CCPR

CCPR

General comment No. 28:

第28号一般性意见：

Article 3 (The equality of rights between men and women){§1}

第三条(男女权利平等){§1}

Sixty-eighth session (2000)

第六十八届会议(2000年)

1. The Committee has decided to update its general comment on article 3 of the Covenant and to replace general comment No. 4 (thirteenth session, 1981), in the light of the experience it has gathered in its activities over the last 20 years.

1. 委员会决定根据过去20年活动中积累的经验更新关于《公约》第三条的一般性意见，并以此取代第4号一般性意见(1981年，第十三届会议)。

The present revision seeks to take account of the important impact of this article on the enjoyment by women of the human rights protected under the Covenant.

本次修订是要顾及该条对妇女享受《公约》保护的人权的重要影响。

2. Article 3 implies that all human beings should enjoy the rights provided for in the Covenant, on an equal basis and in their totality.

2. 第三条意味着所有人应平等和完全享受《公约》规定的权利。

The full effect of this provision is impaired whenever any person is denied the full and equal enjoyment of any right.

只要任何人不能全部和平等享受任何权利，这项规定就无法充分发挥其效应。

Consequently, States should ensure to men and women equally the enjoyment of all rights provided for in the Covenant.

因此，各国应保证男女平等享有《公约》规定的所有权利。

3. The obligation to ensure to all individuals the rights recognized in the Covenant, established in articles 2 and 3 of the Covenant, requires that States parties take all necessary steps to enable every person to enjoy those rights.

3. 《公约》第二和第三条规定的保证所有人享有《公约》承认的权利的义务要求缔约国采取一切必要步骤，使每个人能享有这些权利。

These steps include the removal of obstacles to the equal enjoyment of such rights, the education of the population and of State officials in human rights, and the adjustment of domestic legislation so as to give effect to the undertakings set forth in the Covenant.

这些步骤包括消除影响平等享受这些权利的障碍、对人民和国家官员进行人权教育和调整国内立法以履行根据《公约》承诺的义务。

The State party must not only adopt measures of protection, but also positive measures in all areas so as to achieve the effective and equal empowerment of women.

缔约国必须不仅采取保护措施，也应在各领域采取积极措施，平等有效地赋予妇女权利。

States parties must provide information regarding the actual role of women in society so that the Committee may ascertain what measures, in addition to legislative provisions, have been or should be taken to give effect to these obligations, what progress has been made, what difficulties are encountered and what steps are being taken to overcome them.

缔约国必须提供有关妇女在社会中的实际作用的资料，以便委员会可确定除了立法规定外，为履行这些义务已经采取和应该采取何种措施、已取得何种进展、碰到何种困难和为克服它们采取了何种步骤。

4. States parties are responsible for ensuring the equal enjoyment of rights without any discrimination.

4. 缔约国有责任保证公平享受权利，不受任何歧视。

Articles 2 and 3 mandate States parties to take all steps necessary, including the prohibition of discrimination on the ground of sex, to put an end to discriminatory actions, both in the public and the private sector, which impair the equal enjoyment of rights.

第二和第三条责成缔约国采取一切必要步骤，包括禁止基于性别的歧视，制止公私营部门有损平等享受权利的歧视行为。

5. Inequality in the enjoyment of rights by women throughout the world is deeply embedded in tradition, history and culture, including religious attitudes.

5. 全世界妇女在享受权利方面的不平等现象植根于传统、历史和文化之中，包括宗教态度。

The subordinate role of women in some countries is illustrated by the high incidence of prenatal sex selection and abortion of female foetuses.

产前性别选择和堕女胎的情况很多说明了妇女在有些国家的从属地位。

States parties should ensure that traditional, historical, religious or cultural attitudes are not used to justify violations of women’s right to equality before the law and to equal enjoyment of all Covenant rights.

缔约国应保证传统、历史、宗教或文化态度不被用作为借口，侵犯妇女在法律面前平等的权利和平等享受所有《公约》权利的权利。

States parties should furnish appropriate information on those aspects of tradition, history, cultural practices and religious attitudes which jeopardize, or may jeopardize, compliance with article 3, and indicate what measures they have taken or intend to take to overcome such factors.

缔约国应提供适当资料，说明损害或有可能损害遵守第三条的传统、历史、文化习俗和宗教态度等各个方面并说明已经采取或打算采取何种措施克服这些因素。

6. In order to fulfil the obligation set forth in article 3, States parties should take account of the factors which impede the equal enjoyment by women and men of each right specified in the Covenant.

6. 为了履行第三条规定的义务，缔约国应考虑阻碍男女平等享受《公约》规定的每一项权利的因素。

To enable the Committee to obtain a complete picture of the situation of women in each State party as regards the implementation of the rights in the Covenant, this general comment identifies some of the factors affecting the equal enjoyment by women of the rights under the Covenant and spells out the type of information that is required with regard to these rights.

为了使委员会能全面了解每一缔约国在落实《公约》权利方面妇女的情况，本一般性意见指出了影响妇女平等享受《公约》规定的权利的一些因素并提出了需要何种类型的与这些权利有关的资料。

7. The equal enjoyment of human rights by women must be protected during a state of emergency (art. 4).

7. 在紧急状态期间，妇女平等享受人权的权利必须得到保护(第四条)。

States parties which take measures derogating from their obligations under the Covenant in time of public emergency, as provided in article 4, should provide information to the Committee with respect to the impact on the situation of women of such measures and should demonstrate that they are non-discriminatory.

缔约国如果在公共紧急状态时根据第四条采取措施，克减《公约》规定的义务，则应向委员会提供关于这种措施对妇女情况的影响的资料，并表明这些措施无歧视性。

8. Women are particularly vulnerable in times of internal or international armed conflicts.

8. 在发生国内或国际武装冲突时，妇女特别容易受到伤害。

States parties should inform the Committee of all measures taken during these situations to protect women from rape, abduction and other forms of gender-based violence.

缔约国应告知委员会在这些情况期间为保护妇女免遭强奸、绑架或基于性别的其他形式的暴力而采取的所有措施。

9. In becoming parties to the Covenant, States undertake, in accordance with article 3, to ensure the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all civil and political rights set forth in the Covenant, and in accordance with article 5, nothing in the Covenant may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights provided for in article 3, or at limitations not covered by the Covenant.

9. 成为《公约》的缔约方，缔约国就是根据第三条承诺保证男女平等享有《公约》所载一切公民权利和政治权利。 根据第五条，《公约》中任何部分不得解释为隐示任何国家、团体或个人有权利从事于任何旨在破坏该条规定的任何权利或对它们实行《公约》没有规定的限制的活动或行为。

Moreover, there shall be no restriction upon or derogation from the equal enjoyment by women of all fundamental human rights recognized or existing pursuant to law, conventions, regulations or customs, on the pretext that the Covenant does not recognize such rights or that it recognizes them to a lesser extent.

此外，对于妇女平等享受依据法律、惯例、条例或习惯而被承认或存在的所有基本人权，不得借口《公约》未予承认或只在较小范围上予以承认而加以限制或克减。

10. When reporting on the right to life protected by article 6, States parties should provide data on birth rates and on pregnancy- and childbirth-related deaths of women.

10. 在提交有关受第六条保护的生命权的报告时，缔约国应提供关于出生率和关于妇女与妊娠和分娩有关的死亡率的数据。

Gender-disaggregated data should be provided on infant mortality rates.

关于婴儿死亡率的数据应按性别分列。

States parties should give information on any measures taken by the State to help women prevent unwanted pregnancies, and to ensure that they do not have to undergo life-threatening clandestine abortions.

缔约国应提供资料，说明它是否采取任何措施，帮助妇女防止不想要的怀孕和保证她们不必经受威胁生命的秘密流产。

States parties should also report on measures to protect women from practices that violate their right to life, such as female infanticide, the burning of widows and dowry killings.

缔约国也应报告为保护妇女免遭生命权受到侵犯的作法的措施，这种作法包括杀害女婴、焚烧遗孀和杀害嫁妆不足的新娘。

The Committee also wishes to have information on the particular impact on women of poverty and deprivation that may pose a threat to their lives.

委员会还希望获得有关有可能威胁妇女生命的贫困和一无所有现象对她们的特别影响的资料。

11. To assess compliance with article 7 of the Covenant, as well as with article 24, which mandates special protection for children, the Committee needs to be provided information on national laws and practice with regard to domestic and other types of violence against women, including rape.

11. 在评估《公约》第七条以及规定对儿童给予特别保护的第二十四条的遵守情况时，委员会需要获得关于国家法律和习惯的资料，其中要说明如何处理侵害妇女的家庭和其他类型的暴力问题。

It also needs to know whether the State party gives access to safe abortion to women who have become pregnant as a result of rape.

委员会还需要了解缔约国让因受强奸而怀孕的妇女安全堕胎的情况。

The States parties should also provide the Committee with information on measures to prevent forced abortion or forced sterilization.

缔约国也应向委员会提供材料，介绍如何防止强迫堕胎或强迫绝育的措施。

In States parties where the practice of genital mutilation exists information on its extent and on measures to eliminate it should be provided.

存在生殖器残割习俗的缔约国应提供有关这种习俗的程度的资料和消除这种习俗的措施。

The information provided by States parties on all these issues should include measures of protection, including legal remedies, for women whose rights under article 7 have been violated.

缔约国提供的有关所有这些问题的资料应载有保护其第七条规定的权利遭到侵犯的妇女的措施，包括法律补救措施。

12. Having regard to their obligations under article 8, States parties should inform the Committee of measures taken to eliminate trafficking of women and children, within the country or across borders, and forced prostitution.

12. 关于第八条规定的义务，缔约国应向委员会介绍为消除国内或跨边界买卖妇女和儿童及强迫卖淫现象而采取的措施。

They must also provide information on measures taken to protect women and children, including foreign women and children, from slavery, disguised, inter alia, as domestic or other kinds of personal service.

缔约国也必须提供资料，介绍为保护妇女和儿童、包括外国妇女和儿童不受奴役、不提供变相的主要为家庭或其他形式的个人服务，而采取的措施。

States parties where women and children are recruited, and from which they are taken, and States parties where they are received should provide information on measures, national or international, which have been taken in order to prevent the violation of women’s and children’s rights.

妇女和儿童被招聘和被带走的缔约国和接受他们的缔约国应提供为防止侵犯妇女和儿童权利而采取的国家或国际措施的资料。

13. States parties should provide information on any specific regulation of clothing to be worn by women in public.

13. 缔约国应提供有关妇女在公共场合应穿服装的任何具体条例的资料。

The Committee stresses that such regulations may involve a violation of a number of rights guaranteed by the Covenant, such as: article 26, on non-discrimination; article 7, if corporal punishment is imposed in order to enforce such a regulation; article 9, when failure to comply with the regulation is punished by arrest; article 12, if liberty of movement is subject to such a constraint; article 17, which guarantees all persons the right to privacy without arbitrary or unlawful interference; articles 18 and 19, when women are subjected to clothing requirements that are not in keeping with their religion or their right of self-expression; and, lastly, article 27, when the clothing requirements conflict with the culture to which the woman can lay a claim.

委员会强调，这种条例有可能触犯《公约》保障的若干权利，如：第二十六条，不歧视；第七条，为强制执行此种条例而实行体罚；第九条，如不遵守该条例即受逮捕惩罚；第十二条，迁徙自由受到此种条例的限制；第十七条，保障所有人享有隐私权，不受任意或非法干涉；第十八和第十九条，对妇女的服装要求不符合其宗教或其自我表现权；及最后，第二十七条，服装方面规定与妇女可提出申诉的文化相冲突。

14. With regard to article 9, States parties should provide information on any laws or practices which may deprive women of their liberty on an arbitrary or unequal basis, such as by confinement within the house (see general comment No. 8, paragraph 1).

14. 关于第九条，缔约国应提供资料，介绍有可能任意或不公平剥夺妇女自由，如家内软禁的任何法律或作法(见第8号一般性意见，第1段)。

15. As regards articles 7 and 10, States parties must provide all information relevant to ensuring that the rights of persons deprived of their liberty are protected on equal terms for men and women.

15. 关于第七和第十条，缔约国必须提供一切有关资料，说明如何确保被剥夺自由者的权利不分男女均受到平等保护。

In particular, States parties should report on whether men and women are separated in prisons and whether women are guarded only by female guards.

具体而言，缔约国应报告监狱里男女是否分开；妇女是否仅由女狱卒看守。

States parties should also report about compliance with the rule that accused juvenile females shall be separated from adults and on any difference in treatment between male and female persons deprived of liberty, such as access to rehabilitation and education programmes and to conjugal and family visits.

缔约国也应报告有关遵守受指控的女青少年与成人分开的规则、关于被剥夺自由的男女之间在待遇上的任何区别，如获得改造和教育方案和夫妻和家人探望的机会等方面的情况。

Pregnant women who are deprived of their liberty should receive humane treatment and respect for their inherent dignity at all times, and in particular during the birth and while caring for their newborn children; States parties should report on facilities to ensure this and on medical and health care for such mothers and their babies.

被剥夺自由的孕妇应在任何时候特别是在妊娠和护理新生婴儿期间受到人道待遇和对她们的固有尊严的尊重；缔约国应就确保这一切的设施和关于对这种母亲及其婴儿的医疗和保健问题提交报告。

16. As regards article 12, States parties should provide information on any legal provision or any practice which restricts women’s right to freedom of movement, for example the exercise of marital powers over the wife or of parental powers over adult daughters; legal or de facto requirements which prevent women from travelling, such as the requirement of consent of a third party to the issuance of a passport or other type of travel documents to an adult woman.

16. 关于第十二条，缔约国应提供有关下列方面的资料，限制妇女行动自由的任何法律规定或任何习俗，如对妻子行使夫权或对成年女儿行使父母权利；阻止妇女旅行的法律或事实要求，如给成年妇女发护照或其他类型的旅行文件需经第三方同意的要求。

States parties should also report on measures taken to eliminate such laws and practices and to protect women against them, including reference to available domestic remedies (see general comment No. 27, paragraphs 6 and 18).

缔约国也应报告为废除此种法律和习俗和保护妇女免遭其害而采取的措施，包括提到现有国内补救措施(见第27号一般性意见，第6和第18段)。

17. States parties should ensure that alien women are accorded on an equal basis the right to submit arguments against their expulsion and to have their case reviewed, as provided in article 13.

17. 缔约国应保证外国妇女在平等基础上享有第十三条规定的提出反对被驱逐的理由和使其案件得到复审的权利。

In this regard, they should be entitled to submit arguments based on gender-specific violations of the Covenant such as those mentioned in paragraphs 10 and 11 above.

在这方面，他们有权如以上第10和第11段所述提出针对与性别有关的触犯《公约》行为的论据。

18. States parties should provide information to enable the Committee to ascertain whether access to justice and the right to a fair trial, provided for in article 14, are enjoyed by women on equal terms with men.

18. 缔约国应提供资料，使委员会能确定妇女是否能在与男子平等的基础上享有第十四条规定的得到公正和公平审判的权利。

In particular, States parties should inform the Committee whether there are legal provisions preventing women from direct and autonomous access to the courts (see communication No. 202/1986, Ato del Avellanal v. Peru, Views of 28 October 1988); whether women may give evidence as witnesses on the same terms as men; and whether measures are taken to ensure women equal access to legal aid, in particular in family matters.

具体而言缔约国应告知委员会是否有阻碍妇女直接和自动投诉法院的法律规定(见第202/1986号来文，Ato del Avellanal诉秘鲁，1988年10月28日的意见)；妇女是否与男子一样可作为证人作证；以及是否采取措施保证妇女平等获得法律援助，特别是在家庭问题方面。

States parties should report on whether certain categories of women are denied the enjoyment of the presumption of innocence under article 14, paragraph 2, and on the measures which have been taken to put an end to this situation.

缔约国应报告某些类型的妇女是否被剥夺了享受第十四条第2款规定的无罪推定的权利和为结束这种情况采取的措施。

19. The right of everyone under article 16 to be recognized everywhere as a person before the law is particularly pertinent for women, who often see it curtailed by reason of sex or marital status.

19. 关于人人在任何地方有权被承认在法律前的人格的第十六条与妇女特别有关，因为妇女的这项权利往往因性别和婚姻状况而受到限制。

This right implies that the capacity of women to own property, to enter into a contract or to exercise other civil rights may not be restricted on the basis of marital status or any other discriminatory ground.

这项权利意味着妇女拥有财产、缔结合同或行使其他公民权的能力不应受到基于婚姻状况或任何其他歧视理由的限制。

It also implies that women may not be treated as objects to be given, together with the property of the deceased husband, to his family.

它还意味着妇女不得被当作物品与其已故丈夫的财产一起送交他的家庭。

States must provide information on laws or practices that prevent women from being treated or from functioning as full legal persons and the measures taken to eradicate laws or practices that allow such treatment.

缔约国必须提供资料，叙述阻止妇女被作为完整法人或作为完整法人行使职能的法律或习俗和为废除允许这种待遇的法律或习俗而采取的措施。

20. States parties must provide information to enable the Committee to assess the effect of any laws and practices that may interfere with women’s right to enjoy privacy and other rights protected by article 17 on the basis of equality with men.

20. 缔约国必须提供资料，使委员会能评估有可能干涉妇女在与男子平等的基础上享受隐私权和第十七条保护的其他权利的任何法律和习俗的影响。

An example of such interference arises where the sexual life of a woman is taken into consideration in deciding the extent of her legal rights and protections, including protection against rape.

产生这种干涉的事例是在决定妇女的法律权利和保护程度时，包括免遭强奸的保护，考虑妇女的性生活。

Another area where States may fail to respect women’s privacy relates to their reproductive functions, for example, where there is a requirement for the husband’s authorization to make a decision in regard to sterilization; where general requirements are imposed for the sterilization of women, such as having a certain number of children or being of a certain age, or where States impose a legal duty upon doctors and other health personnel to report cases of women who have undergone abortion.

缔约国可能没有尊重妇女隐私的另一领域涉及到她们的再生育功能，例如关于绝育的决定需要丈夫同意；对妇女绝育实行一般的要求，如有一定数目的妇女或达到一定年龄；或国家对医生和其他保健人员规定法律义务，报告进行堕胎的妇女的情况。

In these instances, other rights in the Covenant, such as those of articles 6 and 7, might also be at stake.

在这些情况中，《公约》规定的其他权利如第六和第七条的权利也可能受到威胁。

Women’s privacy may also be interfered with by private actors, such as employers who request a pregnancy test before hiring a woman.

妇女的隐私也可能受到私人行为者的干涉，如雇主在雇用妇女前要求妊娠化验。

States parties should report on any laws and public or private actions that interfere with the equal enjoyment by women of the rights under article 17, and on the measures taken to eliminate such interference and to afford women protection from any such interference.

缔约国应提出报告，说明干涉妇女平等享受第十七条规定的权利的任何法律和公共或私人行为和为消除这种干涉和保护妇女不受任何此类干涉采取的措施。

21. States parties must take measures to ensure that freedom of thought, conscience and religion, and the freedom to adopt the religion or belief of one’s choice - including the freedom to change religion or belief and to express one’s religion or belief - will be guaranteed and protected in law and in practice for both men and women, on the same terms and without discrimination.

21. 缔约国必须采取措施，保证法律和习惯保障和保护男女以同样条件和不受歧视地享受思想、良心和宗教自由和选择宗教或信仰的自由――包括改变宗教或信仰和表明宗教或信仰的自由。

These freedoms, protected by article 18, must not be subject to restrictions other than those authorized by the Covenant and must not be constrained by, inter alia, rules requiring permission from third parties, or by interference from fathers, husbands, brothers or others.

受第十八条保护的这些自由不得受除《公约》同意的限制以外的任何限制；不得受到除其他外要求第三方允许的规则或来自父亲、丈夫、兄弟或其他人干涉的制约。

Article 18 may not be relied upon to justify discrimination against women by reference to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; States parties should therefore provide information on the status of women as regards their freedom of thought, conscience and religion, and indicate what steps they have taken or intend to take both to eliminate and prevent infringements of these freedoms in respect of women and to protect their right not to be discriminated against.

不得以思想、良心和宗教自由为由将第十八条用作歧视妇女的借口；因此缔约国应提供有关妇女在思想、良心和宗教自由方面的状况的资料，并说明已采取或打算采取何种步骤，消除和制止对妇女的这些自由的侵害和保护她们不受歧视的权利。

22. In relation to article 19, States parties should inform the Committee of any laws or other factors which may impede women from exercising the rights protected under this provision on an equal basis.

22. 关于第十九条，缔约国应告知委员会有可能阻碍妇女在平等基础上行使受这项规定保护的权利的任何法律或其他因素。

As the publication and dissemination of obscene and pornographic material which portrays women and girls as objects of violence or degrading or inhuman treatment is likely to promote these kinds of treatment of women and girls, States parties should provide information about legal measures to restrict the publication or dissemination of such material.

关于将妇女和女子描绘为暴力或有辱人格或不人道待遇的对象的淫秽和色情材料的出版和传播有可能煽动对妇女和女子实行这些种类的待遇的问题，缔约国应提供关于限制出版或传播这种材料的法律措施的资料。

23. States are required to treat men and women equally in regard to marriage in accordance with article 23, which has been elaborated further by general comment No. 19 (1990).

23. 第二十三条规定缔约国在婚姻方面做到男女待遇平等。 第19号一般性意见进一步阐述了该条。

Men and women have the right to enter into marriage only with their free and full consent, and States have an obligation to protect the enjoyment of this right on an equal basis.

只有经男女双方自由和完全的同意，才能缔婚。 缔约国有义务保护这项权利在平等基础的享受。

Many factors may prevent women from being able to make the decision to marry freely.

有许多因素可能阻碍妇女作出自由缔婚的决定。

One factor relates to the minimum age for marriage.

一个因素涉及到婚姻最低年龄。

That age should be set by the State on the basis of equal criteria for men and women.

这一年龄应由缔约国在对男女适用的平等标准的基础上确定。

These criteria should ensure women’s capacity to make an informed and uncoerced decision.

这些标准应保证妇女有能力作出知情和不受胁迫的决定。

A second factor in some States may be that either by statutory or customary law a guardian, who is generally male, consents to the marriage instead of the woman herself, thereby preventing women from exercising a free choice.

在有些国家的第二个因素可能是成文法和习惯法规定，缔婚与否得经监护人，通常为男性，而不是妇女自己同意，从而阻碍妇女行使自由选择权。

24. Another factor that may affect women’s right to marry only when they have given free and full consent is the existence of social attitudes which tend to marginalize women victims of rape and put pressure on them to agree to marriage.

24. 可能影响妇女行使只有经自由和完全的同意才能缔婚的权利的另一因素是社会态度，这种态度往往排斥遭强奸的妇女受害者，对她们施加压力，要她们同意结婚。

A woman’s free and full consent to marriage may also be undermined by laws which allow the rapist to have his criminal responsibility extinguished or mitigated if he marries the victim.

有些法律规定，只要强奸犯与受害者结婚，其刑事责任就可能取消或减轻，这种法律也损及妇女只有自由和完全同意才可缔婚的权利。

States parties should indicate whether marrying the victim extinguishes or mitigates criminal responsibility and, in the case in which the victim is a minor, whether the rape reduces the marriageable age of the victim, particularly in societies where rape victims have to endure marginalization from society.

缔约国应该说明与受害者结婚是否取消或减轻刑事责任；在受害者为未成年人的情况中，强奸是否降低受害者的结婚年龄，特别是就强奸受害者必须承受社会排斥的社会而言。

A different aspect of the right to marry may be affected when States impose restrictions on remarriage by women that are not imposed on men.

如果缔约国只对妇女再婚实行限制而对男子再婚却不实行限制，这会影响到缔婚权利的另一个方面。

Also, the right to choose one’s spouse may be restricted by laws or practices that prevent the marriage of a woman of a particular religion to a man who professes no religion or a different religion.

此外，阻止信奉某一特定宗教的妇女与不信教或信奉一不同宗教的男子通婚的法律或习俗会限制选择配偶的权利。

States should provide information on these laws and practices and on the measures taken to abolish the laws and eradicate the practices which undermine the right of women to marry only when they have given free and full consent.

缔约国应提供资料，说明这些法律和习俗和为废除破坏妇女行使只有经自由和完全同意才能缔婚的权利的法律和习俗采取的措施。

It should also be noted that equality of treatment with regard to the right to marry implies that polygamy is incompatible with this principle.

缔约国也应该注意到有关缔婚权的平等待遇意味着一夫多妻制与这一平等原则相抵触。

Polygamy violates the dignity of women.

一夫多妻制损害妇女的尊严。

It is an inadmissible discrimination against women.

它是一种令人不能接受的对妇女的歧视。

Consequently, it should be definitely abolished wherever it continues to exist.

因此，只要它继续存在，就应明确废除。

25. To fulfil their obligations under article 23, paragraph 4, States parties must ensure that the matrimonial regime contains equal rights and obligations for both spouses with regard to the custody and care of children, the children’s religious and moral education, the capacity to transmit to children the parent’s nationality, and the ownership or administration of property, whether common property or property in the sole ownership of either spouse.

25. 为了履行第二十三条第四款规定的义务，缔约国必须保证婚姻制度在有关监护和照顾儿童、儿童的宗教和道德教育、儿童继承父母国籍的能力和财产，无论是共同财产还是仅由配偶一方拥有的财产的所有权或管理等方面为配偶双方规定平等的权利和义务。

States parties should review their legislation to ensure that married women have equal rights in regard to the ownership and administration of such property, where necessary.

缔约国应审查其立法，保证已婚妇女必要时在拥有和管理这种财产方面享有平等权利。

Also, States parties should ensure that no sex-based discrimination occurs in respect of the acquisition or loss of nationality by reason of marriage, of residence rights, and of the right of each spouse to retain the use of his or her original family name or to participate on an equal basis in the choice of a new family name.

此外，缔约国应保证因缔婚而获取或丧失国籍、居住权和每一配偶保留使用他或她的原姓氏或平等参与选择新姓氏的权利方面不发生基于性别的歧视。

Equality during marriage implies that husband and wife should participate equally in responsibility and authority within the family.

缔婚期间的平等意味着丈夫和妻子在家庭内责任和权威平等。

26. States parties must also ensure equality in regard to the dissolution of marriage, which excludes the possibility of repudiation.

26. 缔约国也必须保证解除婚约方面的平等，不允许有拒绝的可能。

The grounds for divorce and annulment should be the same for men and women, as well as decisions with regard to property distribution, alimony and the custody of children.

离婚和解除婚约的理由以及有关财产分配、赡养费和儿童监护等方面的裁决对男女应一视同仁。

Determination of the need to maintain contact between children and the non-custodial parent should be based on equal considerations.

子女与非监护父母之间保留联系的需要应依据平等考虑因素来确定。

Women should also have equal inheritance rights to those of men when the dissolution of marriage is caused by the death of one of the spouses.

如果婚约的解除系一方配偶死亡造成，妇女也应享有与男子平等的继承权。

27. In giving effect to recognition of the family in the context of article 23, it is important to accept the concept of the various forms of family, including unmarried couples and their children and single parents and their children, and to ensure the equal treatment of women in these contexts (see general comment No. 19, paragraph 2).

27. 在承认第二十三条所指的家庭时，必须接受各种形式的家庭概念，包括未婚夫妇及其子女和单亲及其子女的家庭，和保证在这些情形中平等对待妇女(见一般性意见19, 第2段)。

Single-parent families frequently consist of a single woman caring for one or more children, and States parties should describe what measures of support are in place to enable her to discharge her parental functions on the basis of equality with a man in a similar position.

单亲家庭往往由一个照看一个或多个儿童的妇女组成；缔约国应说明有何种资助措施使她能在与处于类似情况的男子平等的基础上行使其父母职能。

28. The obligation of States parties to protect children (art. 24) should be carried out equally for boys and girls.

28. 缔约国保护儿童的义务(第二十四条)应该在对男童和女童平等的基础上履行。

States parties should report on measures taken to ensure that girls are treated equally to boys in education, in feeding and in health care, and provide the Committee with disaggregated data in this respect.

缔约国应报告为保证女童在教育、饮食和保健方面与男童受到平等待遇而采取的措施并向委员会分类提供这方面的数据。

States parties should eradicate, both through legislation and any other appropriate measures, all cultural or religious practices which jeopardize the freedom and well-being of female children.

缔约国应通过立法和任何其他适当措施废除有损女童自由和福利的一切文化或宗教习俗。

29. The right to participate in the conduct of public affairs is not fully implemented everywhere on an equal basis.

29. 参与公共事务的权利并没有在各地在平等基础上得到充分执行。

States parties must ensure that the law guarantees to women the rights contained in article 25 on equal terms with men and take effective and positive measures to promote and ensure women’s participation in the conduct of public affairs and in public office, including appropriate affirmative action.

缔约国必须保证法律保障妇女在与男子平等的基础上享有第二十五条规定的权利并采取有效和积极措施包括肯定行动，促进和保证妇女参与公共事务和担任公职。

Effective measures taken by States parties to ensure that all persons entitled to vote are able to exercise that right should not be discriminatory on the grounds of sex.

缔约国为保证享有投票权的所有人能行使这项权利而采取的有效措施不应该有以性别为理由的歧视。

The Committee requires States parties to provide statistical information on the percentage of women in publicly elected office, including the legislature, as well as in high-ranking civil service positions and the judiciary.

委员会要求缔约国提供统计资料，说明妇女在公共选举的职务，包括立法以及高级公务员职务和立法中的百分比。

30. Discrimination against women is often intertwined with discrimination on other grounds such as race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

30. 对妇女的歧视往往与基于诸如种族、肤色、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍或社会出身、财产、出生或其他地位等理由的歧视纠缠在一起。

States parties should address the ways in which any instances of discrimination on other grounds affect women in a particular way, and include information on the measures taken to counter these effects.

缔约国应该叙述基于其他理由的任何歧视在哪些方面以特定方式影响到妇女并提供为消除这些影响采取的措施的资料。

31. The right to equality before the law and freedom from discrimination, protected by article 26, requires States to act against discrimination by public and private agencies in all fields.

31. 受第二十六条保护的所有人在法律面前平等和不受歧视的自由要求缔约国采取行动，打击一切领域的公共和私人机构的歧视行为。

Discrimination against women in areas such as social security laws (communications Nos. 172/84, Broeks v. Netherlands, Views of 9 April 1987; 182/84, Zwaan de Vries v. the Netherlands, Views of 9 April 1987; 218/1986, Vos v. the Netherlands, Views of 29 March 1989) as well as in the area of citizenship or rights of non-citizens in a country (communication No. 035/1978, Aumeeruddy-Cziffra et al. v. Mauritius, Views adopted 9 April 1981) violates article 26.

在诸如社会保障法律的领域(第172/84号来文，《Broeks诉荷兰》，1987年4月9日的意见；第182/84号来文，《Zwaan de Vries诉荷兰》，1987年4月9日的意见；第218/1986号来文，《Vos诉荷兰》，1989年3月29日的意见)以及在一个国家的公民资格或非公民权利等领域(第035/1978号来文，《Aumeeruddy-Cziffra及其他人诉毛里求斯》，1981年4月9日通过的意见)对妇女的歧视有违第二十六条。

The commission of so-called “honour crimes” which remain unpunished constitutes a serious violation of the Covenant and in particular of articles 6, 14 and 26.

仍不受惩罚的所谓“为维护荣誉而犯罪”是对《公约》，特别是第六、第十四和第二十六条的严重违反。

Laws which impose more severe penalties on women than on men for adultery or other offences also violate the requirement of equal treatment.

在通奸或其他罪行方面对妇女比对男子实行更严厉处罚的法律也违反平等待遇的要求。

The Committee has also often observed in reviewing States parties’ reports that a large proportion of women are employed in areas which are not protected by labour laws and that prevailing customs and traditions discriminate against women, particularly with regard to access to better paid employment and to equal pay for work of equal value.

在审查缔约国的报告时，委员会也常常注意到大量妇女受雇于下列领域：得不到劳工法的保护；现行习惯和传统歧视妇女，特别是在获得较好薪水待遇的就业和同工同酬方面。

States parties should review their legislation and practices and take the lead in implementing all measures necessary to eliminate discrimination against women in all fields, for example by prohibiting discrimination by private actors in areas such as employment, education, political activities and the provision of accommodation, goods and services.

缔约国应审查这些立法和作法，并带头执行一切必要措施，消除在一切领域对妇女的歧视，例如禁止私人行为者在就业、教育、政治活动和提供住宿、货物和服务等领域实行歧视。

States parties should report on all these measures and provide information on the remedies available to victims of such discrimination.

缔约国应报告所有这些措施并提供关于这种歧视的受害者现有何种补救措施的资料。

32. The rights which persons belonging to minorities enjoy under article 27 of the Covenant in respect of their language, culture and religion do not authorize any State, group or person to violate the right to the equal enjoyment by women of any Covenant rights, including the right to equal protection of the law.

32. 属于少数群体的人根据《公约》第二十七条在其语言、文化和宗教方面享有的权利并不授权任何国家、群体或人违反妇女平等享受《公约》任何权利的权利，包括受法律平等保护的权利。

States should report on any legislation or administrative practices related to membership in a minority community that might constitute an infringement of the equal rights of women under the Covenant (communication No. 24/1977, Lovelace v. Canada, Views adopted July 1981) and on measures taken or envisaged to ensure the equal right of men and women to enjoy all civil and political rights in the Covenant.

缔约国应提出报告，介绍与少数人群体的成员资格有关，可能触犯《公约》规定的妇女平等权利的任何立法或行政作法(第24/1977号来文，《Lovelace诉加拿大》，1981年7月通过的意见)和为保证男女平等享有《公约》的所有公民权利和政治权利已采取或设想采取的措施。

Likewise, States should report on measures taken to discharge their responsibilities in relation to cultural or religious practices within minority communities that affect the rights of women.

同样，缔约国应提出报告，介绍为履行与少数人社区内影响妇女权利的文化或宗教习俗有关的职责采取的措施。

In their reports, States parties should pay attention to the contribution made by women to the cultural life of their communities.

缔约国在报告中应重视妇女对其社区的文化生活作出的贡献。

Note

注

{§1} Adopted by the Committee at its 1834th meeting (sixty-eighth session), on 29 March 2000.

{§1} 委员会在2000年3月29日第1834次会议(第六十八届会议)上通过。