CCPR

CCPR

General comment No. 24:

第24号一般性意见：

Issues relating to reservations made upon ratification or accession to the Covenant or the Optional Protocols thereto, or in relation to declarations under article 41 of the Covenant

关于批准或加入《公约》或其《任择议定书》时提出的保留或者有关《公约》第四十一条下声明的问题

Fifty-second session (1994)

第五十二届会议(1994年)

1. As of 1 November 1994, 46 of the 127 States parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights had, between them, entered 150 reservations of varying significance to their acceptance of the obligations of the Covenant.

1. 截至1994年11月1日，《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》的127个缔约国中，46个缔约国提出了150项对于接受《公约》的义务具有不同程度意义的保留。

Some of these reservations exclude the duty to provide and guarantee particular rights in the Covenant.

其中一些保留排除了提供和保证《公约》中的特定权利的责任。

Others are couched in more general terms, often directed to ensuring the continued paramountcy of certain domestic legal provisions.

另一些保留较泛，常常着眼于确保某些国内法律条款的首要地位。

Still others are directed at the competence of the Committee. The number of reservations, their content and their scope may undermine the effective implementation of the Covenant and tend to weaken respect for the obligations of States parties.

保留的数目、内容、范围可能阻碍《公约》的有效执行，并且往往会削弱对缔约国义务的尊重。

It is important for States parties to know exactly what obligations they, and other States parties, have in fact undertaken.

缔约国必须确切了解自己和其他缔约国事实上承担了什么义务。

And the Committee, in the performance of its duties under either article 40 of the Covenant or under the Optional Protocols, must know whether a State is bound by a particular obligation or to what extent.

而委员会按则在按照《公约》第四十条或《任择议定书》履行责任时必须知道某个国家是否须受某项特定义务约束，或者在什么程度上受约束。

This will require a determination as to whether a unilateral statement is a reservation or an interpretative declaration and a determination of its acceptability and effects.

这就要求确定某一单方面的声明是保留还是解释性声明，并要确定其可接受性和效应。

2. For these reasons the Committee has deemed it useful to address in a general comment the issues of international law and human rights policy that arise.

2. 因此，委员会认为，最好在一项一般性意见中处理所出现的国际法和人权政策问题。

The general comment identifies the principles of international law that apply to the making of reservations and by reference to which their acceptability is to be tested and their purport to be interpreted.

这样的一般性意见可以指明适用于保留的国际法原则，并据以检验其可接受性和解释其意图。

It addresses the role of States parties in relation to the reservations of others.

这个一般性意见处理缔约国相对于其他缔约国保留的作用。

It further addresses the role of the Committee itself in relation to reservations.

它也处理委员会本身的相对于保留的作用。

And it makes certain recommendations to present States parties for a reviewing of reservations and to those States that are not yet parties about legal and human rights policy considerations to be borne in mind should they consider ratifying or acceding with particular reservations.

它提出一些建议，对于目前的缔约国是为了便于它们审查所作的保留，对于尚未成为缔约国的国家则是为了说明其在考虑在做出特定保留的前提下批准或加入(《公约》)时应铭记的法律和人权政策问题。

3. It is not always easy to distinguish a reservation from a declaration as to a State’s understanding of the interpretation of a provision, or from a statement of policy.

3. 并非一律都很容易将保留与一国关于对条款的理解的声明或政策声明区分开。

Regard will be had to the intention of the State, rather than the form of the instrument.

需要考虑的是该国的意图而非文书的形式。

If a statement, irrespective of its name or title, purports to exclude or modify the legal effect of a treaty in its application to the State, it constitutes a reservation. {§1}

一项声明，不论名称或标题如何，如果意在排除或修改条约的适用对该国的法律作用，就属于保留。{§1}

Conversely, if a so-called reservation merely offers a State’s understanding of a provision but does not exclude or modify that provision in its application to that State, it is, in reality, not a reservation.

相反，一项所谓的保留如果只提出一国对某条款的理解但不排除或修改条款对该国的适用，则实际上就不属于保留。

4. The possibility of entering reservations may encourage States which consider that they have difficulties in guaranteeing all the rights in the Covenant nonetheless to accept the generality of obligations in that instrument.

4. 提出保留的可能性可以鼓励那些认为自己难以保证《公约》中一切权利的国家接受其中义务的通盘性。

Reservations may serve a useful function to enable States to adapt specific elements in their laws to the inherent rights of each person as articulated in the Covenant.

保留的作用之一或许是使各国能够将本国法律中的具体内容适应《公约》列出的人人固有的权利。

However, it is desirable in principle that States accept the full range of obligations, because the human rights norms are the legal expression of the essential rights that every person is entitled to as a human being.

不过，原则上，各国最好能够接受全部的义务，因为人权准则属于每个人作为人类的一份子所应享有的基本权利的法律述。

5. The Covenant neither prohibits reservations nor mentions any type of permitted reservation.

5. 《公约》既没有禁止保留，也没有提到任何一种允许的保留。

The same is true of the first Optional Protocol.

第一项《任择议定书》也是这样。

The Second Optional Protocol provides, in article 2, paragraph 1, that “No reservation is admissible to the present Protocol, except for a reservation made at the time of ratification or accession that provides for the application of the death penalty in time of war pursuant to a conviction for a most serious crime of a military nature committed during wartime.”

第二项《任择议定书》则在第二条第1款中规定，“本议定书不接受任何保留，唯在批准或加入时可提出这样一项保留：即规定在战时可对在战时犯下最严重军事性罪行被判罪的人适用死刑。”

Paragraphs 2 and 3 provide for certain procedural obligations.

第2和第3款规定了一些程序性的义务。

6. The absence of a prohibition on reservations does not mean that any reservation is permitted.

6. 没有禁止保留并不表示允许保留。

The matter of reservations under the Covenant and the first Optional Protocol is governed by international law.

《公约》和第一项《任择议定书》之下的保留问题属于国际法范围。

Article 19 (3) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides relevant guidance. {§2}

《维也纳条约法公约》第十九条第三款规定了有关的指导。{§2}

It stipulates that where a reservation is not prohibited by the treaty or falls within the specified permitted categories, a State may make a reservation provided it is not incompatible with the object and purpose of the treaty.

其中规定，如果条约不禁止保留或者保留属于规定允许的种类，国家就可以提出保留，但不得与条约的目标和宗旨相悖。

Even though, unlike some other human rights treaties, the Covenant does not incorporate a specific reference to the object and purpose test, that test governs the matter of interpretation and acceptability of reservations.

即使《公约》与另一些人权条约不同，没有具体提到目标和宗旨这种判断标准，但保留的解释和可接受性仍受此种判断标准制约。

7. In an instrument which articulates very many civil and political rights, each of the many articles, and indeed their interplay, secures the objectives of the Covenant.

7. 在一项规定了这么多公民权利和政治权利的文书中，许多条文中的每一条以及它们之间的相互作用可以保障《公约》的目标。

The object and purpose of the Covenant is to create legally binding standards for human rights by defining certain civil and political rights and placing them in a framework of obligations which are legally binding for those States which ratify; and to provide an efficacious supervisory machinery for the obligations undertaken.

《公约》的目标和宗旨在于，通过界定某些公民权利和政治权利并将其置于对批准国有法律约束力的义务框架之内，建立具有法律约束力的人权标准；并为所承担的义务提供高效率的监督机制。

8. Reservations that offend peremptory norms would not be compatible with the object and purpose of the Covenant.

8. 违反强制性准则的保留不符合《公约》的目标和宗旨。

Although treaties that are mere exchanges of obligations between States allow them to reserve inter se application of rules of general international law, it is otherwise in human rights treaties, which are for the benefit of persons within their jurisdiction.

虽然只属于各国之间交换义务性质的条约允许它们彼此对一般国际法规则的适用做出保留，但是，人权条约不同，是为其管辖范围内的人服务的。

Accordingly, provisions in the Covenant that represent customary international law (and a fortiori when they have the character of peremptory norms) may not be the subject of reservations.

因此，反映国际习惯法(并且当然具有强制性准则的特点)的《公约》条款不能成为保留的对象。

Accordingly, a State may not reserve the right to engage in slavery, to torture, to subject persons to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, to arbitrarily deprive persons of their lives, to arbitrarily arrest and detain persons, to deny freedom of thought, conscience and religion, to presume a person guilty unless he proves his innocence, to execute pregnant women or children, to permit the advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred, to deny to persons of marriageable age the right to marry, or to deny to minorities the right to enjoy their own culture, profess their own religion, or use their own language.

因此，国家不得保留一些方面的权利，如：从事奴役、施行酷刑、对人施加残酷、不人道或有辱人格待遇或惩罚、任意剥夺他人生命、任意逮捕和拘留人、剥夺思想、良心、宗教自由、在证明某人无罪之前推定其有罪，处决孕妇或儿童、允许宣传民族、种族或宗教仇恨、剥夺适婚年龄者的结婚权利，剥夺少数群体享有自己文化、信仰自己宗教、使用自己语文的权利。

And while reservations to particular clauses of article 14 may be acceptable, a general reservation to the right to a fair trial would not be.

虽然对于第十四条的某些规定的保留可以令人接受，但是，对于公平审判权的一般保留则不是如此。

9. Applying more generally the object and purpose test to the Covenant, the Committee notes that, for example, reservation to article 1 denying peoples the right to determine their own political status and to pursue their economic, social and cultural development, would be incompatible with the object and purpose of the Covenant.

9. 对《公约》广义运用目标和宗旨判断标准，委员会注意到，举例而言，如果对第一条做出保留，否认人民有权决定自己的政治地位和争取经济、社会、文化发展，就是不符合《公约》的目标和宗旨的。

Equally, a reservation to the obligation to respect and ensure the rights, and to do so on a non-discriminatory basis (art. 2 (1)) would not be acceptable.

同样，对于无区别地尊重和确保各项权利的义务(第二条第1款)提出的保留也是不可接受的。

Nor may a State reserve an entitlement not to take the necessary steps at the domestic level to give effect to the rights of the Covenant (art. 2 (2)).

一国也不得通过保留主张自己有权不采取必要的国内步骤以落实《公约》权利(第二条第2款)。

10. The Committee has further examined whether categories of reservations may offend the “object and purpose” test.

10. 委员会进一步审查了各种类型的保留是否无法通过“目标和宗旨”判断标准的检验。

In particular, it falls for consideration as to whether reservations to the non-derogable provisions of the Covenant are compatible with its object and purpose.

具体而言，要考虑对于《公约》的不可克减条款的保留是否符合其目标和宗旨。

While there is no hierarchy of importance of rights under the Covenant, the operation of certain rights may not be suspended, even in times of national emergency.

虽然《公约》下的权利的重要性不分等级，但是，有些权利是不可暂时停止的，即便在国家紧急状态下也一样。

This underlines the great importance of non-derogable rights.

这一点着重表明了不可克减权利的高度重要性。

But not all rights of profound importance, such as articles 9 and 27 of the Covenant, have in fact been made non-derogable.

但是，具有根本重要性的权利――如：《公约》第九条和第二十七条――事实上并非一律都是不可克减的。

One reason for certain rights being made non-derogable is because their suspension is irrelevant to the legitimate control of the state of national emergency (for example, no imprisonment for debt, in article 11).

某些权利之所以不可克减，其原因之一就是其暂时停止与正当控制国家紧急状态并不相关(例如，第十一条中所指因欠债而入狱)。

Another reason is that derogation may indeed be impossible (as, for example, freedom of conscience).

另外一个原因是，克减或许实际上是不可能的(例如，良心自由)。

At the same time, some provisions are non-derogable exactly because without them there would be no rule of law.

同时，一些规定之所以不可克减，恰恰就是因为没有这些规定就没有法治可言。

A reservation to the provisions of article 4 itself, which precisely stipulates the balance to be struck between the interests of the State and the rights of the individual in times of emergency, would fall in this category.

对第四条本身各项规定的保留就属于这个类别，该条确切地规定，紧急期间国家利益与个人权利之间应当达成平衡。

And some non-derogable rights, which in any event cannot be reserved because of their status as peremptory norms, are also of this character - the prohibition of torture and arbitrary deprivation of life are examples. {§3}

某些不可克减的权利由于具有强制性准则的地位而不可对之提出保留，这些权利也具有这个特点――禁止酷刑和任意剥夺生命就是两例。{§3}

While there is no automatic correlation between reservations to non-derogable provisions, and reservations which offend against the object and purpose of the Covenant, a State has a heavy onus to justify such a reservation.

对于不可克减条款的保留与违背《公约》目标和宗旨的保留之间没有当然的关系，但是，国家有极大责任为这种保留说明正当理由。

11. The Covenant consists not just of the specified rights, but of important supportive guarantees.

11. 《公约》中不仅有具体规定的权利，而且也有重要的辅助性保障。

These guarantees provide the necessary framework for securing the rights in the Covenant and are thus essential to its object and purpose.

这些保障为确保《公约》的权利提供了必要的框架，因此对《公约》目标和宗旨是不可缺少的。

Some operate at the national level and some at the international level.

有些保障在国家一级起作用，有些在国际一级起作用。

Reservations designed to remove these guarantees are thus not acceptable.

因此，目的在于取消这些保障的保留是不可接受的。

Thus, a State could not make a reservation to article 2, paragraph 3, of the Covenant, indicating that it intends to provide no remedies for human rights violations.

所以，一国不可对《公约》第二条第3款提出保留，以示它不打算对侵犯人权事件提供补救办法。

Guarantees such as these are an integral part of the structure of the Covenant and underpin its efficacy.

这样的保障是《公约》整个结构的一部分，属于《公约》效能的根本。

The Covenant also envisages, for the better attainment of its stated objectives, a monitoring role for the Committee.

《公约》为了争取更好地达到所定目标，还为委员会设想了一种监测作用。

Reservations that purport to evade that essential element in the design of the Covenant, which is also directed to securing the enjoyment of the rights, are also incompatible with its object and purpose.

旨在避免《公约》设计中的这一根本内容(目的也在于确保权利的享受)的保留也不符合其目标和宗旨。

A State may not reserve the right not to present a report and have it considered by the Committee.

国家不可保留不提交报告给委员会审议的权利。

The Committee’s role under the Covenant, whether under article 40 or under the Optional Protocols, necessarily entails interpreting the provisions of the Covenant and the development of a jurisprudence.

委员会在《公约》之下的作用，不论使根据第四十条还是根据《任择议定书》，都必然包含解释《公约》的条款和形成判例体系。

Accordingly, a reservation that rejects the Committee’s competence to interpret the requirements of any provisions of the Covenant would also be contrary to the object and purpose of that treaty.

因此，否定委员会对《公约》任何条款的要求作出解释的权限的保留也违反《公约》的目标宗旨。

12. The intention of the Covenant is that the rights contained therein should be ensured to all those under a State party’s jurisdiction.

12. 《公约》的意图是，应当确保缔约国的管辖范围内所有的人都享有其中所定的权利。

To this end certain attendant requirements are likely to be necessary.

为此目的，可能需要某些附带的要求。

Domestic laws may need to be altered properly to reflect the requirements of the Covenant; and mechanisms at the domestic level will be needed to allow the Covenant rights to be enforceable at the local level.

可能需要恰当修改国内法以反映《公约》的要求；也需要国内一级的机制，以便地方一级落实《公约》权利。

Reservations often reveal a tendency of States not to want to change a particular law.

保留往往表现出国家不想改变某项具体法律的倾向。

And sometimes that tendency is elevated to a general policy.

有时候，这种倾向会上升为某种总体政策。

Of particular concern are widely formulated reservations which essentially render ineffective all Covenant rights which would require any change in national law to ensure compliance with Covenant obligations.

尤其令人关心的是措辞很泛的保留，这种保留使得一切要求改变国内法以确保履行《公约》义务的权利完全失去效用。

No real international rights or obligations have thus been accepted.

这样就没有真正的国际权利或义务得到接受。

And when there is an absence of provisions to ensure that Covenant rights may be sued on in domestic courts, and, further, a failure to allow individual complaints to be brought to the Committee under the first Optional Protocol, all the essential elements of the Covenant guarantees have been removed.

如果没有规定确保可就《公约》权利在国内法院提起诉讼，再加上如不让个人申诉在第一项《任择议定书》之下得到委员会受理，就会消除《公约》所保障的一切根本内容。

13. The issue arises as to whether reservations are permissible under the first Optional Protocol and, if so, whether any such reservation might be contrary to the object and purpose of the Covenant or of the first Optional Protocol itself.

13. 由此提出的问题是，在第一项《任择议定书》下是否允许保留，如果允许，这样的保留是否可能违反《公约》或第一项《任择议定书》的目标和宗旨。

It is clear that the first Optional Protocol is itself an international treaty, distinct from the Covenant but closely related to it.

显然，第一项《任择议定书》本身就是国际条约，虽然不同于《公约》，但却与之密切关联。

Its object and purpose is to recognize the competence of the Committee to receive and consider communications from individuals who claim to be victims of a violation by a State party of any of the rights in the Covenant.

其目标和宗旨在于承认委员会有能力受理和审议个人指称某个缔约国侵犯他在《公约》下的任何一项权利的来文。

States accept the substantive rights of individuals by reference to the Covenant, and not the first Optional Protocol.

国家参照《公约》而非第一项《任择议定书》接受个人的实质性权利。

The function of the first Optional Protocol is to allow claims in respect of those rights to be tested before the Committee.

第一项《任择议定书》的功能在于让关于这些权利的要求能够在委员会得到验判。

Accordingly, a reservation to an obligation of a State to respect and ensure a right contained in the Covenant, made under the first Optional Protocol when it has not previously been made in respect of the same rights under the Covenant, does not affect the State’s duty to comply with its substantive obligation.

因此，在第一项《任择议定书》下对国家尊重和确保《公约》某项权利的义务提出以前未在《公约》下就同一权利提出过的保留，并不影响该国遵守其实质性义务的责任。

A reservation cannot be made to the Covenant through the vehicle of the Optional Protocol but such a reservation would operate to ensure that the State’s compliance with that obligation may not be tested by the Committee under the first Optional Protocol.

不能通过第一项《任择议定书》对《公约》提出保留，但是，这样的保留可以确保委员会不能够在第一项《任择议定书》下检查该国是否履行该项义务。

And because the object and purpose of the first Optional Protocol is to allow the rights obligatory for a State under the Covenant to be tested before the Committee, a reservation that seeks to preclude this would be contrary to the object and purpose of the first Optional Protocol, even if not of the Covenant.

而由于第一项《任择议定书》的目标和宗旨在于，让一国在《公约》下必须确保的权利能够在委员会接受检查，因此，意在排除这点的保留就会违反第一项《任择议定书》的目标和宗旨，即便或许未必违反《公约》的目标和宗旨。

A reservation to a substantive obligation made for the first time under the first Optional Protocol would seem to reflect an intention by the State concerned to prevent the Committee from expressing its views relating to a particular article of the Covenant in an individual case.

在第一项《任择议定书》下首次对一项实质性义务提出保留，似乎反映出有关国家意在防止委员会就一个案件中就《公约》某项条款发表意见。

14. The Committee considers that reservations relating to the required procedures under the first Optional Protocol would not be compatible with its object and purpose.

14. 委员会认为，有关第一项《任择议定书》之下所需程序的保留不符合其目标和宗旨。

The Committee must control its own procedures as specified by the Optional Protocol and its rules of procedure.

委员会必须按照第一项《任择议定书》的规定和其议事规则控制自己的程序。

Reservations have, however, purported to limit the competence of the Committee to acts and events occurring after entry into force for the State concerned of the first Optional Protocol.

不过，已提出的保留意在将委员会的权责范围限定为发生在第一项《任择议定书》对有关国家开始生效之后的行为和事件。

In the view of the Committee this is not a reservation but, most usually, a statement consistent with its normal competence ratione temporis.

委员会认为这不成其为保留，而充其量只是一种时间上与其正常权责一致的声明。

At the same time, the Committee has insisted upon its competence, even in the face of such statements or observations, when events or acts occurring before the date of entry into force of the first Optional Protocol have continued to have an effect on the rights of a victim subsequent to that date.

同时，委员会坚持主张，即使有这种声明或保留，其权责也适用于第一项《任择议定书》生效日以前发生的事件或行为在《议定书》生效后继续影响受害者的权利的情况。

Reservations have been entered which effectively add an additional ground of inadmissibility under article 5, paragraph 2, by precluding examination of a communication when the same matter has already been examined by another comparable procedure.

有些已经提出的保留实际上等于另外增加了第五条第2款之下不予受理的理由，即当另外一种相应的程序已在审查同一事项的情况下就不允许对来文进行。

Insofar as the most basic obligation has been to secure independent third party review of the human rights of individuals, the Committee has, where the legal right and the subject-matter are identical under the Covenant and under another international instrument, viewed such a reservation as not violating the object and purpose of the first Optional Protocol.

由于最基本的义务是要让独立的第三方来审查个人的人权，因此，在《公约》下和另一国际文书下的法定权利和主题事项完全相同的情况下，委员会就认为这样的保留并不违反第一项《任择议定书》的目标和宗旨。

15. The primary purpose of the Second Optional Protocol is to extend the scope of the substantive obligations undertaken under the Covenant, as they relate to the right to life, by prohibiting execution and abolishing the death penalty. {§4}

15. 第二项《任择议定书》的主要宗旨在于，禁止处决和废除死刑，以期扩大《公约》下与生命权相关的实质性义务的范围。{§4}

It has its own provision concerning reservations, which is determinative of what is permitted.

关于保留，它有自己的规定，对于允许什么使用了限定性的词语。

Article 2, paragraph 1, provides that only one category of reservation is permitted, namely one that reserves the right to apply the death penalty in time of war pursuant to a conviction for a most serious crime of a military nature committed during wartime.

第二条第1款规定，只可提出这样一项保留：即规定在战时可对在战时犯下最严重军事性罪行被判罪的人适用死刑。

Two procedural obligations are incumbent upon States parties wishing to avail themselves of such a reservation.

希望利用这种保留的缔约国具有两项程序性义务。

Article 2, paragraph 1, obliges such a State to inform the Secretary-General, at the time of ratification or accession, of the relevant provisions of its national legislation during warfare.

第二条第2款要求这样的国家必须在批准或加入时将战时适用的本国立法的有关规定通知秘书长。

This is clearly directed towards the objectives of specificity and transparency and in the view of the Committee a purported reservation unaccompanied by such information is without legal effect.

这显然是面向具体性和透明性的目标。 委员会认为，没有附带通报这种信息而提出这样的保留就没有法律效果。

Article 2, paragraph 3, requires a State making such a reservation to notify the Secretary-General of the beginning or ending of a state of war applicable to its territory.

第二条第3款要求提出保留的国家将领土内战争状态的开始或结束通知秘书长。

In the view of the Committee, no State may seek to avail itself of its reservation (that is, have execution in time of war regarded as lawful) unless it has complied with the procedural requirement of article 2, paragraph 3.

委员会认为，除非符合第二条第3款的程序要求，否则任何国家都不得利用这种保留(就是说，要求承认战时处决为合法)。

16. The Committee finds it important to address which body has the legal authority to make determinations as to whether specific reservations are compatible with the object and purpose of the Covenant.

16. 委员会认为很重要的是解决哪个机构属于确定具体的保留是否符合《公约》目标和宗旨的法定机关。

As for international treaties in general, the International Court of Justice has indicated in the Reservations to the Genocide Convention Case (1951) that a State which objected to a reservation on the grounds of incompatibility with the object and purpose of a treaty could, through objecting, regard the treaty as not in effect as between itself and the reserving State.

关于一般的国际条约，国际法院《对种族灭绝公约案件的保留》(1951年)中指出，以不符合条约目标和宗旨为据反对某项保留的国家可以表示反对而将条约在其本国与提出保留的国家之间无效。

Article 20, paragraph 4, of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 contains provisions most relevant to the present case on acceptance of and objection to reservations.

1969年《维也纳条约法公约》的第二十条第二款有一些规定最切合此处关于对保留予以接受和反对情况。

This provides for the possibility of a State to object to a reservation made by another State.

这使得一国可反对另一国提出的保留。

Article 21 deals with the legal effects of objections by States to reservations made by other States.

第二十一条涉及各国对其他国家的保留提出反对的法律作用。

Essentially, a reservation precludes the operation, as between the reserving and other States, of the provision reserved; and an objection thereto leads to the reservation being in operation as between the reserving and objecting State only to the extent that it has not been objected to.

基本上，保留就是排除保留所指规定在保留国与他国之间的运作；而对保留的反对则导致保留在保留国与反对国之间运作仅限于该保留没有遭到后者反对的情况。

17. As indicated above, it is the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties that provides the definition of reservations and also the application of the object and purpose test in the absence of other specific provisions.

17. 如上所述，《维也纳条约法公约》规定了保留的定义，以及目标和宗旨判断标准在缺乏其他具体规定的情况下的适用。

But the Committee believes that its provisions on the role of State objections in relation to reservations are inappropriate to address the problem of reservations to human rights treaties.

但是，委员会认为，该公约关于保留方面国家反对的作用的规定并不适合于处理对人权条约的保留。

Such treaties, and the Covenant specifically, are not a web of inter-State exchanges of mutual obligations.

这样的条约，具体而言是《(公民权利和政治权利国际)公约》，并不是一种国家之间相互交换义务的网络。

They concern the endowment of individuals with rights.

人权条约所涉及的是对个人赋予权利。

The principle of inter-State reciprocity has no place, save perhaps in the limited context of reservations to declarations on the Committee’s competence under article 41.

国家间对等原则在此没有作用，或许只有对委员会在第四十一条下的权限的声明的保留这种有限的情景。

And because the operation of the classic rules on reservations is so inadequate for the Covenant, States have often not seen any legal interest in or need to object to reservations.

由于有关保留的经典规则对于《公约》而言力度不够，因此各国往往认为保留在法律上意义不大或没有必要去加以。

The absence of protest by States cannot imply that a reservation is either compatible or incompatible with the object and purpose of the Covenant.

国家没有提出反对并不意味着保留符合还是不符合《公约》的目标和宗旨。

Objections have been occasional, made by some States but not others, and on grounds not always specified; when an objection is made, it often does not specify a legal consequence, or sometimes even indicates that the objecting party nonetheless does not regard the Covenant as not in effect as between the parties concerned.

一些国家有时候提出反对，但是其他国家则不提出反对，提出反对时的理由也不一定具体说明；当提出反对时，常常并不说明法律后果，有时候甚至提出反对方并不认为《公约》在有关各方之间无效。

In short, the pattern is so unclear that it is not safe to assume that a non-objecting State thinks that a particular reservation is acceptable.

简言之，表现形态很不清楚，因此无法推定不表示反对的国家认为某项保留可以接受。

In the view of the Committee, because of the special characteristics of the Covenant as a human rights treaty, it is open to question what effect objections have between States inter se.

委员会认为，由于《公约》作为人权条约的特殊性质，反对在各国之间的作用如何尚不明了。

However, an objection to a reservation made by States may provide some guidance to the Committee in its interpretation as to its compatibility with the object and purpose of the Covenant.

不过，国家对某项保留的反对可在一定程度上指导委员会解释该保留是否符合《公约》的目标和宗旨。

18. It necessarily falls to the Committee to determine whether a specific reservation is compatible with the object and purpose of the Covenant.

18. 必然要求委员会确定某项具体保留是否符合《公约》的目标和宗旨。

This is in part because, as indicated above, it is an inappropriate task for States parties in relation to human rights treaties, and in part because it is a task that the Committee cannot avoid in the performance of its functions.

如上所述，其部分原因在于在人权条约方面这不是一项不适合缔约国的任务，部分原因则在于这是委员会在履行职责中不可避免的工作。

In order to know the scope of its duty to examine a State’s compliance under article 40 or a communication under the first Optional Protocol, the Committee has necessarily to take a view on the compatibility of a reservation with the object and purpose of the Covenant and with general international law.

为了了解委员会对缔约国在第四十条下的遵守情况或在第一项《任择议定书》之下所交来文进行审查的责任范围，委员会必然需要确定某项保留是否符合《公约》的目标和宗旨以及是否符合一般国际法。

Because of the special character of a human rights treaty, the compatibility of a reservation with the object and purpose of the Covenant must be established objectively, by reference to legal principles, and the Committee is particularly well placed to perform this task.

由于人权条约的特点，必须参照法律原则客观地确定某项保留是否符合《公约》目标和宗旨，而委员会尤其适合担当这项任务。

The normal consequence of an unacceptable reservation is not that the Covenant will not be in effect at all for a reserving party.

不可接受的保留的正常后果并不是《公约》对于保留国完全无效。

Rather, such a reservation will generally be severable, in the sense that the Covenant will be operative for the reserving party without benefit of the reservation.

而是说，这种保留一般是可以剥离的，也就是说，《公约》对保留国仍然有效，只是不能借住保留加以利用。

19. Reservations must be specific and transparent, so that the Committee, those under the jurisdiction of the reserving State and other States parties may be clear as to what obligations of human rights compliance have or have not been undertaken.

19. 保留必须具体和透明，以便委员会以及保留国和其他缔约国管辖下的人能够明白，所承担的或没有承担的是人权方面的哪些遵守义务。

Reservations may thus not be general, but must refer to a particular provision of the Covenant and indicate in precise terms its scope in relation thereto.

所以，保留不能泛指，而是必须提到《公约》的具体条款，精确地指出这方面的范围。

When considering the compatibility of possible reservations with the object and purpose of the Covenant, States should also take into consideration the overall effect of a group of reservations, as well as the effect of each reservation on the integrity of the Covenant, which remains an essential consideration.

当考虑潜在的保留是否符合《公约》目标和宗旨时，各国既要顾及每项保留对《公约》完整性的影响――这始终是关键考虑，同时也应顾及一组保留的总体影响。

States should not enter so many reservations that they are in effect accepting a limited number of human rights obligations, and not the Covenant as such.

各国不应提出过多保留，否则就等于事实上仅接受有限的人权义务，而不是接受《公约》本身。

So that reservations do not lead to a perpetual non-attainment of international human rights standards, reservations should not systematically reduce the obligations undertaken only to those presently existing in less demanding standards of domestic law.

为了不至于因为保留而导致永远达不到国际人权标准，保留就不应造成有系统地使所承担的义务缩减为仅等于国内法目前比较低要求的标准所体现的义务。

Nor should interpretative declarations or reservations seek to remove an autonomous meaning to Covenant obligations, by pronouncing them to be identical, or to be accepted only insofar as they are identical, with existing provisions of domestic law.

解释性声明或保留也不应通过宣称《公约》义务与国内法现有规定相同或仅在与之相同的情况下才予以接受而取消《公约》义务的自主意义。

States should not seek through reservations or interpretative declarations to determine that the meaning of a provision of the Covenant is the same as that given by an organ of any other international treaty body.

各国不应试图通过保留或解释性声明确定《公约》某项规定的含义与任何其他国际条约机构的某一机关规定的含义完全相同。

20. States should institute procedures to ensure that each and every proposed reservation is compatible with the object and purpose of the Covenant.

20. 国家应当建立程序，以确保每项拟议的保留都符合《公约》的目标和宗旨。

It is desirable for a State entering a reservation to indicate in precise terms the domestic legislation or practices which it believes to be incompatible with the Covenant obligation reserved; and to explain the time period it requires to render its own laws and practices compatible with the Covenant, or why it is unable to render its own laws and practices compatible with the Covenant.

提出保留的国家最好精确地指出其认为与保留所指《公约》义务不一致的国内立法或做法；说明需要多长时间才能使自己的法律和做法与《公约》取得一致，或说明为和无法使使自己的法律和做法与《公约》取得一致。

States should also ensure that the necessity for maintaining reservations is periodically reviewed, taking into account any observations and recommendations made by the Committee during examination of their reports.

各国还应确保对保持保留的必要性进行定期审查，为此要考虑到委员会在审查它们的报告期间提出的意见和建议。

Reservations should be withdrawn at the earliest possible moment.

应争取尽早撤消保留。

Reports to the Committee should contain information on what action has been taken to review, reconsider or withdraw reservations.

提交委员会的报告应说明已采取何种行动审查、重新考虑或撤消保留。

Notes

注

{§1} Article 2 (1) (d), Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969.

{§1} 1969年《维也纳条约法公约》第二条第一款d项。

{§2} Although the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties was concluded in 1969 and entered into force in 1980 - i.e. after the entry into force of the Covenant - its terms reflect the general international law on this matter as had already been affirmed by the International Court of Justice in The Reservations to the Genocide Convention Case of 1951.

{§2} 虽然《维也纳条约法公约》是1969年缔结、1989年开始生效的，就是说，是在《(公民权利和政治权利国际)公约》生效之后，但是，其中内容反映的是国际法院在1951年《对种族灭绝公约案件的保留》中已经确认的这方面的一般国际法。

{§3} Reservations have been entered to both article 6 and article 7, but not in terms which reserve a right to torture or to engage in arbitrary deprivation of life.

{§3} 对于第六条和第七条已经提出保留，但是，并不表示保留酷刑或任意剥夺生命的权利。

{§4} The competence of the Committee in respect of this extended obligation is provided for under article 5 - which itself is subject to a form of reservation in that the automatic granting of this competence may be reserved through the mechanism of a statement made to the contrary at the moment of ratification or accession.

{§4} 第五条之下规定了委员会对这项范围延伸的义务的权限――这本身就可成为某种形式的保留的对象，原因是，在批准或加入时可以通过否定性声明的机制对这项权限的自动准予提出保留。