CCPR

CCPR

General comment No. 21:

第21号一般性意见：

Article 10 (Humane treatment of persons deprived of their liberty)

第十条(被剥夺自由的人的人道待遇)

Forty-fourth session (1992)

第四十四届会议(1992年)

1. This general comment replaces general comment No. 9 (the sixteenth session, 1982) reflecting and further developing it.

1. 本一般性意见取代第9号一般性意见(第十六届会议，1982年)，它反映并进一步发展了第9号一般性意见。

2. Article 10, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights applies to any one deprived of liberty under the laws and authority of the State who is held in prisons, hospitals - particularly psychiatric hospitals - detention camps or correctional institutions or elsewhere.

2. 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十条第1款适用于根据国家法律和权威而被剥夺自由并被关在监狱、医院(特别是精神病院)、拘留所或教养院或其他地方的任何人。

States parties should ensure that the principle stipulated therein is observed in all institutions and establishments within their jurisdiction where persons are being held.

缔约国应确保在属其管辖的所有关押人的机构和设施内遵循该款所规定的原则。

3. Article 10, paragraph 1, imposes on States parties a positive obligation towards persons who are particularly vulnerable because of their status as persons deprived of liberty, and complements for them the ban on torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment contained in article 7 of the Covenant.

3. 第十条第1款为缔约国规定了对那些因自由被剥夺而极易受害者而承担的一项积极义务，并补充了《公约》第七条所载的禁止酷刑或其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚规定。

Thus, not only may persons deprived of their liberty not be subjected to treatment that is contrary to article 7, including medical or scientific experimentation, but neither may they be subjected to any hardship or constraint other than that resulting from the deprivation of liberty; respect for the dignity of such persons must be guaranteed under the same conditions as for that of free persons.

因此，不仅不得以违反第七条的方式对待被剥夺自由者，包括不得对其进行医学或科学实验，而且不得使其遭受与丧失自由无关的任何困难或限制。 如同自由的人一样，必须保障这些人的尊严得到尊重。

Persons deprived of their liberty enjoy all the rights set forth in the Covenant, subject to the restrictions that are unavoidable in a closed environment.

丧失自由者除在封闭环境中不可避免须受的限制外，享有《公约》规定的所有权利。

4. Treating all persons deprived of their liberty with humanity and with respect for their dignity is a fundamental and universally applicable rule.

4. 以人道和尊重人格的方式对待丧失自由者是一项基本和普遍适用的通则。

Consequently, the application of this rule, as a minimum, cannot be dependent on the material resources available in the State party.

因此，这项规则的应用丝毫不取决于缔约国现有的物质资源水平。

This rule must be applied without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

必须不加任何区别地应用这项规则，不论种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、民族或社会本源、财产、出生或其他状况。

5. States parties are invited to indicate in their reports to what extent they are applying the relevant United Nations standards applicable to the treatment of prisoners: the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (1957), the Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment (1988), the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials (1978) and the Principles of Medical Ethics relevant to the Role of Health Personnel, particularly Physicians, in the Protection of Prisoners and Detainees against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1982).

5. 请缔约国在其报告中指出它们应用以下适用于犯人待遇的有关联合国标准的程度：《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》(1957年)、《保护所有遭受任何形式拘留或监禁的人的原则》(1988年)、《执法人员行为守则》(1978年)和《关于医务人员、特别是医生在保护被监禁和拘留的人不受酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚方面的任务的医疗道德守则》(1982年)。

6. The Committee recalls that reports should provide detailed information on national legislative and administrative provisions that have a bearing on the right provided for in article 10, paragraph 1.

6. 委员会再次提及，报告应详述与第十条第1款规定的那项权利有关的国家立法和行政规定。

The Committee also considers that it is necessary for reports to specify what concrete measures have been taken by the competent authorities to monitor the effective application of the rules regarding the treatment of persons deprived of their liberty.

委员会还认为，报告必须具体阐述主管当局采取了何种具体措施监督关于丧失自由者待遇规则的有效应用情况。

States parties should include in their reports information concerning the system for supervising penitentiary establishments, the specific measures to prevent torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and how impartial supervision is ensured.

缔约国应在报告中提供关于教养所监督制度情况、为防止酷刑以及残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇而采取的具体措施情况以及如何确保公正监督的情况。

7. Furthermore, the Committee recalls that reports should indicate whether the various applicable provisions form an integral part of the instruction and training of the personnel who have authority over persons deprived of their liberty and whether they are strictly adhered to by such personnel in the discharge of their duties.

7. 此外，委员会再次提及，报告应列明，是否已在负责丧失自由者的管理人员的指示和培训中贯彻了各项适用的规定，并列明此类人员在履行职责时是否严守这些规定。

It would also be appropriate to specify whether arrested or detained persons have access to such information and have effective legal means enabling them to ensure that those rules are respected, to complain if the rules are ignored and to obtain adequate compensation in the event of a violation.

还应具体指出，被捕或遭拘留者是否可以知道这类情况，是否可以利用有效的法律途径，使其能确保这些规则得到遵守，确保在规则遭蔑视时可提出申诉，并在受到侵害后获得充分补偿。

8. The Committee recalls that the principle set forth in article 10, paragraph 1, constitutes the basis for the more specific obligations of States parties in respect of criminal justice, which are set forth in article 10, paragraphs 2 and 3.

8. 委员会忆及，第十条第1款规定的准则是第十条第2款和第3款规定的缔约国在刑事审判方面更具体义务的基础。

9. Article 10, paragraph 2 (a), provides for the segregation, save in exceptional circumstances, of accused persons from convicted ones.

9. 第十条第2款(甲)项规定，除特殊情况外，被控告的人应与被判罪的人隔离开。

Such segregation is required in order to emphasize their status as unconvicted persons who at the same time enjoy the right to be presumed innocent as stated in article 14, paragraph 2.

作此隔离的原因是，须强调未被判罪者享有第十四条第2款规定的无罪推定权。

The reports of States parties should indicate how the separation of accused persons from convicted persons is effected and explain how the treatment of accused persons differs from that of convicted persons.

缔约国报告应表明如何将被告与已被判罪者分隔开来并解释被告的待遇与已被判罪者的待遇何不同。

10. As to article 10, paragraph 3, which concerns convicted persons, the Committee wishes to have detailed information on the operation of the penitentiary system of the State party.

10. 至于涉及被判罪者的第十条第3款，委员会希望详细了解缔约国教养制度的运作情况。

No penitentiary system should be only retributory; it should essentially seek the reformation and social rehabilitation of the prisoner.

教养制度不应仅具有惩戒性，它应主要寻求改造犯人并使其恢复社会正常生活。

States parties are invited to specify whether they have a system to provide assistance after release and to give information as to its success.

敦请缔约国表明是否有向获释者提供援助的制度及其成果情况。

11. In a number of cases, the information furnished by the State party contains no specific reference either to legislative or administrative provisions or to practical measures to ensure the re-education of convicted persons.

11. 有时，缔约国提供的资料未具体提及确保被判罪者接受再教育的立法或行政规定或实际措施。

The Committee requests specific information concerning the measures taken to provide teaching, education and re-education, vocational guidance and training and also concerning work programmes for prisoners inside the penitentiary establishment as well as outside.

委员会要求缔约国提供具体材料，阐明为在教养所内外向犯人提供指导、教育和再教育、职业指导和培训而采取的措施以及工作方案情况。

12. In order to determine whether the principle set forth in article 10, paragraph 3, is being fully respected, the Committee also requests information on the specific measures applied during detention, e.g., how convicted persons are dealt with individually and how they are categorized, the disciplinary system, solitary confinement and high-security detention and the conditions under which contacts are ensured with the outside world (family, lawyer, social and medical services, non-governmental organizations).

12. 为了确定第十条第3款规定的准则是否得到充分尊重，委员会还要求缔约国提供在拘留期采取的各项具体措施的情况，如被判罪者的个人境况、如何分类、惩戒制度、单独监禁、严加防范的拘留以及确保与外界保持联系(接触家人和律师，享用社会和医疗服务，以及与非政府组织联系等)需具备的条件等。

13. Moreover, the Committee notes that in the reports of some States parties no information has been provided concerning the treatment accorded to accused juvenile persons and juvenile offenders.

13. 此外，委员会注意到，一些缔约国报告未提供少年报告和犯人的待遇情况。

Article 10, paragraph 2 (b), provides that accused juvenile persons shall be separated from adults.

第十条第2款(乙)项规定，少年被告应与成人隔开。

The information given in reports shows that some States parties are not paying the necessary attention to the fact that this is a mandatory provision of the Covenant.

报告提供的材料表明，一些缔约国并未对这是《公约》的一项强制性规定这一事实给予必要的注意。

The text also provides that cases involving juveniles must be considered as speedily as possible. Reports should specify the measures taken by States parties to give effect to that provision.

根据案文，必须尽速审理涉及少年的案件，报告应具体指出缔约国为执行此项规定而采取的各项措施。

Lastly, under article 10, paragraph 3, juvenile offenders shall be segregated from adults and be accorded treatment appropriate to their age and legal status insofar as conditions of detention are concerned, such as shorter working hours and contact with relatives, with the aim of furthering their reformation and rehabilitation.

最后，第十条第3款规定，少年罪犯应与成年人隔开，并应享有与其年龄和法律地位相称的拘留条件，如工作时间较短和与亲属接触等，以便促进其教改和复原工作。

Article 10 does not indicate any limits of juvenile age.

第十条未列明少年年龄的限制。

While this is to be determined by each State party in the light of relevant social, cultural and other conditions, the Committee is of the opinion that article 6, paragraph 5, suggests that all persons under the age of 18 should be treated as juveniles, at least in matters relating to criminal justice.

这须由各缔约国根据相关的社会、文化以及其他条件加以确定。 不过，委员会认为，第六条第5款意味着所有不足18岁者均应被视为少年，至少在涉及刑事审判时如此。

States should give relevant information about the age groups of persons treated as juveniles.

国家应提供被定为少年的年龄组的有关材料。

In that regard, States parties are invited to indicate whether they are applying the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice, known as the Beijing Rules (1987).

在此方面，保证各缔约国表明它们是否实行《联合国少年司法最低限度标准规则》(又称1987年《北京规则》)。