CCPR

CCPR

General comment No. 16:

第16号一般性意见：

Article 17 (Right to privacy)

第十七条(隐私权)

Thirty-second session (1988)

第三十二届会议(1988年)

1. Article 17 provides for the right of every person to be protected against arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence as well as against unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation.

1. 第十七条规定任何人的私生活、家庭、住宅或通信不得加以任意或非法干涉，他的荣誉和名誉不得加以非法攻击。

In the view of the Committee this right is required to be guaranteed against all such interferences and attacks whether they emanate from State authorities or from natural or legal persons.

委员会认为这种权利必须加以保障，使之不受任何这类干涉和攻击…不管是来自政府当局或自然人或法人。

The obligations imposed by this article require the State to adopt legislative and other measures to give effect to the prohibition against such interferences and attacks as well as to the protection of this right.

依照本条所规定的义务，政府应采取立法及其他措施，以禁止这种干涉和攻击，并保护这种权利。

2. In this connection, the Committee wishes to point out that in the reports of States parties to the Covenant the necessary attention is not being given to information concerning the manner in which respect for this right is guaranteed by legislative, administrative or judicial authorities, and in general by the competent organs established in the State.

2. 在这方面，委员会要指出，在《公约》缔约国的报告中，没有适当地注意到有关这种权利通过立法、行政或司法当局以及政府设立的有关机关而获得保障的方式。

In particular, insufficient attention is paid to the fact that article 17 of the Covenant deals with protection against both unlawful and arbitrary interference.

尤其没有充分注意到《公约》第十七条规定了不受非法和任意干涉的权利。

That means that it is precisely in State legislation above all that provision must be made for the protection of the right set forth in that article.

这表示正是国家立法最需要规定保护该条所定的权利。

At present the reports either say nothing about such legislation or provide insufficient information on the subject.

目前各报告中或者只字不提这种立法，或者在这个主题上提供的资料不足。

3. The term “unlawful” means that no interference can take place except in cases envisaged by the law.

3. “非法”一词的意思是除法律所设想的个案以外不得有干涉情事。

Interference authorized by States can only take place on the basis of law, which itself must comply with the provisions, aims and objectives of the Covenant.

国家授权的干涉必须根据法律，但法律本身必须符合《公约》的规定和目标。

4. The expression “arbitrary interference” is also relevant to the protection of the right provided for in article 17.

4. “任意干涉”一词也适用于第十七条所规定的权利的保护。

In the Committee’s view the expression “arbitrary interference” can also extend to interference provided for under the law.

委员会认为“任意干涉”一词也可以推广引伸，使之适用于法律所规定的干涉。

The introduction of the concept of arbitrariness is intended to guarantee that even interference provided for by law should be in accordance with the provisions, aims and objectives of the Covenant and should be, in any event, reasonable in the particular circumstances.

使用干涉这个概念的用意是确保法律所规定的干涉都符合《公约》的规定和目标，而且无论如何要在个别情况中合情合理。

5. Regarding the term “family”, the objectives of the Covenant require that for purposes of article 17 this term be given a broad interpretation to include all those comprising the family as understood in the society of the State party concerned.

5. 关于“家庭”一词，《公约》的目标是：为了第十七条，这个词应广义地加以解释，使之包括所有有关缔约国社会中所理解的家庭的所有成员。

The term “home” in English, “manzel” in Arabic, “zhùzhái” in Chinese, “domicile” in French, “zhilische” in Russian and “domicilio” in Spanish, as used in article 17 of the Covenant, is to be understood to indicate the place where a person resides or carries out his usual occupation.

依《公约》第十七条所用，英文“home”，阿拉伯文“manzel”，中文“住宅”，法文“domicile”，俄文“zhilshe”，西班牙文“domicilo”的意思是一个人所住或通常作事的地方。

In this connection, the Committee invites States to indicate in their reports the meaning given in their society to the terms “family” and “home”.

在这方面，委员会要求各国在其报告中表示其社会中给予“family”和“home”的定义。

6. The Committee considers that the reports should include information on the authorities and organs set up within the legal system of the State which are competent to authorize interference allowed by the law.

6. 委员会认为报告中应载有国家法律系统中所设负责授权依法进行干涉的当局和机关的资料。

It is also indispensable to have information on the authorities which are entitled to exercise control over such interference with strict regard for the law, and to know in what manner and through which organs persons concerned may complain of a violation of the right provided for in article 17 of the Covenant.

此外也必须载有有权严格依照法律对这种干涉加以管制并知道有关人士可以何种方式及通过何种机关就《公约》第十七条所规定的权利的违犯情事提出申诉的当局的资料。

States should in their reports make clear the extent to which actual practice conforms to the law.

各国在其报告中应明确说明实际作法在何种程度上符合法律。

State party reports should also contain information on complaints lodged in respect of arbitrary or unlawful interference, and the number of any findings in that regard, as well as the remedies provided in such cases.

缔约国的报告也应载有关于任意或非法干涉方面所提申诉和这方面的调查结果数目以及为这种情况所规定的纠正办法的资料。

7. As all persons live in society, the protection of privacy is necessarily relative.

7. 既然所有人都在社会中生活，对隐私的保护就必然是相对性的。

However, the competent public authorities should only be able to call for such information relating to an individual’s private life the knowledge of which is essential in the interests of society as understood under the Covenant.

但是，有关的公共当局只有在知道有关一个人私生活的这种资料为依据《公约》所了解的社会利益所必不可少时才可要求提供这种资料。

Accordingly, the Committee recommends that States should indicate in their reports the laws and regulations that govern authorized interferences with private life.

因此，委员会建议各国在其报告中表明有关干涉私人生活的法律和规章。

8. Even with regard to interferences that conform to the Covenant, relevant legislation must specify in detail the precise circumstances in which such interferences may be permitted.

8. 甚至在符合《公约》的干涉方面，有关的立法必须详细具体说明可以容许这种干涉的明确情况。

A decision to make use of such authorized interference must be made only by the authority designated under the law, and on a case-by-case basis.

只有依法指定的当局在逐一个案的基础上才能就使用这种授权干涉作出决定。

Compliance with article 17 requires that the integrity and confidentiality of correspondence should be guaranteed de jure and de facto.

要遵守第十七条，就必须在法律上和实际上保障通信的完整和机密。

Correspondence should be delivered to the addressee without interception and without being opened or otherwise read.

信件应送达受信人，不得拦截、启开或拆读。

Surveillance, whether electronic or otherwise, interceptions of telephonic, telegraphic and other forms of communication, wire-tapping and recording of conversations should be prohibited.

应禁止监查(不管是否以电子方式)、拦截电话、电报和其他通讯形式、窃听和记录谈话。

Searches of a person’s home should be restricted to a search for necessary evidence and should not be allowed to amount to harassment.

搜查一个人的住宅时应只限于搜查必要的证据，不应有骚扰情事。

So far as personal and body search is concerned, effective measures should ensure that such searches are carried out in a manner consistent with the dignity of the person who is being searched.

至于个人或人身搜查，应有切实的措施来确保进行这种搜查时会尊重被搜查者的尊严。

Persons being subjected to body search by State officials, or medical personnel acting at the request of the State, should only be examined by persons of the same sex.

政府官员对一个人进行人身搜查或医疗人员应政府要求这样做时应只限于搜查同一性别的人。

9. States parties are under a duty themselves not to engage in interferences inconsistent with article 17 of the Covenant and to provide the legislative framework prohibiting such acts by natural or legal persons.

9. 缔约国本身有义务不进行不符合《公约》第十七条的干涉，并应提供立法构架来禁止自然人或法人作出这种行为。

10. The gathering and holding of personal information on computers, data banks and other devices, whether by public authorities or private individuals or bodies, must be regulated by law.

10. 以电脑、资料库及其他仪器收集或储存私人资料――不管是由公共当局或民间个人或机构――必须由法律加以规定。

Effective measures have to be taken by States to ensure that information concerning a person’s private life does not reach the hands of persons who are not authorized by law to receive, process and use it, and is never used for purposes incompatible with the Covenant.

各国必须采取有效措施来确保有关个人私生活的资料不会落到法律未授权接受、处理和使用的人手里，并永远不会用来作不符合《公约》的事。

In order to have the most effective protection of his private life, every individual should have the right to ascertain in an intelligible form, whether, and if so, what personal data is stored in automatic data files, and for what purposes.

为了使私生活受到最切实的保护，人人都应有权以明白易解的方式确定是否个人资料存放在自动资料档案中，如果是这样，那么有哪些资料，其目的为何。

Every individual should also be able to ascertain which public authorities or private individuals or bodies control or may control their files.

人人也都有权确定哪些公共当局或民间个人或机构控制或可以控制其档案。

If such files contain incorrect personal data or have been collected or processed contrary to the provisions of the law, every individual should have the right to request rectification or elimination.

如果这种档案中有不正确的个人资料，或以违法方式收集或处理，则人人有权要求改正或消除。

11. Article 17 affords protection to personal honour and reputation and States are under an obligation to provide adequate legislation to that end.

11. 第十七条规定保护个人的荣誉和名誉，各国有义务为此目的提供适当立法。

Provision must also be made for everyone effectively to be able to protect himself against any unlawful attacks that do occur and to have an effective remedy against those responsible.

此外也应规定人人能切实保护自己，不受任何非法攻击，并对作出这种行为者有有效的纠正办法。

States parties should indicate in their reports to what extent the honour or reputation of individuals is protected by law and how this protection is achieved according to their legal system.

缔约国应在其报告中表示个人的荣誉或名誉在何种程序上受到法律保护，根据其法律系统应如何达成这种保护。