CCPR

CCPR

General comment No. 6:

第6号一般性意见：

Article 6 (Right to life)

第六条(生命权)

Sixteenth session (1982)

第十六届会议(1982年)

1. The right to life enunciated in article 6 of the Covenant has been dealt with in all State reports.

1. 所有国家的报告都论及《公约》第六条所阐明的生命权。

It is the supreme right from which no derogation is permitted even in time of public emergency which threatens the life of the nation (art. 4).

这是甚至当威胁到国家存亡的社会紧急状态存在时(第四条)，也绝不允许克减的最重要权利。

However, the Committee has noted that quite often the information given concerning article 6 was limited to only one or other aspect of this right.

然而，委员会注意到，就第六条提供的资料经常仅限于这项权利的某一个方面。

It is a right which should not be interpreted narrowly.

对这项权利的解释范围不应当太狭隘。

2. The Committee observes that war and other acts of mass violence continue to be a scourge of humanity and take the lives of thousands of innocent human beings every year.

2. 委员会注意到，战争和其他大规模暴行继续给人类带来灾祸，每年夺走成千上万无辜者的生命。

Under the Charter of the United Nations the threat or use of force by any State against another State, except in exercise of the inherent right of self defence, is already prohibited.

根据《联合国宪章》的规定，除行使其固有自卫权利的情况外，任何国家不得对另一个国家威胁使用或使用武力。

The Committee considers that States have the supreme duty to prevent wars, acts of genocide and other acts of mass violence causing arbitrary loss of life.

委员会认为，各国有防止战争、种族灭绝和造成任意剥夺生命的其他大规模暴行的重大责任。

Every effort they make to avert the danger of war, especially thermonuclear war, and to strengthen international peace and security would constitute the most important condition and guarantee for the safeguarding of the right to life.

它们为防止战争危险，特别是热核战争，以及加强国际和平与安全所作的任何努力，都是维护生命权利的最重要条件和保证。

In this respect, the Committee notes, in particular, a connection between article 6 and article 20, which states that the law shall prohibit any propaganda for war (para. 1) or incitement to violence (para. 2) as therein described.

在这方面，委员会特别注意到第六条和第二十条之间的关系。 第二十条规定，法律应当禁止任何鼓吹战争的宣传(第1款)或它所指明的煽动暴力的行为(第2款)。

3. The protection against arbitrary deprivation of life which is explicitly required by the third sentence of article 6 (1) is of paramount importance.

3. 第六条第1款第三句明确规定，不得任意剥夺生命，这是极其重要的规定。

The Committee considers that States parties should take measures not only to prevent and punish deprivation of life by criminal acts, but also to prevent arbitrary killing by their own security forces.

委员会认为，各缔约国应当采取措施，不仅防止和惩罚剥夺生命的犯罪行为，而且防止本国保安部队任意杀人。

The deprivation of life by the authorities of the State is a matter of the utmost gravity.

国家当局剥夺人民生命是极其严重的问题。

Therefore, the law must strictly control and limit the circumstances in which a person may be deprived of his life by such authorities.

因此，法律必须对这种国家当局剥夺人民生命的各种可能情况加以约束和限制。

4. States parties should also take specific and effective measures to prevent the disappearance of individuals, something which unfortunately has become all too frequent and leads too often to arbitrary deprivation of life.

4. 缔约国也应当采取具体的有效措施，防止个人失踪。 不幸的是，这种情事频繁发生，常常造成任意剥夺人命的后果。

Furthermore, States should establish effective facilities and procedures to investigate thoroughly cases of missing and disappeared persons in circumstances which may involve a violation of the right to life.

此外，各国应当建立有效的机构和制定有效的程序，以便在可能涉及侵犯生存权的时候，彻底调查个人失踪的案件。

5. Moreover, the Committee has noted that the right to life has been too often narrowly interpreted.

5. 此外，委员会注意到，对生存权的解释，常常十分狭隘。

The expression “inherent right to life” cannot properly be understood in a restrictive manner, and the protection of this right requires that States adopt positive measures.

对“固有生存权”这个词的范围加以局限，就无法恰当地了解它的意义，而保护这项权利则需要缔约国采取积极措施。

In this connection, the Committee considers that it would be desirable for States parties to take all possible measures to reduce infant mortality and to increase life expectancy, especially in adopting measures to eliminate malnutrition and epidemics.

在这方面，委员会认为，缔约国须采取一切可能措施，减少婴儿死亡率和提高估计寿命，特别是采取措施，消灭营养不良和流行病。

6. While it follows from article 6 (2) to (6) that States parties are not obliged to abolish the death penalty totally they are obliged to limit its use and, in particular, to abolish it for other than the “most serious crimes”. Accordingly, they ought to consider reviewing their criminal laws in this light and, in any event, are obliged to restrict the application of the death penalty to the “most serious crimes”.

6. 虽然按照第六条第2至第6款的规定来看，缔约国并没有义务彻底废除死刑，但它们有义务限制死刑的执行，特别是对“最严重罪行”以外的案例，废除这种刑罚，因此，它们必须考虑参照这项规定，审查它们的刑法，同时，无论如何，它们有义务把死刑的适用范围局限于“最严重的罪行”。

The article also refers generally to abolition in terms which strongly suggest (paras. 2 (2) and (6)) that abolition is desirable. The Committee concludes that all measures of abolition should be considered as progress in the enjoyment of the right to life within the meaning of article 40, and should as such be reported to the Committee.

本条款也一般性地提到废除死刑，其语气强烈暗示(第二条第2款和第6款)，各国宜于废除死刑，委员会总结说，应当认为所有废除死刑的措施都属于第四十条所意指的在享受生存权利方面所取得的进展，从而应当就此向委员会提出报告。

The Committee notes that a number of States have already abolished the death penalty or suspended its application.

委员会注意到，若干缔约国已废除死刑或暂停执行死刑。

Nevertheless, States’ reports show that progress made towards abolishing or limiting the application of the death penalty is quite inadequate.

然而，从缔约国的报告来看，在废除或限制死刑的执行方面，所获的进展相当不理想。

7. The Committee is of the opinion that the expression “most serious crimes” must be read restrictively to mean that the death penalty should be a quite exceptional measure.

7. 委员会认为，“最严重罪行”这个词的意义必须严格限定，它意味着死刑应当是十分特殊的措施。

It also follows from the express terms of article 6 that it can only be imposed in accordance with the law in force at the time of the commission of the crime and not contrary to the Covenant.

由第六条的规定来看，死刑的判处只能按照犯罪时有效并且不违反本《公约》规定的法律行之。

The procedural guarantees therein prescribed must be observed, including the right to a fair hearing by an independent tribunal, the presumption of innocence, the minimum guarantees for the defence, and the right to review by a higher tribunal. These rights are applicable in addition to the particular right to seek pardon or commutation of the sentence.

《公约》规定的程序保证必须遵守，包括有权由一个独立的法庭进行公正的审讯、无罪假定原则、对被告方的最低限度保证和由较高级法庭审查的权利，这些是寻求赦免或减刑等特定权利以外的权利。