CEDAW/GC/19 CEDAW_GR_19E.docx (English)

CEDAW/GC/19 CEDAW_GR_19C.docx (Chinese)

CEDAW/GR/19

CEDAW/GR/19

General recommendation No. 19:

第19号一般性建议：

Violence against women

对妇女的暴力行为

Eleventh session (1992)

第十一届会议(1992年)

Background

背景

1. Gender-based violence is a form of discrimination that seriously inhibits women’s ability to enjoy rights and freedoms on a basis of equality with men.

1. 基于性别的暴力是严重阻碍妇女与男子平等享受权利和自由的一种歧视形式。

2. In 1989, the Committee recommended that States should include in their reports information on violence and on measures introduced to deal with it (general recommendation 12, Eighth session).

2. 1989年委员会建议缔约国在其报告内列入关于暴力及对付暴力所拟实行的措施的资料(第八届会议，第12号一般性建议)。

3. At its tenth session in 1991, it was decided to allocate part of the eleventh session to a discussion and study on article 6 and other articles of the Convention relating to violence towards women and the sexual harassment and exploitation of women.

3. 1991年第十届会议上，委员会决定在第十一届会议分出部分时间，讨论并研究第六条和关于对妇女的暴力行为和性骚扰及色情剥削的其他条款。

That subject was chosen in anticipation of the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights, convened by the General Assembly by its resolution 45/155 of 18 December 1990.

选择这个主题是为1993年世界人权会议作好准备，该会议根据大会1990年12月18日第45/155号决议规定召开。

4. The Committee concluded that not all the reports of States parties adequately reflected the close connection between discrimination against women, gender-based violence, and violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

4. 委员会的结论是，缔约国的报告没有充分反映出歧视妇女，以性别为基础的暴力、侵犯人权和基本自由之间的密切关系。

The full implementation of the Convention required States to take positive measures to eliminate all forms of violence against women.

《公约》的充分执行需要缔约国采取积极措施，消除对妇女施加的一切形式暴力。

5. The Committee suggested to States parties that in reviewing their laws and policies, and in reporting under the Convention, they should have regard to the following comments of the Committee concerning gender-based violence.

5. 委员会建议缔约国审查其法律与政策，根据《公约》规定提交报告时，应照顾到委员会关于对基于性别的暴力的下列意见。

General comments

一般性意见

6. The Convention in article 1 defines discrimination against women.

6. 《公约》第一条界定对妇女的歧视。

The definition of discrimination includes gender-based violence, that is, violence that is directed against a woman because she is a woman or that affects women disproportionately.

歧视的定义包括基于性别的暴力，即因为妇女的性别而对之施加的暴力或不成比例地影响妇女的暴力。

It includes acts that inflict physical, mental or sexual harm or suffering, threats of such acts, coercion and other deprivations of liberty.

它包括施加身体的、心理的或性的伤害或痛苦、威胁施加这类行动、压制和其他剥夺自由行动。

Gender-based violence may breach specific provisions of the Convention, regardless of whether those provisions expressly mention violence.

基于性别的暴力可能违犯《公约》的具体条款，不论这些条款是否明文提到暴力。

7. Gender-based violence, which impairs or nullifies the enjoyment by women of human rights and fundamental freedoms under general international law or under human rights conventions, is discrimination within the meaning of article 1 of the Convention.

7. 基于性别的暴力损害或阻碍妇女依照一般国际法或具体的人权公约享受人权和基本自由，符合《公约》第一条所指的歧视。

These rights and freedoms include:

这些权利和自由除其他外，有：

(a) The right to life;

生命权；

(b) The right not to be subject to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;

不受酷刑、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或惩罚的权利；

(c) The right to equal protection according to humanitarian norms in time of international or internal armed conflict;

在国际或国内武装冲突时享受人道主义规范的平等保护的权利；

(d) The right to liberty and security of person;

自由和人身安全权利；

(e) The right to equal protection under the law;

法律之前平等保护权；

(f) The right to equality in the family;

家庭平等权；

(g) The right to the highest standard attainable of physical and mental health;

可达到的最高身心健康权；

(h) The right to just and favourable conditions of work.

工作条件公平有利的权利。

8. The Convention applies to violence perpetrated by public authorities.

8. 《公约》适用于公共当局所犯的暴力。

Such acts of violence may breach that State’s obligations under general international human rights law and under other conventions, in addition to breaching this Convention.

这种暴力行为除了违反《公约》规定之外，也可能违反缔约国根据国际人权法和其他公约所负的义务。

9. It is emphasized, however, that discrimination under the Convention is not restricted to action by or on behalf of Governments (see articles 2 (e), 2 (f) and 5).

9. 但是，应当指出，《公约》所指的歧视并不限于政府或以政府名义所作的行为(见第二条(e)项、第二条(f)项和第五条)。

For example, under article 2 (e) the Convention calls on States parties to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women by any person, organization or enterprise.

例如，《公约》第二条(e)项呼吁缔约国采取一切适当措施，以消除任何个人、组织或企业对妇女的歧视。

Under general international law and specific human rights covenants, States may also be responsible for private acts if they fail to act with due diligence to prevent violations of rights or to investigate and punish acts of violence, and for providing compensation.

根据一般国际法和具体的人权公约规定，缔约国如果没有尽力防止侵犯权利或调查暴力行为并施以惩罚及提供赔偿，也可能为私人行为承负责任。

Comments on specific articles of the Convention

关于《公约》具体条款的意见

Articles 2 and 3

第二条和第三条

10. Articles 2 and 3 establish a comprehensive obligation to eliminate discrimination in all its forms in addition to the specific obligations under articles 5-16.

10. 第二条和第三条在第五至十六条所规定的具体义务外规定了，消除一切形式歧视的全面义务。

Articles 2 (f), 5 and 10 (c)

第二条(f)项、第五条和第十条(c)项

11. Traditional attitudes by which women are regarded as subordinate to men or as having stereotyped roles perpetuate widespread practices involving violence or coercion, such as family violence and abuse, forced marriage, dowry deaths, acid attacks and female circumcision.

11. 传统态度认为妇女处于从属地位或者具有传统定型的角色任务。 这种态度长期助长广泛存在的一些做法，其中涉及暴力或胁迫，例如家庭暴力和虐待、强迫婚姻、因嫁妆不足而被杀害、酸液毁容、女性生殖器残割等等。

Such prejudices and practices may justify gender-based violence as a form of protection or control of women.

这类偏见和做法可证明，基于性别的暴力是保护或控制妇女的一种形式。

The effect of such violence on the physical and mental integrity of women is to deprive them of the equal enjoyment, exercise and knowledge of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

这类暴力对妇女身心健康的影响很大，使她们不能平等享受、行使和知晓人权和基本自由。

While this comment addresses mainly actual or threatened violence the underlying consequences of these forms of gender-based violence help to maintain women in subordinate roles and contribute to their low level of political participation and to their lower level of education, skills and work opportunities.

虽然这项评论意见主要针对实际发生或威胁进行的暴力而说的，但这些基于性别的暴力形式的后果助成了妇女的从属地位，使她们很少参与政治、受教育不多、技术水平低下和很少工作机会。

12. These attitudes also contribute to the propagation of pornography and the depiction and other commercial exploitation of women as sexual objects, rather than as individuals.

12. 这类态度也助长色情文化的传播，将妇女形容为性玩物而不是完整价格的个人。

This in turn contributes to gender-based violence.

这反过来又助长基于性别的暴力。

Article 6

第六条

13. States parties are required by article 6 to take measures to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of the prostitution of women.

13. 第六条要求缔约国采取措施，禁止一切形式贩卖妇女及意图营利使妇女卖淫的行为。

14. Poverty and unemployment increase opportunities for trafficking in women.

14. 贫穷和失业增加贩卖妇女的机会。

In addition to established forms of trafficking there are new forms of sexual exploitation, such as sex tourism, the recruitment of domestic labour from developing countries to work in developed countries, and organized marriages between women from developing countries and foreign nationals. These practices are incompatible with the equal enjoyment of rights by women and with respect for their rights and dignity.

除既有的贩卖妇女形式外，还有新形式的性剥削，例如性旅游，向发展中国家征聘劳工到发达国家去工作，安排发展中国家妇女同外国人结婚，这些做法与妇女平等享有权利以及尊重其权利和尊严都不相容。

They put women at special risk of violence and abuse.

它们使妇女特别容易受到暴力和虐待。

15. Poverty and unemployment force many women, including young girls, into prostitution.

15. 贫穷和失业还逼良为娼，包括年轻少女。

Prostitutes are especially vulnerable to violence because their status, which may be unlawful, tends to marginalize them.

妓女尤其容易受到暴力，她们由于地位不合法，往往受到排斥。

They need the equal protection of laws against rape and other forms of violence.

她们需要平等的法律保护，使她们不被强奸和受到其他形式的暴力。

16. Wars, armed conflicts and the occupation of territories often lead to increased prostitution, trafficking in women and sexual assault of women, which require specific protective and punitive measures.

16. 战争、武装冲突、占领领土等往往导致娼妓人数以及贩卖妇女和对妇女进行性攻击的行为增加、需要采取具体的保护和惩罚性措施。

Article 11

第十一条

17. Equality in employment can be seriously impaired when women are subjected to gender-specific violence, such as sexual harassment in the workplace.

17. 如果妇女遭受基于性别的暴力，例如在工作单位遭受性骚扰时，就业平等权利也会严重减损。

18. Sexual harassment includes such unwelcome sexually determined behaviour as physical contact and advances, sexually coloured remarks, showing pornography and sexual demands, whether by words or actions.

18. 性骚扰包括不受欢迎的具有性动机的行为，如身体接触和求爱动作，带黄色的字眼，出示淫秽书画和提出性要求，不论是以词语还是用行动来表示。

Such conduct can be humiliating and may constitute a health and safety problem; it is discriminatory when the woman has reasonable ground to believe that her objection would disadvantage her in connection with her employment, including recruitment or promotion, or when it creates a hostile working environment.

这类行为可以是侮辱人的，构成健康和安全的问题。 如果妇女有合理理由相信，如她拒绝便在工作包括征聘或升级方面对她很不利或者会造成不友善的工作环境，则这类行为就是歧视性的。

Article 12

第十二条

19. States parties are required by article 12 to take measures to ensure equal access to health care.

19. 第十二条要求各国采取措施保证平等取得保健服务。

Violence against women puts their health and lives at risk.

对妇女施加暴力会使她们的健康和生命都有危险。

20. In some States there are traditional practices perpetuated by culture and tradition that are harmful to the health of women and children.

20. 在某些国家，文化和传统长期助长了对妇女和儿童的健康都有害的一些传统习俗。

These practices include dietary restrictions for pregnant women, preference for male children and female circumcision or genital mutilation.

这些习俗包括对孕妇饮食方面的限制、重男轻女、女性生殖器残割或切割生殖器。

Article 14

第十四条

21. Rural women are at risk of gender-based violence because of traditional attitudes regarding the subordinate role of women that persist in many rural communities.

21. 农村妇女容易遭受基于性别的暴力，因为在许多农村社区，有关妇女的从属作用的传统观念仍顽固存在。

Girls from rural communities are at special risk of violence and sexual exploitation when they leave the rural community to seek employment in towns.

农村社区的女青年离开农村到城里找工作时特别容易遭到暴力和性剥削。

Article 16 (and article 5)

第十六条(和第五条)

22. Compulsory sterilization or abortion adversely affects women’s physical and mental health, and infringes the right of women to decide on the number and spacing of their children.

22. 强制绝育或堕胎对妇女的身心健康有不利的影响，并且侵犯妇女决定生育子女的数目和间隔的权利。

23. Family violence is one of the most insidious forms of violence against women.

23. 家庭暴力是对妇女的最有害的暴力形式之一。

It is prevalent in all societies.

它在所有的社会都普遍存在。

Within family relationships women of all ages are subjected to violence of all kinds, including battering, rape, other forms of sexual assault, mental and other forms of violence, which are perpetuated by traditional attitudes.

在家庭关系中，各个年龄的子女都会遭受各种各样的暴力，包括殴打、强奸、其他形式的性攻击、精神方面的暴力以及由于传统观念而长期存在的其他形式的暴力。

Lack of economic independence forces many women to stay in violent relationships.

因缺乏经济独立，许多妇女被迫处在暴力关系之中。

The abrogation of their family responsibilities by men can be a form of violence, and coercion.

男子不承担其家庭责任的行为，也是一种形式的暴力和胁迫。

These forms of violence put women’s health at risk and impair their ability to participate in family life and public life on a basis of equality.

这些形式的暴力置妇女的健康于危险之中，并损及她们平等地参与家庭生活及公共生活的能力。

Specific recommendations

具体建议

24. In light of these comments, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women recommends:

24. 鉴于这些评论意见，消除对妇女歧视委员会建议：

(a) States parties should take appropriate and effective measures to overcome all forms of gender-based violence, whether by public or private act;

缔约国应采取适当而有效的措施，以扫除一切形式基于性别的暴力，不论是出于公共或私人行为；

(b) States parties should ensure that laws against family violence and abuse, rape, sexual assault and other gender-based violence give adequate protection to all women, and respect their integrity and dignity.

缔约国应确保关于家庭暴力、强奸、性攻击及其基于性别的暴力的法律均能充分保护所有妇女并且尊重她们的人格完整和尊严。

Appropriate protective and support services should be provided for victims.

应向受害者提供适当保护和支助服务。

Gender-sensitive training of judicial and law enforcement officers and other public officials is essential for the effective implementation of the Convention;

向司法和执法人员及其他公务官员提供对性别问题敏感的培训，对于有效执行《公约》是根本必要的；

(c) States parties should encourage the compilation of statistics and research on the extent, causes and effects of violence, and on the effectiveness of measures to prevent and deal with violence;

应鼓励缔约国汇编关于暴力的程度、原因和后果以及防止和处理暴力措施的有效性的统计并进行有关的研究；

(d) Effective measures should be taken to ensure that the media respect and promote respect for women;

应采取有效措施，确保新闻媒介尊重妇女和促进对妇女的尊重；

(e) States parties in their report should identify the nature and extent of attitudes, customs and practices that perpetuate violence against women, and the kinds of violence that result.

缔约国报告中应指明助长妇女受到暴力的态度、风俗和做法的性质和程度，以及产生哪一类暴力。

They should report the measures that they have undertaken to overcome violence, and the effect of those measures;

它们应报告为克服暴力而采取的措施以及这些措施的效果；

(f) Effective measures should be taken to overcome these attitudes and practices.

应采取有效措施来克服这些态度和做法。

States should introduce education and public information programmes to help eliminate prejudices which hinder women’s equality (recommendation No. 3, 1987);

各国应展开教育和新闻方案，帮助消除妨碍妇女平等的偏见(1987年，第3号建议)；

(g) Specific preventive and punitive measures are necessary to overcome trafficking and sexual exploitation;

必须采取具体的预防和惩罚性措施消除贩卖妇女和性剥削的行为；

(h) States parties in their reports should describe the extent of all these problems and the measures, including penal provisions, preventive and rehabilitation measures, that have been taken to protect women engaged in prostitution or subject to trafficking and other forms of sexual exploitation.

缔约国报告中应叙述这些问题的严重程度以及为保护卖淫妇女或被贩卖妇女或受到其他形式性剥削的妇女而采取的措施，包括刑罚规定、预防性和康复性措施。

The effectiveness of these measures should also be described;

也应说明这些措施的有效性；

(i) Effective complaints procedures and remedies, including compensation, should be provided;

应有有效的申诉程序和补救办法，包括赔偿损失；

(j) States parties should include in their reports information on sexual harassment, and on measures to protect women from sexual harassment and other forms of violence of coercion in the workplace;

缔约国应在其报告中载列有关性骚扰的资料以及为保护妇女在工作单位不受性骚扰及其他形式胁迫暴力而采取的措施；

(k) States parties should establish or support services for victims of family violence, rape, sex assault and other forms of gender-based violence, including refuges, specially trained health workers, rehabilitation and counselling;

缔约国应为家庭暴力、强奸、性攻击及其他形式基于性别的暴力的受害者建立服务或给予支助，包括收容所、特别受过训练的保健工作者、康复和咨询；

(l) States parties should take measures to overcome such practices and should take account of the Committee’s recommendation on female circumcision (recommendation No. 14) in reporting on health issues;

缔约国应采取措施来克服这些传统习俗并应在报告健康问题时考虑到委员会关于女性生殖器残割的建议(第14号建议)；

(m) States parties should ensure that measures are taken to prevent coercion in regard to fertility and reproduction, and to ensure that women are not forced to seek unsafe medical procedures such as illegal abortion because of lack of appropriate services in regard to fertility control;

缔约国报告中应确保采取措施，防止在生育繁殖方面的胁迫行为，并确保妇女不致由于节育方面缺少适当服务而被迫寻求不安全的医疗手术，例如非法堕胎；

(n) States parties in their reports should state the extent of these problems and should indicate the measures that have been taken and their effect;

缔约国报告中应说明这些问题的严重程度，并应说明已经采取的措施及其效果；

(o) States parties should ensure that services for victims of violence are accessible to rural women and that where necessary special services are provided to isolated communities;

缔约国应确保农村妇女能够获得为暴力受害者措施的服务并确保必要时向边远社区提供特别服务；

(p) Measures to protect them from violence should include training and employment opportunities and the monitoring of the employment conditions of domestic workers;

保护她们不受暴力的措施应包括培训和就业机会以及监测从事家务劳动者的雇用条件；

(q) States parties should report on the risks to rural women, the extent and nature of violence and abuse to which they are subject, their need for and access to support and other services and the effectiveness of measures to overcome violence;

缔约国应报告农村妇女面临的危险、她们遭受的暴力和虐待的程度和性质、她们对支助及其他服务的需要和获得情况以及克服暴力措施的有效性；

(r) Measures that are necessary to overcome family violence should include:

为克服家庭暴力所必需的措施应包括：

Criminal penalties where necessary and civil remedies in case of domestic violence;

如出现家庭暴力，必要时刑事处罚以及民事补救办法；

Legislation to remove the defence of honour in regard to the assault or murder of a female family member;

立法规定在女性家庭成员受到殴打或杀害的情况下排除保护名誉；

Services to ensure the safety and security of victims of family violence, including refuges, counselling and rehabilitation programmes;

提供服务以确保家庭暴力受害者的人身安全和保障，包括收容所、咨询和康复方案；

Rehabilitation programmes for perpetrators of domestic violence;

为家庭暴力的行为者开办改造方案；

Support services for families where incest or sexual abuse has occurred;

为出现乱伦或性虐待的家庭提供支助服务；

(s) States parties should report on the extent of domestic violence and sexual abuse, and on the preventive, punitive and remedial measures that have been taken;

缔约国应报告家庭暴力和性虐待的程度，并报告已经采取的预防、惩罚和补救措施；

(t) That States parties should take all legal and other measures that are necessary to provide effective protection of women against gender-based violence, including, inter alia:

缔约国应采取一切必要的法律及其他措施，有效地保护妇女不受基于性别的暴力，这种措施除其他外，包括：

Effective legal measures, including penal sanctions, civil remedies compensatory provisions to protect women against all kinds of violence, including, inter alia, violence and abuse in the family, sexual assault and sexual harassment in the workplace;

有效的法律措施，包括刑事处罚、民事补救和赔偿措施，以保护妇女不受各种暴力、其中包括家庭暴力和虐待、工作单位的性攻击和性骚扰；

Preventive measures, including public information and education programmes to change attitudes concerning the roles and status of men and women;

预防措施，包括新闻和教育方案，以改变人们对男女角色和地位的观念；

Protective measures, including refuges, counselling, rehabilitation and support services for women who are the victims of violence or who are at risk of violence;

保护措施，包括为身为暴力受害者或易遭受暴力的妇女提供收容所、咨询、康复和支助服务；

(u) That States parties should report on all forms of gender-based violence, and that such reports should include all available data on the incidence of each form of violence, and on the effects of such violence on the women who are victims;

缔约国应报告一切形式基于性别的暴力情况，并且这种报告应载列关于每种形式的暴力发生情况以及关于这种暴力对受害妇女的影响的一切现有数据；

(v) That the reports of States parties should include information on the legal, preventive and protective measures that have been taken to overcome violence against women, and on the effectiveness of such measures.

缔约国报告中应载列关于为克服对妇女暴力而已经采取的各项法律、预防和保护措施及其有效性的资料。

Contained in document A/47/38.

载于A/47/38号文件。