CCPR

CCPR

General comment No. 20:

第20号一般性意见：

Article 7 (Prohibition of torture, or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment)

第七条(禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚)

Forty-fourth session (1992)

第四十四届会议(1992年)

1. This general comment replaces general comment No. 7 (the sixteenth session, 1982) reflecting and further developing it.

1. 本一般性意见取代第7号一般性意见(第十六届会议，1982年)，它反映并进一步发展了第7号一般性意见。

2. The aim of the provisions of article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is to protect both the dignity and the physical and mental integrity of the individual.

2. 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第七条规定的宗旨是保护个人的尊严和身心健全。

It is the duty of the State party to afford everyone protection through legislative and other measures as may be necessary against the acts prohibited by article 7, whether inflicted by people acting in their official capacity, outside their official capacity or in a private capacity.

缔约国有责任通过必要的立法以及其他措施保护每一个人，使之免遭第七条禁止的各项行为伤害，而不论行为者当时是以官方身份、还是以其官方身份以外的身份或以私人身份行事。

The prohibition in article 7 is complemented by the positive requirements of article 10, paragraph 1, of the Covenant, which stipulates that “All persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person.”

《公约》第十条第1款的积极规定充实了第七条的禁止规定，该款规定“所有被剥夺自由的人应给予人道及尊重其固有的人格尊严的待遇”。

3. The text of article 7 allows of no limitation. The Committee also reaffirms that, even in situations of public emergency such as those referred to in article 4 of the Covenant, no derogation from the provision of article 7 is allowed and its provisions must remain in force.

3. 第七条案文不受任何限制。 委员会还重申，即使出现《公约》第四条所指的诸如公共紧急状态，仍不得克减第七条的规定，其规定仍有效，

The Committee likewise observes that no justification or extenuating circumstances may be invoked to excuse a violation of article 7 for any reasons, including those based on an order from a superior officer or public authority.

委员会还指出，不得以任何理由，包括以执行上级军官或公共机构的命令为理由，为违反第七条的行为开脱或试图减轻罪责。

4. The Covenant does not contain any definition of the concepts covered by article 7,

4. 《公约》并未界定第七条所涉的各种概念。

nor does the Committee consider it necessary to draw up a list of prohibited acts or to establish sharp distinctions between the different kinds of punishment or treatment; the distinctions depend on the nature, purpose and severity of the treatment applied.

委员会认为不必逐一列出违禁行为，亦不必明确区分不同种类的待遇或处罚；这些区域视实际待遇的性质、目的和严厉程度而定。

5. The prohibition in article 7 relates not only to acts that cause physical pain but also to acts that cause mental suffering to the victim.

5. 第七条不仅禁止造成身体痛苦的行为，而且也禁止使受害者遭受精神痛苦的行为。

In the Committee’s view, moreover, the prohibition must extend to corporal punishment, including excessive chastisement ordered as punishment for a crime or as an educative or disciplinary measure.

此外，委员会还认为，禁止的范围必须扩及体罚，包括以毒打作为教训和罚戒措施。

It is appropriate to emphasize in this regard that article 7 protects, in particular, children, pupils and patients in teaching and medical institutions.

在此方面，宜强调指出的是，第七条特别保护教育和医疗机构内的儿童、学生和病人。

6. The Committee notes that prolonged solitary confinement of the detained or imprisoned person may amount to acts prohibited by article 7.

6. 委员会指出，长时间单独监禁遭拘留者或囚禁者可能构成第七条所禁止的行为。

As the Committee has stated in its general comment No. 6 (16), article 6 of the Covenant refers generally to abolition of the death penalty in terms that strongly suggest that abolition is desirable.

正如委员会在其第6号一般性意见(第十六届会议)中指出的那样，《公约》第六条笼统提及废除死刑的用语强烈暗示希望废除死刑。

Moreover, when the death penalty is applied by a State party for the most serious crimes, it must not only be strictly limited in accordance with article 6 but it must be carried out in such a way as to cause the least possible physical and mental suffering.

此外，当缔约国对最严重罪行实行死刑时，不仅必须根据第六条规定严格限制死刑，而且在执行死刑时应尽量减少身心痛苦。

7. Article 7 expressly prohibits medical or scientific experimentation without the free consent of the person concerned.

7. 第七条明确禁止不经有关个人自由同意而进行医学或科学实验。

The Committee notes that the reports of States parties generally contain little information on this point.

委员会注意到，关于这一点，缔约国报告所提供的资料一般相当少。

More attention should be given to the need and means to ensure observance of this provision.

应更为重视确保此规定得到遵守的必要性和方式。

The Committee also observes that special protection in regard to such experiments is necessary in the case of persons not capable of giving valid consent, and in particular those under any form of detention or imprisonment.

委员会还注意到如实验对象不能表示有效同意或特别是遭受任何形式的拘留或监禁，需对此类实验加以特别防护。

Such persons should not be subjected to any medical or scientific experimentation that may be detrimental to their health.

不得对这些人从事可能有损健康的任何医学或科学实验。

8. The Committee notes that it is not sufficient for the implementation of article 7 to prohibit such treatment or punishment or to make it a crime.

8. 委员会注意到，禁止此种待遇或处罚，或将其定为罪行，均不足以保证第七条得以执行。

States parties should inform the Committee of the legislative, administrative, judicial and other measures they take to prevent and punish acts of torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment in any territory under their jurisdiction.

缔约国应通知委员会，它们为在属其管辖的任何领土上防止并惩处酷刑以及残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇行为采取了哪些立法、行政、法律以及其他措施。

9. In the view of the Committee, States parties must not expose individuals to the danger of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment upon return to another country by way of their extradition, expulsion or refoulement.

9. 委员会认为，缔约国不得通过引渡、驱逐或驱回手段使个人回到另一国时有可能遭受酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚。

States parties should indicate in their reports what measures they have adopted to that end.

缔约国应在其报告中指出已为此采取何种措施。

10. The Committee should be informed how States parties disseminate, to the population at large, relevant information concerning the ban on torture and the treatment prohibited by article 7.

10. 缔约国应告诉委员会，它们如何向广大民众传播关于第七条禁止的酷刑和待遇的有关情况。

Enforcement personnel, medical personnel, police officers and any other persons involved in the custody or treatment of any individual subjected to any form of arrest, detention or imprisonment must receive appropriate instruction and training.

涉及照管和对待遭受任何形式逮捕、拘留或监禁的任何个人的执法人员、医务人员、警员以及任何其他人必须获得适当指示和训练。

States parties should inform the Committee of the instruction and training given and the way in which the prohibition of article 7 forms an integral part of the operational rules and ethical standards to be followed by such persons.

缔约国应告诉委员会，它们下达了何种指示并提供了何种培训，以及如何在这些人应遵循的活动规则和道德标准中贯彻第七条禁律等情况。

11. In addition to describing steps to provide the general protection against acts prohibited under article 7 to which anyone is entitled, the State party should provide detailed information on safeguards for the special protection of particularly vulnerable persons.

11. 缔约国除了阐述为向所有人提供普遍保护、使其免遭所禁止的各项行为之害的措施之外，还应详述保证特别保护尤易受害者的情况。

It should be noted that keeping under systematic review interrogation rules, instructions, methods and practices as well as arrangements for the custody and treatment of persons subjected to any form of arrest, detention or imprisonment is an effective means of preventing cases of torture and ill-treatment.

应指出的是，系统审查关于看管和对待受任何形式逮捕、拘留或监禁者的侦讯规则、指示、手段、做法和安排是防止酷刑和虐待行为的有效途径。

To guarantee the effective protection of detained persons, provisions should be made for detainees to be held in places officially recognized as places of detention and for their names and places of detention, as well as for the names of persons responsible for their detention, to be kept in registers readily available and accessible to those concerned, including relatives and friends.

为保障被拘禁者获得有效保护，应规定将其关押在官方确认的拘禁中心，其姓名和拘禁地点以及负责关押者的姓名应登记在方便查询的登记册中，包括亲友在内的有关人士均可查阅。

To the same effect, the time and place of all interrogations should be recorded, together with the names of all those present and this information should also be available for purposes of judicial or administrative proceedings.

同样，历次侦讯时间和地点以及在场所有人的姓名也应记录在案，以供法律或行政查询之用。

Provisions should also be made against incommunicado detention.

还应规定禁止秘密囚禁。

In that connection, States parties should ensure that any places of detention be free from any equipment liable to be used for inflicting torture or ill-treatment.

在此方面，缔约国应确保任何拘禁地点均不设置可被用于拷打或虐待犯人的任何设备。

The protection of the detainee also requires that prompt and regular access be given to doctors and lawyers and, under appropriate supervision when the investigation so requires, to family members.

为保护拘禁者，拘禁者还需能迅速和定期见到医生和律师，并在适当监督下(如出于侦讯工作需要必须监督的话)，接见家人。

12. It is important for the discouragement of violations under article 7 that the law must prohibit the use of admissibility in judicial proceedings of statements or confessions obtained through torture or other prohibited treatment.

12. 为防止出现第七条所禁止的违法行为，必须依法禁止在法律诉讼中使用通过酷刑或其他违禁待遇获取的声明和供词。

13. States parties should indicate when presenting their reports the provisions of their criminal law which penalize torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment, specifying the penalties applicable to such acts, whether committed by public officials or other persons acting on behalf of the State, or by private persons.

13. 缔约国在提交报告时应指出其刑法中关于惩处酷刑以及残忍、不人道和有辱人格的待遇或处罚的规定，具体阐明对从事这类行为的公共官员或代表国家的其他人或私人一律适用的处罚规定。

Those who violate article 7, whether by encouraging, ordering, tolerating or perpetrating prohibited acts, must be held responsible.

不管是怂恿、下令、容忍违禁行为，还是实际从事违禁行为，凡违反第七条者均需承担罪责。

Consequently, those who have refused to obey orders must not be punished or subjected to any adverse treatment.

因此，不得处罚或恶待拒绝执行命令者。

14. Article 7 should be read in conjunction with article 2, paragraph 3, of the Covenant.

14. 应将第七条与《公约》第二条第3款连起来看。

In their reports, States parties should indicate how their legal system effectively guarantees the immediate termination of all the acts prohibited by article 7 as well as appropriate redress.

缔约国应在报告中指出其法律制度如何有效保障第七条所禁止的一切行为立即停止以及进行适当补救的情况。

The right to lodge complaints against maltreatment prohibited by article 7 must be recognized in the domestic law.

国内法必须确认人们有权因受到第七条所禁的虐待之害提出申诉。

Complaints must be investigated promptly and impartially by competent authorities so as to make the remedy effective.

为使补救措施有效，主管当局必须就申诉迅速进行公正调查。

The reports of States parties should provide specific information on the remedies available to victims of maltreatment and the procedure that complainants must follow, and statistics on the number of complaints and how they have been dealt with.

缔约国报告应提供关于补偿受虐待者和申诉者须遵循的程序以及关于申诉者数目的统计数字和如何处理这些统计数字的情况。

15. The Committee has noted that some States have granted amnesty in respect of acts of torture.

15. 委员会注意到，一些国家对酷刑行为实行大赦。

Amnesties are generally incompatible with the duty of States to investigate such acts; to guarantee freedom from such acts within their jurisdiction; and to ensure that they do not occur in the future.

一般而言，这种大赦背离国家调查这类行为、保证在其管辖范围内无人受此行为伤害以及保证将来不发生这类行为的责任。

States may not deprive individuals of the right to an effective remedy, including compensation and such full rehabilitation as may be possible.

国家不得剥夺个人获得有效补救、包括获得赔偿和尽量恢复正常生活的权利。