CCPR

CCPR

General comment No. 22: Article 18 (Freedom of thought, conscience or religion)

第22号一般性意见： 第十八条(思想、良心和宗教自由)

Forty-eighth session (1993)

第四十八届会议(1993年)

1. The right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (which includes the freedom to hold beliefs) in article 18.1 is far-reaching and profound; it encompasses freedom of thought on all matters, personal conviction and the commitment to religion or belief, whether manifested individually or in community with others.

1. 第十八条第1款中所载享受思想、良心和宗教自由(包括维持信仰的自由)是影响深远和意味深长的；它包括有关所有事项的思想自由、个人的信念和无论是单独或与别人一起表明的、为宗教或信仰承担的义务。

The Committee draws the attention of States parties to the fact that the freedom of thought and the freedom of conscience are protected equally with the freedom of religion and belief.

委员会提请缔约国注意：思想自由和良心自由，同宗教和信仰自由一样，都是受到保护的。

The fundamental character of these freedoms is also reflected in the fact that this provision cannot be derogated from, even in time of public emergency, as stated in article 4.2 of the Covenant.

这些自由的根本性质也反映在这样的事实中：如第四条第2款所述，即便是在公共紧急状态下，也不许克减这一规定。

2. Article 18 protects theistic, non-theistic and atheistic beliefs, as well as the right not to profess any religion or belief.

2. 第十八条保护有神论的、非神论的和无神论的信仰，以及不信奉任何宗教和信仰的权利。

The terms “belief” and “religion” are to be broadly construed.

“宗教”和“信仰”二词应做广义的解释。

Article 18 is not limited in its application to traditional religions or to religions and beliefs with institutional characteristics or practices analogous to those of traditional religions.

第十八条在适用上不限于传统的宗教、或带有体制特性的宗教和信仰、或类比于传统宗教实践、的崇奉方式。

The Committee therefore views with concern any tendency to discriminate against any religion or belief for any reason, including the fact that they are newly established, or represent religious minorities that may be the subject of hostility on the part of a predominant religious community.

因此，委员会关切地注视基于任何理由――包括这样的事实：被歧视者是新设立的宗教或者是可能为处于支配地位的宗教团体所仇视的宗教少数――歧视任何宗教或信仰的任何趋势。

3. Article 18 distinguishes the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief from the freedom to manifest religion or belief.

3. 第十八条在思想、良心、宗教或信仰自由同表明宗教或信仰的自由之间作了区分。

It does not permit any limitations whatsoever on the freedom of thought and conscience or on the freedom to have or adopt a religion or belief of one’s choice.

不许对思想和良心自由、或对拥有或信奉自已选择的宗教或信仰的自由施加任何限制。

These freedoms are protected unconditionally, as is the right of everyone to hold opinions without interference in article 19.1.

如同第十九条第1款中所规定的：人人可持有主张、不受干涉的权利，上述自由应无条件地受到保护。

In accordance with articles 18.2 and 17, no one can be compelled to reveal his thoughts or adherence to a religion or belief.

第十八条第2款和第十七条规定，任何人不得被迫表明他的思想或奉行某一宗教或信仰。

4. The freedom to manifest religion or belief may be exercised “either individually or in community with others and in public or private”.

4. 表明宗教或信仰的自由，其行使方式可以是：“单独或集体、公开或秘密”。

The freedom to manifest religion or belief in worship, observance, practice and teaching encompasses a broad range of acts.

以礼拜、戒律、实践和教义来表明宗教或信仰的自由包含着许许多多的行为。

The concept of worship extends to ritual and ceremonial acts giving direct expression to belief, as well as various practices integral to such acts, including the building of places of worship, the use of ritual formulae and objects, the display of symbols, and the observance of holidays and days of rest.

礼拜的概念扩及于直接表明信仰的仪式和典礼，以及作为这些行为的一个整体部分的若干实践，包括建筑礼拜场所、仪礼和器物的使用、陈列象征物和过节假日和休息日。

The observance and practice of religion or belief may include not only ceremonial acts but also such customs as the observance of dietary regulations, the wearing of distinctive clothing or head coverings, participation in rituals associated with certain stages of life, and the use of a particular language customarily spoken by a group.

对宗教或信仰的信守和崇奉可能不仅包括典礼，也包括遵守饮食规定等习惯，穿戴不同的服饰或头巾，参加与若干生活状况有关的仪式，以及使用某种为某一团体所惯用的语言。

In addition, the practice and teaching of religion or belief includes acts integral to the conduct by religious groups of their basic affairs, such as the freedom to choose their religious leaders, priests and teachers, the freedom to establish seminaries or religious schools and the freedom to prepare and distribute religious texts or publications.

此外，宗教或信仰的实践和教义包括与宗教团体进行其基本事务不可分割的行为，例如选择其宗教领袖、牧师和教师的自由、开设神学院或宗教学校的自由、以及编制和分发宗教文章或刊物的自由。

5. The Committee observes that the freedom to “have or to adopt” a religion or belief necessarily entails the freedom to choose a religion or belief, including the right to replace one’s current religion or belief with another or to adopt atheistic views, as well as the right to retain one’s religion or belief.

5. 委员会认为，“维持或改变”宗教或信仰的自由必然涉及选择宗教或信仰的自由，包括改变目前的宗教或信仰而改持无神论的权利、以及保留宗教或信仰的权利。

Article 18.2 bars coercion that would impair the right to have or adopt a religion or belief, including the use of threat of physical force or penal sanctions to compel believers or non-believers to adhere to their religious beliefs and congregations, to recant their religion or belief or to convert.

第十八条第2款规定任何人不得遭受足以妨碍他维持或改变宗教或信仰自由的强迫，包括以使用暴力或刑法制裁相威胁的方式来强迫信的人或不信的人维持其宗教信仰和聚会、取消或改变其宗教信仰。

Policies or practices having the same intention or effect, such as, for example, those restricting access to education, medical care, employment or the rights guaranteed by article 25 and other provisions of the Covenant, are similarly inconsistent with article 18.2.

具有同样意图或结果的政策或实践，例如限制受教育、接受医疗或就业的机会，或限制《公约》第二十五条和其他条款所保证的权利的政策或实践，都不符合第十八条第2款的规定。

The same protection is enjoyed by holders of all beliefs of a non-religious nature.

持有非宗教性质的一切信念的人也都得到同样的保护。

6. The Committee is of the view that article 18.4 permits public school instruction in subjects such as the general history of religions and ethics if it is given in a neutral and objective way.

6. 委员会认为，第十八条第4款允许学童在公立学校接受有关宗教和道德的一般历史的教育，但应该采取中立和客观的教育方式。

The liberty of parents or legal guardians to ensure that their children receive a religious and moral education in conformity with their own convictions, set forth in article 18.4, is related to the guarantees of the freedom to teach a religion or belief stated in article 18.1.

第十八条第4款中所载、关于父母或法定监护人有使孩子能够按照自己的信仰接受宗教和道德教育的自由的保证，涉及第十八条第1款中所载、关于教导教义或信念的自由的保证。

The Committee notes that public education that includes instruction in a particular religion or belief is inconsistent with article 18.4 unless provision is made for non-discriminatory exemptions or alternatives that would accommodate the wishes of parents and guardians.

委员会指出，包括特定宗教或信仰在内的公共教育，除非规定了能够符合父母和法定监护人愿望的不歧视例外办法或备选办法，即不符合第十八条第四款的规定。

7. In accordance with article 20, no manifestation of religion or belief may amount to propaganda for war or advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence.

7. 第二十条规定，任何鼓吹战争的宣传、或任何鼓吹民族、种族或宗教仇恨的主张，凡是构成煽动歧视、敌视或暴力的，都应该用法律予以禁止。

As stated by the Committee in its general comment No. 11 [19], States parties are under the obligation to enact laws to prohibit such acts.

如同委员会在第11号一般性意见[第十九届会议]中所指出的，缔约国有义务制定法律禁止这些行为。

8. Article 18.3 permits restrictions on the freedom to manifest religion or belief only if limitations are prescribed by law and are necessary to protect public safety, order, health or morals, or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others.

8. 第十八条第3款允许限制表明自已宗教或信仰的自由的情况仅限于法律所规定的限制，以及为保障公共安全、秩序、卫生、或道德、或他人的基本权利和自由所必需的限制。

The freedom from coercion to have or to adopt a religion or belief and the liberty of parents and guardians to ensure religious and moral education cannot be restricted.

不能限制任何人维持或改变其宗教或信仰的自由，也不能限制父母和法定监护人保证宗教和道德教育的自由。

In interpreting the scope of permissible limitation clauses, States parties should proceed from the need to protect the rights guaranteed under the Covenant, including the right to equality and non-discrimination on all grounds specified in articles 2, 3 and 26.

在解释可予允许的限制条款的范围时，缔约国应该着眼于保护受《公约》保障的权利，包括第一、第三和第二十六条中所体现的、基于一切原因的平等和不受歧视权利。

Limitations imposed must be established by law and must not be applied in a manner that would vitiate the rights guaranteed in article 18.

所施加的限制必须以法律作出规定，其实施方式不得损害第十八条中所保证的权利。

The Committee observes that paragraph 3 of article 18 is to be strictly interpreted: restrictions are not allowed on grounds not specified there, even if they would be allowed as restrictions to other rights protected in the Covenant, such as national security.

委员会认为，第十八条第3款应做严格解释：不许基于其中不曾规定的原因施加限制，即便这些限制作为《公约》中受保护的权利的限制，例如国家安全，可予允许。

Limitations may be applied only for those purposes for which they were prescribed and must be directly related and proportionate to the specific need on which they are predicated.

施加限制的目的仅限于明文规定的，并且必需同所指特定需要直接有关或者相称。

Restrictions may not be imposed for discriminatory purposes or applied in a discriminatory manner.

施加的限制不得基于歧视性的目的或采取歧视性的做法。

The Committee observes that the concept of morals derives from many social, philosophical and religious traditions; consequently, limitations on the freedom to manifest a religion or belief for the purpose of protecting morals must be based on principles not deriving exclusively from a single tradition.

委员会认为，道德观念来源于许多社会、哲学和宗教传统；因此，为了保护道德对表示宗教或信仰的自由的限制必需基于不光是来自单一传统的原则。

Persons already subject to certain legitimate constraints, such as prisoners, continue to enjoy their rights to manifest their religion or belief to the fullest extent compatible with the specific nature of the constraint.

囚犯等已经受到若干合法限制的人员，可以在符合该限制的特定性质的最大限度内享有表示自已宗教或信仰的权利。

States parties’ reports should provide information on the full scope and effects of limitations under article 18.3, both as a matter of law and of their application in specific circumstances.

缔约国的报告应该把第十八条第3款下的限制，作为一个法律事项和在特定情况下适用这些限制的问题，说明其详细情况和影响。

9. The fact that a religion is recognized as a State religion or that it is established as official or traditional or that its followers comprise the majority of the population, shall not result in any impairment of the enjoyment of any of the rights under the Covenant, including articles 18 and 27, nor in any discrimination against adherents to other religions or non-believers.

9. 某一宗教被确认为国教、或被建立为正式宗教或传统宗教、或其信徒包含全体居民中的大多数这一事实不应对《公约》第十八条和第二十七条下任何权利的享受造成损害，也不应对其他宗教的信徒或不信宗教的人造成歧视。

In particular, certain measures discriminating against the latter, such as measures restricting eligibility for government service to members of the predominant religion or giving economic privileges to them or imposing special restrictions on the practice of other faiths, are not in accordance with the prohibition of discrimination based on religion or belief and the guarantee of equal protection under article 26.

特别是，歧视不信宗教者的若干措施，例如将担任政府职务的资格限定于处于支配性地位的宗教信徒、或给予他们经济特权、或对其他宗教信徒施加特别限制的措施，都不符合第二十六条下对基于宗教或信仰的歧视的禁止和对平等保护的保证。

The measures contemplated by article 20, paragraph 2 of the Covenant constitute important safeguards against infringement of the rights of religious minorities and of other religious groups to exercise the rights guaranteed by articles 18 and 27, and against acts of violence or persecution directed towards those groups.

《公约》第二十条第2款所设想的措施对于禁止侵害宗教少数和其他宗教团体行使第十八和第二十七条所保证的权利、以及禁止针对上述团体采取暴力行为或迫害，都构成重要的保障。

The Committee wishes to be informed of measures taken by States parties concerned to protect the practices of all religions or beliefs from infringement and to protect their followers from discrimination.

委员会希望知道有关缔约国采取了哪些措施来保护所有宗教或信仰不受侵犯，并保护它们的信徒不受歧视。

Similarly, information as to respect for the rights of religious minorities under article 27 is necessary for the Committee to assess the extent to which the right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion and belief has been implemented by States parties.

同样，委员会也需要关于尊重第二十七条所规定、在宗教上属于少数人的权利的资料，以便评量缔约国贯彻思想、良心、宗教和信仰自由的情况。

States parties concerned should also include in their reports information relating to practices considered by their laws and jurisprudence to be punishable as blasphemous.

有关缔约国也应该在报告中说明：它们的法律和判例认为哪些行为可作为亵渎罪予以惩罚。

10. If a set of beliefs is treated as official ideology in constitutions, statutes, proclamations of ruling parties, etc., or in actual practice, this shall not result in any impairment of the freedoms under article 18 or any other rights recognized under the Covenant nor in any discrimination against persons who do not accept the official ideology or who oppose it.

10. 如果某一套信念在宪法、规约、执政党的宣言等或在目前的实践中被视为官方的意识形态，不应因此而损害第十八条规定的自由或《公约》所确认的任何其他权利，也不应因此而歧视不接受、或反对官方意识形态的人。

11. Many individuals have claimed the right to refuse to perform military service (conscientious objection) on the basis that such right derives from their freedoms under article 18.

11. 许多个人主张自己有权拒服兵役(依良心拒服兵役)，其来源是第十八条所规定的自由。

In response to such claims, a growing number of States have in their laws exempted from compulsory military service citizens who genuinely hold religious or other beliefs that forbid the performance of military service and replaced it with alternative national service.

作为对这种主张的对策，已经有越来越多的国家在它们的法律中规定：真正信奉着禁止服兵役的宗教或其他信仰的公民，可以免服兵役，而改服替代性的国民服务。

The Covenant does not explicitly refer to a right to conscientious objection, but the Committee believes that such a right can be derived from article 18, inasmuch as the obligation to use lethal force may seriously conflict with the freedom of conscience and the right to manifest one’s religion or belief.

《公约》没有明确提到依良心拒服兵役的权利，但是委员会认为，就使用致死力量的服兵役义务可能严重抵触良心自由和表示自己宗教或信仰的权利来说，依良心拒服兵役的权利可以从第十八条找到依据。

When this right is recognized by law or practice, there shall be no differentiation among conscientious objectors on the basis of the nature of their particular beliefs; likewise, there shall be no discrimination against conscientious objectors because they have failed to perform military service.

当这种权利得到法律或实践确认时，就不应该对基于特定信仰的性质依良心拒服兵役者区别对待；同样，也不应该由于依良心拒服兵役的人不服兵役就对他们进行任何歧视。

The Committee invites States parties to report on the conditions under which persons can be exempted from military service on the basis of their rights under article 18 and on the nature and length of alternative national service.

委员会请缔约国报告其人民可以根据第十八条规定的权利免服兵役的情况以及改服替代性国民服务的性质和服务期限。