CCPR

CCPR

General comment No. 31:

第31号一般性意见：

The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant{§*}

《公约》缔约国的一般法律义务的性质{§*}

Eightieth session (2004)

第八十届会议(2004年)

1. This general comment replaces general comment No. 3, reflecting and developing its principles.

1. 本一般性意见取代第3号一般性意见，本意见反映和发展了该意见中的原则。

The general non-discrimination provisions of article 2, paragraph 1, have been addressed in general comment No. 18 and general comment No. 28, and this general comment should be read together with them.

第18号一般性意见和第28号一般性意见已经涉及第二条第1款中有关普遍不歧视的规定，在理解本一般性意见时应该予以参照。

2. While article 2 is couched in terms of the obligations of State parties towards individuals as the right-holders under the Covenant, every State party has a legal interest in the performance by every other State party of its obligations.

2. 虽然第二条规定了缔约国对于作为《公约》权利拥有者的个人所承担的义务，但是所有缔约国对于其他缔约国履行其义务的情况仍然可以有合法的兴趣。

This follows from the fact that the “rules concerning the basic rights of the human person” are erga omnes obligations and that, as indicated in the fourth preambular paragraph of the Covenant, there is a United Nations Charter obligation to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms.

这是因为“有关人类基本权利的规定”是普遍适用的义务，正如《公约》序言部分第四段所指出，各国根据《联合国宪章》负有义务促进对人的权利和自由的普遍尊重和遵行。

Furthermore, the contractual dimension of the treaty involves any State party to a treaty being obligated to every other State party to comply with its undertakings under the treaty.

此外，条约的契约关系意味着任何缔约国都对其他缔约国承担条约义务，必须履行根据条约作出的承诺。

In this connection, the Committee reminds States parties of the desirability of making the declaration contemplated in article 41.

在这一方面，委员会提请缔约国注意根据第四十一条的规定发表声明的可取性。

It further reminds those States parties already having made the declaration of the potential value of availing themselves of the procedure under that article.

委员会还提请已经发表声明的缔约国注意实行该条所规定程序的潜在价值。

However, the mere fact that a formal interstate mechanism for complaints to the Human Rights Committee exists in respect of States parties that have made the declaration under article 41 does not mean that this procedure is the only method by which States parties can assert their interest in the performance of other States parties.

然而，虽然已经根据第四十一条发表声明的缔约国可以通过正式的国家之间的机制向人权委员会提出申诉，但是这并不意味着，这种程序是缔约国表示对其他缔约国履行《公约》义务的兴趣的唯一方法。

On the contrary, the article 41 procedure should be seen as supplementary to, not diminishing of, States parties’ interest in each others’ discharge of their obligations.

与此相反，第四十一条规定的程序应被视为是增加了而不是减少了对其他缔约国履行义务情况的兴趣。

Accordingly, the Committee commends to States parties the view that violations of Covenant rights by any State party deserve their attention.

因此，委员会向缔约国推荐这样一种观点：任何缔约国侵犯《公约》规定的权利都应该引起重视。

To draw attention to possible breaches of Covenant obligations by other States parties and to call on them to comply with their Covenant obligations should, far from being regarded as an unfriendly act, be considered as a reflection of legitimate community interest.

提请其他缔约国注意可能违反《公约》义务的行为并且吁请它们履行《公约》义务不应被视为一种不友好行动，还应该将其看成是一种合法的共同利益的反映。

3. Article 2 defines the scope of the legal obligations undertaken by States parties to the Covenant.

3. 第二条界定了缔约国根据《公约》承担的法律义务的范围。

A general obligation is imposed on States parties to respect the Covenant rights and to ensure them to all individuals in their territory and subject to their jurisdiction (see paragraph 9 and 10 below).

缔约国承担的一般义务是：尊重《公约》承认的权利并且确保在其领土内和受其管辖的一切个人享有这些权利(见以下第9段和第10段)。

Pursuant to the principle articulated in article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, States parties are required to give effect to the obligations under the Covenant in good faith.

根据《维也纳条约法公约》第二十六条所阐明的原则，缔约国必须诚信履行《公约》所规定的义务。

4. The obligations of the Covenant in general and article 2 in particular are binding on every State party as a whole.

4. 《公约》的一般性义务和其中第二条特别规定的义务对于所有缔约国都是有约束力的。

All branches of government (executive, legislative and judicial), and other public or governmental authorities, at whatever level - national, regional or local) are in a position to engage the responsibility of the State party.

政府的所有部门(执法、立法和司法)以及国家、区域或地方各级的公共机构或者政府机构均应承担缔约国的责任。

The executive branch that usually represents the State party internationally, including before the Committee, may not point to the fact that an action incompatible with the provisions of the Covenant was carried out by another branch of government as a means of seeking to relieve the State party from responsibility for the action and consequent incompatibility.

通常在国际上(包括在本委员会中)代表缔约国的执法部门不一定指出政府的另一部门采取了违反《公约》规定的行动，这是为了免除缔约国对于这种行动及其后果应当承担的责任。

This understanding flows directly from the principle contained in article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, according to which a State party “may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty”.

这种认识直接反映在《维也纳条约法公约》第二十七条所载的原则之中，根据这条原则，缔约国“不得援用其国内法的规定来为其不履行条约义务进行辩解”。

Although article 2, paragraph 2, allows States parties to give effect to Covenant rights in accordance with domestic constitutional processes, the same principle operates so as to prevent States parties from invoking provisions of the constitutional law or other aspects of domestic law to justify a failure to perform or give effect to obligations under the treaty.

虽然第二条第2款允许缔约国根据其国内宪法程序实现《公约》规定的权利，但是上述原则适用于防止缔约国引用其宪法或者其他国内法的规定来为其未能履行或者实施条约义务进行辩解。

In this respect, the Committee reminds States parties with a federal structure of the terms of article 50, according to which the Covenant’s provisions “shall extend to all parts of federal states without any limitations or exceptions”.

在这一方面，委员会提请实行联邦制的缔约国注意第五十条，该条宣布：“本《公约》的规定应扩及联邦国家的所有部分，没有任何限制和例外。 ”

5. The article 2, paragraph 1, obligation to respect and ensure the rights recognized by the Covenant has immediate effect for all States parties.

5. 第二条第1款中有关尊重和确保《公约》规定权利的义务应立即适用于所有缔约国。

Article 2, paragraph 2, provides the overarching framework within which the rights specified in the Covenant are to be promoted and protected.

第二条第2款提供了促进和保护《公约》所具体规定权利的根本框架。

The Committee has as a consequence previously indicated in its general comment No. 24 that reservations to article 2, would be incompatible with the Covenant when considered in the light of its objects and purposes.

委员会因此曾经在第24号一般性意见中指出，对于第二条的保留不符合《公约》之目的和宗旨。

6. The legal obligation under article 2, paragraph 1, is both negative and positive in nature.

6. 第二条第1款所规定的法律义务在性质上说既是被动的又是主动的。

States parties must refrain from violation of the rights recognized by the Covenant, and any restrictions on any of those rights must be permissible under the relevant provisions of the Covenant.

缔约国不得侵犯《公约》所承认的权利，只有在符合《公约》有关条款的情况下才能对其中任何权利进行限制。

Where such restrictions are made, States must demonstrate their necessity and only take such measures as are proportionate to the pursuance of legitimate aims in order to ensure continuous and effective protection of Covenant rights.

在进行限制时，缔约国必须说明其必要性，而且所采取的措施必须符合合法的目的，以便确保不断和有效地保护《公约》权利。

In no case may the restrictions be applied or invoked in a manner that would impair the essence of a Covenant right.

在任何情况下都不能以可能损害《公约》权利实质的方式实行限制。

7. Article 2 requires that States parties adopt legislative, judicial, administrative, educative and other appropriate measures in order to fulfil their legal obligations.

7. 第二条规定，缔约国必须采取立法、司法、行政、教育以及其他方面的适当措施，以履行其法律义务。

The Committee believes that it is important to raise levels of awareness about the Covenant not only among public officials and State agents but also among the population at large.

委员会认为，不仅仅是政府官员和国家机关工作人员，而且全体人民都必须提高对于《公约》的认识。

8. The article 2, paragraph 1, obligations are binding on States parties and do not, as such, have direct horizontal effect as a matter of international law.

8. 第二条第1款所规定的义务对于缔约国有约束作用，因此并不具有国际法直接的横向作用。

The Covenant cannot be viewed as a substitute for domestic criminal or civil law.

不能将《公约》看作是国内刑法或者民法的替代品。

However the positive obligations on States parties to ensure Covenant rights will only be fully discharged if individuals are protected by the State, not just against violations of Covenant rights by its agents, but also against acts committed by private persons or entities that would impair the enjoyment of Covenant rights insofar as they are amenable to application between private persons or entities.

然而，只有在缔约国保护个人，而且既防止国家工作人员侵犯《公约》的权利，又防止私人或者实体采取行动妨碍享受根据《公约》应在私人或者实体之间实现的权利的情况下，缔约国才能充分履行有关确保《公约》权利的主动性义务。

There may be circumstances in which a failure to ensure Covenant rights as required by article 2 would give rise to violations by States parties of those rights, as a result of States parties’ permitting or failing to take appropriate measures or to exercise due diligence to prevent, punish, investigate or redress the harm caused by such acts by private persons or entities.

可能会有这样的情况：由于缔约国没有能够采取适当措施或者未尽职守来防止、惩罚、调查或者补救私人或者实体这种行为所造成的伤害，结果就没有能够按照第二条的规定确保《公约》所承认的权利，最后引起缔约国对这些权利的侵犯。

States are reminded of the interrelationship between the positive obligations imposed under article 2 and the need to provide effective remedies in the event of breach under article 2, paragraph 3.

委员会提请缔约国注意根据第二条承担的主动性义务同在违反第二条第3款的情况下提供有效补救措施的必要性之间的关系。

The Covenant itself envisages in some articles certain areas where there are positive obligations on States parties to address the activities of private persons or entities.

《公约》本身在其一些条款中设想了某些领域，在这些领域中缔约国对于处理私人或者实体的活动承担主动性义务。

For example, the privacy-related guarantees of article 17 must be protected by law.

例如，第十七条中同隐私有关的保障措施必须获得法律的保护。

It is also implicit in article 7 that States parties have to take positive measures to ensure that private persons or entities do not inflict torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment on others within their power.

第七条也隐含着这样的规定：缔约国必须采取积极措施以便确保私人或者实体不得在其控制的范围内对他人施加酷刑或者残忍的、不人道的或者有辱人格的待遇或者惩罚。

In fields affecting basic aspects of ordinary life such as work or housing, individuals are to be protected from discrimination within the meaning of article 26.

在诸如工作或者住房等影响基本生活的领域中，必须依据第二十条的规定保护个人不受歧视。

9. The beneficiaries of the rights recognized by the Covenant are individuals.

9. 《公约》所承认权利的受益者是个人。

Although, with the exception of article 1, the Covenant does not mention the rights of legal persons or similar entities or collectivities, many of the rights recognized by the Covenant, such as the freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief (art. 18), the freedom of association (art. 22) or the rights of members of minorities (art. 27), may be enjoyed in community with others.

虽然由于第一条中的例外规定，《公约》没有提到法人或者类似实体或者集体的权利，但是《公约》所确认的许多权利，例如：表明自己宗教或者信仰的自由(第十八条)、结社自由(第二十二条)以及处于少数地位人们的权利(第二十七条)，都是可以同他人共同享有的。

The fact that the competence of the Committee to receive and consider communications is restricted to those submitted by or on behalf of individuals (article 1 of the (first) Optional Protocol) does not prevent such individuals from claiming that actions or omissions that concern legal persons and similar entities amount to a violation of their own rights.

委员会的职责只限于接受和审议由个人或者代表个人提出的来文(第一项)《任择议定书》(第一条)，但是这并不影响有关个人声称有关法人和类似实体的行为或者不行为构成对其权利的侵犯。

10. States parties are required by article 2, paragraph 1, to respect and to ensure the Covenant rights to all persons who may be within their territory and to all persons subject to their jurisdiction.

10. 第二条第1款规定，缔约国必须尊重和保证在其领土内和受其管辖的一切个人享有本《公约》所承认的权利。

This means that a State party must respect and ensure the rights laid down in the Covenant to anyone within the power or effective control of that State party, even if not situated within the territory of the State party.

这就意味着缔约国必须尊重和确保在其权利范围内或者有效控制下的任何人享受《公约》所规定的权利。 其中甚至包括不在缔约国领土上的一些人的权利。

As indicated in general comment No. 15 adopted at the twenty-seventh session (1986), the enjoyment of Covenant rights is not limited to citizens of States parties but must also be available to all individuals, regardless of nationality or statelessness, such as asylum-seekers, refugees, migrant workers and other persons, who may find themselves in the territory or subject to the jurisdiction of the State party.

正如在1986年第二十七届会议上所通过的第15号一般性意见所指出，享受《公约》权利者并不限于缔约国的公民，而且必须包括任何国籍或者无国籍的所有个人，例如：正好在缔约国的领土上或者接受其管辖的寻求庇护者、难民、移徙工人以及其他人。

This principle also applies to those within the power or effective control of the forces of a State party acting outside its territory, regardless of the circumstances in which such power or effective control was obtained, such as forces constituting a national contingent of a State party assigned to an international peacekeeping or peace-enforcement operation.

这项原则也适用于在境外采取行动的缔约国武装部队的权力范围内或者有效控制下的所有人，而不论这种权力或者有效控制是在何种情况下获得的，例如，这种武装部队是缔约国因为参加国际维持和平行动或者强制实现和平行动而派出的。

11. As implied in general comment No. 291, the Covenant applies also in situations of armed conflict to which the rules of international humanitarian law are applicable.

11. 正如第29号一般性意见所指出，《公约》也适用于国际人道主义规定适用的武装冲突的情况。

While, in respect of certain Covenant rights, more specific rules of international humanitarian law may be especially relevant for the purposes of the interpretation of Covenant rights, both spheres of law are complementary, not mutually exclusive.

虽然，就某些《公约》权利而言，国际人道主义法更为具体的规定可能更加适合对于《公约》权利的解释，但是这两种法律范围是互补的，而不是互相冲突的。

12. Moreover, the article 2 obligation requiring that States parties respect and ensure the Covenant rights for all persons in their territory and all persons under their control entails an obligation not to extradite, deport, expel or otherwise remove a person from their territory, where there are substantial grounds for believing that there is a real risk of irreparable harm, such as that contemplated by articles 6 and 7 of the Covenant, either in the country to which removal is to be effected or in any country to which the person may subsequently be removed.

12. 此外，由于第二条规定，缔约国有义务尊重和确保在其领土上以及在其有效控制下的所有人享有《公约》所承认的权利，这就意味着如果有重大理由相信，在实施驱赶的国家或者有关人士可能最终被赶往的国家之中确实存在《公约》第六条和第七条所设想的那种会造成不可弥补伤害的风险时，缔约国有义务不采取引渡、驱逐出境或者其他手段将有关人士逐出其国境。

The relevant judicial and administrative authorities should be made aware of the need to ensure compliance with the Covenant obligations in such matters.

应当使得有关的司法机构和行政机构明白，必须确保在这些事务中履行《公约》所规定的义务。

13. Article 2, paragraph 2, requires that States parties take the necessary steps to give effect to the Covenant rights in the domestic order.

13. 第二条第2款规定，缔约国必须采取必要步骤在其国内制度中实行《公约》所承认的权利。

It follows that, unless the Covenant’s rights are already protected by their domestic laws or practices, States parties are required on ratification to make such changes to domestic laws and practices as are necessary to ensure their conformity with the Covenant.

因此，除非这些权利已经获得其国内法或者惯例的保护，否则缔约国必须在批准《公约》时对其国内法律以及惯例作出必要的修订，以确保同《公约》保持一致。

Where there are inconsistencies between domestic law and the Covenant, article 2 requires that the domestic law or practice be changed to meet the standards imposed by the Covenant’s substantive guarantees.

第二条规定，如果国内法同《公约》发生冲突，必须修订国内法律或者惯例，以便达到《公约》实质性保障措施所规定的标准。

Article 2 allows a State party to pursue this in accordance with its own domestic constitutional structure and accordingly does not require that the Covenant be directly applicable in the courts, by incorporation of the Covenant into national law.

第二条允许缔约国根据其国内宪法程序修订其国内法律或者惯例，因此并没有规定将《公约》纳入其国内法，从而在法庭上直接运用。

The Committee takes the view, however, that Covenant guarantees may receive enhanced protection in those States where the Covenant is automatically or through specific incorporation part of the domestic legal order.

然而，委员会认为，在那些《公约》已经自动成为国内法的一部分或者将《公约》的某些部分纳入国内法的国家中，《公约》的保障措施可能会获得更加有力的保护。

The Committee invites those States parties in which the Covenant does not form part of the domestic legal order to consider incorporation of the Covenant to render it part of domestic law to facilitate full realization of Covenant rights as required by article 2.

委员会希望那些还没有将《公约》纳入其国内法律的缔约国考虑把《公约》转变为其国内法的一部分，以便按照第二条的规定全面实现《公约》所承认的权利。

14. The requirement under article 2, paragraph 2, to take steps to give effect to the Covenant rights is unqualified and of immediate effect.

14. 第二条第2款中有关采取步骤实现《公约》权利的规定是没有限制的和立即生效的。

A failure to comply with this obligation cannot be justified by reference to political, social, cultural or economic considerations within the State.

缔约国在政治、社会、文化或者经济方面的考虑并非不履行这项义务的理由。

15. Article 2, paragraph 3, requires that in addition to effective protection of Covenant rights States parties must ensure that individuals also have accessible and effective remedies to vindicate those rights.

15. 第二条第3款规定，除了有效保障《公约》的权利之外，缔约国必须保证个人还能得到有效的补救以维护这些权利。

Such remedies should be appropriately adapted so as to take account of the special vulnerability of certain categories of person, including in particular children.

应该考虑到某些类别的人们(特别包括儿童)的特殊脆弱性，从而适当修正这些补救措施。

The Committee attaches importance to States parties’ establishing appropriate judicial and administrative mechanisms for addressing claims of rights violations under domestic law.

委员会十分重视缔约国设立适当的司法机制和行政机制，以便根据国内法来处理有关侵犯权利的指控。

The Committee notes that the enjoyment of the rights recognized under the Covenant can be effectively assured by the judiciary in many different ways, including direct applicability of the Covenant, application of comparable constitutional or other provisions of law, or the interpretive effect of the Covenant in the application of national law.

委员会注意到，司法部门可用许多不同的方式以有效保证人们享有《公约》所承认的权利。其中包括：直接执行《公约》、实施类似的宪法或者其他法律规定，或者在实施国内法时对《公约》作出解释。

Administrative mechanisms are particularly required to give effect to the general obligation to investigate allegations of violations promptly, thoroughly and effectively through independent and impartial bodies.

特别要求设立行政机制，以便履行有关通过独立和公正的机构迅速、彻底和有效地调查关于侵犯权利指控的一般性义务。

National human rights institutions, endowed with appropriate powers, can contribute to this end.

具有适当授权的国家人权机构可为达到这项目的作出贡献。

A failure by a State party to investigate allegations of violations could in and of itself give rise to a separate breach of the Covenant.

如果缔约国不对侵犯权利行为的指控进行调查，可能会引起对于《公约》的再次违反。

Cessation of an ongoing violation is an essential element of the right to an effective remedy.

制止目前还在进行的侵权行为是有效补救权利的关键内容。

16. Article 2, paragraph 3, requires that States parties make reparation to individuals whose Covenant rights have been violated.

16. 第二条第3款规定，缔约国必须向其《公约》权利遭到侵犯的个人作出赔偿。

Without reparation to individuals whose Covenant rights have been violated, the obligation to provide an effective remedy, which is central to the efficacy of article 2, paragraph 3, is not discharged.

如果不对那些《公约》权利遭到侵犯的个人作出赔偿，对于第二条第3款的效力有关键作用的有关提供有效补救的义务就不能予以履行。

In addition to the explicit reparation required by articles 9, paragraph 5, and 14, paragraph 6, the Committee considers that the Covenant generally entails appropriate compensation.

除了根据第九条第5、6以及14款的规定作出明确赔偿之外，委员会认为，《公约》普遍涉及适当的补偿。

The Committee notes that, where appropriate, reparation can involve restitution, rehabilitation and measures of satisfaction, such as public apologies, public memorials, guarantees of non-repetition and changes in relevant laws and practices, as well as bringing to justice the perpetrators of human rights violations.

委员会注意到，赔偿可以酌情涉及：复原、康复以及以下的补偿措施：公开道歉、公开纪念、不再重犯的保障措施、对于有关的法律和惯例作出修订以及将侵犯人权者绳之以法。

17. In general, the purposes of the Covenant would be defeated without an obligation integral to article 2 to take measures to prevent a recurrence of a violation of the Covenant.

17. 一般来说，如果没有规定缔约国有义务根据第二条采取措施防止违反《公约》的行为再次发生，就不可能达到《公约》之目的。

Accordingly, it has been a frequent practice of the Committee in cases under the Optional Protocol to include in its Views the need for measures, beyond a victim-specific remedy, to be taken to avoid recurrence of the type of violation in question.

因此，委员会在根据《任择议定书》审议案件时通常会在其意见中指出，除了为受害者提供补救以外，还必须采取措施以避免这种侵权行为再次发生。

Such measures may require changes in the State party’s laws or practices.

采取这种措施可能需要对缔约国的法律或者惯例进行修订。

18. Where the investigations referred to in paragraph 15 reveal violations of certain Covenant rights, States parties must ensure that those responsible are brought to justice.

18. 如以上第15段所指调查显示某些《公约》权利遭到侵犯，缔约国必须确保将肇事者绳之以法。

As with failure to investigate, failure to bring to justice perpetrators of such violations could in and of itself give rise to a separate breach of the Covenant.

同没有调查的情况一样，如果不把肇事者绳之以法，就可能会引起对于《公约》的再次违反。

These obligations arise notably in respect of those violations recognized as criminal under either domestic or international law, such as torture and similar cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment (art.7), summary and arbitrary killing (art. 6) and enforced disappearance (articles 7 and 9 and, frequently, 6).

如果根据国内法或者国际法可将这些侵犯行为确认为罪行的话，例如：酷刑和类似的残忍、不人道和有辱人格的待遇(第七条)、即审即决和任意处决(第六条)以及强迫流离失所(第六、第七和第九条)，那么就明显存在这些义务。

Indeed, the problem of impunity for these violations, a matter of sustained concern by the Committee, may well be an important contributing element in the recurrence of the violations.

实际上，对于这种侵权行为的有罪不罚问题(这也是委员会所长期关注的一个问题)很可能是这种行为再次发生的重要原因。

When committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack on a civilian population, these violations of the Covenant are crimes against humanity (see Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, article 7).

如果这些侵权行为是对于平民的广泛或者系统攻击的一部分，那么它们就构成反人类罪(见《国际刑事法院罗马规约》第7条)。

Accordingly, where public officials or State agents have committed violations of the Covenant rights referred to in this paragraph, the States parties concerned may not relieve perpetrators from personal responsibility, as has occurred with certain amnesties (see general comment No. 20 (44)) and prior legal immunities and indemnities.

因此，如果政府官员或者国家机关工作人员侵犯了本段所指的《公约》权利，有关的缔约国就不能象在某些大赦(见第20号一般性意见(第四十四届会议))以及事先法律豁免和补偿之中那样，免除肇事者的个人责任。

Furthermore, no official status justifies persons who may be accused of responsibility for such violations being held immune from legal responsibility.

此外，不能因为那些可能被控应对这些行为负责的人具有官方地位，而免除他们的法律责任。

Other impediments to the establishment of legal responsibility should also be removed, such as the defence of obedience to superior orders or unreasonably short periods of statutory limitation in cases where such limitations are applicable.

同时还应该消除在确定法律责任方面的其他障碍，例如以服从上级或者法定时限过短为由进行辩解。

States parties should also assist each other to bring to justice persons suspected of having committed acts in violation of the Covenant that are punishable under domestic or international law.

缔约国还应互相帮助，将那些被怀疑侵犯了《公约》权利并且根据国内法或者国际法应予惩处的人绳之以法。

19. The Committee further takes the view that the right to an effective remedy may in certain circumstances require States parties to provide for and implement provisional or interim measures to avoid continuing violations and to endeavour to repair at the earliest possible opportunity any harm that may have been caused by such violations.

19. 委员会还认为，有关获得有效补救的权利在某些情况下还可能要求缔约国提供和执行临时措施，以免侵权行为再次发生，并且努力尽早弥补这些行为可能已经造成的任何伤害。

20. Even when the legal systems of States parties are formally endowed with the appropriate remedy, violations of Covenant rights still take place.

20. 即使有些缔约国的法律制度已经正式规定了适当的补救措施，侵犯《公约》权利的行仍然发生。

This is presumably attributable to the failure of the remedies to function effectively in practice.

估计，这是因为有关补救措施没有真正发挥有效作用。

Accordingly, States parties are requested to provide information on the obstacles to the effectiveness of existing remedies in their periodic reports.

因此，委员会要求缔约国在其定期报告中提供有关影响目前补救措施有效性因素的信息。

Notes

注

{§*} Adopted on 29 March 2004 at its 2187th meeting.

{§*} 2004年3月29日第2187次会议通过。