CCPR

CCPR

General comment No. 26:

第26号一般性意见：

Continuity of obligations

义务的延续性

Sixty-first session (1997){§*}

第六十一届会议(1997年){§*}

1. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights does not contain any provision regarding its termination and does not provide for denunciation or withdrawal.

1. 《公民及政治权利国际公约》中没有订立关于终止《公约》的任何规定，也没有关于废止或退出的规定。

Consequently, the possibility of termination, denunciation or withdrawal must be considered in the light of applicable rules of customary international law which are reflected in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.

因此，终止、废止或退出《公约》的可能性必须根据《维也纳条约法公约》所反映的国际习惯法有关规则来考虑。

On this basis, the Covenant is not subject to denunciation or withdrawal unless it is established that the parties intended to admit the possibility of denunciation or withdrawal or a right to do so is implied from the nature of the treaty.

据此，除非可以断定缔约国原先打算认可废止或退出《公约》的可能性，或条约的性质包含了这样做的权利，否则不得废止或退出《公约》。

2. That the parties to the Covenant did not admit the possibility of denunciation and that it was not a mere oversight on their part to omit reference to denunciation is demonstrated by the fact that article 41 (2) of the Covenant does permit a State party to withdraw its acceptance of the competence of the Committee to examine inter-State communications by filing an appropriate notice to that effect while there is no such provision for denunciation of or withdrawal from the Covenant itself.

2. 《公约》第四十一条第2款许可一个缔约国提出适当的有关通知，撤回它对委员会审查国家间来文的权限的接受，但同时却没有任何规定准许废止或退出《公约》本身。 这表明，《公约》的缔约各国并未认可废止的可能性，而且没有提到废止问题并不单纯是由于他们的疏忽。

Moreover, the Optional Protocol to the Covenant, negotiated and adopted contemporaneously with it, permits States parties to denounce it.

此外，经谈判后与《公约》同期通过的公约《任择议定书》准许缔约国废止议定书。

Additionally, by way of comparison, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which was adopted one year prior to the Covenant, expressly permits denunciation.

另外，相比之下，比《公约》早一年通过的《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》明确准许废止。

It can therefore be concluded that the drafters of the Covenant deliberately intended to exclude the possibility of denunciation.

因此，可以得出结论说，《公约》的起草者有意要排除废止的可能性。

The same conclusion applies to the Second Optional Protocol in the drafting of which a denunciation clause was deliberately omitted.

这一结论也可适用于第二项《任择议定书》，该议定书在起草过程中被有意省略了废止条款。

3. Furthermore, it is clear that the Covenant is not the type of treaty which, by its nature, implies a right of denunciation.

3. 此外，很显然，《公约》并非那种在性质上包含废止权利的条约。

Together with the simultaneously prepared and adopted International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Covenant codifies in treaty form the universal human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the three instruments together often being referred to as the “International Bill of Human Rights”.

《公约》是与《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》同时编纂和通过的，它以条约形式将《世界人权宣言》所载明的普遍人权编集成典。 这三份文书常常被统称为“国际人权法案”。

As such, the Covenant does not have a temporary character typical of treaties where a right of denunciation is deemed to be admitted, notwithstanding the absence of a specific provision to that effect.

因此，《公约》没有条约通常所带有的临时性特点。 人们通常将条约视作带有废止的权利，尽管条约没有在这方面作具体的规定。

4. The rights enshrined in the Covenant belong to the people living in the territory of the State party.

4. 《公约》所载的各项权利属于在缔约国领土内生活的人民。

The Human Rights Committee has consistently taken the view, as evidenced by its long-standing practice, that once the people are accorded the protection of the rights under the Covenant, such protection devolves with territory and continues to belong to them, notwithstanding change in government of the State party, including dismemberment in more than one State or State succession or any subsequent action of the State party designed to divest them of the rights guaranteed by the Covenant.

人权事务委员会的长期做法表明它一贯认为，一旦人民在《公约》下获得人权保障，则此一保障即随领土转移并持续归他们所有，而不论缔约国政府是否更迭，包括解体成一个以上国家或国家继承或缔约国后来为剥夺《公约》所保障的权利而从事的任何行为。

5. The Committee is therefore firmly of the view that international law does not permit a State which has ratified or acceded or succeeded to the Covenant to denounce it or withdraw from it.

5. 因此，委员会坚决认为，国际法不允许已批准或加入或已继承《公约》的国家废止或退出《公约》。

{§*} Contained in document A/53/40, annex VII.

{§*} 载于第A/53/40号文件，附件七。