United Nations	联 合 国
CCPR/C/GC/35	CCPR/C/GC/35
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights	公民权利和政治权利国际公约
Human Rights Committee	人权事务委员会
General comment No. 35	第35号一般性意见
Article 9 (Liberty and security of person)	第九条(人身自由和安全)
I. General remarks	一. 导言
1. The present general comment replaces general comment No. 8 (sixteenth session), adopted in 1982.	1. 本一般性意见取代1982年通过的第8号一般性意见(第十六届会议)。
2. Article 9 recognizes and protects both liberty of person and security of person.	2. 第九条承认和保护人身自由和人身安全。
In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 3 proclaims that everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.	在《世界人权宣言》中，第三条宣布，人人有权享有生命、自由和人身安全。
That is the first substantive right protected by the Universal Declaration, which indicates the profound importance of article 9 of the Covenant both for individuals and for society as a whole.	这是《世界人权宣言》所保护的第一项实质性权利，它显示了《公约》第九条对个人和整个社会的深刻重要意义。
Liberty and security of person are precious for their own sake, and also because the deprivation of liberty and security of person have historically been principal means for impairing the enjoyment of other rights.	人身自由与安全本身就是宝贵的，另外，从历史上来说，剥夺人身自由与安全从来都是影响享受其他权利的主要手段。
3. Liberty of person concerns freedom from confinement of the body, not a general freedom of action.	3. 人身自由是说身体不受约束，不是一般的行动自由。
Security of person concerns freedom from injury to the body and the mind, or bodily and mental integrity, as further discussed in paragraph 9 below.	人身安全是指身心不受伤害或身心完整，如下面第9段所详细论述。
Article 9 guarantees those rights to everyone.	第九条保证人人的这些权利。
“Everyone” includes, among others, girls and boys, soldiers, persons with disabilities, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons, aliens, refugees and asylum seekers, stateless persons, migrant workers, persons convicted of crime, and persons who have engaged in terrorist activity.	“人人”，除其他外，首先包括男孩、女孩、士兵、残疾人、女性同性恋者、男性同性恋者、两性人和变性人、外国人、难民和寻求庇护者、无国籍人、移徙工人、被判罪者和从事恐怖主义活动的人。
4. Paragraphs 2 to 5 of article 9 set out specific safeguards for the protection of liberty and security of person.	4. 第九条第2-5款列举了保护人身自由与安全的具体标准。
Some of the provisions of article 9 (part of paragraph 2 and the whole of paragraph 3) apply only in connection with criminal charges.	第九条的一些规定(第2款的部分和整个第3款)只适用于与刑事诉讼有关的情况。
But the rest, in particular the important guarantee laid down in paragraph 4, i.e. the right to review by a court of the legality of detention, applies to all persons deprived of liberty.	但其余部分，特别是第4款规定的重要保障，即由一个法庭对拘留的合法性进行审查的权利，适用于所有被剥夺自由的人。
5. Deprivation of liberty involves more severe restriction of motion within a narrower space than mere interference with liberty of movement under article 12.Examples of deprivation of liberty include police custody, arraigo, remand detention, imprisonment after conviction, house arrest,administrative detention, involuntary hospitalization, institutional custody of children and confinement to a restricted area of an airport, as well as being involuntarily transported.They also include certain further restrictions on a person who is already detained, for example, solitary confinement or the use of physical restraining devices.	5. 和第十二条所说只是对行动自由的限制相比，剥夺自由涉及对活动的更严格限制，将其限制在一个更狭窄的空间内。剥夺自由的例子包括警察拘押、arraigo、还押拘留、判罪后监禁、软禁 、行政拘留、非自愿住院、儿童机构监管和在机场的某个禁区内监禁以及非自愿转移。这类例子还包括对一个已经被拘留之人的更严格限制，例如，单独监禁或使用限制行动的装置。
During a period of military service, restrictions that would amount to deprivation of liberty for a civilian may not amount to deprivation of liberty if they do not exceed the exigencies of normal military service or deviate from the normal conditions of life within the armed forces of the State party concerned.	在服兵役期间，相当于剥夺平民自由的限制，如果未超过普通兵役的紧急需要的范围或未偏离有关缔约国武装部队内部的一般生活条件，就可能不构成剥夺自由。
6. Deprivation of personal liberty is without free consent.	6. 剥夺人身自由是没有自由同意的。
Individuals who go voluntarily to a police station to participate in an investigation, and who know that they are free to leave at any time, are not being deprived of their liberty.	自愿去警察派出所参加调查、知道任何时候可自由离开的人，不算是被剥夺自由的人。
7. States parties have the duty to take appropriate measures to protect the right to liberty of person against deprivation by third parties.	7. 缔约国有义务采取适当措施保护人身自由不被第三方剥夺。
States parties must protect individuals against abduction or detention by individual criminals or irregular groups, including armed or terrorist groups, operating within their territory.	缔约国必须保护个人不被单个犯人或不正常集团绑架或拘留，包括在其境内活动的武装或恐怖主义集团。
They must also protect individuals against wrongful deprivation of liberty by lawful organizations, such as employers, schools and hospitals.	它们还必须保护个人不被合法组织错误地剥夺自由，如雇主、学校和医院。
States parties should do their utmost to take appropriate measures to protect individuals against deprivation of liberty by the action of other States within their territory.	缔约国应尽可能采取适当措施保护个人不因其他国家在其境内的行动而被剥夺自由。
8. When private individuals or entities are empowered or authorized by a State party to exercise powers of arrest or detention, the State party remains responsible for adherence and ensuring adherence to article 9.	8. 在私人或实体被缔约国给予能力或授权行使逮捕或拘留权力的情况下，缔约国仍有责任遵守或确保遵守第九条。
It must rigorously limit those powers and must provide strict and effective control to ensure that those powers are not misused, and do not lead to arbitrary or unlawful arrest or detention.	它必须严格限制这些权力，必须给予严格和有效的控制，确保这些权力不被滥用，不会导致任意或非法逮捕或拘留。
It must also provide effective remedies for victims if arbitrary or unlawful arrest or detention does occur.	如果确实发生了任意或非法逮捕或拘留，它还必须向受害者提供有效补救。
9. The right to security of person protects individuals against intentional infliction of bodily or mental injury, regardless of whether the victim is detained or non-detained.	9. 人身安全权保护个人身体或精神不被故意伤害，不论受害者是被拘留还是未被拘留。
For example, officials of States parties violate the right to personal security when they unjustifiably inflict bodily injury.The right to personal security also obliges States parties to take appropriate measures in response to death threats against persons in the public sphere, and more generally to protect individuals from foreseeable threats to life or bodily integrity proceeding from any governmental or private actors.	例如，缔约国官员如果无故伤害别人身体，即侵犯了人身安全权。人身安全权还要求缔约国采取适当措施，对公共场所人员受到的死亡威胁做出反应，通常是保护个人免受可预见的来自任何政府或私人的生命或身体完整威胁。
States parties must take both measures to prevent future injury and retrospective measures, such as enforcement of criminal laws, in response to past injury.	缔约国既要采取措施防止未来的伤害，又要采取回溯措施，如针对过去的伤害执行刑法。
For example, States parties must respond appropriately to patterns of violence against categories of victims such as intimidation of human rights defenders and journalists, retaliation against witnesses, violence against women, including domestic violence, the hazing of conscripts in the armed forces, violence against children, violence against persons on the basis of their sexual orientation or gender identity, and violence against persons with disabilities.	例如，缔约国必须针对不同类受害者所遭受不同形式的暴力作出适当反应，如对人权捍卫者和记者的恐吓，对证人的报复，对妇女的暴力，包括家庭暴力，武装部队中戏弄新兵，对儿童的暴力，基于性倾向或性认定的暴力，以及对残疾人的暴力。
They should also prevent and redress unjustifiable use of force in law enforcement, and protect their populations against abuses by private security forces, and against the risks posed by excessive availability of firearms.	缔约国还应防止和处理在执法过程中不合理使用武力的问题，并保护其公民不受私人安全武装的欺侮以及枪支过多造成的危险。
The right to security of person does not address all risks to physical or mental health and is not implicated in the indirect health impact of being the target of civil or criminal proceedings.	人身安全权并不是针对所有对身体或精神健康的危险，也不涉及作为民事或刑事诉讼对象间接受到的健康影响。
II. Arbitrary detention and unlawful detention	二. 任意拘留和非法拘留
10. The right to liberty of person is not absolute.	10. 人身自由权并不是绝对的。
Article 9 recognizes that sometimes deprivation of liberty is justified, for example, in the enforcement of criminal laws.	第九条承认，有时候剥夺自由是合理的，例如，在执行刑法过程中。
Paragraph 1 requires that deprivation of liberty must not be arbitrary, and must be carried out with respect for the rule of law.	第1款要求，不得任意剥夺自由，必须是为维护法制。
11. The second sentence of paragraph 1 prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention, while the third sentence prohibits unlawful deprivation of liberty, i.e., deprivation of liberty that is not imposed on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by law.	11. 第1款第二句禁止任意逮捕或拘禁，而第三句禁止非法剥夺自由，即剥夺自由不是依照法律所确定的根据和程序。
The two prohibitions overlap, in that arrests or detentions may be in violation of the applicable law but not arbitrary, or legally permitted but arbitrary, or both arbitrary and unlawful.	两项禁止重叠，因为逮捕或拘留可能违反适用的法律，但不是任意的；或者，法律上允许，但却是任意的；或者既是任意的又是违法的。
Arrest or detention that lacks any legal basis is also arbitrary.	没有任何法律依据的逮捕或拘留也是任意的。
Unauthorized confinement of prisoners beyond the length of their sentences is arbitrary as well as unlawful; the same is true for unauthorized extension of other forms of detention.	未经授权对犯人进行超过其刑期的监禁既是任意的也是非法的，未经授权延长其他形式的拘留也是如此。
Continued confinement of detainees in defiance of a judicial order for their release is arbitrary as well as unlawful.	不顾要求将被拘留者释放的司法命令继续监禁被拘留者，也属于任意和非法。。
12. An arrest or detention may be authorized by domestic law and nonetheless be arbitrary.	12. 逮捕或拘留可能是依国内法授权的，但仍可能属于任意。
The notion of “arbitrariness” is not to be equated with “against the law”, but must be interpreted more broadly to include elements of inappropriateness, injustice, lack of predictability and due process of law, as well as elements of reasonableness, necessity and proportionality.	“任意”这一概念不能和“违法”划等号，必须给予更广泛的解释，使其包括不适当、不正当、缺乏可预见性和适当法律程序，以及合理性、必要性和程度等要素。
For example, remand in custody on criminal charges must be reasonable and necessary in all the circumstances.	例如，根据刑事指控实行的还押拘留，在任何情况下都必须是合理的、有必要的。
Aside from judicially imposed sentences for a fixed period of time, the decision to keep a person in any form of detention is arbitrary if it is not subject to periodic re-evaluation of the justification for continuing the detention.	除司法机关做出的有一定期限的徒刑判决以外，关于对一个人继续实行任何形式的拘禁的决定，如果不是定期审查继续拘禁理由的结果，就属于任意。
13. The term “arrest” refers to any apprehension of a person that commences a deprivation of liberty, and the term “detention” refers to the deprivation of liberty that begins with the arrest and continues in time from apprehension until release.	13. “逮捕”一词系指抓获某人从而开始剥夺其自由；“拘留”一词系指从逮捕开始的剥夺自由，其延续时间从抓获开始至释放。
Arrest within the meaning of article 9 need not involve a formal arrest as defined under domestic law.	第九条含意范围内的逮捕不一定是国内法律所界定的正式逮捕。
When an additional deprivation of liberty is imposed on a person already in custody, such as detention on unrelated criminal charges, the commencement of that deprivation of liberty also amounts to an arrest.	在对已经在押的一个人另外实行剥夺自由的情况下，如根据有关刑事指控实行的拘留，剥夺自由的开始也相当于逮捕。
14. The Covenant does not provide an enumeration of the permissible reasons for depriving a person of liberty.	14. 《公约》并未详细列举剥夺一个人自由的允许原因。
Article 9 expressly recognizes that individuals may be detained on criminal charges, and article 11 expressly prohibits imprisonment on ground of inability to fulfil a contractual obligation.	第九条明确承认个人可因刑事指控而被拘留，而第十一条明确禁止以不能履行合同义务为由实行监禁。
Other regimes involving deprivation of liberty must also be established by law and must be accompanied by procedures that prevent arbitrary detention.	涉及剥夺自由的其他制度也必须依法确立，还必须伴有防止任意拘留的程序。
The grounds and procedures prescribed by law must not be destructive of the right to liberty of person.	法律规定的理由和程序不得损害人身自由权利。
The regime must not amount to an evasion of the limits on the criminal justice system by providing the equivalent of criminal punishment without the applicable protections.	有关制度不得有相当于刑罚而没有适当保护的规定，从而回避刑事司法制度的限制。
Although conditions of detention are addressed primarily by articles 7 and 10, detention may be arbitrary if the manner in which the detainees are treated does not relate to the purpose for which they are ostensibly being detained.	虽然拘留条件问题主要是在第七条和第十条中阐述的，但如果对待被拘留者的方式与表面上拘留他的目的没有关系，即可能是任意拘留。
The imposition of a draconian penalty of imprisonment for contempt of court without adequate explanation and without independent procedural safeguards is arbitrary.	没有充分解释、没有独立的程序性保障而以藐视法庭为由实行的严厉监禁惩罚属于任意。
15. To the extent that States parties impose security detention (sometimes known as administrative detention or internment) not in contemplation of prosecution on a criminal charge, the Committee considers that such detention presents severe risks of arbitrary deprivation of liberty.	15. 在缔约国不是为进行刑事诉讼而实行安全拘留(有时称为行政拘留或拘禁)的情况下，委员会认为，这种拘留有成为任意剥夺自由的严重危险。
Such detention would normally amount to arbitrary detention as other effective measures addressing the threat, including the criminal justice system, would be available.	这种拘留一般就等于任意拘留，因为还会有其他可消除威胁的有效措施，包括刑事司法制度。
If, under the most exceptional circumstances, a present, direct and imperative threat is invoked to justify the detention of persons considered to present such a threat, the burden of proof lies on States parties to show that the individual poses such a threat and that it cannot be addressed by alternative measures, and that burden increases with the length of the detention.	如果在非常特殊情况下，以当前、直接和紧迫威胁为由，对被认为带来这种威胁的一些人员实行拘留，缔约国就有举证责任，它要证明有关人员确实会造成这种威胁，证明不能通过其他措施消除威胁，而且，随着拘留时间的延长，这种举证责任还会增加。
States parties also need to show that detention does not last longer than absolutely necessary, that the overall length of possible detention is limited and that they fully respect the guarantees provided for by article 9 in all cases. Prompt and regular review by a court or other tribunal possessing the same attributes of independence and impartiality as the judiciary is a necessary guarantee for those conditions, as is access to independent legal advice, preferably selected by the detainee, and disclosure to the detainee of, at least, the essence of the evidence on which the decision is taken.	缔约国还需要表明，拘留时间不会超过绝对必要，可能的总拘留时间是有限度的，在任何情况下都将完全遵守第九条所规定的保障，同时保证由法院或其他具有同样独立和公正特点的法庭进行及时和定期审查，因为司法机关是这些条件的必要保障，如获得最好由被拘留者选择的独立法律咨询让被拘留者了解至少是据以做出裁决的证据的实质。
16. Egregious examples of arbitrary detention include detaining family members of an alleged criminal who are not themselves accused of any wrongdoing, the holding of hostages and arrests for the purpose of extorting bribes or other similar criminal purposes.	16. 极恶劣的任意拘留的例子包括拘留被指控犯人的家属，而其家属并未被指控犯有任何罪行；扣押人质和被捕者以索取贿赂或为其他犯罪目的。
17. Arrest or detention as punishment for the legitimate exercise of the rights as guaranteed by the Covenant is arbitrary, including freedom of opinion and expression (art. 19), freedom of assembly (art. 21), freedom of association (art. 22), freedom of religion (art. 18) and the right to privacy (art. 17).	17. 为合法行使《公约》所保障权利而实行的逮捕或拘留属于任意逮捕或拘留，有关权利包括意见和表达自由(第十九条)，集会自由(第21条)，结社自由(第22条)，宗教自由(第十八和条)和隐私权(第十七条)。
Arrest or detention on discriminatory grounds in violation of article 2, paragraph 1, article 3 or article 26 is also in principle arbitrary.	违反第二条第1款、第三条或第二十六条而以歧视理由实行的逮捕或拘留，原则上，也是任意的。
Retroactive criminal punishment by detention in violation of article 15 amounts to arbitrary detention.	违反第十五条通过拘留实行追溯刑罚也等于任意拘留。
Enforced disappearances violate numerous substantive and procedural provisions of the Covenant and constitute a particularly aggravated form of arbitrary detention.	强迫失踪违反《公约》中的许多实质性和程序性规定，因而构成特别严重的任意拘留。
Imprisonment after a manifestly unfair trial is arbitrary, but not every violation of the specific procedural guarantees for criminal defendants in article 14 results in arbitrary detention.	明显不公正的审判之后的监禁属于任意，但不是违反第十四条中为刑事被告所规定具体程序性保障的每个行为都造成任意拘留。
18. Detention in the course of proceedings for the control of immigration is not per se arbitrary, but the detention must be justified as reasonable, necessary and proportionate in the light of the circumstances and reassessed as it extends in time.	18. 移民控制程序中实行的拘留本身不属于任意拘留，但拘留必须是根据有关情况决定的合理、必要、适当的拘留，并随着时间的延续进行重新评估。
Asylum seekers who unlawfully enter a State party’s territory may be detained for a brief initial period in order to document their entry, record their claims and determine their identity if it is in doubt.	对非法进入缔约国领土的寻求庇护者，最初可实行短期拘留，以对其入境进行登记、记录其要求和确定其身份(如果有疑问)。
To detain them further while their claims are being resolved would be arbitrary in the absence of particular reasons specific to the individual, such as an individualized likelihood of absconding, a danger of crimes against others or a risk of acts against national security.	在缺乏个人特有的具体原因的情况下，如个人潜逃的可能、对他人犯罪的危险或对国家安全的危险行为，在解决他们的要求时继续拘留他们，会构成任意拘留。
The decision must consider relevant factors case by case and not be based on a mandatory rule for a broad category; must take into account less invasive means of achieving the same ends, such as reporting obligations, sureties or other conditions to prevent absconding; and must be subject to periodic re-evaluation and judicial review.	决定时必须逐个考虑有关因素，而不是根据某一大类的不变规律，必须考虑采取不那么侵犯性的手段达到同样的目的，如报告义务、担保或防止潜逃的其他条件，必须接受定期评估和司法审查。
Decisions regarding the detention of migrants must also take into account the effect of the detention on their physical or mental health.	关于拘留移民的决定必须考虑到拘留对其身心健康的影响。
Any necessary detention should take place in appropriate, sanitary, non-punitive facilities and should not take place in prisons.	任何必要拘留的场所均应是适当、卫生、非惩罚性的设施，不应是监狱。
The inability of a State party to carry out the expulsion of an individual because of statelessness or other obstacles does not justify indefinite detention.	缔约国因无国籍问题或其他障碍不能将某人驱逐，这一情况不是无限期拘留的理由。
Children should not be deprived of liberty, except as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time, taking into account their best interests as a primary consideration with regard to the duration and conditions of detention, and also taking into account the extreme vulnerability and need for care of unaccompanied minors.	儿童不应被剥夺自由，除非作为没办法的办法和拘留尽可能短的适当时间，在拘留时间和条件方面将其最大利益作为首要考虑，同时考虑到无人陪伴未成年人的最大弱点和对照料的需要。
19. States parties should revise outdated laws and practices in the field of mental health in order to avoid arbitrary detention.	19. 缔约国应修订精神健康方面过时的法律和惯例以避免任意拘留。
The Committee emphasizes the harm inherent in any deprivation of liberty and also the particular harms that may result in situations of involuntary hospitalization.	委员会强调任何剥夺自由都可能造成伤害，特别是非自愿住院可能造成的伤害。
States parties should make available adequate community-based or alternative social-care services for persons with psychosocial disabilities, in order to provide less restrictive alternatives to confinement.	缔约国应为精神残疾人提供基于社区的或替代性社会照料服务，以提供较少限制性的替代监禁的办法。
The existence of a disability shall not in itself justify a deprivation of liberty but rather any deprivation of liberty must be necessary and proportionate, for the purpose of protecting the individual in question from serious harm or preventing injury to others.	存在残疾这一问题本身不应成为剥夺自由的理由，而任何剥夺自由都必须是有必要的适度的，目的是保护有关个人免受严重伤害或防止伤害他人。
It must be applied only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time, and must be accompanied by adequate procedural and substantive safeguards established by law.	剥夺自由必须作为最后办法使用，而且时间要适当，要尽量短，还必须伴随有法律规定的适当程序和实质性保障。
The procedures should ensure respect for the views of the individual and ensure that any representative genuinely represents and defends the wishes and interests of the individual.	有关程序必须确保尊重有关个人的意见，确保任何代表真正代表和保护有关个人的愿望和利益。
States parties must offer to institutionalized persons programmes of treatment and rehabilitation that serve the purposes that are asserted to justify the detention.	缔约国必须为机构照料的人员实行治疗和康复方案，方案的目的应当是作为拘留理由所强调的目的。
Deprivation of liberty must be re-evaluated at appropriate intervals with regard to its continuing necessity.	必须间隔适当时间对剥夺自由进行复查，以知道是否有必要继续下去。
The individuals must be assisted in obtaining access to effective remedies for the vindication of their rights, including initial and periodic judicial review of the lawfulness of the detention, and to prevent conditions of detention incompatible with the Covenant.	必须帮助有关个人为维护其权利获得有效补救办法，包括对其拘留的合法性进行最初和定期司法审查，防止有与《公约》不一致的拘留条件。
20. The Covenant is consistent with a variety of schemes for sentencing in criminal cases.	20. 《公约》与刑事案件判决的各种办法是一致的。
Convicted prisoners are entitled to have the duration of their sentences administered in accordance with domestic law.	被判刑犯人的刑期应按照国内法管理。
Consideration for parole or other forms of early release must be in accordance with the law and such release must not be denied on grounds that are arbitrary within the meaning of article 9.	考虑假释或其他形式的早释必须符合法律，不得以第九条意义上的任意理由拒绝这种释放。
If such release is granted upon conditions and later the release is revoked because of an alleged breach of the conditions, then the revocation must also be carried out in accordance with law and must not be arbitrary and, in particular, not disproportionate to the seriousness of the breach.	如果这种释放是有条件给予的，而后来因据称违反了条件而撤销，则撤销必须符合法律，不得是任意的，特别是不得与违反条件的严重程度不一致。
A prediction of the prisoner’s future behaviour may be a relevant factor in deciding whether to grant early release.	在考虑是否给予早释时，对犯人未来行为的预测可以是一个重要因素。
21. When a criminal sentence includes a punitive period followed by a non-punitive period intended to protect the safety of other individuals, then once the punitive term of imprisonment has been served, to avoid arbitrariness, the additional detention must be justified by compelling reasons arising from the gravity of the crimes committed and the likelihood of the detainee’s committing similar crimes in the future.	21. 在一个刑事判决为保护他人安全包括一段惩罚性刑期和随后一段非惩罚性刑期的情况下，在服完惩罚性刑期之后，为避免任意性，后面的刑期必须有令人信服的理由，即所犯罪行的严重性和被监禁者再犯同样罪行的可能性。
States should only use such detention as a last resort and regular periodic reviews by an independent body must be assured to decide whether continued detention is justified.	缔约国应只作为最后手段采用这种监禁，并且必须由一个独立机构进行定期审查以确定是否有必要继续监禁。
State parties must exercise caution and provide appropriate guarantees in evaluating future dangers.	缔约国在评估未来危险时必须谨慎并提供适当保障。
The conditions in such detention must be distinct from the conditions for convicted prisoners serving a punitive sentence and must be aimed at the detainee’s rehabilitation and reintegration into society.	这种关押的条件必须不同于服惩罚性刑期犯人的关押条件，其目的必须是对被关押者进行改造和使其融入社会。
If a prisoner has fully served the sentence imposed at the time of conviction, articles 9 and 15 prohibit a retroactive increase in sentence and a State party may not circumvent that prohibition by imposing a detention that is equivalent to penal imprisonment under the label of civil detention.	如果一名犯人已服满判决时定的刑期，第九条和第十五条禁止追溯性延长刑期，缔约国不得在民事拘留的名义下实行相当于刑事监禁的拘留，从而绕过这些禁令。
22. The third sentence of paragraph 1 of article 9 provides that no one shall be deprived of liberty except on such grounds and in accordance with such procedure as are established by law.	22. 第九条第1款第三句规定，除非依照法律所规定的根据和程序，任何人不得被剥夺自由。
Any substantive grounds for arrest or detention must be prescribed by law and should be defined with sufficient precision to avoid overly broad or arbitrary interpretation or application.	任何实质性逮捕或拘留理由都必须是法律所规定，其定义应足够精确以避免过于广泛或任意解释或适用。
Deprivation of liberty without such legal authorization is unlawful.	没有这种法律授权的剥夺自由是非法的。
Continued detention despite an operative (exécutoire) judicial order of release or a valid amnesty is also unlawful.	不顾要求释放的现行司法命令而继续拘留也是非法的。
23. Article 9 requires that procedures for carrying out legally authorized deprivation of liberty should also be established by law and States parties should ensure compliance with their legally prescribed procedures.	23. 第九条要求，实施经合法授权的剥夺自由的程序也应当是法律规定的，缔约国应确保符合其法律规定的程序。
Article 9 further requires compliance with domestic rules that define the procedure for arrest by identifying the officials authorized to arrest or specifying when a warrant is required.	第九条还要求符合规定逮捕程序的国内法则，即明确被授权执行逮捕的官员 或在要求有逮捕令时明确规定。
It also requires compliance with domestic rules that define when authorization to continue detention must be obtained from a judge or other officer, where individuals may be detained, when the detained person must be brought to court and legal limits on the duration of detention.	它还要求符合关于下列问题的国内法则：何时必须从法官或其他官员获得继续拘留的授权； 可在哪里关押人员； 必须在何时将被拘留者带至法庭； 以及拘留的法定期限。
It also requires compliance with domestic rules providing important safeguards for detained persons, such as making a record of an arrest and permitting access to counsel.	它还要求符合关于下述问题的国内法则：被拘留者应有的重要保障，如对逮捕作记录 和允许接触律师。
Violations of domestic procedural rules not related to such issues may not necessarily raise an issue under article 9.	违反与这些问题无关的国内程序法则不一定引起第九条范围内的问题。
III. Notice of reasons for arrest and any criminal charges	三. 逮捕理由和任何刑事指控的通知
24. Paragraph 2 of article 9 imposes two requirements for the benefit of persons who are deprived of liberty. First, they shall be informed, at the time of arrest, of the reasons for the arrest. Second, they shall be promptly informed of any charges against them.	24. 第九条第2款为被剥夺自由者的利益提出两个要求：一、他们在被捕时必须被告知逮捕的理由；二、他们应被立即告知对他们的任何指控。
The first requirement applies broadly to the reasons for any deprivation of liberty.	第一个要求广泛适用于任何剥夺自由的理由。
Because “arrest” means the commencement of a deprivation of liberty, that requirement applies regardless of the formality or informality with which the arrest is conducted and regardless of the legitimate or improper reason on which it is based.	因为“逮捕”意味着开始剥夺自由，不论逮捕是正式还非正式的，不论逮捕所依据的是合法还是非法理由，第一个要求都适用。
The second, additional requirement applies only to information regarding criminal charges.	第二个要求只适用于与刑事指控有关的信息。
If a person already detained on one criminal charge is also ordered detained to face an unrelated criminal charge, prompt information must be provided regarding the unrelated charge.	如果已经因一项刑事指控被拘留的人又因另一项无关的刑事指控被命令拘留，必须将无关指控的信息立即通知该被拘留者。
25. One major purpose of requiring that all arrested persons be informed of the reasons for the arrest is to enable them to seek release if they believe that the reasons given are invalid or unfounded.	25. 将逮捕理由通知所有被捕者的一个重要目的就是使他们在认为逮捕理由不对或无根据的情况下能争取被释放。
The reasons must include not only the general legal basis of the arrest, but also enough factual specifics to indicate the substance of the complaint, such as the wrongful act and the identity of an alleged victim.	理由不仅要包括一般法律依据，而且要包括足够的具体事实以表明指控的实质，如有关不法行为和所称受害者的身份。
The “reasons” concern the official basis for the arrest, not the subjective motivations of the arresting officer.	“理由”系指逮捕的官方依据，而不是执行逮捕之官员的主观动机。
26. Oral notification of reasons for arrest satisfies the requirement.	26. 口头通知逮捕理由可满足这一要求。
The reasons must be given in a language that the arrested person understands.	理由必须以被捕者懂得的语言陈述。
27. That information must be provided immediately upon arrest.	27. 这一信息必须在逮捕后立即提供。
However, in exceptional circumstances, such immediate communication may not be possible.	但在某些特殊情况下，这种立即通知可能做不到。
For example, a delay may be required before an interpreter can be present, but any such delay must be kept to the absolute minimum necessary.	例如，在翻译到来之前可能要有所拖延，但任何这类拖延都应根据需要尽可能短。
28. For some categories of vulnerable persons, directly informing the person arrested is required but not sufficient.	28. 就某些类脆弱的人而言，要直接通知被捕者，但这还不够。
When children are arrested, notice of the arrest and the reasons for it should also be provided directly to their parents, guardians, or legal representatives.	在儿童被捕时，还应当将逮捕及理由通知其家长、监护人或法律代表。
For certain persons with mental disabilities, notice of the arrest and the reasons should also be provided directly to persons they have designated or appropriate family members.	就某些有精神残疾的人而言，还应当将逮捕及理由通知他们指定的人或合适的家庭成员。
Additional time may be required to identify and contact the relevant third persons, but notice should be given as soon as possible.	可能还需要时间确定和联系有关第三方人员，但应尽快通知。
29. The second requirement of paragraph 2 concerns notice of criminal charges.	29. 第2款的第二个要求是通知刑事指控。
Persons arrested for the purpose of investigating crimes that they may have committed or for the purpose of holding them for criminal trial must be promptly informed of the crimes of which they are suspected or accused.	对为调查其可能犯过的罪行或使其接受刑事审判而逮捕的人员，必须立即将其被怀疑或指控犯过的罪行通知他们。
That right applies in connection with ordinary criminal prosecutions and also in connection with military prosecutions or other special regimes directed at criminal punishment.	这项权利适用于普通刑事诉讼，也适用于军事诉讼或其他旨在给予刑事处罚的特别诉讼。
30. Paragraph 2 requires that the arrested person be informed “promptly” of any charges, not necessarily “at the time of arrest”.	30. 第2款要求将任何指控“立即”通知被捕者，并不一定是“在逮捕的时候”。
If particular charges are already contemplated, the arresting officer may inform the person of both the reasons for the arrest and the charges, or the authorities may explain the legal basis of the detention some hours later.	如果具体指控已经考虑好，逮捕执行官则可将逮捕理由和指控一并通知被捕者，或者，当局可在若干小时之后说明拘留的法律依据。
The reasons must be given in a language that the arrested person understands.	必须以被捕者懂得的语言向其陈述逮捕理由。
The requirement to give notice of charges under paragraph 2 serves to facilitate the determination of whether the provisional detention is appropriate or not, and therefore paragraph 2 does not require that the arrested person is given as much detail regarding the charges as would be needed later to prepare for trial.	第2款中关于通知指控的要求有助于确定暂时拘留是否合适，因此，第2款并不要求像准备审判所需要的那样详细地将指控通知被捕者。
If the authorities have already informed an individual of the charges being investigated prior to making the arrest, then paragraph 2 does not require prompt repetition of the formal charges so long as they communicate the reasons for the arrest.	如果当局在逮捕之前已经将正在调查的指控通知被捕者，那么，第2款就不要求立即重复通知正式指控，只要最初的通知说明了逮捕理由。
The same considerations as mentioned in paragraph 28 above apply to prompt information concerning any criminal charges when minors or other vulnerable persons are arrested.	上面第28段中提到的考虑也适用于逮捕未成年人或其他脆弱者时的立即通知。
IV. Judicial control of detention in connection with criminal charges	四. 刑事指控拘留的司法管制
31. The first sentence of paragraph 3 applies to persons “arrested or detained on a criminal charge”, while the second sentence concerns persons “awaiting trial” on a criminal charge.	31. 第3款的第一句适用于任何“因刑事指控被逮捕或拘禁”的人，而第二句则是指因刑事指控“等候审判”的人。
Paragraph 3 applies in connection with ordinary criminal prosecutions, military prosecutions and other special regimes directed at criminal punishment.	第3款适用于普通刑事诉讼、军事诉讼和其他旨在实行刑事处罚的特别诉讼。
32. Paragraph 3 requires, firstly, that any person arrested or detained on a criminal charge shall be brought promptly before a judge or other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial power.	32. 第3款要求，首先，任何因刑事指控被逮捕或拘禁的人，应被迅速带见审判官或经法律授权行使法官权力的其他官员。
That requirement applies in all cases without exception and does not depend on the choice or ability of the detainee to assert it.	这一要求无例外地适用于一切案件，不取决于被拘禁者的选择或坚持这点的能力。
The requirement applies even before formal charges have been asserted, so long as the person is arrested or detained on suspicion of criminal activity.	即便是在正式指控确定之前，这一要求也适用，只要有人因为被怀疑进行犯罪活动被捕或被拘禁。
The right is intended to bring the detention of a person in a criminal investigation or prosecution under judicial control.	这一权利旨在将刑事调查或诉讼中对一个人的拘留置于司法管制之下。
If a person already detained on one criminal charge is also ordered to be detained to face an unrelated criminal charge, the person must be promptly brought before a judge for control of the second detention.	如果已经因一刑事指控被拘禁的一个人因另一无关的刑事指控又被命令拘留，就必须立即将其带去见法官以管制第二个拘留。
It is inherent to the proper exercise of judicial power that it be exercised by an authority which is independent, objective and impartial in relation to the issues dealt with.	正当行使司法权这一要求本身就意味着要由一个在所处理问题上持独立、客观和公正立场的机构行使司法权。
Accordingly, a public prosecutor cannot be considered as an officer exercising judicial power under paragraph 3.	因此，一个检察官不能被看作根据第3款行使司法权的官员。
33. While the exact meaning of “promptly” may vary depending on objective circumstances, delays should not exceed a few days from the time of arrest.	33. 虽然“迅速”一词的确切含义可能依客观情况的不同而不同，但拖延不应超过从逮捕时起的几天。
In the view of the Committee, 48 hours is ordinarily sufficient to transport the individual and to prepare for the judicial hearing; any delay longer than 48 hours must remain absolutely exceptional and be justified under the circumstances.	委员会认为，48小时一般足以将被捕者带到和准备进行司法听证； 超过48小时的任何拖延都必须绝对是例外，而且根据当时情况应当是有道理的。
Longer detention in the custody of law enforcement officials without judicial control unnecessarily increases the risk of ill-treatment.	拖延执法人员监管下的拘留时间而没有司法管制，会不必要地增加虐待危险。
Laws in most States parties fix precise time limits, sometimes shorter than 48 hours, and those limits should also not be exceeded.	多数缔约国的法律都具体规定了时间限制，有些规定少于48小时，不应超过这些时间限制。
An especially strict standard of promptness, such as 24 hours, should apply in the case of juveniles.	在少年案件中，应当严格适用“迅速”的标准，如24小时。
34. The individual must be brought to appear physically before the judge or other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial power.	34. 被拘留者本身必须被带到法官面前或经法律授权行使司法权的其他官员面前。
The physical presence of detainees at the hearing gives the opportunity for inquiry into the treatment that they received in custody and facilitates immediate transfer to a remand detention centre if continued detention is ordered.	被拘留者亲身出席听证会可提供机会询问他们在被关押时受到的待遇，且在命令继续拘留的情况下便于立即将其转移到还押拘留中心。
It thus serves as a safeguard for the right to security of person and the prohibition against torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.	因此，这是人身安全的一种保障，也可防止酷刑和残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇。
In the hearing that ensues, and in subsequent hearings at which the judge assesses the legality or necessity of the detention, the individual is entitled to legal assistance, which should in principle be by counsel of choice.	在随后的审讯和后来法官评估拘留的合法性和必要性的听证会上，被捕者有权得到法律援助，原则上，提供援助的应当是选定的律师。
35. Incommunicado detention that prevents prompt presentation before a judge inherently violates paragraph 3.	35. 妨碍迅速见法官的单独监禁本身就违反第3款。
Depending on its duration and other facts, incommunicado detention may also violate other rights under the Covenant, including articles 6, 7, 10 and 14.	根据其延续时间和其他事实，单独监禁可能也侵犯了《公约》，包括第六、七、十和十四条，规定的其他权利。
States parties should permit and facilitate access to counsel for detainees in criminal cases from the outset of their detention.	在刑事案件中，缔约国应从拘留开始就允许被拘留者接触律师，并为此提供便利。
36. Once the individual has been brought before the judge, the judge must decide whether the individual should be released or remanded in custody for additional investigation or to await trial.	36. 一旦被拘留者被带到法官面前，法官就必须决定，该人应被释放，还是为进行更多调查或等待审判将其还押看管。
If there is no lawful basis for continuing the detention, the judge must order release.	如果没有继续拘留的法律依据，法官必须命令释放。
If additional investigation or trial is justified, the judge must decide whether the individual should be released (with or without conditions) pending further proceedings because detention is not necessary, an issue addressed more fully by the second sentence of paragraph 3.	如果有理由进行更多调查，法官必须决定是否将该人(有条件或无条件)释放，等待进一步诉讼，因为没有必要拘留，这是一个第3款第二句更全面说明的问题。
In the view of the Committee, detention on remand should not involve a return to police custody, but rather to a separate facility under different authority, where risks to the rights of the detainee can be more easily mitigated.	委员会认为，还押拘留不应当是回归警察监管，而应当是在一个由不同机关管理的单独设施，在这种设施中，便于减轻被拘留者权利受侵犯的危险。
37. The second requirement expressed in the first sentence of paragraph 3 is that the person detained is entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to release.	37. 第3款第一句所说的要求是，被拘禁的人有权在合理的时间内受审判或被释放。
That requirement applies specifically to periods of pretrial detention, that is, detention between the time of arrest and the time of judgment at first instance.	这项要求专门适用于审判前拘留期间，即从被捕到一审判决期间。
Extremely prolonged pretrial detention may also jeopardize the presumption of innocence under article 14, paragraph 2.	极长时间的审判前拘留也会破坏第十四条第2款规定的无罪推定。
Persons who are not released pending trial must be tried as expeditiously as possible, to the extent consistent with their rights of defence.	对不释放的待审人员必须尽快审判，但不得侵犯其辩护权。
The reasonableness of any delay in bringing the case to trial has to be assessed in the circumstances of each case, taking into account the complexity of the case, the conduct of the accused during the proceeding and the manner in which the matter was dealt with by the executive and judicial authorities.	必须根据每个案件的具体情况评估延误审判的合理性，同时要考虑到案件的复杂性、被告在诉讼过程中的表现以及行政和司法当局处理问题的方式。
Impediments to the completion of the investigation may justify additional time, but general conditions of understaffing or budgetary constraint do not.	完成调查的障碍可以是延长时间的理由，但人手不足或预算限制等一般条件不应成为理由。
When delays become necessary, the judge must reconsider alternatives to pretrial detention.	在有必要拖后时，法官必须考虑审判前拘留的替代办法。
Pretrial detention of juveniles should be avoided, but when it occurs they are entitled to be brought to trial in especially speedy fashion under article 10, paragraph 2 (b).	应避免对少年实行审判前拘留，但如果已经拘留，根据第十条第2款(乙)项，他们有权以最快的方式接受审判。
38. The second sentence of paragraph 3 of article 9 requires that detention in custody of persons awaiting trial shall be the exception rather than the rule.	38. 第九条第3款的第二句要求，监禁等候审判的人应是例外，而不是规则。
It also specifies that release from such custody may be subject to guarantees of appearance, including appearance for trial, appearance at any other stage of the judicial proceedings and (should occasion arise) appearance for execution of the judgment.	其中还规定，可有条件从这种监禁中释放，即：保证出现，包括为接受审判到场，在司法程序的任何其他阶段(如果必要)出现，以及为执行判决出现。
That sentence applies to persons awaiting trial on criminal charges, that is, after the defendant has been charged, but a similar requirement prior to charging results from the prohibition of arbitrary detention in paragraph 1.	这一句适用于因刑事指控候审的人，即在被告受到指控之后，但在指控前还有一个类似的要求，就是第1款规定的禁止任意拘留。
It should not be the general practice to subject defendants to pretrial detention.	审判前拘留不当是对被告的普遍做法。
Detention pending trial must be based on an individualized determination that it is reasonable and necessary taking into account all the circumstances, for such purposes as to prevent flight, interference with evidence or the recurrence of crime.	审判前拘留必须是基于个别决定，这种决定考虑到所有情况是合理的、必要的，其目的是防止逃跑、干涉证据或再次犯罪。
The relevant factors should be specified in law and should not include vague and expansive standards such as “public security”.	法律中应具体说明有关因素，不应包括模糊和广泛的标准，如“公共安全”。
Pretrial detention should not be mandatory for all defendants charged with a particular crime, without regard to individual circumstances.	审判前拘留不应当是对所有被指控犯罪的被告都是必须的，而不考虑个别情况。
Neither should pretrial detention be ordered for a period based on the potential sentence for the crime charged, rather than on a determination of necessity.	也不应当根据对所指控罪行可能的判决而不是根据必要性来决定审判前拘留的期限。
Courts must examine whether alternatives to pretrial detention, such as bail, electronic bracelets or other conditions, would render detention unnecessary in the particular case.	法院必须考虑审判前拘留的替代办法，如保释、电子手镯或其他条件，在具体情况下这些是否可使拘留没有必要。
If the defendant is a foreigner, that fact must not be treated as sufficient to establish that the defendant may flee the jurisdiction.	如果被告是外国人，这一情况决不能足以成为确定被告可能逃脱管辖的依据。
After an initial determination has been made that pretrial detention is necessary, there should be periodic re-examination of whether it continues to be reasonable and necessary in the light of possible alternatives.	在初步确定有必要实行审判前拘留之后，应当定期研究，根据可能采用的替代办法，审判前拘留是否仍然合理和必要。
If the length of time that the defendant has been detained reaches the length of the longest sentence that could be imposed for the crimes charged, the defendant should be released.	如果被告被拘留的时间达到对所指控罪行可能判决的最长刑期，应将被告释放。
Pretrial detention of juveniles should be avoided to the fullest extent possible.	应尽最大可能避免对少年实行审判前拘留。
V. The right to take proceedings for release from unlawful or arbitrary detention	五. 为从非法或任意拘留中获得释放提起诉讼的权利
39. Paragraph 4 of article 9 entitles anyone who is deprived of liberty by arrest or detention to take proceedings before a court, in order that the court may decide without delay on the lawfulness of the detention and order release if the detention is not lawful.	39. 第九条第4款规定，任何因逮捕或拘禁被剥夺自由的人都有资格向法院提起诉讼，以便法庭能不拖延地决定拘禁是否合法以及如果拘禁不合法命令予以释放。
It enshrines the principle of habeas corpus.	这一规定包含了人身保护原则。
Review of the factual basis of the detention may, in appropriate circumstances, be limited to review of the reasonableness of a prior determination.	审查拘留的事实依据在适当情况下可能只限于审查以前决定的合理性。
40. The right applies to all detention by official action or pursuant to official authorization, including detention in connection with criminal proceedings, military detention, security detention, counter-terrorism detention, involuntary hospitalization, immigration detention, detention for extradition and wholly groundless arrests.	40. 这项权利适用于所有通过官方行动或根据官方授权实行的拘留，包括与刑事诉讼有关的拘留、军事拘留、安全拘留、反恐拘留、非自愿住院、移民拘留、为引渡实行的拘留和完全无依据的拘捕。
It also applies to detention for vagrancy or drug addiction, detention for educational purposes of children in conflict with the law and other forms of administrative detention.	它也适用于流浪拘留或吸毒拘留，为教育目的对与法律发生冲突的儿童的拘留，以及其他各种形式的行政拘留。
Detention within the meaning of paragraph 4 also includes house arrest and solitary confinement.	在第4款含义范围内的拘留还包括软禁和单独监禁。
When a prisoner is serving the minimum duration of a prison sentence as decided by a court of law after a conviction, either as a sentence for a fixed period of time or as the fixed portion of a potentially longer sentence, paragraph 4 does not require subsequent review of the detention.	当犯人按照法院判决后的决定服最短刑期的时候，不论是作为固定刑期，还是作为可能更长刑期的一个固定部分，第4款都不要求进行随后的拘留审查。
41. The object of the right is release (either unconditional or conditional) from ongoing unlawful detention; compensation for unlawful detention that has already ended is addressed in paragraph 5.	41. 这项权利的目标是从正在实行的非法拘留中(无条件或有条件)释放； 第5款谈到与已经结束的非法拘留有关的赔偿问题。
Paragraph 4 requires that the reviewing court must have the power to order release from the unlawful detention.	第4款要求，复审法院必须有权命令从非法拘留中释放。
When a judicial order of release under paragraph 4 becomes operative (exécutoire), it must be complied with immediately, and continued detention would be arbitrary in violation of article 9, paragraph 1.	当第4款所指要求释放的司法命令可以执行时，必须立即执行，继续拘留将违反第九条第1款，因而是任意拘留。
42. The right to bring proceedings applies in principle from the moment of arrest and any substantial waiting period before a detainee can bring a first challenge to detention is impermissible.	42. 提起诉讼的权利原则上适用于从逮捕时起以及被拘留者第一次质疑拘留不被允许之前的任何实质性等待阶段。
In general, the detainee has the right to appear in person before the court, especially where such presence would serve the inquiry into the lawfulness of detention or where questions regarding ill-treatment of the detainee arise.	一般来说，被拘留者有权亲自出现在法庭，特别是在这种在场有助于调查拘留的合法性或有虐待被拘留者问题的情况下。
The court must have the power to order the detainee brought before it, regardless of whether the detainee has asked to appear.	法院必须有权命令将被拘留者带到法院，不论被拘留者是否已要求出庭。
43. Unlawful detention includes detention that was lawful at its inception but has become unlawful because the individual has completed serving a sentence of imprisonment or the circumstances that justify the detention have changed.	43. 非法拘留包括开始时合法、但后来因为当事人已经服完刑期或作为拘留理由的情况有变化而变得不合法的拘留。
After a court has held that the circumstances justify the detention, an appropriate period of time may pass, depending on the nature of the relevant circumstances, before the individual is entitled to take proceedings again on similar grounds.	在法院认定有关情况可作为拘留理由后，根据有关情况的性质，在当事人有权以类似理由提起诉讼之前，一个适当的时期可能已经过去。
44. “Unlawful” detention includes both detention that violates domestic law and detention that is incompatible with the requirements of article 9, paragraph 1, or with any other relevant provision of the Covenant.	44. “非法”拘留包括违反国内法的拘留和不符合第九条或《公约》任何其他有关条款的要求的拘留。
While domestic legal systems may establish differing methods for ensuring court review of detention, paragraph 4 requires that there be a judicial remedy for any detention that is unlawful on one of those grounds.	国内法律制度可能规定确保对拘留的法院审查的不同方法，但第4款要求，对因那些理由之一而非法的任何拘留给予司法补救。
For example, the power of a family court to order release of a child from detention that is not in the child’s best interests may satisfy the requirements of paragraph 4 in relevant cases.	例如，在某些案件中，家事法院可命令将儿童从不符合其最大利益的拘留中释放的权力可能可以满足第4款的要求。
45. Paragraph 4 entitles the individual to take proceedings before “a court,” which should ordinarily be a court within the judiciary.	45. 第4款规定，个人有权向“法庭”提起诉讼，而法庭一般应当是司法机关范围内的法庭。
Exceptionally, for some forms of detention, legislation may provide for proceedings before a specialized tribunal, which must be established by law and must either be independent of the executive and legislative branches or enjoy judicial independence in deciding legal matters in proceedings that are judicial in nature.	在特殊情况下，如对某些形式的拘留，法律可以规定向专门法庭提起诉讼，但这种法庭必须是依法设立的，必须独立于行政和立法部门，或在司法性诉讼中决定法律问题方面享有司法独立权。
46. Paragraph 4 leaves the option of taking proceedings to the persons being detained or those acting on their behalf; unlike paragraph 3, it does not require automatic initiation of review by the authorities detaining an individual.	46. 第4款规定，被拘留者或其代表可选择提起诉讼；与第3款不同的是，它不要求拘留个人的当局自动开始审查。
Laws that exclude a particular category of detainees from the review required by paragraph 4 violate the Covenant.	将某一特定类别的被拘留者排除在第4款所要求的审查之外的法律违反《公约》。
Practices that render such review effectively unavailable to an individual, including incommunicado detention, also amount to a violation.	使个人实际上不能利用这种审查的做法，包括单独监禁，也等于违反《公约》。
To facilitate effective review, detainees should be afforded prompt and regular access to counsel.	为便于进行有效审查，被拘留者应能及时和经常接触律师。
Detainees should be informed, in a language they understand, of their right to take proceedings for a decision on the lawfulness of their detention.	应被拘留者懂得的语言告知他们有权就关于拘留他们的决定的合法性提起诉讼。
47. Persons deprived of liberty are entitled not merely to take proceedings, but to receive a decision, and without delay.	47. 被剥夺自由的人不仅有权提起诉讼，并且有权及时收到决定。
The refusal by a competent court to take a decision on a petition for the release of a detained person violates paragraph 4.	主管法院拒绝就要求释放被拘留者的申诉作出决定，违反第4款。
The adjudication of the case should take place as expeditiously as possible.	对案件的裁决必须尽快进行。
Delays attributable to the petitioner do not count as judicial delay.	由申诉者造成的拖延不算司法拖延。
48. The Covenant does not require that a court decision upholding the lawfulness of detention be subject to appeal.	48. 《公约》不要求可对法院关于认定拘留合法的裁决提出上诉。
If a State party does provide for appeal or further instances, the delay may reflect the changing nature of the proceeding and in any event must not be excessive.	如果缔约国未规定可上诉或进一步审理，拖延可能表明诉讼性质有变化，在任何情况下，不得过度。
VI. The right to compensation for unlawful or arbitrary arrest or detention	六. 因受非法或任意逮捕或拘留得到赔偿的权利
49. Paragraph 5 of article 9 of the Covenant provides that anyone who has been the victim of unlawful arrest or detention shall have an enforceable right to compensation.	49. 《公约》第九条第5款规定，任何遭受非法逮捕或拘禁的受害者都有可行使的得到赔偿的权利。
Like paragraph 4, paragraph 5 articulates a specific example of an effective remedy for human rights violations, which States parties are required to afford.	和第4款一样，第5款清楚地表明了缔约国为侵犯人权行为必须给予有效赔偿的一个具体例子。
Those specific remedies do not replace, but are included alongside, the other remedies that may be required in a particular situation for a victim of unlawful or arbitrary arrest or detention by article 2, paragraph 3, of the Covenant.	这些具体补救不能代替《公约》第二条第3款所规定，非法或任意逮捕或拘留受害者的具体情况可能要求的其他补救，而是与其一起包括在全部补救中的。
Whereas paragraph 4 provides a swift remedy for release from ongoing unlawful detention, paragraph 5 clarifies that victims of unlawful arrest or detention are also entitled to financial compensation.	第4款规定迅速补救，从正在实行的非法拘留中释放，而第5款则说明，非法逮捕或拘留受害者有权得到经济赔偿。
50. Paragraph 5 obliges States parties to establish the legal framework within which compensation can be afforded to victims, as a matter of enforceable right and not as a matter of grace or discretion.	50. 第5款要求缔约国建立一个法律框架，在其范围内，受害者得到赔偿是作为一项可行使的权利，而不是恩赐或随意决定。
The remedy must not exist merely in theory, but must operate effectively and payment must be made within a reasonable period of time.	补救决不能只是理论上存在，而是必须切实实行，在合理时间内支付赔偿。
Paragraph 5 does not specify the precise form of procedure, which may include remedies against the State itself or against individual State officials responsible for the violation, so long as they are effective.	第5款没有具体规定程序的形式，其中可以包括国家本身或对侵权负有责任的个别国家官员提供的补救，只要有效。
Paragraph 5 does not require that a single procedure be established providing compensation for all forms of unlawful arrest, but only that an effective system of procedures exist that provides compensation in all the cases covered by paragraph 5.	第5款没有要求为所有形式的非法逮捕规定一个唯一的赔偿程序，而只是要求有一个有效的程序系统，可在第5款所包括的任何情况下提供赔偿。
Paragraph 5 does not oblige States parties to compensate victims sua sponte, but rather permits them to leave commencement of proceedings for compensation to the initiative of the victim.	第5款不要求缔约国主动赔偿受害者，而是允许缔约国将开始赔偿程序的主动权留给受害者自己。
51. Unlawful arrest and detention within the meaning of paragraph 5 include such arrest and detention arising within either criminal or non-criminal proceedings, or in the absence of any proceedings at all.	51. 第5款含义范围内的非法逮捕和拘留包括为刑事诉讼或非刑事诉讼或不为任何诉讼实行的逮捕或拘留。
The “unlawful” character of the arrest or detention may result from violation of domestic law or violation of the Covenant itself, such as substantively arbitrary detention and detention that violates procedural requirements of other paragraphs of article 9.	逮捕或拘留的“非法”性质可能源于违反国内法，也可能源于违反《公约》本身，如实质性的任意拘留和违反第九条其他各款的程序性要求的拘留。
However, the fact that a criminal defendant was ultimately acquitted, at first instance or on appeal, does not in and of itself render any preceding detention “unlawful”.	然而，刑事被告一审时或上诉后最终被释放这一情况本身并不表明任何程序性拘留是“非法”的。
52. The financial compensation required by paragraph 5 relates specifically to the pecuniary and non-pecuniary harm resulting from the unlawful arrest or detention.	52. 第5款要求的经济赔偿特别与非法逮捕或拘留造成的经济或非经济损害有关。
When the unlawfulness of the arrest arises from the violation of other human rights, such as freedom of expression, the State party may have further obligations to provide compensation or other reparation in relation to those other violations, as required by article 2, paragraph 3, of the Covenant.	在逮捕的非法性源于侵犯其他人权，如言论自由的情况下，缔约国可能还有义务按照《公约》第二条第3款的要求为其他侵权提供赔偿或其他补救。
VII. Relationship of article 9 with other articles of the Covenant	七. 第九条与《公约》其他条款的关系
53. The procedural and substantive guarantees of article 9 both overlap and interact with other guarantees of the Covenant.	53. 第九条的程序性和实质性保障与《公约》的其他保障重叠而相互呼应。
Some forms of conduct amount independently to a violation of article 9 and another article, such as delays in bringing a detained criminal defendant to trial, which may violate both paragraph 3 of article 9 and paragraph 3 (c) of article 14.	某些类行为可能单独构成违反第九条和另外一条，如拖延时间不让被拘留刑事被告接受审判，这可能既违反了第九条第3款，又违反了第十四条第3款(丙)项。
At times the content of article 9, paragraph 1, is informed by the content of other articles; for example, detention may be arbitrary by virtue of the fact that it represents punishment for freedom of expression, in violation of article 19.	第九条第1款的内容有时也可以从其他条款的内容中反映出来，例如，如果拘留被作为对言论自由的一种惩罚，这种拘留就是任意的，就违反了第19条。
54. Article 9 also reinforces the obligations of States parties under the Covenant and the Optional Protocol to protect individuals against reprisals for having cooperated or communicated with the Committee, such as physical intimidation or threats to personal liberty.	54. 第九条还强化了缔约国根据《公约》和《任择议定书》应承担的义务，即保护个人不因为与委员会合作或联系遭受报复，如人身恐吓或个人自由威胁。
55. The right to life guaranteed by article 6 of the Covenant, including the right to protection of life under article 6, paragraph 1, may overlap with the right to security of person guaranteed by article 9, paragraph 1.	55. 《公约》第六条所保证的生命权，包括第六条第1款规定的生命受保护的权利，可能与第九条第1款规定的人身安全权产生重叠。
The right to personal security may be considered broader to the extent that it also addresses injuries that are not life-threatening.	人身安全权的范围可以说更广一些，因为它还涉及不属于生命威胁的伤害。
Extreme forms of arbitrary detention that are themselves life-threatening violate the rights to personal liberty and personal security as well as the right to protection of life, in particular enforced disappearances.	极端形式的任意拘留，特别是强迫失踪本身就是生命威胁，因而侵犯了人身自由和安全权以及生命受保护的权利。
56. Arbitrary detention creates risks of torture and ill-treatment, and several of the procedural guarantees in article 9 serve to reduce the likelihood of such risks.	56. 任意拘留为带来酷刑和虐待危险，第九条中的几项程序性保障有助于减少产生这种危险的可能性。
Prolonged incommunicado detention violates article 9 and would generally be regarded as a violation of article 7.	长久单独拘留违反第九条，一般也会被认为违反第七条。
The right to personal security protects interests in bodily and mental integrity that are also protected by article 7.	人身安全权保护身心完整的利益，而身心完整也受第七条的保护。
57. Returning an individual to a country where there are substantial grounds for believing that the individual faces a real risk of a severe violation of liberty or security of person such as prolonged arbitrary detention may amount to inhuman treatment prohibited by article 7 of the Covenant.	57. 将一个人遣返到一个国家，而有充分理由相信他(她)在那里会面临人身自由和安全遭受严重侵犯的真实危险，如长久任意拘留，这可能构成《公约》第七条所禁止的不人道待遇。
58. Several safeguards that are essential for the prevention of torture are also necessary for the protection of persons in any form of detention against arbitrary detention and infringement of personal security.	58. 对防止酷刑至关重要的一些保障，对保护处于任何形式拘留中的人免受任意拘留和人身安全损害也很必要。
The following examples are non-exhaustive.	下面仅举一些例子。
Detainees should be held only in facilities officially acknowledged as places of detention.	被拘留者应只收押在得到官方承认为拘留场所的设施中。
A centralized official register should be kept of the names and places of detention, and times of arrival and departure, as well as of the names of persons responsible for their detention, and made readily available and accessible to those concerned, including relatives.	官方应保有统一的登记册，用来登记被拘留者的姓名、拘留地点、到达和离开时间以及负责拘留他们的人员的姓名；登记册要随时可供包括亲属在内的有关各方查阅。
Prompt and regular access should be given to independent medical personnel and lawyers and, under appropriate supervision when the legitimate purpose of the detention so requires, to family members.	应允许独立的医务人员和律师及时和经常探访，同时允许家属在监督下(在拘留的合法目的这样要求的情况下)探视。
Detainees should be promptly informed of their rights, in a language they understand; providing information leaflets in the appropriate language, including in Braille, may often assist the detainee in retaining the information.	应以被拘留者懂得的语言立即让他们知道自己的权利； 提供以适当语文(包括盲文)印刷的传单可有助于被拘留者时常保持知情。
Detained foreign nationals should be informed of their right to communicate with their consular authorities, or, in the case of asylum seekers, with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.	应让被拘留的外国人知道他们有权与其领事机构联系，或者，如果是寻求庇护者，有权与联合国难民事务高级专员办事处联系。
Independent and impartial mechanisms should be established for visiting and inspecting all places of detention, including mental-health institutions.	应建立负责访查包括精神病院在内的所有拘留场所的独立和公正机构。
59. Article 10 of the Covenant, which addresses conditions of detention for persons deprived of liberty, complements article 9, which primarily addresses the fact of detention.	59. 《公约》第十条讲的是被剥夺自由者的拘留条件，对主要讲拘留问题的第九条起补充作用。
At the same time, the right to personal security in article 9, paragraph 1, is relevant to the treatment of both detained and non-detained persons.	同时，第九条第1款讲的人身安全权关系到被拘留者和未被拘留者的待遇。
The appropriateness of the conditions prevailing in detention to the purpose of detention is sometimes a factor in determining whether detention is arbitrary within the meaning of article 9.	主要拘留条件相对于拘留目的是否合适，有时是确定拘留是否第九条意义上的任意拘留要考虑的一个因素。
Certain conditions of detention (such as denial of access to counsel and family) may result in procedural violations of paragraphs 3 and 4 of article 9.	某些拘留条件(如不准接触律师和家属)可能造成程序上违反第九条第3款和第4款。
Article 10, paragraph 2 (b), reinforces for juveniles the requirement in article 9, paragraph 3, that pretrial detainees be brought to trial expeditiously.	第十条第2款(乙)项为少年加强了第九条第3款的要求，规定尽快对审判前被拘留者进行审判。
60. The liberty of movement protected by article 12 of the Covenant and the liberty of person protected by article 9 complement each other.	60. 《公约》第十二条保护的迁徙自由和第九条保护的人身自由互为补充。
Detention is a particularly severe form of restriction of liberty of movement, but in some circumstances both articles may come into play together.	拘留是对迁徙自由的特别严重形式的限制，但在某些情况下，两条可一起发挥作用。
Detention in the course of transporting a migrant involuntarily, is often used as a means of enforcing restrictions on freedom of movement.	在非自愿地转移过程中对移徙者的拘留，时常被用作限制移徙自由的一种手段。
Article 9 addresses such uses of detention in the implementation of expulsion, deportation or extradition.	第九条涉及在执行驱逐、递解或引渡时对拘留的这种使用。
61. The relationship between article 9 and article 14 of the Covenant, regarding civil and criminal trials, has already been illustrated.	61. 《公约》第九条和第十四条在民事和刑事审判方面的关系已经说明。
Article 9 addresses deprivation of liberty, only some instances of which take place in connection with civil or criminal proceedings within the scope of article 14.	第九条涉及剥夺自由问题，只是某些剥夺自由的发生与第十四条范围内的民事或刑事诉讼有关。
The procedural requirements of paragraphs 2 to 5 of article 9 apply in connection with proceedings falling within the scope of article 14 only when actual arrest or detention occurs.	第九条第2-5款的程序要求只有在实际逮捕或拘留发生的情况下才适用于第十四条范围内的诉讼。
62. Article 24, paragraph 1, of the Covenant entitles every child “to such measures of protection as are required by his status as a minor, on the part of his family, society and the State”.	62. 《公约》第二十四条第1款规定每一儿童“应有权享受家庭、社会和国家为其未成年地位给予的必要保护措施”。
That article entails the adoption of special measures to protect the personal liberty and security of every child, in addition to the measures generally required by article 9 for everyone.	这一条要求，除第九条为每个人所规定的一般措施以外，还要采取特别措施保护每个儿童的人身自由和安全。
A child may be deprived of liberty only as a last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time.	剥夺儿童的自由只能作为最后手段，而且剥夺自由的时间要适当且尽可能短。
In addition to the other requirements applicable to each category of deprivation of liberty, the best interests of the child must be a primary consideration in every decision to initiate or continue the deprivation.	除适用于每一种剥夺自由的其他要求以外，儿童的最大利益必须是每次决定开始或继续剥夺自由时的首要考虑。
The Committee acknowledges that sometimes a particular deprivation of liberty would itself be in the best interests of the child.	委员会承认，有时，特别的剥夺自由本身就符合儿童的最大利益。
Placement of a child in institutional care amounts to a deprivation of liberty within the meaning of article 9.	将儿童置于机构照料之下相当于第九条含义范围内的剥夺自由。
A decision to deprive a child of liberty must be subject to periodic review of its continuing necessity and appropriateness.	对关于剥夺儿童自由的决定，必须定期审查继续执行的必要性和适当性。
The child has a right to be heard, directly or through legal or other appropriate assistance, in relation to any decision regarding a deprivation of liberty, and the procedures employed should be child-appropriate.	在任何剥夺其自由的决定方面，儿童都有权直接或通过法律援助或其他适当援助表示自己的意见，而且，所采用程序应适合儿童。
The right to release from unlawful detention may result in return to the child’s family or placement in an alternative form of care that accords with the child’s best interests, rather than simple release into the child’s own custody.	被从非法拘留中释放的权利可能导致儿童返回自己的家或被置于符合儿童最大利益的一种替代性照料之下，而不是简单的释放，让儿童自己监管自己。
63. In the light of article 2, paragraph 1, of the Covenant, States parties have an obligation to respect and to ensure the rights under article 9 to all persons who may be within their territory and to all persons subject to their jurisdiction.	63. 根据《公约》第二条第1款，缔约国有义务尊重和保证在其境内和在其管辖下的所有人根据第九条应享有的权利。
Given that arrest and detention bring a person within a State’s effective control, States parties must not arbitrarily or unlawfully arrest or detain individuals outside their territory.	考虑到逮捕和拘留会将一个人置于缔约国的有效控制之下，缔约国不得在其境外任意或非法逮捕或拘留人员。
States parties must not subject persons outside their territory to, inter alia, prolonged incommunicado detention or deprive them of review of the lawfulness of their detention.	缔约国不得在其境外，除其他外，特别是将人员长期单独拘留，或对拘留他们的合法性不予审查。
The extraterritorial location of an arrest may be a circumstance relevant to an evaluation of promptness under paragraph 3.	境外地点逮捕可以是根据第3款评估及时性时考虑的一个有关情况。
64. With regard to article 4 of the Covenant, the Committee first observes that, like the rest of the Covenant, article 9 applies also in situations of armed conflict to which the rules of international humanitarian law are applicable.	64. 关于《公约》第四条，委员会首先认为，和《公约》其余部分一样，第九条也适用于国际人道主义法律规则所适用的武装冲突情况。
While rules of international humanitarian law may be relevant for the purposes of the interpretation of article 9, both spheres of law are complementary, not mutually exclusive.	虽然国际人道主义法律规则可能对解释第九条有重要意义，但两方面的法律是相辅相成的，并非互相排斥。
Security detention authorized and regulated by and complying with international humanitarian law in principle is not arbitrary.	按国际人道主义法授权和节制并符合国际人道主义法的安全拘留，原则上不属于任意拘留。
In conflict situations, access by the International Committee of the Red Cross to all places of detention becomes an essential additional safeguard for the rights to liberty and security of person.	在冲突情况下，允许红十字国际委员会进入一切拘留场所已成为人身自由和安全的一个重要额外保障。
65. Article 9 is not included in the list of non-derogable rights of article 4, paragraph 2, of the Covenant, but there are limits on States parties’ power to derogate.	65. 第九条没有被列入《公约》第四条第2款中的不可减损权利名单，但缔约国的减损权力是有限的。
States parties derogating from normal procedures required under article 9 in circumstances of armed conflict or other public emergency must ensure that such derogations do not exceed those strictly required by the exigencies of the actual situation.	在武装冲突或其他社会紧急状态下减损第九条所规定普通程序的缔约国必须确保，这种减损不超过实际情况的紧迫需要所严格要求的程度。
Derogating measures must also be consistent with a State party’s other obligations under international law, including provisions of international humanitarian law relating to deprivation of liberty, and non-discriminatory.	减损措施也必须与缔约国根据国际法承担的其他义务一致，包括国际法中与剥夺自由和不歧视有关的条款。
The prohibitions against taking of hostages, abductions or unacknowledged detention are therefore not subject to derogation.	因此，关于禁止扣押人质、绑架或不被承认的拘留的规定不得减损。
66. There are other elements in article 9 that in the Committee’s opinion cannot be made subject to lawful derogation under article 4.	66. 委员会认为，第九条中还有其他要素不能根据第四条合法减损。
The fundamental guarantee against arbitrary detention is non-derogable, insofar as even situations covered by article 4 cannot justify a deprivation of liberty that is unreasonable or unnecessary under the circumstances.	不被任意拘留的根本保障不可减损，因为即便是第四条所包括的情况也不能成为在当时情况下不合理或不必要的剥夺自由的理由。
The existence and nature of a public emergency which threatens the life of the nation may, however, be relevant to a determination of whether a particular arrest or detention is arbitrary.	然而，威胁国家生存的社会紧急状态的存在和性质对确定某一具体逮捕或拘留是否属于任意逮捕或拘留很重要。
Valid derogations from other derogable rights may also be relevant when a deprivation of liberty is characterized as arbitrary because of its interference with another right protected by the Covenant.	在剥夺自由因为影响《公约》所保护的另外一项权利而被定性为任意的情况下，其他可减损权利的正当减损可能也有关系。
During international armed conflict, substantive and procedural rules of international humanitarian law remain applicable and limit the ability to derogate, thereby helping to mitigate the risk of arbitrary detention.	在国际武装冲突期间，国际人道主义法律的实质性和程序规则仍然适用，可限制减损能力，因而有助于减少任意拘留的危险。
Outside that context, the requirements of strict necessity and proportionality constrain any derogating measures involving security detention, which must be limited in duration and accompanied by procedures to prevent arbitrary application, as explained in paragraph 15 above, including review by a court within the meaning of paragraph 45 above.	在这一背景之外，严格的必要性和相称性的要求可限制涉及安全拘留的任何减损措施，拘留的持续时间必须是有限的并伴随有防止任意适用的程序，如上面第15段中所说明，包括在上面第45段含义范围内由一法院进行审查。
67. The procedural guarantees protecting liberty of person may never be made subject to measures of derogation that would circumvent the protection of non-derogable rights.	67. 保护人身自由的程序保障决不可服从会破坏对不可减损权利的保护的减损措施。
In order to protect non-derogable rights, including those in articles 6 and 7, the right to take proceedings before a court to enable the court to decide without delay on the lawfulness of detention must not be diminished by measures of derogation.	为保护不可减损权利，包括第六和第七条所提到的权利，向法庭提起诉讼以便法庭及时判定拘留是否合法的权利不能因为减损措施而取消。
68. While reservations to certain clauses of article 9 may be acceptable, it would be incompatible with the object and purpose of the Covenant for a State party to reserve the right to engage in arbitrary arrest and detention of persons.	68. 虽然对第九条某些款项的保留可能可以接受，但如果缔约国保留任意逮捕和拘留人员的权利，那就违反了《公约》的目的和宗旨。
Adopted by the Committee at its 112th session (7–31 October 2014).	委员会第一一二届会议通过(2014年10月7日至31日)。
854/1999, Wackenheim v. France, para. 6.3.	854/1999, Wackenheim诉法国，第6.3段。
263/1987, González del Río v. Peru, para. 5.1; 833/1998, Karker v. France, para. 8.5.	263/1987, González del Río诉秘鲁，第5.1段；833/1998, Karker诉法国France, 第8.5段。
See concluding observations: Mexico (CCPR/C/MEX/CO/5, 2010), para. 15.	见结论性意见：墨西哥(CCPR/C/MEX/CO/5, 2010年)，第15段。
1134/2002, Gorji-Dinka v. Cameroon, para. 5.4; see also concluding observations: United Kingdom (CCPR/C/GBR/CO/6, 2008), para. 17 (control orders including curfews of up to 16 hours).	1134/2002, Gorji-Dinka诉喀麦隆，第5.4段；另见结论性意见：联合王国(CCPR/C/GBR/CO/6, 2008年)，第17段(管制命令，包括最多16个小时的宵禁)。
754/1997, A. v. New Zealand, para. 7.2 (mental health); see concluding observations: Republic of Moldova (CCPR/C/MDA/CO/2, 2009), para. 13 (contagious disease).	754/1997, A.诉新西兰，第7.2段(精神健康)；见结论性意见：摩尔多瓦共和国(CCPR/C/MDA/ CO/2, 2009年)，第13段(传染病)。
See concluding observations: Belgium (CCPR/CO/81/BEL, 2004), para. 17 (detention of migrants pending expulsion).	见结论性意见：比利时(CCPR/CO/81/BEL, 2004年)，第17段(拘留待驱逐的移民)。
R.12/52, Saldías de López v. Uruguay, para. 13.	R.12/52, Saldías de López诉乌拉圭，第13段。
See concluding observations: Czech Republic (CCPR/C/CZE/CO/2, 2007), para. 13; and Republic of Korea (CCPR/C/KOR/CO/3, 2006), para. 13.	见结论性意见：捷克共和国(CCPR/C/CZE/CO/2, 2007年)，第13段；和大韩民国(CCPR/C/ KOR/CO/3, 2006年)，第13段。
265/1987, Vuolanne v. Finland, para. 9.4.	265/1987, Vuolanne诉芬兰，第9.4段。
1758/2008, Jessop v. New Zealand, para. 7.9–7.10.	1758/2008, Jessop诉新西兰，第7.9-7.10段。
See concluding observations: Yemen (CCPR/C/YEM/CO/5, 2012), para. 24.	见结论性意见：也门(CCPR/C/YEM/CO/5, 2012年)，第24段。
319/1988, Cañón García v. Ecuador, paras. 5.1–5.2.	319/1988, Cañón García诉厄瓜多尔，第5.1-5.2段。
See concluding observations: Guatemala (CCPR/C/GTM/CO/3, 2012), para. 16.	见结论性意见：危地马拉(CCPR/C/GTM/CO/3, 2012年)，第16段。
613/1995, Leehong v. Jamaica, para. 9.3.	613/1995, Leehong诉牙买加，第9.3段。
1560/2007, Marcellana and Gumanoy v. Philippines, para. 7.7. States parties also violate the right to security of person if they purport to exercise jurisdiction over a person outside their territory by issuing a fatwa or similar death sentence authorizing the killing of the victim. See concluding observations: Islamic Republic of Iran (CCPR/C/79/Add.25, 1993), para. 9; paragraph 63 below (discussing extraterritorial application).	1560/2007, Marcellana和Gumanoy诉菲律宾，第7.7段，如果缔约国意图在其境外对一个人行使管辖权，因而发布裁决书或类似的死刑判决书，授权杀死受害者，缔约国就也侵犯了人身安全权。见结论性意见：伊朗伊斯兰共和国(CCPR/C/79/Add.25, 1993年)，第9段；下面第63段(讨论治外法权)。
See concluding observations: El Salvador (CCPR/CO/78/SLV, 2003), para. 16.	见结论性意见：萨尔瓦多(CCPR/CO/78/SLV, 2003年)，第16段。
See concluding observations: Norway (CCPR/C/NOR/CO/6, 2011), para. 10.	见结论性意见：挪威(CCPR/C/NOR/CO/6, 2011年)，第10段。
613/1995, Leehong v. Jamaica, paras. 9.3; see Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials (1990).	613/1995, Leehong诉牙买加，第9.3段；见《执法人员使用武力和火器基本原则》(1990年)。
See concluding observations: Philippines (CCPR/C/PHL/CO/4, 2012), para. 14.	见结论性意见：菲律宾(CCPR/C/PHL/CO/4, 2012年)，第14段。
1124/2002, Obodzinsky v. Canada, para. 8.5.	1124/2002, Obodzinsky诉加拿大，第8.5段。
414/1990, Mika Miha v. Equatorial Guinea, para. 6.5.	414/1990, Mika Miha诉赤道几内亚，第6.5段。
See concluding observations: Brazil (CCPR/C/BRA/CO/2, 2005), para. 16.	见结论性意见：巴西(CCPR/C/BRA/CO/2, 2005年)，第16段。
856/1999, Chambala v. Zambia, para. 7.3.	856/1999, Chambala诉津巴布韦，第7.3段。
1134/2002, Gorji-Dinka v. Cameroon, para. 5.1; 305/1988, Van Alphen v. Netherlands, para. 5.8.	1134/2002, Gorji-Dinka诉喀麦隆，第5.1段；305/1988, Van Alphen诉荷兰，第5.8段。
1369/2005, Kulov v. Kyrgyzstan, para. 8.3. Pretrial detention in criminal cases is further discussed in section IV below.	1369/2005, Kulov诉吉尔吉斯斯担，第8.3段。刑事案件中的审判前拘留在下面第四节中论述。
1324/2004, Shafiq v. Australia, para. 7.2.	1324/2004, Shafiq诉澳大利亚，第7.2段。
631/1995, Spakmo v. Norway, para. 6.3.	631/1995, Spakmo诉挪威，第6.3段。
1460/2006, Yklymova v. Turkmenistan, paras. 7.2–7.3 (de facto house arrest); 1096/2002, Kurbanova v. Tajikistan, para. 7.2 (detention prior to arrest warrant).	1460/2006, Yklymova诉土库曼斯坦，第7.2-7.3段(事实上的软禁)；1096/2002, Kurbanova诉塔吉克斯坦，第7.2段(下逮捕令之前拘留)。
635/1995, Morrison v. Jamaica, paras. 22.2–22.3; 1397/2005, Engo v. Cameroon, para. 7.3.	635/1995, Morrison诉牙买加，第22.2-22.3段；1397/2005, Engo诉喀麦隆，第7.3段。
Detention for criminal offences such as fraud that are related to civil law debts does not violate article 11, and does not amount to arbitrary detention. 1342/2005, Gavrilin v. Belarus, para. 7.3.	为刑事犯罪，如与民法债务有关的诈骗而拘留不属于任意拘留。1342/2005, Gavrilin诉白俄罗斯，第7.3段。
1629/2007, Fardon v. Australia, para. 7.3.	1629/2007, Fardon诉澳大利亚，第7.3段。
Ibid., para. 7.4 (a)–7.4 (c); see concluding observations: United States of America (CCPR/C/USA/CO/3/Rev.1, 2006), para. 19; general comment No. 32, paras. 15 and 18.	同上，第7.4(a)-7.4(c)段；见结论性意见：美利坚合众国(CCPR/C/USA/CO/3/Rev.1, 2006年)，第19段；第32号一般性意见，第15和18段。
1629/2007, Fardon v. Australia, para. 7.4 (a) (nominally civil detention under same prison regime as prior sentence); see concluding observations: Belgium (CCPR/CO/81/BEL, 2004), para. 18 (placement in prison psychiatric annexes), and United Kingdom (CCPR/CO/73/UK, 2001), para. 16 (detention of asylum seekers in prisons).	1629/2007, Fardon诉澳大利亚，第7.4(a)段(通常是根据判决前的同样监狱制度实行的民事拘留)；见结论性意见：比利时(CCPR/CO/81/BEL, 2004年)，第18段(放在监狱的附属精神病设施中)和联合王国(CCPR/CO/73/UK, 2001年)，第16段(将寻求庇护者关押在监狱中)。
1189/2003, Fernando v. Sri Lanka, para. 9.2; 1373/2005, Dissanakye v. Sri Lanka, para. 8.3.	1189/2003, Fernando诉斯里兰卡，第9.2段；1373/2005, Dissanakye诉斯里兰卡，第8.3段。
The present paragraph concerns security detention and not the forms of post-conviction preventive detention addressed in paragraph 21 below or detention for purposes of extradition or immigration control, see paragraph 18 below.	本段所涉是安全拘留，而不是下面第21段中所说判决后的预防性拘留或为引渡或移民控制而实行的拘留，见下面第18段。
See concluding observations: Colombia (CCPR/C/COL/CO/6, 2010), para. 20, and Jordan (CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4, 2010), para. 11.	见结论性意见：哥伦比亚(CCPR/C/COL/CO/6, 2010年)，第20段，和约旦(CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4, 2010年)，第11段。
On the relationship of article 9 to article 4 of the Covenant and international humanitarian law, see paragraphs 64 to 67 below.	关于《公约》第九条与第四条以及国际人权法的关系，见下面第64至67段。
328/1988, Zelaya Blanco v. Nicaragua, para. 10.3.	328/1988, Zelaya Blanco诉尼加拉瓜，第10.3段。
1314/2004, O’Neill and Quinn v. Ireland, para. 8.5 (finding no violation); see concluding observations: Honduras (CCPR/C/HND/CO/1, 2006), para. 13 (detention on the basis of sexual orientation), and Cameroon (CCPR/C/CMR/CO/4, 2010), para. 12 (imprisonment for consensual same-sex activities of adults).	1314/2004, O’Neill和Quinn诉爱尔兰，第8.5段(未发现违法)；见结论性意见：洪都拉斯(CCPR/C/HND/CO/1, 2006)，第13段(根据性取向的拘留)，和喀麦隆(CCPR/C/CMR/CO/4, 2010年)，第12段(为双方同意进行成人同性活动)。
1629/2007, Fardon v. Australia, para. 7.4 (b).	1629/2007, Fardon诉澳大利亚，第7.4(b)段。
1007/2001, Sineiro Fernández v. Spain, paras. 6.3 (absence of review of conviction by higher court violated paragraph 5 of article 14, but not paragraph 1 of article 9).	1007/2001, Sineiro Fernández诉西班牙，第6.3段(判决未经上级法院审查，违反第十四条第5款，但不违反第九条第1款)。
560/1993, A. v. Australia, paras. 9.3–9.4; 794/1998, Jalloh v. Netherlands, para. 8.2; 1557/2007, Nystrom v. Australia, paras. 7.2–7.3.	560/1993, A.诉澳大利亚，第9.3-9.4段；794/1998, Jalloh诉荷兰，第8.2段；1557/2007, Nystrom诉澳大利亚，第7.2-7.3段。
1069/2002, Bakhtiyari v. Australia, paras. 9.2–9.3.	1069/2002, Bakhtiyari诉澳大利亚，第9.2-9.3段。
1551/2007, Tarlue v. Canada, paras. 3.3 and 7.6; 1051/2002, Ahani v. Canada, para. 10.2.	1551/2007, Tarlue诉加拿大，第3.3和7.6段；1051/2002, Ahani诉加拿大，第10.2段。
1014/2001, Baban v. Australia, para. 7.2; 1069/2002, Bakhtiyari v. Australia, paras. 9.2–9.3; see UNHCR, Guidelines on the Applicable Criteria and Standards relating to the Detention of Asylum-Seekers and Alternatives to Detention (2012), guideline 4.3 and annex A (describing alternatives to detention).	1014/2001, Baban诉澳大利亚，第7.2段；1069/2002, Bakhtiyari诉澳大利亚，第9.2-9.3段；见难民署《关于与拘留寻求庇护者和拘留替代办法有关的适用标准的指导原则》(2012年)，原则4.3和附件A(说明拘留的替代办法)。
1324/2004, Shafiq v. Australia, para. 7.3; 900/1999, C. v. Australia, paras. 8.2 and 8.4.	1324/2004, Shafiq诉澳大利亚，第7.3段；900/1999, C.诉澳大利亚，第8.2和8.4段。
2094/2011, F.K.A.G. v. Australia, para. 9.3.	2094/2011, F.K.A.G.诉澳大利亚，第9.3段。
1050/2002, D. and E. v. Australia, para. 7.2; 794/1998, Jalloh v. Netherlands, paras. 8.2–8.3; see also Convention on the Rights of the Child, arts. 3, para. 1, and 37 (b).	1050/2002, D.和E.诉澳大利亚，第2段；794/1998, Jalloh诉荷兰，第8.2-8.3段；另见《儿童权利公约》第3条第1款和第37条(b)项。
See concluding observations: Latvia (CCPR/C/LVA/CO/3, 2014), para. 16.	见结论性意见：拉脱维亚(CCPR/C/LVA/CO/3, 2014年)，第16段。
1061/2002, Fijalkowska v. Poland, para. 8.3; 1629/2007, Fardon v. Australia, para. 7.3; see concluding observations: Russian Federation (CCPR/C/RUS/CO/6, 2009), para. 19; Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 14, para. 1 (b).	1061/2002, Fijalkowska诉波兰，第8.3段；1629/2007, Fardon诉澳大利亚，第7.3段；见结论性意见：俄罗斯联邦(CCPR/C/RUS/CO/6, 2009年)，第19段；《残疾人权利公约》第十四条，第1款，(b)项。
1061/2002, Fijalkowska v. Poland, para. 8.3.	1061/2002, Fijalkowska诉波兰，第8.3段。
See concluding observations: Czech Republic (CCPR/C/CZE/CO/2, 2007), para. 14; see also Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 9, para. 48.	见结论性意见：捷克共和国(CCPR/C/CZE/CO/2, 2007年)，第14段；另见儿童权利委员会，第9号一般性意见，第48段。
See concluding observations: Bulgaria (CCPR/C/BGR/CO/3, 2011), para. 10.	见结论性意见：保加利亚(CCPR/C/BGR/CO/3, 2011年)，第10段。
754/1997, A. v. New Zealand, para. 7.2; see Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 9, para. 50.	754/1997, A.诉新西兰，第7.2段；见儿童权利委员会，第9号一般性意见，第50段。
1061/2002, Fijalkowska v. Poland, paras. 8.3–8.4; 754/1997, A. v. New Zealand, para. 7.3; general comment No. 31, para. 15.	1061/2002, Fijalkowska诉波兰，第8.3-8.4段；754/1997, A.诉新西兰，第7.3段；第31号一般性意见，第15段。
1388/2005, De Léon Castro v. Spain, para. 9.3.	1388/2005, De Léon Castro诉西班牙，第9.3段。
1492/2006, Van der Plaat v. New Zealand, para. 6.3.	1492/2006, Van der Plaat诉新西兰，第6.3段。
In different legal systems, such detention may be known as “rétention de sûreté”, “Sicherungsverwahrung” or, in English, “preventive detention”; see 1090/2002, Rameka v. New Zealand.	在不同法律制度中，这种拘留可能被称为“rétention de sûreté”、“Sicherungsverwahrung”或英语的“preventive detention”；见1090/2002, Rameka诉新西兰。
Ibid., para. 7.3.	同上，第7.3段。
See concluding observations: Germany (CCPR/C/DEU/CO/6, 2012), para. 14.	见结论性意见：德国(CCPR/C/DEU/CO/6, 2012年)，第14段。
1512/2006, Dean v. New Zealand, para. 7.5.	1512/2006, Dean诉新西兰，第7.5段。
1629/2007, Fardon v. Australia, para. 7.4.	1629/2007, Fardon诉澳大利亚，第7.4段。
See concluding observations: Philippines (CCPR/CO/79/PHL, 2003), para. 14 (vagrancy law vague), Mauritius (CCPR/CO/83/MUS, 2005), para. 12 (terrorism law), Russian Federation (CCPR/C/RUS/CO/6, 2009), para. 24 (“extremist activity”), and Honduras (CCPR/C/HND/CO/1, 2006), para. 13 (“unlawful association”).	见结论性意见：菲律宾(CCPR/CO/79/PHL, 2003年)，第14段(游荡罪法模糊)，毛里求斯(CCPR/CO/83/MUS, 2005年)，第12段(恐怖主义罪法)，俄罗斯联邦(CCPR/C/RUS/CO/6, 2009年)，第24段(“极端主义活动”)，和洪都拉斯(CCPR/C/HND/CO/1, 2006年)，第13段(“非法结社”)。
702/1996, McLawrence v. Jamaica, para. 5.5: “the principle of legality is violated if an individual is arrested or detained on grounds which are not clearly established in domestic legislation”.	702/1996, McLawrence诉牙买加，第5.5段：“如果以国内法中没有明确规定的理由将一个人逮捕，即违反了合法原则”。
856/1999, Chambala v. Zambia, para. 7.3; 138/1981, Mpandanjila et al. v. Zaire, para. 10.	856/1999, Chambala诉赞比亚，第7.3段，138/1981, Mpandanjila等诉扎伊尔，第10段。
1461/2006, 1462/2006, 1476/2006, 1477/2006, Maksudov et al. v. Kyrgyzstan, para. 12.2.	1461/2006、1462/2006、1476/2006、1477/2006、Maksudov等诉吉尔吉斯斯坦，第12.2段。
1110/2002, Rolando v. the Philippines, para. 5.5.	1110/2002, Rolando诉菲律宾，第5.5段。
770/1997, Gridin v. Russian Federation, para. 8.1.	770/1997, Gridin诉俄罗斯联邦，第8.1段。
1449/2006, Umarov v. Uzbekistan, para. 8.4.	1449/2006, Umarov诉乌兹别克斯坦，第8.4段。
981/2001, Gómez Casafranca v. Peru, para. 7.2.	981/2001, Gómez Casafranca诉秘鲁，第7.2段。
2024/2011, Israil v. Kazakhstan, para. 9.2.	2024/2011, Israil诉哈萨克斯坦，第9.2段。
1208/2003, Kurbonov v. Tajikistan, para. 6.5.	1208/2003, Kurbonov诉塔吉克斯坦，第6.5段。
1412/2005, Butovenko v. Ukraine, para. 7.6.	1412/2005, Butovenko诉乌克兰，第7.6段。
1425/2005, Marz v. Russian Federation, para. 5.3.	1425/2005, Marz诉俄罗斯联邦，第5.3段。
1460/2006, Yklymova v. Turkmenistan, para. 7.2 (de facto house arrest); 414/1990, Mika Miha v. Equatorial Guinea, para. 6.5 (presidential fiat).	1460/2006, Yklymova诉土库曼斯坦，第7.2段(事实上的软禁)；414/1990, Mika Miha诉赤道几内亚，第6.5段(总统令)。
See, e.g., Case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), I.C.J. Reports 2010, p. 639, para. 77 (citing the Committee’s general comment No. 8).	见，例如，Ahmadou Sadio Diallo(几内亚)诉刚果民主共和国一案，国际法学家委员会2010年报告，第639页，第77段(引述委员会第8号一般性意见)。
635/1995, Morrison v. Jamaica, paras. 22.2–22.3; 1397/2005, Engo v. Cameroon, para. 7.3.	635/1995, Morrison诉牙买加，第22.2-22.3段，1397/2005, Engo诉喀麦隆，第7.3段。
248/1987, Campbell v. Jamaica, para. 6.3.	248/1987, Campbell诉牙买加，第6.3段。
1177/2003, Ilombe and Shandwe v. Democratic Republic of the Congo, para. 6.2.	1177/2003, Ilombe and Shandwe诉刚果民主共和国，第6.2段。
1812/2008, Levinov v. Belarus, para. 7.5.	1812/2008, Levinov诉白俄罗斯，第7.5段。
868/1999, Wilson v. Philippines, paras. 3.3 and 7.5.	868/1999, Wilson诉菲律宾，第3.3和7.5段。
526/1993, Hill and Hill v. Spain, para. 12.2.	526/1993, Hill and Hill诉西班牙，第12.2段。
1402/2005, Krasnov v. Kyrgyzstan, para. 8.5; general comment No. 32, para. 42; see Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 10, para. 48.	1402/2005, Krasnov诉吉尔吉斯斯坦，第8.5段；第32号一般性意见，第42段；见儿童权利委员会，第10号一般性意见，第48段。
1782/2008, Aboufaied v. Libya, para. 7.6. The requirement of being informed about any charges applies to detention for possible military prosecution, regardless of whether the trial of the detainee by a military court would be prohibited by article 14 of the Covenant. 1640/2007, El Abani v. Algeria, paras. 7.6 and 7.8.	1782/2008, Aboufaied诉利比亚，第7.6段。关于立即通知的任何指控要求也适用于为可能的军事诉讼实行的拘留，不论军事法庭对被拘留者的审判是否为《公约》第十四条所禁止。1640/2007, El Abani诉阿尔及利亚，第7.6和7.8段。
493/1992, Griffin v. Spain, para. 9.2.	493/1992, Griffin诉西班牙，第9.2段。
General comment No. 32, para. 31; 702/1996, McLawrence v. Jamaica, para. 5.9.	第32号一般性意见，第31段；702/1996, McLawrence诉牙买加，第5.9段。
712/1996, Smirnova v. Russian Federation, para. 10.3.	712/1996, Smirnova诉俄罗斯联邦，第10.3段。
1782/2008, Aboufaied v. Libya, para. 7.6. Paragraph 3 applies to detention for possible military prosecution, regardless of whether the trial of the detainee by a military court would be prohibited by article 14 of the Covenant. 1813/2008, Akwanga v. Cameroon, paras. 7.4–7.5. In international armed conflict, detailed rules of international humanitarian law regarding the conduct of military prosecutions are also relevant to the interpretation of article 9, paragraph 3, which continues to apply. See paragraph 64 below.	1782/2008, Aboufaied诉利比亚，第7.6段；第3款适用于为可能进行的军事诉讼实行的拘禁，不论由军事法庭审判被拘禁者是否为《公约》第十四条所禁止。1813/2008, Akwanga诉喀麦隆，第7.4-7.5段。在国际武装冲突中，关于进行军事诉讼的详细国际人道主义法规则和对第九条第3款的解释也有关系，后者仍然适用。见下面第64段。
1787/2008, Kovsh v. Belarus, paras. 7.3–7.5.	1787/2008, Kovsh诉白俄罗斯，第7.3-7.5段。
1128/2002, Marques de Morais v. Angola, paras. 6.3–6.4; 1096/2002, Kurbanova v. Tajikistan, para. 7.2.	1128/2002, Marques de Morais诉安哥拉，第6.3-6.4段；1096/2002, Kurbanova诉塔吉克斯坦，第7.2段。
1914–1916/2009, Musaev v. Uzbekistan, para. 9.3.	1914-1916/2009, Musaev诉乌兹别克斯坦，第9.3段。
635/1995, Morrison v. Jamaica, paras. 22.2–22.3; 762/1997, Jensen v. Australia, para. 6.3.	635/1995, Morrison诉牙买加，第22.2-22.3段；762/1997, Jensen诉澳大利亚，第6.3段。
521/1992, Kulomin v. Hungary, para. 11.3.	521/1992, Kulomin诉匈牙利，第11.3段。
See ibid.; 1547/2007, Torobekov v. Kyrgyzstan, para. 6.2; 1278/2004, Reshetnikov v. Russian Federation, para. 8.2; concluding observations: Tajikistan (CCPR/CO/84/TJK, 2005), para. 12.	见，同上；1547/2007, Torobekov诉吉尔吉斯斯坦，第6.2段；1278/2004, Reshetnikov诉俄罗斯联邦，第8.2段；结论性意见：塔吉克斯坦(CCPR/CO/84/TJK, 2005年)，第12段。
702/1996, McLawrence v. Jamaica, para. 5.6; 2120/2011, Kovalev v. Belarus, para. 11.3.	702/1996, McLawrence诉牙买加，第5.6段；2120/2011, Kovalev诉白俄罗斯，第11.3段。
1128/2002, Marques de Morais v. Angola, para. 6.3; 277/1988, Terán Jijón v. Ecuador, para. 5.3 (five days not prompt); 625/1995, Freemantle v. Jamaica, para. 7.4 (four days not prompt).	1128/2002, Marques de Morais诉安哥拉，第6.3段；277/1988, Terán Jijón诉厄瓜多尔，第5.3段(五天不迅速)；625/1995, Freemantle诉牙买加，第7.4段(四天不迅速)。
1787/2008, Kovsh v. Belarus, paras. 7.3–7.5.	1787/2008, Kovsh诉白俄罗斯，第7.3-7.5段。
Ibid.; see also 336/1988, Fillastre and Bizouarn v. Bolivia, para. 6.4 (budgetary constraints did not justify 10-day delay).	同上；另见336/1988, Fillastre and Bizouarn诉玻利维亚，第6.4段(预算限制不是拖延10天的理由)。
See concluding observations: Hungary (CCPR/CO/74/HUN, 2002), para. 8.	见结论性意见：匈牙利(CCPR/CO/74/HUN, 2002年)，第8段。
Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 10, para. 83.	儿童权利委员会，第10号一般性意见，第83段。
289/1988, Wolf v. Panama, para. 6.2; 613/1995, Leehong v. Jamaica, para. 9.5. Regarding the phrase “other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial power,” see paragraph 32 above.	289/1988, Wolf诉巴拿马，第6.2段；613/1995, Leehong诉牙买加，第9.5段；关于“经法律授权行使司法权的其他官员”一语，见上面第32段。
See Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 43/173, principle 37.	见大会在其第43/173号决议中通过的《保护所有遭受任何形式拘留或监禁的人的原则》，原则37。
See concluding observations: Kenya (CCPR/C/KEN/CO/3, 2012), para. 19; see also article 14, paragraph 3 (d); Body of Principles (note 102 above), principle 11.	见结论性意见：肯尼亚(CCPR/C/KEN/CO/3, 2012年)，第19段；另见第十四条，第3款，(d)项；《原则》(上面注102)，原则11。
1297/2004, Medjnoune v. Algeria, para. 8.7.	1297/2004, Medjnoune诉阿尔及利亚，第8.7段。
1781/2008, Berzig v. Algeria, paras. 8.4, 8.5 and 8.8; 176/1984, Lafuente Peñarrieta v. Bolivia, para. 16.	1781/2008, Berzig诉阿尔及利亚，第8.4、8.5和8.8段；176/1984, Lafuente Peñarrieta诉玻利维亚，第16段。
General comment No. 32, paras. 32, 34 and 38; concluding observations: Togo (CCPR/C/TGO/CO/4, 2011), para. 19; paragraph 58 below.	第32号一般性意见，第32、34和38段；结论性意见：多哥(CCPR/C/TGO/CO/4, 2011年)，第19段；下面第58段。
See concluding observations: Tajikistan (CCPR/CO/84/TJK, 2005), para. 12; 647/1995, Pennant v. Jamaica, para. 8.2.	见结论性意见：塔吉克斯坦(CCPR/CO/84/TJK, 2005年)，第12段；647/1995, Pennant诉牙买加，第8.2段。
1397/2005, Engo v. Cameroon, para. 7.2. On the relationship between article 9, paragraph 3, and article 14, paragraph 3 (c), in that respect, see general comment No. 32, para. 61.	1397/2005, Engo诉喀麦隆，第7.2段。关于第九条第3款与第十四条第3款(丙)项的关系，在这方面，见第32号一般性意见，第61段。
788/1997, Cagas v. Philippines, para. 7.3.	788/1997, Cagas诉菲律宾，第7.3段。
General comment No. 32, para. 35; 818/1998, Sextus v. Trinidad and Tobago, para. 7.2.	第32号一般性意见，第35段。818/1998, Sextus诉特立尼达和多巴哥，第7.2段。
1085/2002, Taright v. Algeria, paras. 8.2–8.4; 386/1989, Koné v. Senegal, para. 8.6; see also 677/1996, Teesdale v. Trinidad and Tobago, para. 9.3 (delay of seventeen months violated paragraph 3); 614/1995, Thomas v. Jamaica, para. 9.6 (delay of nearly fourteen months did not violate paragraph 3); general comment No. 32, para. 35 (discussing factors relevant to reasonableness of delay in criminal proceedings).	1085/2002, Taright诉阿尔及利亚，第8.2-8.4段；386/1989, Koné诉塞内加尔，第8.6段；另见，677/1996, Teesdale诉特立尼达和多巴哥，第9.3段(拖延17个月违反第3款)；614/1995, Thomas诉牙买加，第9.6段(拖延近14个月不违反第3款)；第32号一般性意见，第35段。(讨论与刑事诉讼拖延的合理性有关的因素)。
721/1997, Boodoo v. Trinidad and Tobago, para. 6.2.	721/1997, Boodoo诉特立尼达和多巴哥，第6.2段。
336/1988, Fillastre and Bizouarn v. Bolivia, para. 6.5; 818/1998, Sextus v. Trinidad and Tobago, para. 4.2 and 7.2.	336/1988, Fillastre和Bizouarn诉玻利维亚，第6.5段；818/1998, Sextus诉特立尼达和多巴哥，第4.2和7.2段。
1085/2002, Taright v. Algeria, para. 8.3.	1085/2002, Taright诉阿尔及利亚，第8.3段。
General comment No. 21, para. 13; see also general comment No. 32, para. 42; Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 10, para. 83.	第21号一般性意见，第13段；另见第32号一般性意见，第42段；儿童权利委员会，第10号一般性意见，第83段。
1128/2002, Marques de Morais v. Angola, paras. 6.1 and 6.4.	1128/2002, Marques de Morais诉安哥拉，第6.1和6.4段。
1502/2006, Marinich v. Belarus, para. 10.4; 1940/2010, Cedeño v. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, para. 7.10; 1547/2007, Torobekov v. Kyrgyzstan, para. 6.3.	1502/2006, Marinich诉白俄罗斯，第10.4段；1940/2010, Cedeño诉委内瑞拉利瓦尔共和国，第7.10段；1547/2007, Torobekov诉吉尔吉斯斯坦，第6.3段。
See concluding observations: Bosnia and Herzegovina (CCPR/C/BIH/CO/1, 2006), para. 18.	见结论性意见：波斯尼亚-黑塞哥维纳(CCPR/C/BIH/CO/1, 2006年)，第18段。
See concluding observations: Argentina (CCPR/CO/70/ARG, 2000), para. 10; Sri Lanka (CCPR/CO/79/LKA, 2003), para. 13.	见结论性意见：阿根廷(CCPR/CO/70/ARG, 2000年)，第10段；斯里兰卡(CCPR/CO/79/LKA, 2003年)，第13段。
1178/2003, Smantser v. Belarus, para. 10.3.	1178/2003, Smantser诉白俄罗斯，第10.3段。
526/1993, Hill and Hill v. Spain, para. 12.3.	526/1993, Hil和Hill诉西班牙，第12.3段。
1085/2002, Taright v. Algeria, paras. 8.3–8.4.	1085/2002, Taright诉阿尔及利亚，第8.3-8.4段。
General comment No. 32, para. 42; see Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 10, para. 80.	第32号一般性意见，第42段；见儿童权利委员会，第10号一般性意见，第80段。
1342/2005, Gavrilin v. Belarus, para. 7.4.	1342/2005, Gavrilin诉白俄罗斯，第7.4段。
1051/2002, Ahani v. Canada, para. 10.2; 754/1997, A. v. New Zealand, para. 7.3.	1051/2002, Ahani诉加拿大，第10.2段；754/1997, A.诉新西兰，第7.3段。
248/1987, Campbell v. Jamaica, para. 6.4; 962/2001, Mulezi v. Democratic Republic of the Congo, para. 5.2; 1051/2002, Ahani v. Canada, para. 10.2; 1061/2002, Fijalkowska v. Poland, para. 8.4; 291/1988, Torres v. Finland, para. 7.4; 414/1990, Mika Miha v. Equatorial Guinea, para. 6.5.	248/1987, Campbell诉牙买加，第6.4段；962/2001, Mulezi诉刚果民主共和国，第5.2段；1051/2002, Ahani诉加拿大，第10.2段；1061/2002, Fijalkowska诉波兰，第8.4段；291/1988, Torres诉芬兰，第7.4段；414/1990, Mika Miha诉赤道几内亚，第6.5段。
265/1987, Vuolanne v. Finland, para. 9.5; see concluding observations: Rwanda (CCPR/C/RWA/CO/3, 2009), para. 16 (recommending abolition of detention for vagrancy).	265/1987, Vuolanne诉芬兰，第9.5段；见结论性意见：卢旺达(CCPR/C/RWA/CO/3, 2009年)，第16段(建议取消流浪拘留)。
See concluding observations: Republic of Moldova (CCPR/CO/75/MDA, 2002), para. 11.	见结论性意见：摩尔多瓦共和国(CCPR/CO/75/MDA, 2002年)，第11段。
1172/2003, Madani v. Algeria, para. 8.5; 265/1987, Vuolanne v. Finland, para. 9.5.	1172/2003, Madani诉阿尔及利亚，第8.5段；265/1987, Vuolanne诉芬兰，第9.5段。
954/2000, Minogue v. Australia, para. 6.4; 1342/2005, Gavrilin v. Belarus, para. 7.4. Article 14, paragraph 5, however, guarantees criminal defendants the right to a single appeal from an initial conviction to a higher court (general comment No. 32, para. 45).	954/2000, Minogue诉澳大利亚，第6.4段；1342/2005, Gavrilin诉白俄罗斯，第7.4段；但第十四条第5款保证刑事被告向较高级法院上诉一次、要求对最初判决进行复审的权利(第32号一般性意见，第45段)。
473/1991, Barroso v. Panama, paras. 2.4 and 8.2 (habeas corpus for bail).	473/1991, Barroso诉巴拿马，第2.4和8.2段(保释人身保护令)。
1324/2004, Shafiq v. Australia, para. 7.4.	1324/2004, Shafiq诉澳大利亚，第7.4段。
856/1999, Chambala v. Zambia, para. 7.2.	。856/1999, Chambala诉赞比亚，第7.2段。
291/1988, Torres v. Finland, para. 7.2 (seven days).	291/1988, Torres诉芬兰，第7.2段(七天)。
See Body of Principles (note 102 above), principle 32, para. 2; general comment No. 29, para. 16.	见《原则》(见上面102)，原则32, 第2段；第29号一般性意见，第16段。
1090/2002, Rameka v. New Zealand, paras. 7.3–7.4.	1090/2002, Rameka诉新西兰，第7.3-7.4段。
Ibid. (annual review of post-conviction preventive detention); 754/1997, A. v. New Zealand, para. 7.3 (regular review of hospitalization); 291/1988, Torres v. Finland, para. 7.4 (review every two weeks of detention for extradition).	同上(判决后预防性拘留年度审查)；754/1997, A.诉新西兰，第7.3段(住院情况定期审查)；291/1988, Torres诉芬兰，第7.4段(每两周审查一次为引渡实行的拘留)。
1255,1256,1259,1260,1266,1268,1270,1288/2004, Shams et al. v. Australia, para. 7.3.	1255、1256、1259、1260、1266、1268、1270、1288/2004, Shams等诉澳大利亚，第7.3段。
Ibid.	同上。
1069/2002, Bakhtiyari v. Australia, para. 9.5.	1069/2002, Bakhtiyari诉澳大利亚，第9.5段。
1090/2002, Rameka v. New Zealand, para. 7.4 (discussing ability of Parole Board to act in judicial fashion as a court); 291/1988, Torres v. Finland, para. 7.2 (finding review by the Minister of the Interior insufficient); 265/1987, Vuolanne v. Finland, para. 9.6 (finding review by a superior military officer insufficient); general comment No. 32, paras. 18–22.	1090/2002, Rameka诉新西兰，第7.4段(讨论巡回法庭是否能作为法庭以司法方式采取行动)；291/1988, Torres诉芬兰，第7.2段(认定由内政部长审查不够)；265/1987, Vuolanne诉芬兰，第9.6段(认定由上级军官审查不够)；第32号一般性意见，第8-22段。
373/1989, Stephens v. Jamaica, para. 9.7.	373/1989, Stephens诉牙买加，第9.7段。
R.1/4, Torres Ramírez v. Uruguay, para. 18; 1449/2006, Umarov v. Uzbekistan, para. 8.6.	R.1/4, Torres Ramírez诉乌拉圭，第18段；1449/2006, Umarov诉乌兹别克斯坦，第8.6段。
R.1/5, Hernández Valentini de Bazzano et al. v. Uruguay, para. 10; 1751/2008, Aboussedra v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, para. 7.6; 1061/2002, Fijalkowska v. Poland, para. 8.4 (State’s failures frustrated the ability of a patient to challenge involuntary committal).	R.1/5, Hernández Valentini de Bazzano等诉乌拉圭，第10段；1751/2008, Aboussedra诉阿拉伯利比亚民众国，第7.6段；1061/2002, Fijalkowska诉波兰，第8.4段(国家的不作为使一个病人不能质疑非自愿住院)。
See Body of Principles (note 102 above), principles 13–14.	见《原则》(上面注102)，原则13-14。
1128/2002, Marques de Morais v. Angola, para. 6.5.	1128/2002, Marques de Morais诉安哥拉，第6.5段。
291/1988, Torres v. Finland, para. 7.3.	291/1988, Torres诉芬兰，第7.3段。
1051/2002, Ahani v. Canada, para. 10.3.	1051/2002, Ahani诉加拿大，第10.3段。。
1752/2008, J.S. v. New Zealand, paras. 6.3–6.4 (finding periods of eight days at first instance, three weeks at second instance, and two months at third instance satisfactory in context).	1752/2008, J.S.诉新西兰，第6.3-6.4段(认定一审八天、二审三周、三审二个月符合情况)。
General comment No. 31, paras. 16 and 18; 238/1987, Bolaños v. Ecuador, para. 10; 962/2001, Mulezi v. Democratic Republic of the Congo, para. 7.	第31号一般性意见，第16和18段；238/1987, Bolaños诉厄瓜多尔，第10段；962/2001, Mulezi诉刚果民主共和国，第7段。
See concluding observations: Cameroon (CCPR/C/CMR/CO/4, 2010), para. 19; Guyana (CCPR/C/79/Add.121, 2000), para. 15; United States of America (A/50/40, 1995), para. 299; Argentina (A/50/40, 1995), para. 153; 1885/2009, Horvath v. Australia, para. 8.7 (discussing effectiveness of remedy); 1432/2005, Gunaratna v. Sri Lanka, para. 7.4; general comment No. 32, para. 52 (requirement of compensation for wrongful convictions).	见结论性意见：喀麦隆(CCPR/C/CMR/CO/4, 2010年)，第19段；圭亚那(CCPR/C/79/Add.121, 2000年)，第15段；美利坚合众国(A/50/40, 1995年)，第299段；阿根廷(A/50/40, 1995年)，第153段；1885/2009, Horvath诉澳大利亚，第8.7段(讨论补救的有效性问题)；1432/2005, Gunaratna诉斯里兰卡，第7.4段；第32号一般性意见，第52段(要求为错误判决给予赔偿)。
414/1990, Mika Miha v. Equatorial Guinea, para. 6.5; 962/2001, Mulezi v. Democratic Republic of the Congo, para. 5.2.	414/1990, Mika Miha诉赤道几内亚，第6.5段；962/2001, Mulezi诉刚果民主共和国，第5.2段。
754/1997, A. v. New Zealand, paras. 6.7 and 7.4; 188/1984, Martínez Portorreal v. Dominican Republic, para. 11; 962/2001, Mulezi v. Democratic Republic of the Congo, para. 5.2.	754/1997, A.诉新西兰，第6.7和7.4段；188/1984, Martínez Portorreal诉多米尼加共和国，第11段；962/2001, Mulezi诉刚果民主共和国，第5.2段。
1128/2002, Marques de Morais v. Angola, para. 6.6; see also 328/1988, Zelaya Blanco v. Nicaragua, para. 10.3 (arbitrary detention); 728/1996, Sahadeo v. Guyana, para. 11 (violation of article 9, para. 3); R.2/9, Santullo Valcada v. Uruguay, para. 12 (violation of art. 9, para. 4).	1128/2002, Marques de Morais诉安哥拉，第6.6段；另见328/1988, Zelaya Blanco诉尼加拉瓜，第10.3段(任意拘留)；728/1996, Sahadeo诉圭亚那，第11段(违反第九条第3款)；R.2/9, Santullo Valcada诉乌拉圭，第12段(违反第九条第4款)。
432/1990, W.B.E. v. Netherlands, para. 6.5; 963/2001, Uebergang v. Australia, para. 4.4.	432/1990, W.B.E.诉荷兰，第6.5段；963/2001, Uebergang诉澳大利亚，第4.4段。
1157/2003, Coleman v. Australia, para. 6.3.	1157/2003, Coleman诉澳大利亚，第6.3段。
Ibid., para. 9; 1128/2002, Marques de Morais v. Angola, para. 8; general comment No. 31, para. 16.	同上，第9段；1128/2002, Marques de Morais诉安哥拉，第8段；第31号一般性意见，第16段。
See also paragraph 17 above.	另见上面第17段。
General comment No. 33, para. 4; 241 and 242/1987, Birindwa ci Birhashwirwa and Tshisekedi wa Mulumba v. Zaire, para. 12.5; see concluding observations: Maldives (CCPR/C/MDV/CO/1, 2012), para. 26.	第33号一般性意见，第4段；241和242/1987, Birindwa ci Birhashwirwa和Tshisekedi wa Mulumba诉扎伊尔，第12.5段；见结论性意见：马尔代夫(CCPR/C/MDV/CO/1, 2012年)，第26段。
449/1991, Mojica v. Dominican Republic, para. 5.4; 1753/2008, Guezout et al. v. Algeria, paras. 8.4 and 8.7.	449/1991, Mojica诉多米尼加共和国，第5.4段；1753/2008, Guezout等诉阿尔及利亚，第8.4和8.7段。
1782/2008, Aboufaied v. Libya, paras. 7.4 and 7.6; 440/1990, El-Megreisi v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, para. 5.4.	1782/2008, Aboufaied诉利比亚，第7.4和7.6段；440/1990, El-Megreisi诉阿拉伯利比亚民众国，第5.4段。
General comment No. 20, para. 2.	第20号一般性意见，第2段。
General comment No. 31, para. 12.	第31号一般性意见，第12段。
General comment No. 20, para. 11; Committee against Torture, general comment No. 2, para. 13.	第20号一般性意见，第11段；禁止酷刑委员会，第2号一般性意见，第13段。.
See concluding observations: Algeria (CCPR/C/DZA/CO/3, 2007), para. 11.	见结论性意见：阿尔及利亚(CCPR/C/DZA/CO/3, 2007年)，第11段。
See Body of Principles (note 102 above), principles 17–19 and 24; Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 10, para. 87.	见《原则》(上面注102)，原则17-19和24；儿童权利委员会，第10号一般性意见，第87段。
See Body of Principles (note 102 above), principles 13–14; United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty, paras. 24–25, adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 45/113 (regarding explanation of rights to detained juveniles).	见《原则》(上面注102)，原则13-14；大会第45/113号决议通过的《联合国保护被剥夺自由少年规则》第24-25段(关于扩大被拘留少年的权利)。
See Body of Principles (note 102 above), principle 16, para. 2.	见《原则》(见上面注102)，原则16,　第2段。
See paragraphs 14, 18 and 21 above.	见上面第14、18、21段。
General comment No. 27, para. 7; 1134/2002, Gorji-Dinka v. Cameroon, para. 5.4–5.5 (house arrest); 138/1983, Mpandanjila et al. v. Zaire, paras. 8 and 10.	第27号一般性意见，第7段；1134/2002, Gorji-Dinka诉喀麦隆，第5.4-5.5段(软禁)；138/1983, Mpandanjila等诉扎伊尔，第8段和第10段。
See paragraphs 38 and 53 above.	见上面第38和53段。
263/1987, González del Río v. Peru, para. 5.1; 1758/2008, Jessop v. New Zealand, paras. 7.9–7.10.	263/1987, González del Río诉秘鲁，第5.1段；1758/2008, Jessop诉新西兰，第7.9-7.10段。
See general comments No. 17, para. 1, and No. 32, paras. 42–44.	见第17号一般性意见，第1段；第32号一般性意见，第42-44段。
See concluding observations: Czech Republic (CCPR/C/CZE/CO/3, 2013), para. 17; Convention on the Rights of the Child, art. 37 (b).	见结论性意见：捷克共和国(CCPR/C/CZE/CO/3, 2013年)，第17段；《儿童权利公约》，第37条，(b)款。
1069/2002, Bakhtiyari v. Australia, para. 9.7; see Convention on the Rights of the Child, art. 3, para. 1.	1069/2002, Bakhtiyari诉澳大利亚，第9.7段；见《儿童权利公约》，第3条，第1款。
See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 10, para. 11; United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty, para. 11 (b). In contrast, normal supervision of children by parents or family may involve a degree of control over movement, especially of younger children, that would be inappropriate for adults, but that does not constitute a deprivation of liberty; neither do the ordinary requirements of daily school attendance constitute a deprivation of liberty.	见儿童权利委员会，第10号一般性意见，第11段；《联合国保护被剥夺自由少年规则》，第11(b)段。对比而言，通常父母或家庭对儿童的监护也包含一定程度的行动管制，特别是对较小的儿童，这不适用于成人，但并不构成剥夺自由，通常要求每天上学也不构成剥夺自由。
See paragraph 12 above; Convention on the Rights of the Child, arts. 37 (d) and 25.	见上面第12段；《儿童权利公约》，第37条(d)款和第25条。
General comment No. 32, paras. 42–44; Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 12, paras. 32–37.	第32号一般性意见，第42-44段；儿童权利委员会，第12号一般性意见，第32-37段。
UNHCR, Detention Guidelines (note 45 above), para. 54 (“Where possible [unaccompanied or separated children] should be released into the care of family members who already have residency within the asylum country. Where this is not possible, alternative care arrangements, such as foster placement or residential homes, should be made by the competent child care authorities, ensuring that the child receives appropriate supervision”).	难民署，《拘留指导原则》(上面注45)，第54段(“在可能情况下，[无人陪伴或孤身儿童]应予释放，由在庇护国已有住所的亲属照料。此法若不可行，儿童照料主管机构应做出替代性照料安排，如寄养或安置在寄居所，确保儿童得到适当监护”)。
General comment No. 31, para. 10.	第31号一般性意见，第10段。
See ibid.; 52/1979, Saldías de López v. Uruguay, paras. 12.1–13; R.13/56, Celiberti de Casariego v. Uruguay, para. 10.1–11; 623,624,626,627/1995, Domukovsky et al. v. Georgia, para. 18.2.	同上；52/1979, Saldías de López诉乌拉圭，第12.1-13段；R.13/56,Celiberti de Casariego诉乌拉圭，第10.1-11段；623,624,626,627/1995, Domukovsky等诉格鲁吉亚，第18.2段。
See concluding observations: United States of America (CCPR/C/USA/CO/3, 2006), paras. 12 and 18.	见结论性意见：美利坚合众国(CCPR/C/USA/CO/3, 2006年)，第12和18段。
General comments No. 31, para. 11, and No. 29, para. 3.	第31号一般性意见，第11段；第29号一般性意见，第3段。
General comments No. 31, para. 11, and No. 29, paras. 3, 12 and 16.	第31号一般性意见，第11段；第29号一般性意见，第3、12和16段。
General comment No. 29, paras. 4–5. When the emergency justifying measures of derogation arises from the participation of State party’s armed forces in a peacekeeping mission abroad, the geographic and material scope of the derogating measures must be limited to the exigencies of the peacekeeping mission.	第29号一般性意见，第4-5段。在作为减损措施理由的紧急状况源于缔约国武装部队参加国外维持和平行动的情况下，减损措施的地理和实际范围必须只限于维持和平任务所需。
General comment No. 29, paras. 8–9.	第29号一般性意见，第8-9段。
Ibid., para. 13 (b).	同上，第13(b)段。
Ibid., paras. 4 and 11.	同上，第4和11段。
Ibid., para. 3.	同上，第3段。
Ibid., paras. 4, 11 and 15.	同上，第4、11、15段。
Ibid., para. 16; paragraph 67 below.	同上，第16段；下面第67段。
General comment No. 32, para. 6.	第32号一般性意见，第6段。
General comment No. 29, para. 16.	第29号一般性意见，第16段。
General comment No. 24, para. 8.	第24号一般性意见，第8段。