CCPR

CCPR

General comment No. 10:

第10号一般性意见：

Article 19 (Freedom of opinion)

第十九条(见解自由)

Nineteenth session (1983)

第十九届会议(1983年)

1. Paragraph 1 requires protection of the “right to hold opinions without interference”.

1. 第1款要求保护“持有主张，不受干涉的权利”。

This is a right to which the Covenant permits no exception or restriction.

《公约》不允许对此权利作出例外或限制。

The Committee would welcome information from States parties concerning paragraph 1.

委员会欢迎各缔约国提供关于第1款的资料。

2. Paragraph 2 requires protection of the right to freedom of expression, which includes not only freedom to “impart information and ideas of all kinds”, but also freedom to “seek” and “receive” them “regardless of frontiers” and in whatever medium, “either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice”.

2. 第2款要求保护发表自由的权利。 此项权利不仅包括“传递各种消息和思想的自由”，而且包括“寻求”“接受”各种消息和思想的自由，“而不论国界”和任何媒介，“不论口头的、书写的、印刷的、艺术形式的、或通过个人所选择的任何其他媒介”。

Not all States parties have provided information concerning all aspects of the freedom of expression.

不是所有缔约国都已提供了关于发表自由各个方面的资料。

For instance, little attention has so far been given to the fact that, because of the development of modern mass media, effective measures are necessary to prevent such control of the media as would interfere with the right of everyone to freedom of expression in a way that is not provided for in paragraph 3.

例如，至今为止，一直很少注意一个问题，即由于现代大众传播媒介的发展，所以需要采取有效措施，防止有人控制这种工具，用第3款所没有规定的方法干涉各人自由发表意见的权利。

3. Many State reports confine themselves to mentioning that freedom of expression is guaranteed under the Constitution or the law.

3. 许多缔约国的报告只谈发表自由受宪法或法律保护。

However, in order to know the precise regime of freedom of expression in law and in practice, the Committee needs in addition pertinent information about the rules which either define the scope of freedom of expression or which set forth certain restrictions, as well as any other conditions which in practice affect the exercise of this right.

但是，为了了解发表自由在法律和实践方面的确切地位，委员会还需要关于规定发表自由范围或规定某种限制的法规和实际影响该权利行使的任何其他条件的有关资料。

It is the interplay between the principle of freedom of expression and such limitations and restrictions which determines the actual scope of the individual’s right.

要了解发表自由的原则同决定个人权利实际范围的限制和限度之间的相互影响。

4. Paragraph 3 expressly stresses that the exercise of the right to freedom of expression carries with it special duties and responsibilities and for this reason certain restrictions on the right are permitted which may relate either to the interests of other persons or to those of the community as a whole.

4. 第3款明确强调发表自由这种权利的行使带有特殊的义务和责任，因此，得受到某些限制，这些限制关系到他人利益或集体利益。

However, when a State party imposes certain restrictions on the exercise of freedom of expression, these may not put in jeopardy the right itself.

但是，缔约国如对行使发表自由这种权利实行限制，不得有害于这一权利本身。

Paragraph 3 lays down conditions and it is only subject to these conditions that restrictions may be imposed: the restrictions must be “provided by law”; they may only be imposed for one of the purposes set out in subparagraphs (a) and (b) of paragraph 3; and they must be justified as being “necessary” for that State party for one of those purposes.

第3款规定了条件，实行限制必须服从这些条件，即限制必须由“法律规定”并且理由必需为第3款的(甲)、(乙)项所列目的；必须证明为了这些目的，该缔约国“必需”实行限制。