CAT/GC/3 CAT_GC_3E.doc (English)

CAT/GC/3 CAT_GC_3C.doc (Chinese)

CAT

CAT

General comment No. 3 (2012)

第3号一般性意见(2012年)

Implementation of article 14 by States parties

缔约国对第14条的执行

Document CAT/C/GC/3

Document CAT/C/GC/3

1.

1.

This general comment explains and clarifies to States parties the content and scope of the obligations under article 14 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.

本一般性意见向缔约国解释和澄清《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》第14条规定的义务的内容和范围。

Each State party is required to “ensure in its legal system that the victim of an act of torture obtains redress and has an enforceable right to fair and adequate compensation, including the means for as full rehabilitation as possible.”

每一缔约国须“在其法律体制内确保酷刑受害者得到补偿，并享有获得公平和充分赔偿的强制执行权利，其中包括尽量使其完全复原”。

The Committee considers that article 14 is applicable to all victims of torture and acts of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (hereafter “ill-treatment”) without discrimination of any kind, in line with the Committee’s general comment No. 2.

委员会认为，第14条适用于酷刑和残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚(以下简称“虐待”)行为的所有受害人，与委员会第2号一般性意见相一致，不加任何形式的歧视。

2.

2.

The Committee considers that the term “redress” in article 14 encompasses the concepts of “effective remedy” and “reparation”.

委员会认为，第14条中的“救济”一词包含“有效补救办法”和“赔偿”概念。

The comprehensive reparative concept therefore entails restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition and refers to the full scope of measures required to redress violations under the Convention.

因此，全面的赔偿概念意味着恢复、补偿、复原、清偿和保证不再发生，它指涉为纠正违反《公约》行为所必需的全范围措施。

3.

3.

Victims are persons who have individually or collectively suffered harm, including physical or mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss or substantial impairment of their fundamental rights, through acts or omissions that constitute violations of the Convention.

受害者系指由于构成违反《公约》的行为或不作为而遭受单独或集体伤害的人，这种伤害包括身体或精神伤害、感情痛苦、经济损失或对其基本权利的重大损害。

A person should be considered a victim regardless of whether the perpetrator of the violation is identified, apprehended, prosecuted or convicted, and regardless of any familial or other relationship between the perpetrator and the victim.

一个人应被视为受害者，无论侵权犯罪人是否被确定身份、逮捕、起诉或定罪，也无论犯罪人和受害者之间是否存在任何家庭或其他关系。

The term “victim” also includes affected immediate family or dependants of the victim as well as persons who have suffered harm in intervening to assist victims or to prevent victimization.

“受害者”还包括受害者的直系亲属或受扶养人以及出面干预以援助受害者或防止受害情况而蒙受损害的人。

The term “survivors” may, in some cases, be preferred by persons who have suffered harm.

在某些情况下，受到伤害的人可能更愿意使用“幸存者”一词。

The Committee uses the legal term “victims” without prejudice to other terms which may be preferable in specific contexts.

委员会对“受害者”这一法律术语的使用并不损害在特定情况下可能更宜使用的其他词语。

4.

4.

The Committee emphasizes the importance of victim participation in the redress process, and that the restoration of the dignity of the victim is the ultimate objective in the provision of redress.

委员会强调，受害者参与补偿过程十分重要，而且，恢复受害者的尊严是提供救济的最终目标。

5.

5.

The obligations of States parties to provide redress under article 14 are two-fold: procedural and substantive.

第14条规定的缔约国提供救济的义务有两个方面： 程序性救济和实质性救济。

To satisfy their procedural obligations, States parties shall enact legislation and establish complaints mechanisms, investigation bodies and institutions, including independent judicial bodies, capable of determining the right to and awarding redress for a victim of torture and ill-treatment, and ensure that such mechanisms and bodies are effective and accessible to all victims.

为履行程序性义务，缔约国应颁布法律并设立申诉机制、调查机关和机构，包括独立司法机构，这些机构能够裁定酷刑和虐待受害者是否有权获得救济并向其判付救济； 缔约国还应确保这种机制和机构行之有效而且所有受害者都可加以利用。

At the substantive level, States parties shall ensure that victims of torture or ill-treatment obtain full and effective redress and reparation, including compensation and the means for as full rehabilitation as possible.

在实质性方面，缔约国应确保酷刑或虐待受害者获得充分、有效救济和赔偿，包括补偿和尽量使其完全复原。

Substantive obligations: the scope of the right to redress

实质性义务：救济权的范围

6.

6.

As stated in paragraph 2 above, redress includes the following five forms of reparation: restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition.

上文第2段已指出，救济包括以下五种形式的赔偿：恢复、补偿、复原、清偿和保证不再发生。

The Committee recognizes the elements of full redress under international law and practice as outlined in the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (Basic Principles and Guidelines).

委员会承认《关于严重侵犯国际人权法和国际人道主义法行为的受害者获得补救和赔偿权的基本原则和准则》(《基本原则和准则》)所载列的国际法和国际惯例下的充分救济的各项要素。

Reparation must be adequate, effective and comprehensive.

赔偿必须适足、有效和全面。

States parties are reminded that in the determination of redress and reparative measures provided or awarded to a victim of torture or ill-treatment, the specificities and circumstances of each case must be taken into consideration and redress should be tailored to the particular needs of the victim and be proportionate to the gravity of the violations committed against them.

委员会提醒缔约国，在确定向酷刑或虐待受害者提供救济和赔偿措施时，必须考虑每个案件的特异性和具体情节，救济应根据受害者的特殊需要加以定制并与对其犯下的侵权行为的严重性相适称。

The Committee emphasizes that the provision of reparation has an inherent preventive and deterrent effect in relation to future violations.

委员会强调，对于未来侵权行为而言，提供赔偿具有内在的预防和威慑效果。

7.

7.

Where State authorities or others acting in their official capacity have committed, know or have reasonable grounds to believe that acts of torture or ill-treatment have been committed by non-State officials or private actors and failed to exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate, prosecute and punish such non-State officials or private actors in accordance with the Convention, the State bears responsibility for providing redress for the victims (general comment No. 2).

在以官方身份行事的国家权力机关或其他方犯有、知道或有合理理由相信非国家官员或私人行为方犯有酷刑或虐待行为但未按照《公约》履行预防、调查、起诉和惩罚这些非国家官员或私人行为方之应尽职责的情况下，国家负有向受害者提供救济的责任(第2号一般性意见)。

Restitution

恢复

8.

8.

Restitution is a form of redress designed to re-establish the victim’s situation before the violation of the Convention was committed, taking into consideration the specificities of each case.

“恢复”系指，考虑到每个案件的具体情况，旨在恢复实施违反《公约》行为之前受害者状况的一种救济形式。

The preventive obligations under the Convention require States parties to ensure that a victim receiving such restitution is not placed in a position where he or she is at risk of repetition of torture or ill-treatment.

《公约》下的预防义务要求缔约国确保，不将接受此种恢复的受害者置于面临再次遭遇酷刑或虐待的危险境地。

In certain cases, the victim may consider that restitution is not possible due to the nature of the violation;

在某些情况下，受害者可能认为，由于侵权行为的性质，恢复已不可能；

however the State shall provide the victim with full access to redress.

但是，国家应向受害者提供获得救济的充分途径。

For restitution to be effective, efforts should be made to address any structural causes of the violation, including any kind of discrimination related to, for example, gender, sexual orientation, disability, political or other opinion, ethnicity, age and religion, and all other grounds of discrimination.

为使恢复切实有效，应作出努力，着手处理侵权行为的结构性原因，包括与例如性别、性取向、残疾、政治或其他见解、种族、年龄、宗教和所有其他歧视理由相关的任何形式的歧视。

Compensation

赔偿

9.

9.

The Committee emphasizes that monetary compensation alone may not be sufficient redress for a victim of torture and ill-treatment.

委员会强调，单靠金钱赔偿可能不足以向酷刑和虐待的受害者提供充分救济。

The Committee affirms that the provision of monetary compensation only is inadequate for a State party to comply with its obligations under article 14.

委员会确认，就缔约国遵守第14条规定的义务而言，仅提供金钱赔偿是不够的。

10.

10.

The right to prompt, fair and adequate compensation for torture or ill-treatment under article 14 is multi-layered and compensation awarded to a victim should be sufficient to compensate for any economically assessable damage resulting from torture or ill-treatment, whether pecuniary or non-pecuniary.

第14条规定的获得及时、公正和适足的酷刑或虐待赔偿权是多层次的，向受害者判付的赔偿，不论是金钱性的或非金钱性的，应足以补偿由于酷刑或虐待而产生的任何可进行经济评估的损害。

This may include:

这可包括：

reimbursement of medical expenses paid and provision of funds to cover future medical or rehabilitative services needed by the victim to ensure as full rehabilitation as possible;

偿付已支付的医疗费用并提供资金，支付受害者所需要的未来医疗或复原服务，以确保尽可能的完全复原；

pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage resulting from the physical and mental harm caused;

由于所造成的身体或精神伤害而产生的金钱和非金钱伤害赔偿；

loss of earnings and earning potential due to disabilities caused by the torture or ill-treatment;

由于酷刑或虐待所造成的残疾所导致的收入和潜在收入损失；

and lost opportunities such as employment and education.

就业和教育等机会丧失。

In addition, adequate compensation awarded by States parties to a victim of torture or ill-treatment should provide for legal or specialist assistance, and other costs associated with bringing a claim for redress.

此外，缔约国向酷刑或虐待受害者提供的适足赔偿应包括法律或专家援助和与提出救济索偿相关的其他费用。

Rehabilitation

复原

11.

11.

The Committee affirms that the provision of means for as full rehabilitation as possible for anyone who has suffered harm as a result of a violation of the Convention should be holistic and include medical and psychological care as well as legal and social services.

委员会确认，向任何由于《公约》遭到违反而受到伤害的人提供尽可能完全复原的途径，这种途径的提供应是整体性的并应包括医疗和心理护理以及法律和社会服务。

Rehabilitation, for the purposes of this general comment, refers to the restoration of function or the acquisition of new skills required as a result of the changed circumstances of a victim in the aftermath of torture or ill-treatment.

就本一般性意见而言，“复原”系指恢复功能或获得遭受酷刑或虐待之后由于受害者的处境发生变化所需要的新技能。

It seeks to enable the maximum possible self-sufficiency and function for the individual concerned, and may involve adjustments to the person’s physical and social environment.

复原力图使有关人员能够获得最大可能的自理能力和功能，并可包括对其物质环境和社会环境进行调整。

Rehabilitation for victims should aim to restore, as far as possible, their independence, physical, mental, social and vocational ability;

使受害者复原，其目标应该是，尽可能恢复其独立性、身体、心理、社会和职业能力；

and full inclusion and participation in society.

充分融入和参与社会。

12.

12.

The Committee emphasizes that the obligation of States parties to provide the means for “as full rehabilitation as possible” refers to the need to restore and repair the harm suffered by a victim whose life situation, including dignity, health and self-sufficiency may never be fully recovered as a result of the pervasive effect of torture.

委员会强调，缔约国提供“尽可能完全复原”的途径之义务系指，需恢复原状并补救受害者――其人生境况包括尊严、健康和自理能力可能由于酷刑的蔓延性影响永远无法完全恢复――所遭受的伤害。

The obligation does not relate to the available resources of States parties and may not be postponed.

此义务与缔约国的可用资源无关，而且不得推迟。

13.

13.

In order to fulfil its obligations to provide a victim of torture or ill-treatment with the means for as full rehabilitation as possible, each State party should adopt a long-term, integrated approach and ensure that specialist services for victims of torture or ill-treatment are available, appropriate and readily accessible.

为履行向酷刑或虐待受害者提供尽可能完全复原的途径之义务，各缔约国应采取长期综合方针，确保向酷刑和虐待受害者提供现成的、适当的并且容易获得的专业服务。

These should include:

这些服务应包括：

a procedure for the assessment and evaluation of individuals’ therapeutic and other needs, based on, inter alia, the Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (The Istanbul Protocol);

藉以评估和评价个人治疗需求和其他需求的程序，该程序尤应基于《酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的有效调查和文件记录手册》(《伊斯坦布尔议定书》)；

and may include a wide range of inter-disciplinary measures, such as medical, physical and psychological rehabilitative services;

这些服务可包括广泛的跨学科措施，例如，医疗和身心复原服务；

re-integrative and social services;

融入和社会服务；

community and family-oriented assistance and services;

面向社区和家庭的援助和服务；

vocational training;

职业培训；

education etc. A holistic approach to rehabilitation which also takes into consideration the strength and resilience of the victim is of utmost importance.

教育等。 将受害者的体能和耐受力亦纳入考量的整体性复原方针至关重要。

Furthermore, victims may be at risk of re-traumatization and have a valid fear of acts which remind them of the torture or ill-treatment they have endured.

此外，受害者可能面临再遭创伤的风险，他们对于可令其想起曾经承受过的酷刑或虐待的行为有一种切实恐惧。

Consequently, a high priority should be placed on the need to create a context of confidence and trust in which assistance can be provided.

因此，需建立一个可藉以提供援助的充满信心和信任的氛围，这项工作应给予高度优先性。

Confidential services should be provided as required.

应按需要提供保密服务。

14.

14.

The requirement in the Convention to provide these forms of rehabilitative services does not extinguish the need to provide medical and psychosocial services for victims in the direct aftermath of torture, nor does such initial care represent the fulfilment of the obligation to provide the means for as full rehabilitation as possible.

《公约》规定的提供这些种类的复原服务的要求并不消除在酷刑后立即向受害者提供医疗和心理服务之需要，而且，这种初步护理也不意味着履行了提供尽可能完全复原的途径之义务。

15.

15.

States parties shall ensure that effective rehabilitation services and programmes are established in the State, taking into account a victim’s culture, personality, history and background and are accessible to all victims without discrimination and regardless of a victim’s identity or status within a marginalized or vulnerable group, as illustrated in paragraph 32, including asylum seekers and refugees.

缔约国应确保，在国内设立有效的复原服务和方案，考虑到受害者的文化、个性、历史和背景，所有受害者均可加以利用，不加歧视而且无论受害者在边缘化或弱势群体中的身份或地位如何，如第32段所阐释的，包括寻求庇护者和难民。

States parties’ legislation should establish concrete mechanisms and programmes for providing rehabilitation to victims of torture or ill-treatment.

缔约国应立法设立具体机制和方案，向酷刑或虐待受害者提供复原服务。

Torture victims should be provided access to rehabilitation programmes as soon as possible following an assessment by qualified independent medical professionals.

在由有资格的独立医疗专业人员进行评估之后，应尽快向酷刑受害者提供使用复原方案的途径。

Access to rehabilitation programmes should not depend on the victim pursuing judicial remedies.

进入复原计划不应取决于受害者寻求了司法补救措施。

The obligation in article 14 to provide for the means for as full rehabilitation as possible can be fulfilled through the direct provision of rehabilitative services by the State, or through the funding of private medical, legal and other facilities, including those administered by non-governmental organizations (NGOs), in which case the State shall ensure that no reprisals or intimidation are directed at them.

满足第14条规定的提供尽可能完全复原的途径之义务可通过以下办法加以履行：由国家直接提供复原服务，或通过资助私人医疗、法律和其他设施，包括由非政府组织管理的设施，如属这种情况，国家应确保没有针对这些组织的报复或恐吓。

The victim’s participation in the selection of the service provider is essential.

受害者参与选择服务提供方至关重要。

Services should be available in relevant languages.

提供服务应使用有关语言。

States parties are encouraged to establish systems for assessing the effective implementation of rehabilitation programmes and services, including by using appropriate indicators and benchmarks.

鼓励缔约国建立评估系统，评估复原方案和服务的有效实施情况，包括通过使用适当指标和基准。

Satisfaction and the right to truth

清偿和真相权

16.

16.

Satisfaction should include, by way of and in addition to the obligations of investigation and criminal prosecution under articles 12 and 13 of the Convention, any or all of the following remedies:

清偿应包括――由于《公约》第12和13条下的调查和刑事起诉义务而且除这些义务之外――任何或所有以下补救办法：

effective measures aimed at the cessation of continuing violations;

旨在停止继续侵权的有效措施；

verification of the facts and full and public disclosure of the truth to the extent that such disclosure does not cause further harm or threaten the safety and interests of the victim, the victim’s relatives, witnesses, or persons who have intervened to assist the victim or prevent the occurrence of further violations;

核证事实并充分和公开披露事实真相，但这种披露的局限是，不对受害者、受害者亲属、证人或以及出面干预以援助受害者或防止发生进一步侵权行为的人造成进一步伤害或威胁其安全和利益；

the search for the whereabouts of the disappeared, for the identities of the children abducted, and for the bodies of those killed, and assistance in the recovery, identification, and reburial of victims’ bodies in accordance with the expressed or presumed wish of the victims or affected families;

寻找失踪者的下落，寻查被绑架儿童的身份，寻找遇害者尸体，并按照受害者或受影响家庭的已表达的或推想的愿望，协助发掘、辨认和重新安葬受害者的尸体；

an official declaration or judicial decision restoring the dignity, the reputation and the rights of the victim and of persons closely connected with the victim;

作出官方声明或司法裁决，恢复受害者和与受害者有密切关系的人的尊严、名誉和权利；

judicial and administrative sanctions against persons liable for the violations;

对侵权责任人的司法和行政制裁；

public apologies, including acknowledgement of the facts and acceptance of responsibility;

公开道歉，包括承认事实和接受责任；

commemorations and tributes to the victims.

纪念和悼念受害者。

17.

17.

A State’s failure to investigate, criminally prosecute, or to allow civil proceedings related to allegations of acts of torture in a prompt manner, may constitute a de facto denial of redress and thus constitute a violation of the State’s obligations under article 14.

一国不及时对酷刑行为指控进行调查、提起刑事诉讼或允许与这些指控相关的民事诉讼，可构成对救济的事实上的拒绝，从而构成对该国在第14条下的义务的违反。

Guarantees of non-repetition

保证不再发生

18.

18.

Articles 1 to 16 of the Convention constitute specific preventive measures that the States parties deemed essential to prevent torture and ill-treatment.

《公约》第1至16条规定了具体的预防措施，缔约国认为这些是防止酷刑和虐待的必需措施。

To guarantee non-repetition of torture or ill-treatment, States parties should undertake measures to combat impunity for violations of the Convention.

为保证酷刑或虐待不再发生，缔约国应采取措施，打击《公约》侵权行为的有罪不罚现象。

Such measures include issuing effective, clear instructions to public officials on the provisions of the Convention, especially the absolute prohibition of torture.

这种措施包括，向公职人员印发关于《公约》条款尤其是绝对禁止酷刑规定的有效明确指示。

Other measures should include any or all of the following:

其他措施应包括下列措施之一或全部：

civilian oversight of military and security forces;

对军队和保安部队进行公民监督；

ensuring that all judicial proceedings abide by international standards of due process, fairness and impartiality;

确保所有司法程序符合正当程序、公平和公正之国际标准；

strengthening the independence of the judiciary;

加强司法机构的独立性；

protecting human rights defenders and legal, health and other professionals who assist torture victims;

保护人权维护者和法律、卫生以及帮助酷刑受害者的其他专业人员；

establishing systems for regular and independent monitoring of all places of detention;

建立制度，对所有羁押场所进行定期和独立监测；

providing, on a priority and continued basis, training for law enforcement officials as well as military and security forces on human rights law that includes the specific needs of marginalized and vulnerable populations and specific training on the Istanbul Protocol for health and legal professionals and law enforcement officials;

向执法官员以及军队和安全部队优先和持续提供人权法培训，包括边缘和弱势群体的具体需要和向卫生和法律专业人员和执法人员提供关于《伊斯坦布尔议定书》的专项培训；

promoting the observance of international standards and codes of conduct by public servants, including law enforcement, correctional, medical, psychological, social service and military personnel;

促进公职人员包括执法、惩教、医疗、心理、社会服务和军事人员对国际标准和行为准则的遵守；

reviewing and reforming laws contributing to or allowing torture and ill-treatment;

审查并改革助长或允许酷刑和虐待的法律；

ensuring compliance with article 3 of the Convention prohibiting refoulement;

确保遵守关于禁止驱回的《公约》第3条；

ensuring the availability of temporary services for individuals or groups of individuals, such as shelters for victims of gender-related or other torture or ill-treatment.

确保个人或团体可获得临时服务，例如向性别相关或其他酷刑或虐待受害者提供庇护场所。

The Committee notes that by taking measures such as those listed herein, States parties may also be fulfilling their obligations to prevent acts of torture under article 2 of the Convention.

委员会指出，采取本文所列措施，缔约国也在同时履行《公约》第2条下的防止酷刑行为义务。

Additionally, guarantees of non-repetition offer important potential for the transformation of social relations that may be the underlying causes of violence and may include, but are not limited to, amending relevant laws, fighting impunity, and taking effective preventative and deterrent measures.

此外，保证不再发生还为改造可能是暴力根本原因的社会关系提供了重大可能性； 这种保证可包括，但不限于：修改相关法律，打击有罪不罚现象，并采取有效的预防和威慑措施。

Procedural obligations: implementation of the right to redress

程序性义务：实施救济权

Legislation

立法

19.

19.

Under article 2 of the Convention, States parties shall enact “effective legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to prevent acts of torture in any territory under its jurisdiction.”

根据《公约》第2条规定，缔约国应制定“有效的立法、行政、司法或其他措施，防止在其管辖下的任何领土内出现酷刑的行为。”

As clarified by the Committee in its general comment No. 2, “States parties must make the offence of torture punishable as an offence under its criminal law, in accordance, at a minimum, with the elements of torture as defined in article 1 of the Convention, and the requirements of article 4.”

委员会在第2号一般性意见中已澄清，“缔约国必须至少按照《公约》第1条所界定的酷刑行为要素和第4条的要求，将酷刑行为定为根据其刑法须加以惩罚的罪行。”

The failure of States parties to enact legislation that clearly incorporates their obligations under the Convention and criminalizes torture and ill-treatment, and the resulting absences of torture and ill-treatment as criminal offences, obstructs the victim’s capacity to access and enjoy his or her rights guaranteed under article 14.

缔约国未能制定明确将《公约》下的义务纳入其中并将酷刑和虐待定为犯罪的法律，并由此导致酷刑和虐待未列入刑事犯罪，这种情况阻碍受害者行使和享受第14条所保障权利的能力。

20.

20.

To give effect to article 14, States parties shall enact legislation specifically providing a victim of torture and ill-treatment with an effective remedy and the right to obtain adequate and appropriate redress, including compensation and as full rehabilitation as possible.

为落实第14条，缔约国应制定法律，向酷刑和虐待受害者明确提供有效补救和获得充足和适当救济的权利，包括赔偿和尽可能完全复原。

Such legislation must allow for individuals to exercise this right and ensure their access to a judicial remedy.

这种法律必须允许个人行使这项权利并确保其获得司法补救的途径。

While collective reparation and administrative reparation programmes may be acceptable as a form of redress, such programmes may not render ineffective the individual right to a remedy and to obtain redress.

集体赔偿和行政赔偿方案可作为一种可接受的救济形式，这种方案不得使个人获得补救和救济的权利失效。

21.

21.

States parties should ensure that their domestic laws provide that a victim who has suffered violence or trauma should benefit from adequate care and protection to avoid his or her re-traumatization in the course of legal and administrative procedures designed to provide justice and reparation.

缔约国应确保，本国国内法作出规定，遭受暴力或创伤的受害者应受益于适当护理和保护，以避免他们在为伸张正义和提供赔偿所设计的司法和行政程序过程中再受创伤。

22.

22.

Under the Convention, States parties are required to prosecute or extradite alleged perpetrators of torture when they are found in any territory under its jurisdiction, and to adopt the necessary legislation to make this possible.

《公约》要求缔约国，一旦在其管辖下的任何领土内发现被指控的酷刑犯罪人，应对其起诉或引渡，并进行必要立法，使之成为可能。

The Committee considers that the application of article 14 is not limited to victims who were harmed in the territory of the State party or by or against nationals of the State party.

委员会认为，第14条的适用并不仅限于在缔约国境内遭受伤害的受害者或由缔约国国民施加的或针对缔约国国民施加的伤害。

The Committee has commended the efforts of States parties for providing civil remedies for victims who were subjected to torture or ill-treatment outside their territory.

委员会赞扬缔约国为向在其领土之外遭受酷刑或虐待的受害者提供民事补救所做的努力。

This is particularly important when a victim is unable to exercise the rights guaranteed under article 14 in the territory where the violation took place.

在受害者无法在侵权行为所发生的国境内行使第14条所保障的权利时，这一点特别重要。

Indeed, article 14 requires States parties to ensure that all victims of torture and ill-treatment are able to access remedy and obtain redress.

事实上，第14条要求缔约国确保，所有酷刑和虐待受害者都能使用补救措施并得到救济。

Effective mechanisms for complaints and investigations

有效的申诉和调查机制

23.

23.

The Committee has, in its concluding observations, identified other State obligations that shall be met in order to ensure that the article 14 rights of a victim are fully respected.

在结论性意见中，委员会阐明了为确保第14条规定的受害人权利得到充分尊重国家所应履行的其他义务。

In this regard, the Committee underscores the important relationship between States parties’ fulfilment of their obligations under article 12 and 13, and their obligation under article 14.

在这方面，委员会强调，缔约国履行第12条和13条下的义务和履行第14条下的义务，这两者之间有着重要关系。

According to article 12, States parties shall undertake prompt, effective and impartial investigations, wherever there is reasonable ground to believe that an act of torture has been committed in any territory under its jurisdiction as the result of its actions or omissions and, as set out in article 13 and affirmed by the Committee in its general comment No. 2, ensure that impartial and effective complaints mechanisms are established.

根据第12条，凡有合理理由相信，由于其作为或不作为而在其管辖下的任何领土内发生了酷刑行为，缔约国应立即进行有效和公正的调查； 而且，第13条规定，委员会在第2号一般性意见中也已确认，缔约国应确保建立公正和有效的申诉机制。

Full redress cannot be obtained if the obligations under articles 12 and 13 are not guaranteed.

如果第12条和第13条下的义务未得到保障，就无法获得充分救济。

Complaints mechanisms shall be made known and accessible to the public, including to persons deprived of their liberty, whether in detention, psychiatric facilities, or elsewhere, via, for example, telephone hotlines or confidential complaints boxes in detention facilities, and to persons belonging to vulnerable or marginalized groups, including those who may have limited communication abilities.

申诉机制应向公众通报并使公众能够利用这些机制，包括被剥夺自由的人，无论他们是被拘留、在精神病设施之中还是在其他地方，通过例如热线电话或拘留设施中的保密投诉箱； 包括弱势或边缘化群体人员，其中包括通信能力可能有限的人。

24.

24.

At the procedural level, States parties shall ensure the existence of institutions competent to render enforceable final decisions through a procedure established by law to enable victims of torture or ill-treatment to secure redress, including adequate compensation and rehabilitation.

在程序性方面，缔约国应确保，设立了主管机构，通过依法制定的程序，强制实施最终决定，以使酷刑或虐待受害者能够获得救济，包括适当赔偿和复原。

25.

25.

Securing the victim’s right to redress requires that a State party’s competent authorities promptly, effectively and impartially investigate and examine the case of any individual who alleges that she or he has been subjected to torture or ill-treatment.

如欲保障受害者的救济权，缔约国的主管当局必须及时、有效和公正地调查和审查任何指控遭受了酷刑或虐待者的案件。

Such an investigation should include as a standard measure an independent physical and psychological forensic examination as provided for in the Istanbul Protocol.

作为一项标准措施，这种调查应包括《伊斯坦布尔议定书》所规定的独立的身心法医检查。

Undue delays in initiating or concluding legal investigations into complaints of torture or ill-treatment compromise victims’ rights under article 14 to obtain redress, including fair and adequate compensation and the means for as full rehabilitation as possible.

在启动或完成对酷刑或虐待申诉的法律调查方面的不当拖延会损害受害者在第14条下的获得救济的权利，包括公平和充分赔偿以及尽可能完全复原的途径。

26.

26.

Notwithstanding the evidentiary benefits to victims afforded by a criminal investigation, a civil proceeding and the victim’s claim for reparation should not be dependent on the conclusion of a criminal proceeding.

尽管刑事调查可对受害者带来证据利益，但民事诉讼和受害者的索偿要求不应取决于刑事诉讼的结束。

The Committee considers that compensation should not be unduly delayed until criminal liability has been established.

委员会认为，在确定刑事责任之前，不应不正当地拖延赔偿。

Civil liability should be available independently of criminal proceedings and the necessary legislation and institutions for such purpose should be in place.

民事责任应独立于刑事诉讼而存在，应为此目的制定必要的法规和制度。

If criminal proceedings are required by domestic legislation to take place before civil compensation can be sought, then the absence of or undue delay in those criminal proceedings constitutes a failure on the part of the State party to fulfil its obligations under the Convention.

如果国内法律要求在提出民事赔偿之前必须先进行刑事诉讼，那么，不进行或不当拖延刑事诉讼构成缔约国对履行《公约》下的义务的失职。

Disciplinary action alone shall not be regarded as an effective remedy within the meaning of article 14.

纪律处分本身不应被视为第14条所指的有效补救办法。

27.

27.

Under article 14, a State party shall ensure that victims of any act of torture or ill-treatment under its jurisdiction obtain redress.

根据第14条，缔约国应确保在其管辖下的任何酷刑或虐待行为受害者获得救济。

States parties have an obligation to take all necessary and effective measures to ensure that all victims of such acts obtain redress.

缔约国有责任采取一切必要和有效措施，以确保此类行为的所有受害者都能得到救济。

This obligation includes an obligation for State parties to promptly initiate a process to ensure that victims obtain redress, even in the absence of a complaint, when there are reasonable grounds to believe that torture or ill-treatment has taken place.

这种责任包括，在有合理理由相信发生了酷刑或虐待的情况下，即使没有投诉，缔约国有义务立即启动一个进程，确保受害者获得救济。

28.

28.

The Committee strongly encourages States parties to recognize the Committee’s competence to consider individual complaints under article 22 to allow victims to submit communications and seek the views of the Committee.

委员会强烈鼓励缔约国承认委员会有权审议根据第22条提出的个人申诉，以使受害者能够提交来文并寻求委员会的意见。

The Committee furthermore encourages States parties to ratify or accede to the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture in order to strengthen preventive measures against torture and ill-treatment.

此外，委员会还鼓励缔约国批准或加入《禁止酷刑公约任择议定书》，以加强防止酷刑和虐待的预防措施。

Access to mechanisms for obtaining redress

使用获得救济的机制之途径

29.

29.

The Committee highlights the importance of the State party affirmatively ensuring that victims and their families are adequately informed of their right to pursue redress.

委员会强调，十分重要的是，缔约国积极确保受害者及其家人充分了解其索求救济的权利。

In this regard, the procedures for seeking reparation should be transparent.

在这方面，索偿程序应当透明。

The State party should moreover provide assistance and support to minimize the hardship to complainants and their representatives.

而且，缔约国应提供援助和支持，以尽量减少申诉人及其代表的困难。

Civil proceedings, or other proceedings, should not impose a financial burden upon victims that would prevent or discourage them from seeking redress.

民事诉讼或其他诉讼，不应加诸受害者令其无法索求救济或使其受挫的经济负担。

Where existing civil proceedings are unable to provide adequate redress to victims, the Committee recommends implementing mechanisms that are readily accessible to victims of torture and ill-treatment, including the establishment of a national fund to provide redress for victims of torture.

在现有民事诉讼无法向受害者提供充分救济的情况下，委员会建议实施酷刑和虐待受害者便于使用的机制，包括设立国家基金，向酷刑受害者提供救济。

Special measures should be adopted to ensure access by persons belonging to groups which have been marginalized or made vulnerable.

应采取特别措施，确保边缘化或弱势群体人员的索偿途径。

30.

30.

Judicial remedies must always be available to victims, irrespective of what other remedies may be available, and should enable victim participation.

不论是否存在其他补救办法，必须始终向受害者提供司法补救，而且应允许受害者参与其中。

States parties should provide adequate legal aid to those victims of torture or ill-treatment lacking the necessary resources to bring complaints and to make claims for redress.

缔约国应向缺乏必要资源以提出申诉和索偿的酷刑或虐待受害者提供适当法律援助。

States parties shall also make readily available to the victims all evidence concerning acts of torture or ill-treatment upon the request of victims, their legal counsel, or a judge.

应受害者、其律师或法官的请求，缔约国还应向受害者随时提供关于酷刑或虐待行为的所有证据。

A State party’s failure to provide evidence and information, such as records of medical evaluations or treatment, can unduly impair victims’ ability to lodge complaints and to seek redress, compensation and rehabilitation.

缔约国未能提供证据和信息，例如医学鉴定或治疗记录，可对受害者提出申诉和索求救济、赔偿和复原的能力造成不当损害。

31.

31.

The State party should also take measures to prevent interference with victims’ privacy and to protect victims, their families and witnesses and others who have intervened on their behalf against intimidation and retaliation at all times before, during and after judicial, administrative or other proceedings that affect the interests of victims.

缔约国还应采取措施，防止侵扰受害者隐私并保护受害者、其家人和证人以及在影响受害者利益的司法、行政或其他诉讼之前、期间或其后各阶段代表受害者针对恐吓和报复出面干预的其他人。

Failure to provide protection stands in the way of victims filing complaints and thereby violates the right to seek and obtain redress and remedy.

不提供保护阻碍了受害者提出申诉，因而侵犯了索求和获得赔偿和补救的权利。

32.

32.

The principle of non-discrimination is a basic and general principle in the protection of human rights and fundamental to the interpretation and application of the Convention.

在保护人权方面，不歧视原则是一项基本而普遍的原则，而且，对于解释和适用《公约》而言具有根本意义。

States parties shall ensure that access to justice and to mechanisms for seeking and obtaining redress are readily available and that positive measures ensure that redress is equally accessible to all persons regardless of race, colour, ethnicity, age, religious belief or affiliation, political or other opinion, national or social origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, mental or other disability, health status, economic or indigenous status, reason for which the person is detained, including persons accused of political offences or terrorist acts, asylum-seekers, refugees or others under international protection, or any other status or adverse distinction, and including those marginalized or made vulnerable on bases such as those above.

缔约国应确保，司法途径和索求与获得救济的机制途径现成可用； 采取积极措施，确保所有人都能平等获得救济，不论种族、肤色、民族、年龄、宗教信仰或归属、政治或其他见解、原国籍或社会出身、性别、性倾向、性别认同、 心理或其他残疾、健康状况、经济或土著地位、被拘留的原因如何，包括被指控犯有政治罪或恐怖行为的人、寻求庇护者、难民或其他受国际保护的人，也不论任何 其它地位或不利差别如何，包括基于上述因素被边缘化或弱势化的人。

Culturally sensitive collective reparation measures shall be available for groups with shared identity, such as minority groups, indigenous groups, and others.

应向具有同样身份认同的群体例如少数群体、土著群体和其他群体提供具有文化敏感性的集体赔偿措施。

The Committee notes that collective measures do not exclude the individual right to redress.

委员会指出，集体措施不排除个人救济权。

33.

33.

Judicial and non-judicial proceedings shall apply gender-sensitive procedures which avoid re-victimization and stigmatization of victims of torture or ill-treatment.

司法和非司法程序应使用性别敏感程序，避免对酷刑或虐待受害者造成再次伤害和使其蒙受耻辱。

With respect to sexual or gender-based violence and access to due process and an impartial judiciary, the Committee emphasizes that in any proceedings, civil or criminal, to determine the victim’s right to redress, including compensation, rules of evidence and procedure in relation to gender-based violence must afford equal weight to the testimony of women and girls, as should be the case for all other victims, and prevent the introduction of discriminatory evidence and harassment of victims and witnesses.

关于性暴力或基于性别 的暴力以及享有正当程序和公正司法问题，委员会强调，在任何诉讼中，无论是民事还是刑事诉讼，在确定受害者的救济(包括赔偿)权方面，与基于性别的暴力相 关的证据和程序规则必须对妇女和女童的证词给予同等权重，正如对于所有其他受害者，亦应如此； 而且，必须防止采用歧视性证据和对受害者和证人的骚扰。

The Committee considers that complaints mechanisms and investigations require specific positive measures which take into account gender aspects in order to ensure that victims of abuses such as sexual violence and abuse, rape, marital rape, domestic violence, female genital mutilation and trafficking are able to come forward and seek and obtain redress.

委员会认为，申诉机制和进行调查要求采取具体的考虑到性别层面的积极措施，以确保性暴力和性虐待、强奸、婚内强奸、家庭暴力、女性外阴残割和贩运等侵权行为的受害者能诉诸行动，索求并获得救济。

34.

34.

To avoid re-victimization and stigmatization of victims of torture or ill-treatment, the protections outlined in the preceding paragraph equally apply to any person marginalized or made vulnerable on the basis of identities and groups such as those examples listed under the principle of non-discrimination in paragraph 32.

为避免对酷刑或虐待受害者造成再次伤害和使其蒙受耻辱，上段所述各项保护同样适用于基于身份认同和群体(例如第32段在不歧视原则下列出的群体)而被边缘化或弱势化的任何人。

In judicial and non-judicial proceedings sensitivity must be exercised toward any such person.

在司法和非司法程序中，对任何此类人员必须使用敏感性做法。

Accordingly, the Committee notes that judicial personnel must receive specific training on the various impacts of torture and ill-treatment, including those on victims from marginalized and vulnerable groups, and on how to exercise sensitivity towards victims of torture and ill-treatment, including in the form of sexual or gender-based discrimination, in order to prevent re-victimization and stigmatization.

因此，委员会指出，司法人员必须接受关于酷刑和虐待各种影响包括对边缘化和弱势群体的受害者的影响的专项培训，和关于如何对酷刑和虐待(包括表现为性暴力和基于性别的歧视)受害者使用敏感性做法的培训，以防止再次伤害受害者和使其蒙受耻辱。

35.

35.

The Committee considers the training of relevant police, prison staff, medical personnel, judicial personnel and immigration personnel, including training on the Istanbul Protocol, to be fundamental to ensuring effective investigations.

委员会认为，对有关警察、监狱工作人员、医务人员、司法人员和移民事务人员进行培训，包括关于《伊斯坦布尔议定书》的培训，是确保有效调查的根本措施。

Furthermore, officials and personnel involved in efforts to obtain redress should receive methodological training in order to prevent re-traumatization of victims of torture or ill-treatment.

此外，救济工作所涉官员和工作人员应接受方法学培训，以防止酷刑或虐待受害者再次遭受创伤。

This training should include, for health and medical personnel, the need to inform victims of gender-based and sexual violence and all other forms of discrimination of the availability of emergency medical procedures, both physical and psychological.

这种培训应包括，对于卫生和医疗人员而言，需要向基于性别的暴力和性暴力的受害者以及所有其他形式的歧视受害者通报现有可用的紧急医疗程序，包括身体和心理治疗。

The Committee also urges States parties to establish human rights offices within police forces, and units of officers specifically trained to handle cases of gender-based and sexual violence, including sexual violence perpetrated against men and boys, and violence against children and ethnic, religious, national or other minorities and other marginalized or vulnerable groups.

委员会还敦促缔约国在警察机关内部设立人权办公室，并设立专责股，配备接受过专门培训的警员，处理基于性别的暴力和性暴力案件，包括对男人和男童的性暴力，以及针对儿童和种族、宗教、民族或其他少数群体和针对其他边缘化或弱势群体的暴力。

36.

36.

The Committee furthermore underlines the importance of appropriate procedures being made available to address the needs of children, taking into account the best interests of the child and the child’s right to express his or her views freely in all matters affecting him or her, including judicial and administrative proceedings, and of the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child.

此外，委员会强调，十分重要的是，提供适当程序以解决儿童的需要，同时考虑到儿童的最大利益和儿童在所有涉及自身的事务中包括在司法和行政诉讼中自由表达意见的权利； 亦十分重要的是，根据儿童年龄和成熟度，对其意见给予应有重视。

States parties should ensure the availability of child-sensitive measures for reparation which foster the health and dignity of the child.

缔约国应确保，制定有利于儿童健康和尊严的具有儿童敏感性的赔偿措施。

Obstacles to the right to redress

救济权的障碍

37.

37.

A crucial component of the right to redress is the clear acknowledgement by the State party concerned that the reparative measures provided or awarded to a victim are for violations of the Convention, by action or omission.

救济权的一个关键要素是，有关缔约国明确承认，向受害者提供的或判给受害者的赔偿措施是对于由于作为或不作为所造成的《公约》侵权行为的赔偿。

The Committee is therefore of the view that a State party may not implement development measures or provide humanitarian assistance as a substitute for redress for victims of torture or ill-treatment.

因此，委员会认为，缔约国不得将实施发展措施或提供人道主义援助作为对酷刑或虐待受害者提供救济的替代品。

The failure of a State party to provide the individual victim of torture with redress may not be justified by invoking a State’s level of development.

缔约国未向酷刑受害者个人提供救济，不得援引国家发展水平加以辩护。

The Committee recalls that subsequent governments as well as successor States still have the obligation to guarantee access to the right of redress.

委员会提请注意，后续各届政府和继承国仍有义务保障救济权的享有。

38.

38.

States parties to the Convention have an obligation to ensure that the right to redress is effective.

《公约》缔约国有义务确保救济权切实有效。

Specific obstacles that impede the enjoyment of the right to redress and prevent effective implementation of article 14 include, but are not limited to:

妨碍享有救济权和有效执行第14条的具体障碍包括，但不限于：

inadequate national legislation, discrimination with regard to accessing complaints and investigation mechanisms and procedures for remedy and redress;

国家立法不足，在使用申诉和调查机制以及补救和救济程序方面存在歧视；

inadequate measures for securing the custody of alleged perpetrators, State secrecy laws, evidential burdens and procedural requirements that interfere with the determination of the right to redress;

确保对被指控犯罪人进行拘留的措施不足，妨碍确定救济权的国家保密法、证据负担和程序要求；

statutes of limitations, amnesties and immunities;

诉讼时效、特赦和豁免权；

the failure to provide sufficient legal aid and protection measures for victims and witnesses;

未向受害者和证人提供足够法律援助和保护措施；

as well as the associated stigma, and the physical, psychological and other related effects of torture and ill-treatment.

相关耻辱以及酷刑和虐待的生理、心理和其他相关影响。

In addition, the failure of a State party to execute judgements providing reparative measures for a victim of torture, handed down by national, international or regional courts, constitutes a significant impediment to the right to redress.

此外，缔约国不执行由国内、国际或区域法院作出的关于向酷刑受害者提供赔偿措施的判决，构成对救济权的重大障碍。

States parties should develop coordinated mechanisms to enable victims to execute judgements across State lines, including recognizing the validity of court orders from other States parties and assisting in locating the assets of perpetrators.

缔约国应制定协调一致的机制，使受害者可执行跨国界判决，包括承认其他缔约国法院命令的效力，并协助寻找犯罪人的财产。

39.

39.

With regard to the obligations in article 14, States parties shall ensure both de jure and de facto access to timely and effective redress mechanisms for members of groups marginalized and/or made vulnerable, avoid measures that impede the ability of members of such groups to seek and obtain redress, and address formal or informal obstacles that they may face in obtaining redress.

关于第14条义务，缔约国应确保边缘化和/或弱势化群体人员在法律上和事实上可及时使用有效的救济机制，避免采取可对这些群体人员索求和获得救济能力造成妨碍的措施，并解决他们在获得救济方面可能面临的正式或非正式障碍。

These may include, for example, inadequate judicial or other procedures for quantifying damages which may have a negative disparate impact on such individuals in accessing or keeping money.

这些障碍可包括，例如，可藉以量化损害的司法或其他程序不足，难以量化可对此类人员在取用或保管钱财方面造成差异性负面影响的损害。

As the Committee has emphasized in its general comment No. 2, “gender is a key factor.

正如委员会在第2号一般性意见中所强调的，“性别是一个关键因素。

Being female intersects with other identifying characteristics or status of the person…to determine the ways that women and girls are subject to or at risk of torture or ill-treatment”.

女性身份与其他……辨识特征或地位相交织，决定着妇女和女童遭受或有风险面临酷刑或虐待的方式及其后果”。

States parties shall ensure due attention to gender in providing all the elements cited above in the process of ensuring that everybody, in particular members of groups made vulnerable, including lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people, must be treated fairly and equally and obtain fair and adequate compensation, rehabilitation and other reparative measures which respond to their specific needs.

缔约国应确保，在保证所有人尤其是弱势群体人员包括男女同性恋、双性恋和变性人(LGBT)必须得到公平和平等对待并获得公平和充分赔偿、复原以及与其具体需要相对应的其他赔偿措施的过程中，在提供所有上述措施方面必须对性别给予应有重视。

40.

40.

On account of the continuous nature of the effects of torture, statutes of limitations should not be applicable as these deprive victims of the redress, compensation, and rehabilitation due to them.

由于酷刑影响具有持续性，所以，不应适用法定时效，因为受害者应得的救济、赔偿和复原会因此而被剥夺。

For many victims, passage of time does not attenuate the harm and in some cases the harm may increase as a result of post-traumatic stress that requires medical, psychological and social support, which is often inaccessible to those who have not received redress.

对许多受害者而言，时间流逝并不会减轻伤害，在某些情况下，伤害可由于创伤后应激而增加，对此需给予医疗、心理和社会支持，但未获救济者往往难以得到这些支持。

States parties shall ensure that all victims of torture or ill-treatment, regardless of when the violation occurred or whether it was carried out by or with the acquiescence of a former regime, are able to access their rights to remedy and to obtain redress.

缔约国应确保，所有酷刑或虐待受害者，无论侵权行为何时发生，也无论侵权行为是由前政权实施的或在其默许下实施的，都能行使其补救权并获得救济。

41.

41.

The Committee has consistently held that amnesties for the crime of torture are incompatible with the obligations of States parties under the Convention, including under article 14.

委员会一贯认为，赦免酷刑罪与缔约国在《公约》下的义务包括第14条下的义务不兼容。

As was pointed out in general comment No. 2, “amnesties or other impediments which preclude or indicate unwillingness to provide prompt and fair prosecution and punishment of perpetrators of torture or ill-treatment violate the principle of non-derogability.”

正如第2号一般性意见所指出的，“实行特赦或采取其他阻挠办法，事先排除或表明不愿意对施行酷刑或虐待的人进行即时和公正的起诉和处罚，是违反不可减损原则的。”

The Committee considers that amnesties for torture and ill-treatment pose impermissible obstacles to a victim in his or her efforts to obtain redress and contribute to a climate of impunity.

委员会认为，赦免酷刑和虐待对受害者获得救济的努力造成不可容许的障碍，并助长有罪不罚风气。

The Committee therefore calls on States parties to remove any amnesties for torture or ill-treatment.

因此，委员会要求缔约国，取消对酷刑或虐待的任何赦免。

42.

42.

Similarly, granting immunity, in violation of international law, to any State or its agents or to non-State actors for torture or ill-treatment, is in direct conflict with the obligation of providing redress to victims.

同样，违反国际法，对任何国家或其代理人或向非国家行为方的酷刑或虐待行为给予豁免权，与向受害者提供救济的义务形成直接冲突。

When impunity is allowed by law or exists de facto, it bars victims from seeking full redress as it allows the violators to go unpunished and denies victims full assurance of their rights under article 14.

在法律允许或事实上存在有罪不罚现象的情况下，受害者无法索求充分救济，因为侵权者得以逍遥法外，受害者被剥夺了对于第14条下的权利的充分保证。

The Committee affirms that under no circumstances may arguments of national security be used to deny redress for victims.

委员会确认，在任何情况下，都不得以国家安全为由拒绝向受害者提供救济。

43.

43.

The Committee considers reservations which seek to limit the application of article 14 to be incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention.

委员会认为，旨在限制适用第14条的保留与《公约》的目标和宗旨不相容。

States parties are therefore encouraged to consider withdrawing any reservations to article 14 that limit its application so as to ensure that all victims of torture or ill-treatment have access to redress and remedy.

因此，鼓励缔约国考虑撤回限制适用第14条的任何保留，以确保所有酷刑或虐待受害者都有救济和补救途径。

United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture

联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金

44.

44.

Voluntary contributions to international funds for victims of torture play an important role in providing assistance to them.

向援助酷刑受害者国际基金提供的自愿捐款在向其提供援助方面发挥着重要作用。

The Committee highlights the important work done by the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture, which provides humanitarian assistance to victims of torture.

委员会强调联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金所做的重要工作，该基金向酷刑受害者提供人道主义援助。

The Committee highlights also the possibility for States parties to make voluntary contributions to this fund, irrespective of the national measures taken or contributions made.

委员会还强调，无论采取了何种国内措施或是否作了捐款，缔约国均可向该基金作自愿捐款。

Monitoring and reporting

监测和报告

45.

45.

States parties shall establish a system to oversee, monitor, evaluate, and report on their provision of redress measures and necessary rehabilitation services to victims of torture or ill-treatment.

缔约国应建立一套制度，监督、监测、评估和报告向酷刑或虐待受害者提供的救济措施和必要复原服务的情况。

Accordingly, States parties should include in their reports to the Committee data disaggregated by age, gender, nationality, and other key factors regarding redress measures afforded to victims of torture or ill-treatment, in order to meet their obligation as recalled in general comment No. 2 to provide continual evaluation of their efforts to provide redress to victims.

因此，缔约国应在向委员会提交的报告中列入关于向酷刑或虐待受害者提供的救济措施的数据，按年龄、性别、国籍和其他关键因素细分，以履行第2号一般性意见所重申的对向受害者提供救济的努力进行持续评估的义务。

46.

46.

On the implementation of article 14, the Committee has observed the need to provide adequate information on the implementation of article 14 in States parties’ reports.

关于第14条的执行情况，委员会已指出，缔约国报告需提供关于第14条执行情况的充分信息。

Therefore, the Committee wishes to underscore that specific information should be provided on the following:

因此，委员会希望强调，应提供关于以下情况的具体信息：

(a)

(a)

The number of victims of torture or ill-treatment who have sought compensation through legal, administrative and other means and the nature of the violations alleged;

已通过法律、行政和其他途径索求赔偿的酷刑或虐待受害者人数以及所指控的侵权行为的性质；

the number of victims who have been awarded compensation;

已获判付赔偿的受害者人数；

and in what amounts;

赔偿金额；

(b)

(b)

The measures taken to assist victims in the direct aftermath of torture;

在酷刑后立即采取的援助受害者的措施；

(c)

(c)

The rehabilitation facilities available to victims of torture or ill-treatment and the accessibility thereof, as well as the budget allocation for rehabilitation programmes and the number of victims who have received rehabilitative services appropriate to their needs;

向酷刑或虐待受害者提供的复原设施及其使用便利，以及向复原方案划拨的预算和接受适合其需要的复原服务的受害者人数；

(d)

(d)

The methods available for assessing the effectiveness of rehabilitation programmes and services, including the application of appropriate indicators and benchmarks, and the result of such assessment;

藉以评估复原方案和服务有效性的方法，包括使用适当指标和基准，以及这种评估的结果；

(e)

(e)

The measures taken to ensure satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition;

为确保清偿和保证不再发生所采取的措施；

(f)

(f)

The domestic legislation which provides victims of torture or ill-treatment with the right to remedy and redress, and relevant implementation measures taken by the State party.

向酷刑或虐待受害者提供补救和救济权的国内立法，以及缔约国所采取的有关实施措施。

Where such legislation is lacking, reports should include information on the measures taken by the State party to adopt and implement such legislation.

在缺乏此种法律的情况下，报告应列入关于缔约国为制定和实施此种法律所采取的措施。

(g)

(g)

The measures taken to ensure that all victims of torture or ill-treatment are able to exercise and enjoy their rights under article 14.

为确保所有酷刑或虐待受害者都能够行使并享有第14条下的权利所采取的措施。

(h)

(h)

The complaints mechanisms available for victims of torture or ill-treatment, including how such mechanisms are made known and accessible to all victims.

向酷刑或虐待受害者提供的申诉机制，包括如何使所有受害者了解和便利使用这些机制。

States parties should also include data disaggregated by age, gender, nationality, location and alleged violation, on the number of complaints received through such mechanisms.

缔约国还应列入关于通过这种机制收到的申诉数目的数据，按年龄、性别、国籍、地点和指控的侵犯行为细分。

(i)

(i)

The measures taken by States parties to ensure that all allegations of torture and ill-treatment are effectively investigated.

缔约国为确保所有酷刑和虐待指控都得到有效调查所采取的措施。

(j)

(j)

The legislation and policy measures designed to positively identify victims of torture in order to provide them with redress.

为积极确定酷刑受害者所采取的立法和政策措施，以向其提供救济。

(k)

(k)

The available avenues for a victim of torture or ill-treatment to obtain redress, including all criminal, civil, administrative and non-judicial procedures, such as administrative reparation programmes, as well as information on the number of victims who have accessed such mechanisms, how many obtained redress and reparative measures, and in what forms and/or amounts.

酷刑或虐待受害者为获得救济可加以利用的途径，包括所有刑事、民事、行政和非司法程序，例如行政赔偿方案，以及使用此种机制的受害者人数、获得救济和赔偿措施的人数、赔偿形式和/或金额等信息。

(l)

(l)

The legal aid and witness protection available to victims of torture or ill-treatment as well as witnesses and others who have intervened on behalf of victims, including how such protection is made known and how it is made available in practice;

向酷刑或虐待受害者和证人以及代表受害者出面干预的其他人提供的法律援助和保护，包括如何使其了解这种保护以及这种保护的实际提供情况；

the number of victims who have been granted legal aid;

获得法律援助的受害者人数；

the number of persons who have been protected by State witness protection;

得到国家证人保护方案保护的人数；

and the State party’s evaluation of the effectiveness of such protection.

缔约国对这种保护的有效性的评估。

(m)

(m)

The steps taken to implement judgements by national, regional or international courts, including the amount of time lapsed from the date of the judgement and the actual provision of compensation or other forms of redress.

为执行国内、区域或国际法庭的判断所采取的步骤，包括从判决日到实际提供赔偿或其他形式的救济所流逝的时间。

States parties should also include disaggregated data on the number of victims designated to receive reparative measures in court judgements and the number who actually received redress, and for what violations.

缔约国还应列入关于法庭判决书中指定的应获赔偿措施的受害者人数和关于实际获得救济的人数的细分数据，以及所涉侵权行为。

(n)

(n)

The safeguards available for the special protection of members of marginalized or vulnerable groups, including women and children seeking to exercise their rights guaranteed under article 14 of the Convention.

有哪些保障措施，可藉以向边缘或弱势群体人员提供特殊保护，包括争取行使《公约》第14条所保障权利的妇女和儿童。

(o)

(o)

Any such other matters that the Committee may require.

委员会可能要求的任何其他此类事项。

Notes

注

United Nations Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, General Assembly resolution 60/147.

《联合国关于严重侵犯国际人权法和国际人道主义法行为的受害者获得补救和赔偿权的基本原则和准则》，大会第60/147号决议。