CCPR

CCPR

General comment No. 19:

第19号一般性意见：

Article 23 (The family)

第二十三条(家庭)

Thirty-ninth session (1990)

第三十九届会议(1990年)

1. Article 23 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights recognizes that the family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

1. 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二十三条确认家庭是天然的和基本的社会单元，并应受社会和国家的保护。

Protection of the family and its members is also guaranteed, directly or indirectly, by other provisions of the Covenant.

对家庭及其成员的保护还得到《公约》其他条款直接或间接的保证。

Thus, article 17 establishes a prohibition on arbitrary or unlawful interference with the family.

譬如，第十七条禁止对家庭任意或非法干涉。

In addition, article 24 of the Covenant specifically addresses the protection of the rights of the child, as such or as a member of a family.

此外，《公约》第二十四条特别规定，保护儿童作为个人或作为家庭成员的权利。

In their reports, States parties often fail to give enough information on how the State and society are discharging their obligation to provide protection to the family and the persons composing it.

缔约国的报告往往不提供足够的资料，说明国家和社会如何履行保护家庭及其成员的义务。

2. The Committee notes that the concept of the family may differ in some respects from State to State, and even from region to region within a State, and that it is therefore not possible to give the concept a standard definition.

2. 委员会注意到，在国与国之间，甚至在一国的不同区域之间，家庭的概念在某些方面不尽相同，因此不可能给这个概念下一个标准定义。

However, the Committee emphasizes that, when a group of persons is regarded as a family under the legislation and practice of a State, it must be given the protection referred to in article 23.

但是，委员会强调，如果一群人根据一国的立法和惯例被视为一个家庭，就必须给予这个家庭第二十三条所述的保护。

Consequently, States parties should report on how the concept and scope of the family is construed or defined in their own society and legal system.

所以，缔约国应就其社会和法律体系中对家庭的概念和范围的解释和定义提出报告。

Where diverse concepts of the family, “nuclear” and “extended”, exist within a State, this should be indicated with an explanation of the degree of protection afforded to each.

一国中如存在关于“核心家庭”和“大家庭”的不同的家庭概念，应指出这一点并说明对每一种家庭的保护程度。

In view of the existence of various forms of family, such as unmarried couples and their children or single parents and their children, States parties should also indicate whether and to what extent such types of family and their members are recognized and protected by domestic law and practice.

鉴于存在着种种不同的家庭形式，如未婚夫妇及其子女或单身父母及其子女，缔约国还应指出这类家庭及其成员是否并在何种程度上得到国内法和惯例的承认和保护。

3. Ensuring the protection provided for under article 23 of the Covenant requires that States parties should adopt legislative, administrative or other measures.

3. 为了真正落实《公约》第二十三条规定的保护，缔约国需要采取立法、行政或其他措施。

States parties should provide detailed information concerning the nature of such measures and the means whereby their effective implementation is assured.

缔约国应提供有关这类措施的性质以及有效实行这类措施的手段的详尽资料。

In fact, since the Covenant also recognizes the right of the family to protection by society, States parties’ reports should indicate how the necessary protection is granted to the family by the State and other social institutions, whether and to what extent the State gives financial or other support to the activities of such institutions, and how it ensures that these activities are compatible with the Covenant.

实际上，由于《公约》还承认家庭获得社会保护的权利，缔约国的报告应指明国家和其他社会机构如何给予家庭必要的保护，国家是否和在何种程度上向这类机构的活动提供财政或其他支持，并且国家如何保证这些活动与《公约》相符。

4. Article 23, paragraph 2, of the Covenant reaffirms the right of men and women of marriageable age to marry and to found a family.

4. 《公约》第二十三条第2款重申已达结婚年龄的男女缔婚和成立家庭的权利。

Paragraph 3 of the same article provides that no marriage shall be entered into without the free and full consent of the intending spouses.

同条第3款规定，只有经结婚双方的自由的和完全的同意，才能缔婚。

States parties’ reports should indicate whether there are restrictions or impediments to the exercise of the right to marry based on special factors such as degree of kinship or mental incapacity.

缔约国的报告应说明是否存在基于亲属关系程度或智力缺陷等特别因素而对缔婚权的限制和阻碍。

The Covenant does not establish a specific marriageable age either for men or for women, but that age should be such as to enable each of the intending spouses to give his or her free and full personal consent in a form and under conditions prescribed by law.

《公约》未规定男女具体的结婚年龄，但这一年龄应使结婚男女双方能以法律规定的形式和条件各自表示自由的和完全的同意。

In this connection, the Committee wishes to note that such legal provisions must be compatible with the full exercise of the other rights guaranteed by the Covenant; thus, for instance, the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion implies that the legislation of each State should provide for the possibility of both religious and civil marriages.

在此方面，委员会谨指出，这种法律规定必须符合《公约》所保障的其他权利的充分行使，例如，思想、良心和宗教自由的权利意味着每个国家的立法中应规定宗教婚姻和世俗婚姻可以并存。

In the Committee’s view, however, for a State to require that a marriage, which is celebrated in accordance with religious rites, be conducted, affirmed or registered also under civil law is not incompatible with the Covenant.

但是，委员会认为，如一国规定婚礼以宗教仪式庆祝，但按照民法进行、证实和登记，这并不违反《公约》。

States are also requested to include information on this subject in their reports.

委员会还要求各国在报告中包括有关这个问题的资料。

5. The right to found a family implies, in principle, the possibility to procreate and live together.

5. 成立家庭的权利原则上意味着能够生儿育女和在一起生活。

When States parties adopt family planning policies, they should be compatible with the provisions of the Covenant and should, in particular, not be discriminatory or compulsory.

缔约国通过的计划生育政策应符合《公约》的条款，尤其不应是歧视性或强制性的。

Similarly, the possibility to live together implies the adoption of appropriate measures, both at the internal level and as the case may be, in cooperation with other States, to ensure the unity or reunification of families, particularly when their members are separated for political, economic or similar reasons.

同样，为使夫妇能够在一起生活，就要在各国内部，并在需要时与其他国家合作，采取适当的措施，确保家庭的团圆或重聚，尤其是家庭成员因政治、经济或类似原因分离的时候。

6. Article 23, paragraph 4, of the Covenant provides that States parties shall take appropriate steps to ensure equality of rights and responsibilities of spouses as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.

6. 《公约》第二十三条第4款规定，缔约国应采取适当步骤去保证缔婚双方在缔婚、结婚期间和解除婚约时的权利和责任平等。

7. With regard to equality as to marriage, the Committee wishes to note in particular that no sex-based discrimination should occur in respect of the acquisition or loss of nationality by reason of marriage.

7. 至于缔婚的平等，委员会谨特别指出，在因缔婚而获得或失去国籍时不应出现基于性别的歧视。

Likewise, the right of each spouse to retain the use of his or her original family name or to participate on an equal basis in the choice of a new family name should be safeguarded.

同样，应当保障结婚男女双方保留使用原姓或以平等地位参与选择一个新的姓的权利。

8. During marriage, the spouses should have equal rights and responsibilities in the family.

8. 在结婚期间，夫妇在家庭中的权利和责任应当平等。

This equality extends to all matters arising from their relationship, such as choice of residence, running of the household, education of the children and administration of assets.

这一平等适用于他们关系的所有事项，如住宅的选择、家务的处理、子女的教育和资产的管理。

Such equality continues to be applicable to arrangements regarding legal separation or dissolution of the marriage.

这一平等继续适用于为法定的分居和解除婚约所作的安排。

9. Thus, any discriminatory treatment in regard to the grounds and procedures for separation or divorce, child custody, maintenance or alimony, visiting rights or the loss or recovery of parental authority must be prohibited, bearing in mind the paramount interest of the children in this connection.

9. 因此，必须禁止对于分居或离婚、子女的监护、生活费或赡养费、访问权或失去或恢复父母权力的根据和程序的任何歧视性待遇，同时牢记在这方面一切以儿童的利益为准。

States parties should, in particular, include information in their reports concerning the provision made for the necessary protection of any children at the dissolution of a marriage or on the separation of the spouses.

缔约国特别应当在报告中包括有关婚约解除或夫妇分居时对任何子女提供必要保护的规定的资料。