that States parties provide data disaggregated by age, gender and other key factors in their reports to enable the Committee to adequately evaluate the implementation of the Convention.

委员会一贯建议缔约国在其报告中按年龄、性别和其他主要因素分列数据，以便委员会能够适当评估《公约》的执行情况。

Disaggregated data permits the States parties and the Committee to identify, compare and take steps to remedy discriminatory treatment that may otherwise go unnoticed and unaddressed.

分列的数据使缔约国和委员会能够确定、比较和采取步骤纠正那些否则有可能不被注意和不会受到处理的歧视性待遇。

States parties are requested to describe, as far as possible, factors affecting the incidence and prevention of torture or ill-treatment, as well as the difficulties experienced in preventing torture or ill-treatment against specific relevant sectors of the population, such as minorities, victims of torture, children and women, taking into account the general and particular forms that such torture and ill-treatment may take.

委员会要求缔约国尽可能论述各种影响酷刑或虐待行为的发生和预防的因素，并论述在防止针对少数群体、酷刑受害者、儿童和妇女等特定相关人群施行酷刑或虐待方面遇到的困难，其中应考虑到这种酷刑和虐待行为的一般形式和特殊形式。

24.

24.

Eliminating employment discrimination and conducting ongoing sensitization training in contexts where torture or ill-treatment is likely to be committed is also key to preventing such violations and building a culture of respect for women and minorities.

在有可能发生酷刑或虐待行为的环境中消除就业方面的歧视和不断进行宣传教育，对于防止发生这种违反《公约》的行为以及养成尊重妇女和少数群体的风气也至为重要。

States are encouraged to promote the hiring of persons belonging to minority groups and women, particularly in the medical, educational, prison/detention, law enforcement, judicial and legal fields, within State institutions as well as the private sector.

委员会鼓励各国提倡雇用少数群体成员和妇女，尤其是在医疗卫生、教育、监狱/拘留所、执法、司法和法律等领域以及国家机构和私营部门内。

States parties should include in their reports information on their progress in these matters, disaggregated by gender, race, national origin, and other relevant status.

缔约国应在其报告中说明这些方面的进展情况，按性别、种族、原籍和其他相关身份分列数据。

VI.

六、

Other preventive measures required by the Convention

《公约》要求采取的其他预防措施

25.

25.

Articles 3 to 15 of the Convention constitute specific preventive measures that the States parties deemed essential to prevent torture and ill-treatment, particularly in custody or detention.

《公约》第3至第15条载有缔约国为防止酷刑和虐待行为特别是在监管或拘留的情况下防止此种行为所必须采取的具体预防措施。

The Committee emphasizes that the obligation to take effective preventive measures transcends the items enumerated specifically in the Convention or the demands of this general comment.

委员会强调，采取有效预防措施的义务超越了《公约》中具体列举的各项措施或本一般性意见要求采取的各项措施的范围。

For example, it is important that the general population be educated on the history, scope, and necessity of the non-derogable prohibition of torture and ill-treatment, as well as that law enforcement and other personnel receive education on recognizing and preventing torture and ill‑treatment.

例如，有必要使一般大众认识到禁止酷刑和虐待这一不可减损的义务的历史、范围和必要性，也有必要教育执法人员和其他人员如何察觉和防止酷刑和虐待。

Similarly, in light of its long experience in reviewing and assessing State reports on officially inflicted or sanctioned torture or ill-treatment, the Committee acknowledges the importance of adapting the concept of monitoring conditions to prevent torture and ill-treatment to situations where violence is inflicted privately.

同样，基于其审议和评价国家关于官方施行或认可的酷刑或虐待行为的报告的多年经验，委员会认识到，有必要将进行监督以防止酷刑和虐待这一点灵活适用于私下施行暴力的情况。

States parties should specifically include in their reports to the Committee detailed information on their implementation of preventive measures, disaggregated by relevant status.

缔约国应在其提交委员会的报告中专门详述预防措施的实行情况，并按相关因素予以分列。

VII.

七、

Superior orders

上级命令

26.

26.

The non-derogability of the prohibition of torture is underscored by the long-standing principle embodied in article 2, paragraph 3, that an order of a superior or public authority can never be invoked as a justification of torture.

禁止酷刑规定的不可克减性还可见于第2条第3款所载的久已确立的原则，即上级官员或政府当局的命令永远不得援引为施行酷刑的理由。

Thus, subordinates may not seek refuge in superior authority and should be held to account individually.

因此，下级不得躲藏在上级的权力之后，个人应为其行为负责。

At the same time, those exercising superior authority - including public officials - cannot avoid accountability or escape criminal responsibility for torture or ill-treatment committed by subordinates where they knew or should have known that such impermissible conduct was occurring, or was likely to occur, and they failed to take reasonable and necessary preventive measures.

同时，如果行使上级权力的人(包括公职人员)知悉或应当知悉正在发生或有可能发生此种违禁行为但并未采取合理和必要的预防措施，则他们也不能逃避其因下级犯下酷刑或虐待行为而必须承担的责任或刑事责任。

The Committee considers it essential that the responsibility of any superior officials, whether for direct instigation or encouragement of torture or ill-treatment or for consent or acquiescence therein, be fully investigated through competent, independent and impartial prosecutorial and judicial authorities.

委员会认为，必须通过主管的、独立的、公正的检察机关和司法机关充分调查任何上级官员的责任，无论是直接教唆或鼓励酷刑或虐待行为的责任，还是同意或默许此种行为的责任。

Persons who resist what they view as unlawful orders or who cooperate in the investigation of torture or ill-treatment, including by superior officials, should be protected against retaliation of any kind.

抗拒被其认为非法的命令或在调查酷刑或虐待行为(包括上级官员所犯酷刑或虐待行为)的过程中给予合作的人，应当受到保护，不致遭到任何种类的报复。

27.

27.

The Committee reiterates that this general comment has to be considered without prejudice to any higher degree of protection contained in any international instrument or national law, as long as they contain, as a minimum, the standards of the Convention.

委员会重申，本一般性意见不得被认为妨碍任何国际文书或国家法律中载有的至少包含了《公约》各项标准的提供更高程度保护的任何规定。

Notes

注

1

1

On 22 November 2001, the Committee adopted a statement in connection with the events of 11 September which was sent to each State party to the Convention (A/57/44, paras. 17-18).

2001年11月22日，委员会就9月11日的事件通过了一项声明，并将该声明送交《公约》每一缔约国(A/57/44, 第17-18段)。

2

2

Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.

《有效调查和记录酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚手册》。