CCPR

CCPR

General comment No. 7:

第7号一般性意见：

Article 7 (Prohibition of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment)

第七条(禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚)

Sixteenth session (1982)

第十六届会议(1982年)

[General comment No. 7 has been replaced by general comment No. 20]

[General comment No. 7 has been replaced by general comment No. 20]

1. In examining the reports of States parties, members of the Committee have often asked for further information under article 7 which prohibits, in the first place, torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

1. 在审查缔约国的报告时，委员会成员经常要求根据第七条提供进一步的资料。

The Committee recalls that even in situations of public emergency such as are envisaged by article 4 (1) this provision is non derogable under article 4 (2).

该条首先禁止酷刑或残忍、不人道或侮辱性的待遇或惩罚。

Its purpose is to protect the integrity and dignity of the individual. The Committee notes that it is not sufficient for the implementation of this article to prohibit such treatment or punishment or to make it a crime.

委员会回顾，根据第四条第2款规定，即便在诸如第四条第1款所设想的社会紧急状态中，这项规定也不得予以克减。

Most States have penal provisions which are applicable to cases of torture or similar practices.

本条的宗旨是保护个人的人格完整和尊严。

Because such cases nevertheless occur, it follows from article 7, read together with article 2 of the Covenant, that States must ensure an effective protection through some machinery of control.

委员会注意到，禁止这种待遇或惩罚，或使它构成一种罪行，并不足以保证本条款得以执行。

Complaints about ill treatment must be investigated effectively by competent authorities.

大多数国家的刑法对滥施酷刑或使用类似手段的案例都有适用的规定。

Those found guilty must be held responsible, and the alleged victims must themselves have effective remedies at their disposal, including the right to obtain compensation. Among the safeguards which may make control effective are provisions against detention incommunicado, granting, without prejudice to the investigation, persons such as doctors, lawyers and family members access to the detainees; provisions requiring that detainees should be held in places that are publicly recognized and that their names and places of detention should be entered in a central register available to persons concerned, such as relatives; provisions making confessions or other evidence obtained through torture or other treatment contrary to article 7 inadmissible in court; and measures of training and instruction of law enforcement officials not to apply such treatment.

由于这种情况仍然发生，根据第七条，连同本《公约》第二条的规定，缔约国应当通过某种管制机构，保证提供有效的保护，有关当局必须有效调查人们因受虐待而提出的申诉，查明有罪的人必须承担罪责，指称的被害人本身应当有办法谋求有效的补救措施，包括得到补偿的权利，或许可以达成有效管制的保护措施有：禁止单独监禁的规定，在不妨碍调查的情况下，允许诸如医生、律师和家庭成员等人同被拘禁人会面，明文规定被拘禁人应当拘留在公开认可的场所，同时被拘禁人的姓名和拘禁地点应当记载在诸如家属等有关人士可以查询的中央登记簿内，规定自供状或通过酷刑或违反第七条规定的其他待遇取得的其他证据不得呈交法庭以及在对执法人员的训练和指示中应禁止他们施加这种待遇。

2. As appears from the terms of this article, the scope of protection required goes far beyond torture as normally understood.

2. 从本条的规定看来，需要提供保护的范围极广，远远超过一般所知的酷刑。

It may not be necessary to draw sharp distinctions between the various prohibited forms of treatment or punishment. These distinctions depend on the kind, purpose and severity of the particular treatment.

明确地区分各种被禁止的待遇或惩罚或许是不必要的，这些差别视某一种特定待遇的种类、目的或严厉的程度而定。

In the view of the Committee the prohibition must extend to corporal punishment, including excessive chastisement as an educational or disciplinary measure.

委员会认为，禁止的范围应当扩及肉刑，包括以毒打作为教训和惩戒措施。

Even such a measure as solitary confinement may, according to the circumstances, and especially when the person is kept incommunicado, be contrary to this article.

根据情况，甚至连诸如单独监禁这样的措施，特别是当禁止与外界接触时，也可能违反本条款的规定。

Moreover, the article clearly protects not only persons arrested or imprisoned, but also pupils and patients in educational and medical institutions.

此外，本条款显然不仅保护被逮捕或被监禁的人，而且也保护教育和医疗机构内的学生和病人。

Finally, it is also the duty of public authorities to ensure protection by the law against such treatment even when committed by persons acting outside or without any official authority.

最后，即便犯这种罪的人并没有任何法定权力或在法定的权力之外犯罪，政府仍有责任确保法律提供保护，禁止施加这种待遇。

For all persons deprived of their liberty, the prohibition of treatment contrary to article 7 is supplemented by the positive requirement of article 10 (1) of the Covenant that they shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person.

对于所有被剥夺自由的人，除了禁止施加违反第七条的待遇之外，还要采取《公约》第十条第1款所规定的积极措施。 该款规定，对他们应当给予人道和尊重其固有人格尊严的待遇。

3. In particular, the prohibition extends to medical or scientific experimentation without the free consent of the person concerned (art. 7, second sentence).

3. 这些禁例特别扩及未经有关个人自由同意而施加的医学或科学实验(第七条，第二句)。

The Committee notes that the reports of States parties have generally given little or no information on this point.

委员会注意到，关于这一点，缔约国报告所提供的资料一般相当少，甚或完全不提。

It takes the view that at least in countries where science and medicine are highly developed, and even for peoples and areas outside their borders if affected by their experiments, more attention should be given to the possible need and means to ensure the observance of this provision.

它认为，至少在科学和医药十分发达的国家里，如果它们的实验影响到境外的人民和地区，则甚至对这些人民和地区，也应当加倍照顾，注意是否有需要确保这项规定得到遵守和可能的办法。

Special protection in regard to such experiments is necessary in the case of persons not capable of giving their consent.

当这些人没有能力表示同意时，对于这种实验就需要特别加以防护。