CCPR

CCPR

General comment No. 12:

第12号一般性意见：

Article 1 (Right to self-determination)

第一条(自决权)

Twenty-first session (1984)

第二十一届会议(1984年)

1. In accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, article 1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights recognizes that all peoples have the right of self-determination.

1. 依照《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则，《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第一条确认所有人民都有自决权。

The right of self-determination is of particular importance because its realization is an essential condition for the effective guarantee and observance of individual human rights and for the promotion and strengthening of those rights.

自决权具有特别重要的意义，因为自决权的实现是有效地保障和遵守个人人权以及促进及巩固这些权利的基本条件。

It is for that reason that States set forth the right of self-determination in a provision of positive law in both Covenants and placed this provision as article 1 apart from and before all of the other rights in the two Covenants.

基于这些原因，缔约国将自决权载列在两项公约的成文法条款中，并将此权利与由两项公约所提的其他权利加以区别，作为第一条列于所有其他权利之前。

2. Article 1 enshrines an inalienable right of all peoples as described in its paragraphs 1 and 2.

2. 第一条第1款和第2款包含了所有人民的不可剥夺权利。

By virtue of that right they freely “determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development”.

他们凭这种权利自由“决定他们的政治地位，并自由谋求他们的经济、社会和文化的发展”。

The article imposes on all States parties corresponding obligations.

该条款要求各缔约国承担相应的义务。

This right and the corresponding obligations concerning its implementation are interrelated with other provisions of the Covenant and rules of international law.

这项权利及落实这项权利的义务是与《公约》的其他条款和国际法的条例相互关连的。

3. Although the reporting obligations of all States parties include article 1, only some reports give detailed explanations regarding each of its paragraphs.

3. 虽然各缔约国有义务就第一条提出报告，但只有一些报告对该条每款作出详细的解释。

The Committee has noted that many of them completely ignore article 1, provide inadequate information in regard to it or confine themselves to a reference to election laws.

委员会指出许多报告完全忽视了第一条，提供的资料不足够，或只限于提及选举法。

The Committee considers it highly desirable that States parties’ reports should contain information on each paragraph of article 1.

委员会认为缔约国的报告最好载有关于第一条各款的资料。

4. With regard to paragraph 1 of article 1, States parties should describe the constitutional and political processes which in practice allow the exercise of this right.

4. 关于第一条第1款，缔约国应说明实际允许行使该项权利的宪法程序和政治程序。

5. Paragraph 2 affirms a particular aspect of the economic content of the right of self-determination, namely the right of peoples, for their own ends, freely to “dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic cooperation, based upon the principle of mutual benefit, and international law.

5. 第二条申明自决权的经济含义某一方面；即所有人民得为他们自己的目的自由“处置他们的天然财富和资源，而不损害根据基于互利原则的国际经济合作和国际法而产生的任何义务。

In no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence”.

在任何情况下不得剥夺一个人民自己的生存手段”。

This right entails corresponding duties for all States and the international community.

由于这项权利，各缔约国和国际社会应当承担相应的义务。

States should indicate any factors or difficulties which prevent the free disposal of their natural wealth and resources contrary to the provisions of this paragraph and to what extent that affects the enjoyment of other rights set forth in the Covenant.

各缔约国应指出有哪些因素或困难使它们不能依照本款的规定自由处置其天然财富和资源，并说明这些因素或困难使《公约》所述其他权利的享有受到任何程度的影响。

6. Paragraph 3, in the Committee’s opinion, is particularly important in that it imposes specific obligations on States parties, not only in relation to their own peoples but vis-à-vis all peoples which have not been able to exercise or have been deprived of the possibility of exercising their right to self-determination.

6. 委员会认为第3款特别重要，因为依照该款的规定，缔约国不仅对其本国人民承担具体的义务，而且对无法行使自决权或被剥夺了行使自决权机会的所有人民都要承担具体的义务。

The general nature of this paragraph is confirmed by its drafting history.

从该款的起草过程可以确证该款的总括性质。

It stipulates that “The States parties to the present Covenant, including those having responsibility for the administration of Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories, shall promote the realization of the right of self-determination, and shall respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations”.

该款规定：“本公约缔约各国，包括那些负责管理非自治领土和托管领土的国家，应在符合联合国宪章规定的条件下，促进自决权的实现，并尊重这种权利”。

The obligations exist irrespective of whether a people entitled to self-determination depends on a State party to the Covenant or not.

无论享有自决权的人民是否附属于本《公约》缔约国，这项义务都应予承担。

It follows that all States parties to the Covenant should take positive action to facilitate realization of and respect for the right of peoples to self-determination.

为此，《公约》缔约各国应采取积极的行动，促进人民自决权的实现，并尊重这种权利。

Such positive action must be consistent with the States’ obligations under the Charter of the United Nations and under international law: in particular, States must refrain from interfering in the internal affairs of other States and thereby adversely affecting the exercise of the right to self-determination.

这种积极的行动必须符合《联合国宪章》和国际法规定下各国应该承担的义务。 缔约各国尤其不要干预其他国家的内政，以免对自决权的行使产生不利的影响。

The reports should contain information on the performance of these obligations and the measures taken to that end.

提出的报告应载有资料说明履行这些义务的情况和为此目的而采取的措施。

7. In connection with article 1 of the Covenant, the Committee refers to other international instruments concerning the right of all peoples to self-determination, in particular the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, adopted by the General Assembly on 24 October 1970 (General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV)).

7. 关于《公约》第一条，委员会提到与所有人民的自决权有关的其他国际文书，特别提到大会1970年10月24日通过的《关于各国依 联合国宪章 建立友好关系及合作的国际法原则的宣言》(大会第2625(XXV)号决议)。

8. The Committee considers that history has proved that the realization of and respect for the right of self-determination of peoples contributes to the establishment of friendly relations and cooperation between States and to strengthening international peace and understanding.

8. 委员会认为，历史证明实现各尊重人民的自决权，有助于在各国之间建立友好关系及合作，以及加强国际和平与谅解。