CEDAW/GC/21 CEDAW_GR_21E.docx (English)

CEDAW/GC/21 CEDAW_GR_21C.docx (Chinese)

CEDAW/GR/21

CEDAW/GR/21

General recommendation No. 21:

第21号一般性建议：

Equality in marriage and family relations

婚姻和家庭关系中的平等

Thirteenth session (1994)

第十三届会议(1994年)

1. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (General Assembly resolution 34/180, annex) affirms the equality of human rights for women and men in society and in the family.

1. 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》(大会第34/180号决议，附件)确认男女在社会上和家庭中享有平等的人权。

The Convention has an important place among international treaties concerned with human rights.

《公约》在各项有关人权的国际条约中占有重要地位。

2. Other conventions and declarations also confer great significance on the family and woman’s status within it.

2. 另一些公约和宣言也对家庭和妇女在家庭中的地位赋予重要地位。

These include the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (General Assembly resolution 217/A (III)), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (resolution 2200 A (XXI), annex), the Convention on the Nationality of Married Women (resolution 1040 (XI), annex), the Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages (resolution 1763 A (XVII), annex) and the subsequent Recommendation thereon (resolution 2018 (XX)) and the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women.

这 些公约和宣言包括《世界人权宣言》(大会第217 A(III)号决议，附件)，《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》(第2200 A(XXI)号决议，附件)，《已婚妇女国籍公约》(第1040(XI)号决议，附件)，《关于结婚的同意、结婚最低年龄及婚姻登记的公约》(第1763 A(XVII)号决议，附件)及其后的有关建议(第2018(XX)号决议)和《提高妇女地位内罗毕前瞻性战略》。

3. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women recalls the inalienable rights of women which are already embodied in the above-mentioned conventions and declarations, but it goes further by recognizing the importance of culture and tradition in shaping the thinking and behaviour of men and women and the significant part they play in restricting the exercise of basic rights by women.

3. 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》复述了已经写入上述公约和宣言内的妇女的固有权利，但更进一步地确认文化和传统对于男女思想和行为具有重要性并且对妇女行使基本权利具有限制作用。

Background

背景

4. The year 1994 has been designated by the General Assembly in its resolution 44/82 as the International Year of the Family.

4. 大会第44/82号决议指定1994年为国际家庭年。

The Committee wishes to take the opportunity to stress the significance of compliance with women’s basic rights within the family as one of the measures which will support and encourage the national celebrations that will take place.

委员会希望利用这个机会强调遵循妇女在家庭中的基本权利以此作为支持和鼓励各国即将进行的庆祝活动的措施之一深具重要性。

5. Having chosen in this way to mark the International Year of the Family, the Committee wishes to analyse three articles in the Convention that have special significance for the status of women in the family.

5. 选择以此方式庆祝国际家庭年，委员会希望对《公约》中对于妇女在家庭中的地位具有特别重要的意义的三项条文进行分析：

Article 9

第九条

1. States parties shall grant women equal rights with men to acquire, change or retain their nationality.

1. 缔约各国应给予妇女与男子有取得、改变或保留国籍的同等权利。

They shall ensure in particular that neither marriage to an alien nor change of nationality by the husband during marriage shall automatically change the nationality of the wife, render her stateless or force upon her the nationality of the husband.

它们应特别保证，与外国人结婚或于婚姻存续期间丈夫改变国籍，均不当然改变妻子的国籍，使她成为无国籍人，或把丈夫的国籍强加于她。

2. States parties shall grant women equal rights with men with respect to the nationality of their children.

2. 缔约各国在关于子女的国籍方面，应给予妇女与男子平等的权利。

Comment

意见

6. Nationality is critical to full participation in society.

6. 国籍对于充分参加社会生活至为重要。

In general, States confer nationality on those who are born in that country.

一般而言，国家对出生于本国的人给予国籍。

Nationality can also be acquired by reason of settlement or granted for humanitarian reasons such as statelessness.

也可由于定居的理由获得国籍，或由于人道理由如无国籍身份而获给予国籍。

Without status as nationals or citizens, women are deprived of the right to vote or to stand for public office and may be denied access to public benefits and a choice of residence.

妇女没有国民或公民的地位，就没有选举或担任公职的权利，并且可能无从获得公共福利和选择居所。

Nationality should be capable of change by an adult woman and should not be arbitrarily removed because of marriage or dissolution of marriage or because her husband or father changes his nationality.

成年妇女应能改变国籍，不应由于结婚或婚姻关系的解除或由于丈夫或父亲改变国籍而其国籍被专横地改变。

Article 15

第十五条

1. States parties shall accord to women equality with men before the law.

1. 缔约各国应给予男女在法律面前平等的地位。

2. States parties shall accord to women, in civil matters, a legal capacity identical to that of men and the same opportunities to exercise that capacity.

2. 缔约各国应在公民事务上，给予妇女与男子同等的法律行为能力，以及行使这种行为能力的相同机会。

In particular, they shall give women equal rights to conclude contracts and to administer property and shall treat them equally in all stages of procedure in courts and tribunals.

特别应给予妇女签订合同和管理财产的平等权利，并在法院和法庭诉讼的各个阶段给予平等待遇。

3. States parties agree that all contracts and all other private instruments of any kind with a legal effect which is directed at restricting the legal capacity of women shall be deemed null and void.

3. 缔约各国同意，旨在限制妇女法律行为能力的所有合同和其他任何具有法律效力的私人文书，应一律视为无效。

4. States parties shall accord to men and women the same rights with regard to the law relating to the movement of persons and the freedom to choose their residence and domicile.

4. 缔约各国在有关人身移动和自由择居的法律方面，应给予男女相同的权利。

Comment

意见

7. When a woman cannot enter into a contract at all, or have access to financial credit, or can do so only with her husband’s or a male relative’s concurrence or guarantee, she is denied legal autonomy.

7. 妇女如根本不能签订合同或取得金融信贷，或者只能经其丈夫或男性亲属的同意或保证才能签订合同或取得金融信贷，就被剥夺了法律自主权。

Any such restriction prevents her from holding property as the sole owner and precludes her from the legal management of her own business or from entering into any other form of contract.

这种限制使她不能作为唯一的所有者拥有财产，并使她不能对自己的物业进行合法的管理或订立任何其他形式的合同。

Such restrictions seriously limit the woman’s ability to provide for herself and her dependants.

这种限制严重限制了妇女养活自己和其受抚养人的能力。

8. A woman’s right to bring litigation is limited in some countries by law or by her access to legal advice and her ability to seek redress from the courts.

8. 在有些国家，妇女提出诉讼的权利受到法律限制，或受到难以得到法律咨询、没有能力向法院申诉的限制。

In others, her status as a witness or her evidence is accorded less respect or weight than that of a man.

在其他一些国家，妇女作为证人的地位和其证词并不如男子那样受到尊重，或不如男子那么有份量。

Such laws or customs limit the woman’s right effectively to pursue or retain her equal share of property and diminish her standing as an independent, responsible and valued member of her community.

这种法律或习俗限制了妇女有效地谋求或保有其平等财产份额的权利，削弱了她们作为其所在社区的独立、负责和受尊重成员的地位。

When countries limit a woman’s legal capacity by their laws, or permit individuals or institutions to do the same, they are denying women their rights to be equal with men and restricting women’s ability to provide for themselves and their dependants.

当国家法律限制妇女的法律行为能力或允许个人或机构的这种做法时，实际上就剥夺了妇女与男子平等的权利，限制了妇女养活自己和其受抚养人的能力。

9. Domicile is a concept in common law countries referring to the country in which a person intends to reside and to whose jurisdiction she will submit.

9. 在普通法国家，户籍这个概念是指一个人打算居住并受其管辖的国家。

Domicile is originally acquired by a child through its parents but, in adulthood, denotes the country in which a person normally resides and in which she intends to reside permanently.

子女原先是通过父母得到户籍，但在成年时，户籍是指一个人通常居住并且打算永久居住的国家。

As in the case of nationality, the examination of States parties’ reports demonstrates that a woman will not always be permitted at law to choose her own domicile.

象有关国籍的情形一样，审查缔约国的报告显示，法律并不总是允许妇女选择其自己的户籍。

Domicile, like nationality, should be capable of change at will by an adult woman regardless of her marital status.

成年妇女应能根据自己的意愿改变户籍，而不论其婚姻状况如何，就象有关国籍的情形一样。

Any restrictions on a woman’s right to choose a domicile on the same basis as a man may limit her access to the courts in the country in which she lives or prevent her from entering and leaving a country freely and in her own right.

对于妇女在与男子相同的基础上选择户籍的权利的任何限制，就可能限制她在居住国向法庭申诉或阻碍她自身有权利自由进入或离开一国国境。

10. Migrant women who live and work temporarily in another country should be permitted the same rights as men to have their spouses, partners and children join them.

10. 暂时在另一国居住和工作的移徙女工应获允许有与男性移徙工人同样的权利，使她们的配偶、伴侣和子女与她们团聚。

Article 16

第十六条

1. States parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in all matters relating to marriage and family relations and in particular shall ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women:

1. 缔约各国应采取一切适当措施，消除在有关婚姻和家庭关系的一切事务上对妇女的歧视，并特别应保证妇女在男女平等的基础上：

(a) The same right to enter into marriage;

有相同的缔结婚约的权利；

(b) The same right freely to choose a spouse and to enter into marriage only with their free and full consent;

有相同的自由选择配偶和非经本人自由表示、完全同意不缔结婚约的权利；

(c) The same rights and responsibilities during marriage and at its dissolution;

在婚姻存续期间以及解除婚姻关系时，有相同的权利和义务；

(d) The same rights and responsibilities as parents, irrespective of their marital status, in matters relating to their children; in all cases the interests of the children shall be paramount;

不论婚姻状况如何，在有关子女的事务上，作为父母亲有相同的权利和义务。 但在任何情形下，均应以子女的利益为重；

(e) The same rights to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their children and to have access to the information, education and means to enable them to exercise these rights;

有相同的权利自由负责地决定子女人数和生育间隔，并有机会获得使妇女能够行使这种权利的知识、教育和方法；

(f) The same rights and responsibilities with regard to guardianship, wardship, trusteeship and adoption of children, or similar institutions where these concepts exist in national legislation; in all cases the interests of the children shall be paramount;

在监护、看管、受托和收养子女或类似的制度方面，如果国家法规有这些观念的话，有相同的权利和义务。 但在任何情形下，均应以子女的利益为重；

(g) The same personal rights as husband and wife, including the right to choose a family name, a profession and an occupation;

夫妻有相同的个人权利，包括选择姓氏、专业和职业的权利；

(h) The same rights for both spouses in respect of the ownership, acquisition, management, administration, enjoyment and disposition of property, whether free of charge or for a valuable consideration.

配偶双方在财产的所有、取得、经营、管理、享有、处置方面，不论是无偿的或是收取价值酬报的，都具有相同的权利。

2. The betrothal and the marriage of a child shall have no legal effect, and all necessary action, including legislation, shall be taken to specify a minimum age for marriage and to make the registration of marriages in an official registry compulsory.

2. 童年订婚和结婚应不具法律效力，并应采取一切必要行动，包括制订法律，规定结婚最低年龄，并规定婚姻必须向正式机构登记。

Comment

意见

Public and private life

公共生活和私人生活

11. Historically, human activity in public and private life has been viewed differently and regulated accordingly.

11. 有史以来，人类的公共生活和私人生活受到不同的看待，并因而受到不同的管理。

In all societies women who have traditionally performed their roles in the private or domestic sphere have long had those activities treated as inferior.

在所有社会，传统上在私人或家庭范围内担当任务的妇女其活动长期以来被贬低。

12. As such activities are invaluable for the survival of society, there can be no justification for applying different and discriminatory laws or customs to them.

12. 由于这类活动对社会的存续而言是宝贵的，因而没有理由对这些活动适用不同的歧视性的法律或习俗。

Reports of States parties disclose that there are still countries where de jure equality does not exist.

缔约国报告表明，仍有国家在其国内不存在法律上的平等。

Women are thereby prevented from having equal access to resources and from enjoying equality of status in the family and society.

妇女没有取得资源的平等机会，不能享有家庭中和社会上的平等地位。

Even where de jure equality exists, all societies assign different roles, which are regarded as inferior, to women.

即使存在有法律上的平等，所有的社会都为妇女指定了被视为是低下的不一样的角色任务。

In this way, principles of justice and equality contained in particular in article 16 and also in articles 2, 5 and 24 of the Convention are being violated.

这样就违反了特别是《公约》第十六条以及第二、第五和第二十四条内所载公正和平等的原则。

Various forms of family

家庭的各种形式

13. The form and concept of the family can vary from State to State, and even between regions within a State.

13. 家庭的形式和概念因国家而异，甚至一国之内不同地区也不相同。

Whatever form it takes, and whatever the legal system, religion, custom or tradition within the country, the treatment of women in the family both at law and in private must accord with the principles of equality and justice for all people, as article 2 of the Convention requires.

不论其形式如何，也不论一国之内的法律制度、宗教、习俗或传统如何，在法律上和在私人生活之中，必须按照如《公约》第二条所规定的对所有人平等和公正的原则对待妇女。

Polygamous marriages

一夫多妻制婚姻

14. States parties’ reports also disclose that polygamy is practised in a number of countries.

14. 缔约国报告还表明在一些国家有一夫多妻的习俗。

Polygamous marriage contravenes a woman’s right to equality with men, and can have such serious emotional and financial consequences for her and her dependants that such marriages ought to be discouraged and prohibited.

一夫多妻婚姻与男女平等的权利相抵触，会给妇女和其受抚养人带来严重的情感和经济方面的后果，这种婚姻应予抑制和禁止。

The Committee notes with concern that some States parties, whose constitutions guarantee equal rights, permit polygamous marriage in accordance with personal or customary law. This violates the constitutional rights of women, and breaches the provisions of article 5 (a) of the Convention.

委员会关切地注意到，有些缔约国其宪法保障平等权利，却按照属人法或习惯法而允许一夫多妻的婚姻，这违反了妇女的宪法权利，也有违《公约》第五条(a)项的规定。

Article 16 (1) (a) and (b)

第十六条第1款(a)和(b)项

15. While most countries report that national constitutions and laws comply with the Convention, custom, tradition and failure to enforce these laws in reality contravene the Convention.

15. 大多数国家报告说，它们的宪法和法律与《公约》相符，但习俗和传统以及实际上未能执行这些法律是与《公约》相抵触的。

16. A woman’s right to choose a spouse and enter freely into marriage is central to her life and to her dignity and equality as a human being.

16. 选择配偶和自由缔婚的权利对妇女一生以及对其作为个人的尊严和平等而言是非常重要的。

An examination of States parties’ reports discloses that there are countries which, on the basis of custom, religious beliefs or the ethnic origins of particular groups of people, permit forced marriages or remarriages.

对缔约国报告的审查表明，有些国家基于习俗、宗教信仰或某一特殊族群的民族渊源，允许迫婚或强迫再婚。

Other countries allow a woman’s marriage to be arranged for payment or preferment and in others women’s poverty forces them to marry foreign nationals for financial security.

其他一些国家允许妇女屈服于为钱财或出于某一方选择而安排的婚姻，在另一些国家，妇女为贫穷所迫而嫁给外国公民以求得经济上的保障。

Subject to reasonable restrictions based for example on a woman’s youth or consanguinity with her partner, a woman’s right to choose when, if, and whom she will marry must be protected and enforced at law.

除了由于例如年幼或因与对方有血缘关系等合理的限制条件之外，妇女选择何时结婚、是否结婚、与谁结婚的权利，必须得到法律保护和执行。

Article 16 (1) (c)

第十六条第1款(c)项

17. An examination of States parties’ reports discloses that many countries in their legal systems provide for the rights and responsibilities of married partners by relying on the application of common law principles, religious or customary law, rather than by complying with the principles contained in the Convention.

17. 对缔约国的审查报告表明，许多国家通过依赖适用普通法原则、宗教法或习惯法而非遵循《公约》所载原则，在其法律制度中规定婚姻配偶双方的权利和责任。

These variations in law and practice relating to marriage have wide-ranging consequences for women, invariably restricting their rights to equal status and responsibility within marriage.

这些与婚姻有关的法律和实际做法方面的差异对妇女具有广泛的影响，普遍地限制了她们在婚姻中的平等地位和责任。

Such limitations often result in the husband being accorded the status of head of household and primary decision maker and therefore contravene the provisions of the Convention.

这种限制往往导致丈夫被给予一家之主和主要决策者的地位，从而与《公约》规定有所抵触。

18. Moreover, generally a de facto union is not given legal protection at all.

18. 此外，一般来说，事实上的结合关系完全不获法律保护。

Women living in such relationships should have their equality of status with men both in family life and in the sharing of income and assets protected by law.

在这种关系中的妇女，应在家庭生活和共享受到法律保护的收入和资产方面享有与男子平等的地位。

Such women should share equal rights and responsibilities with men for the care and raising of dependent children or family members.

她们在照料和哺育受抚养子女或家庭成员方面应享有与男子平等的权利和责任。

Article 16 (1) (d) and (f)

第十六条第1款(d)和(f)项

19. As provided in article 5 (b), most States recognize the shared responsibility of parents for the care, protection and maintenance of children. The principle that “the best interests of the child shall be the paramount consideration” has been included in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (General Assembly resolution 44/25, annex) and seems now to be universally accepted.

19. 如第五条(b)项中所规定的，大多数国家承认在照料、保护以及抚养子女方面，父母应共同分担责任，《儿童权利公约》(大会第44/25号决议，附件)中列入了“应以子女的利益为重”这一原则，现在似乎已得到普遍的接受。

However, in practice, some countries do not observe the principle of granting the parents of children equal status, particularly when they are not married. The children of such unions do not always enjoy the same status as those born in wedlock and, where the mothers are divorced or living apart, many fathers fail to share the responsibility of care, protection and maintenance of their children.

然而，在实际做法中，一些国家并不遵守给予孩子父母平等地位的原则，特别是在双方未缔结婚姻的情况下，这种结合所生的子女并不总是享有与婚生子女相同的地位，而在父母离婚或分居的情况下，许多父亲在子女的照料、保护和抚养方面没有负起责任。

20. The shared rights and responsibilities enunciated in the Convention should be enforced at law and as appropriate through legal concepts of guardianship, wardship, trusteeship and adoption.

20. 《公约》所阐述的这些共同分担的权利和责任应当能够通过监护、看管、受托和收养等法律概念依法并酌情得到实施。

States parties should ensure that by their laws both parents, regardless of their marital status and whether they live with their children or not, share equal rights and responsibilities for their children.

缔约国应确保其法律规定，不论父母的婚姻状况如何，也不论他们是否与子女共同生活，父母双方平等分担对子女的权利和责任。

Article 16 (1) (e)

第十六条第1款(e)项

21. The responsibilities that women have to bear and raise children affect their right of access to education, employment and other activities related to their personal development.

21. 妇女必须生育和哺养子女的责任，影响到其接受教育、就业以及其他与个人发展有关的活动。

They also impose inequitable burdens of work on women.

还给妇女带来了不平等的工作负担。

The number and spacing of their children have a similar impact on women’s lives and also affect their physical and mental health, as well as that of their children.

子女的人数和生育间隔对妇女的生活也会产生同样的影响，并影响到她们及其子女的身心健康。

For these reasons, women are entitled to decide on the number and spacing of their children.

因此妇女有权决定子女的人数和生育间隔。

22. Some reports disclose coercive practices which have serious consequences for women, such as forced pregnancies, abortions or sterilization.

22. 有些报告表明，采取了一些对妇女有严重影响的强制性手段诸如强迫怀孕，人工流产或绝育。

Decisions to have children or not, while preferably made in consultation with spouse or partner, must not nevertheless be limited by spouse, parent, partner or Government.

关于是否生养孩子，最好是与配偶或伴侣协商作出决定，但绝不应受到配偶、父母亲、伴侣或政府的限制。

In order to make an informed decision about safe and reliable contraceptive measures, women must have information about contraceptive measures and their use, and guaranteed access to sex education and family planning services, as provided in article 10 (h) of the Convention.

为了对安全可靠的避孕措施作出知情的决定起见，妇女必须获得有关避孕措施及其使用的信息，并能按照《公约》第10条(h)项获得接受性教育和计划生育服务的保证机会。

23. There is general agreement that where there are freely available appropriate measures for the voluntary regulation of fertility, the health, development and well-being of all members of the family improve.

23. 人们普遍认为，如有自愿调节生育的免费可获得的适当措施，家庭所有成员的健康、发展和幸福都可获改善。

Moreover, such services improve the general quality of life and health of the population, and the voluntary regulation of population growth helps preserve the environment and achieve sustainable economic and social development.

此外，这种服务还有助于提高人民的总体生活质量和健康，自愿调节人口增长可帮助养护环境，取得持续的经济和社会发展。

Article 16 (1) (g)

第十六条第1款(g)项

24. A stable family is one which is based on principles of equity, justice and individual fulfilment for each member.

24. 稳定的家庭是建立在每一家庭成员平等、公正和个人满足基础上的。

Each partner must therefore have the right to choose a profession or employment that is best suited to his or her abilities, qualifications and aspirations, as provided in article 11 (a) and (c) of the Convention. Moreover, each partner should have the right to choose his or her name, thereby preserving individuality and identity in the community and distinguishing that person from other members of society.

配偶双方必须能够按照《公约》第十一条(a)和(c)项有权选择从事适合于自己的能力、资历和抱负的职业或工作，同样配偶双方都应有权利选择自己的姓氏以保持个人特性，在社区中的身份，并使其区别于其他社会成员。

When by law or custom a woman is obliged to change her name on marriage or at its dissolution, she is denied these rights.

如果法律或习俗迫使妇女由于结婚或离婚而改变姓氏时，则其就被剥夺了此种权利。

Article 16 (1) (h)

第十六条第1款(h)项

25. The rights provided in this article overlap with and complement those in article 15 (2) in which an obligation is placed on States to give women equal rights to enter into and conclude contracts and to administer property.

25. 本条确定的权利部分重复和补充了第十五条第2款中的规定，后者责成缔约国给予妇女签订合同和管理财产的平等权利。

26. Article 15 (1) guarantees women equality with men before the law.

26. 第十五条第1款保障男女在法律面前平等。

The right to own, manage, enjoy and dispose of property is central to a woman’s right to enjoy financial independence, and in many countries will be critical to her ability to earn a livelihood and to provide adequate housing and nutrition for herself and for her family.

不论其婚姻状况如何，有对财产的所有、经营、享有和处置权，对妇女享有经济独立的权利来说，是十分重要的，在许多国家，对妇女谋取生计的能力以及对为她及其家庭提供充分的住房和营养而言，是十分关键的。

27. In countries that are undergoing a programme of agrarian reform or redistribution of land among groups of different ethnic origins, the right of women, regardless of marital status, to share such redistributed land on equal terms with men should be carefully observed.

27. 国家如实施土地改革方案或向不同族裔群体重新分配土地，妇女不论其婚姻状况如何，与男子平等地分享这种重新分配的土地的权利，应当得到审慎的尊重。

28. In most countries, a significant proportion of the women are single or divorced and many have the sole responsibility to support a family.

28. 在大多数国家，相当人数的妇女为单身或离婚的，并且许多可能有独力养家的责任。

Any discrimination in the division of property that rests on the premise that the man alone is responsible for the support of the women and children of his family and that he can and will honourably discharge this responsibility is clearly unrealistic.

认为男子有抚养其家庭里妇女和孩童的完全责任而他可以并且会信实地履行此一责任，根据这种假定而在财产分配方面带有任何歧视，显然是不切实际的。

Consequently, any law or custom that grants men a right to a greater share of property at the end of a marriage or de facto relationship, or on the death of a relative, is discriminatory and will have a serious impact on a woman’s practical ability to divorce her husband, to support herself or her family and to live in dignity as an independent person.

因此任何法律或习俗规定在婚姻结束或事实上的关系结束时，或在亲属死亡时，给予男子较大的分享财产的权利，都是歧视性的，将对妇女提出与丈夫离婚、负担她自己或其家庭以及作为独立个人尊严地生活的实际能力产生严重的影响。

29. All of these rights should be guaranteed regardless of a woman’s marital status.

29. 无论妇女的婚姻状况如何，所有这些权利都应得到保证。

Marital property

婚姻财产

30. There are countries that do not acknowledge that right of women to own an equal share of the property with the husband during a marriage or de facto relationship and when that marriage or relationship ends.

30. 一些国家不承认妇女在婚姻或事实上的关系期间以及在婚姻或关系结束时，享有同丈夫平等分享财产的权利。

Many countries recognize that right, but the practical ability of women to exercise it may be limited by legal precedent or custom.

许多国家承认这一权利，但妇女行使这一权利的实际能力可能受到法律先例或习俗的限制。

31. Even when these legal rights are vested in women, and the courts enforce them, property owned by a woman during marriage or on divorce may be managed by a man.

31. 即便赋予妇女这些法定权利，法院也实施这些权利，妇女在婚姻期间或离婚时拥有的财产仍可能由男子管理。

In many States, including those where there is a community-property regime, there is no legal requirement that a woman be consulted when property owned by the parties during marriage or de facto relationship is sold or otherwise disposed of. This limits the woman’s ability to control disposition of the property or the income derived from it.

在许多国家，包括存在共同财产制的国家，并没有法律明文规定，要求在出售或处置双方在婚姻或事实上的关系期间所拥有的财产时必须征求女方的意见，这限制了妇女控制财产处置或处置后的收入的能力。

32. In some countries, on division of marital property, greater emphasis is placed on financial contributions to property acquired during a marriage, and other contributions, such as raising children, caring for elderly relatives and discharging household duties are diminished.

32. 在一些国家，在分配婚姻财产时，更多地强调婚姻期间对所获财产的经济贡献，而轻视其他贡献，诸如哺育子女、照顾老年亲属以及从事家务职责等。

Often, such contributions of a non-financial nature by the wife enable the husband to earn an income and increase the assets.

通常，正是由于妻子的这种非经济贡献，才使得丈夫得以挣取收入，增加资产。

Financial and non-financial contributions should be accorded the same weight.

对经济贡献和非经济贡献应同等看重。

33. In many countries, property accumulated during a de facto relationship is not treated at law on the same basis as property acquired during marriage.

33. 在许多国家，法律对待事实上的关系期间所积累的财产不同于婚姻期间所获得的财产。

Invariably, if the relationship ends, the woman receives a significantly lower share than her partner.

在关系终止时，女方总是比男方获得的份额小得多。

Property laws and customs that discriminate in this way against married or unmarried women with or without children should be revoked and discouraged.

在这方面应废除或制止歧视有无子女的已婚或未婚妇女的财产法和习俗。

Inheritance

继承权

34. Reports of States parties should include comment on the legal or customary provisions relating to inheritance laws as they affect the status of women as provided in the Convention and in Economic and Social Council resolution 884D (XXXIV), in which the Council recommended that States ensure that men and women in the same degree of relationship to a deceased are entitled to equal shares in the estate and to equal rank in the order of succession. That provision has not been generally implemented.

34. 缔约国的报告应按照《公约》和经济及社会理事会第884 D(XXXIV)号决议的规定，载有对与影响妇女地位的继承权法有关的法规或习俗规定所作的评论意见，经社理事会该决定曾建议各国确保同死者具有同样近亲 关系的男子和妇女应有权同等分享财产，在继承顺序中具有同等地位，这一规定并未得到普遍执行。

35. There are many countries where the law and practice concerning inheritance and property result in serious discrimination against women.

35. 许多国家有关继承权和财产的法律和实际做法导致了对妇女的严重歧视。

As a result of this uneven treatment, women may receive a smaller share of the husband’s or father’s property at his death than would widowers and sons.

这一不公平的待遇使得妇女在丈夫或父亲死后所获的财产，比鳏夫或儿子在这种情况下所获的财产份额小。

In some instances, women are granted limited and controlled rights and receive income only from the deceased’s property.

在一些情况下，妇女只获得有限的和受控制的权利，只能从死者的财产中获得收入。

Often inheritance rights for widows do not reflect the principles of equal ownership of property acquired during marriage.

寡妇的继承权往往不能反映婚姻期间所获财产平等拥有权的原则。

Such provisions contravene the Convention and should be abolished.

这种规定与《公约》相抵触，应予废止。

Article 16 (2)

第十六条第2款

36. In the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights, held at Vienna from 14 to 25 June 1993, States are urged to repeal existing laws and regulations and to remove customs and practices which discriminate against and cause harm to the girl child.

36. 1993年6月14日至25日在维也纳举行的世界人权会议通过的《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》敦促缔约国废止歧视女童和引起对女童的伤害的现行法律和条例并废除这类习俗和惯例。

Article 16 (2) and the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child preclude States parties from permitting or giving validity to a marriage between persons who have not attained their majority.

第十六条第2款和《儿童权利公约》均规定防止缔约国允许未成年者结婚或使这种婚姻生效。

In the context of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, “a child means every human being below the age of 18 years unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier”.

根据《儿童权利公约》，“儿童系指18岁以下的任何人，除非对其适用之法律规定成年年龄低于18岁”。

Notwithstanding this definition, and bearing in mind the provisions of the Vienna Declaration, the Committee considers that the minimum age for marriage should be 18 years for both man and woman.

尽管有此定义并且注意到《维也纳宣言》的规定，委员会仍认为男女结婚的最低年龄都应为18岁。

When men and women marry, they assume important responsibilities.

男女结婚时承担重要的责任。

Consequently, marriage should not be permitted before they have attained full maturity and capacity to act.

因此不应准许他们在达到成年和取得充分行为能力之前结婚。

According to the World Health Organization, when minors, particularly girls, marry and have children, their health can be adversely affected and their education is impeded.

根据世界卫生组织的观点，未成年人、特别是少女结婚生小孩，对其健康会有不利影响，同时妨碍其学业教育。

As a result their economic autonomy is restricted.

结果，她们的经济自立也受到限制。

37. This not only affects women personally but also limits the development of their skills and independence and reduces access to employment, thereby detrimentally affecting their families and communities.

37. 这不仅影响妇女个人，还限制她们的能力发展和独立性，减少她们就业机会，从而对其家庭和社区都有不利影响。

38. Some countries provide for different ages for marriage for men and women.

38. 一些国家规定了男女不同的最低结婚年龄。

As such provisions assume incorrectly that women have a different rate of intellectual development from men, or that their stage of physical and intellectual development at marriage is immaterial, these provisions should be abolished.

这种规定不正确地假定，妇女的心智发展速度与男子不同，或者她们结婚时的生理的心智发展无关重要，这些规定应予废除。

In other countries, the betrothal of girls or undertakings by family members on their behalf is permitted.

在其他一些国家，少女婚配或由其家人为其作主缔婚是许可的。

Such measures contravene not only the Convention, but also a woman’s right freely to choose her partner.

这种措施不仅与《公约》规定相抵触，而且损害了妇女自由选择配偶的权利。

39. States parties should also require the registration of all marriages whether contracted civilly or according to custom or religious law.

39. 缔约国还应要求所有婚姻必须登记，不论其是根据民法或是根据习俗或宗教法缔结的。

The State can thereby ensure compliance with the Convention and establish equality between partners, a minimum age for marriage, prohibition of bigamy and polygamy and the protection of the rights of children.

这样，国家就能够确保遵守《公约》的规定，并规定配偶双方平等、婚姻最低年龄、禁止重婚或一夫多妻并保护儿童的权利。

Recommendations

建议

Violence against women

对妇女的暴力

40. In considering the place of women in family life, the Committee wishes to stress that the provisions of general recommendation 19 (Eleventh session) concerning violence against women have great significance for women’s abilities to enjoy rights and freedoms on an equal basis with men.

40. 在审议妇女在家庭生活中的地位时，委员会要强调指出，关于对妇女的暴力行为的第19号一般性建议(第十一届会议)的规定，对妇女能够享有与男子平等的权利和自由，有着重大的意义。

States parties are urged to comply with that general recommendation to ensure that, in both public and family life, women will be free of the gender-based violence that so seriously impedes their rights and freedoms as individuals.

务请各缔约国遵行该项一般性建议，确保在公共生活和家庭生活中，妇女可免遭基于性别的暴力行为，此种暴力行为还严重阻碍了妇女作为个人应有的权利和自由。

Reservations

保留

41. The Committee has noted with alarm the number of States parties which have entered reservations to the whole or part of article 16, especially when a reservation has also been entered to article 2, claiming that compliance may conflict with a commonly held vision of the family based, inter alia, on cultural or religious beliefs or on the country’s economic or political status.

41. 委员会震惊地注意到为数不少的缔约国，在特别是已对第二条提出保留的情况下，对第十六条全文或部分提出了保留，声称遵行规定会与基于文化或宗教信仰或国家经济或政治状况而所共同持有的家庭观念相冲突。

42. Many of these countries hold a belief in the patriarchal structure of a family which places a father, husband or son in a favourable position.

42. 在这些国家中，许多国家持有父权结构家庭的信念，认为父亲、丈夫或儿子的地位居先。

In some countries where fundamentalist or other extremist views or economic hardships have encouraged a return to old values and traditions, women’s place in the family has deteriorated sharply.

在一些国家，原教旨主义或其他极端主义思想或经济的困难境况鼓励回归古老价值和传统，妇女在家庭中的地位更形恶化。

In others, where it has been recognized that a modern society depends for its economic advance and for the general good of the community on involving all adults equally, regardless of gender, these taboos and reactionary or extremist ideas have progressively been discouraged.

在其他一些国家，由于已认识到现代社会的经济进展和社会普遍福祉平等地依赖所有成年成员，不论其性别，这种禁忌和反动的或极端主义的思想就逐渐地受到抑制。

43. Consistent with articles 2, 3 and 24 in particular, the Committee requires that all States parties gradually progress to a stage where, by its resolute discouragement of notions of the inequality of women in the home, each country will withdraw its reservation, in particular to articles 9, 15 and 16 of the Convention.

43. 委员会按照第二、第三和特别是第二十四条，要求所有缔约国逐渐进展到以下阶段，即由于坚决制止妇女在家庭中不平等的观念，每个国家将可撤消其保留，特别是对《公约》第九、第十五和第十六条的保留。

44. States parties should resolutely discourage any notions of inequality of women and men which are affirmed by laws, or by religious or private law or by custom, and progress to the stage where reservations, particularly to article 16, will be withdrawn.

44. 缔约国应坚决制止法律、宗教或私法或习俗所确认的男女不平等的任何观念，进展到撤消特别是对十六条的保留的阶段。

45. The Committee noted, on the basis of its examination of initial and subsequent periodic reports, that in some States parties to the Convention that had ratified or acceded without reservation, certain laws, especially those dealing with family, do not actually conform to the provisions of the Convention.

45. 委员会注意到，根据其对初次报告和以后的定期报告的审查，在一些无保留地批准或加入《公约》的缔约国，有若干法律特别是关于家庭的法律，事实上不符合《公约》的规定。

46. Their laws still contain many measures which discriminate against women based on norms, customs and sociocultural prejudices.

46. 这些法律仍然载有根据规范、习俗和社会文化歧见歧视妇女的许多措施。

These States, because of their specific situation regarding these articles, make it difficult for the Committee to evaluate and understand the status of women.

鉴于这些国家在有关条款方面的特殊情况，委员会很难评价和了解妇女的地位。

47. The Committee, in particular on the basis of articles 1 and 2 of the Convention, requests that those States parties make the necessary efforts to examine the de facto situation relating to the issues and to introduce the required measures in their national legislations still containing provisions discriminatory to women.

47. 委员会特别是根据《公约》第一和第二条的规定，请那些缔约国作出必要努力，审查关于问题的实际情况，并在仍然载有歧视妇女的条款的国内立法中制订必要的措施。

Reports

报告

48. Assisted by the comments in the present general recommendation, in their reports States parties should:

48. 缔约国应参照本一般性建议的说明，在其报告中：

(a) Indicate the stage that has been reached in the country’s progress to removal of all reservations to the Convention, in particular reservations to article 16;

指出国家移除对《公约》的所有保留、特别是对第十六条的保留的进展所达阶段。

(b) Set out whether their laws comply with the principles of articles 9, 15 and 16 and where, by reason of religious or private law or custom, compliance with the law or with the Convention is impeded.

说明其法律是否遵循第九、第十五和第十六条的原则，以及由于宗教法或私法或习俗，遵循法律或《公约》的规定受到阻碍的情形。

Legislation

立法

49. States parties should, where necessary to comply with the Convention, in particular in order to comply with articles 9, 15 and 16, enact and enforce legislation.

49. 缔约国应于必要时遵循《公约》以及特别是为遵守第九、第十五和第十六条规定，制订并实施立法。

Encouraging compliance with the Convention

鼓励遵循《公约》

50. Assisted by the comments in the present general recommendation, and as required by articles 2, 3 and 24, States parties should introduce measures directed at encouraging full compliance with the principles of the Convention, particularly where religious or private law or custom conflict with those principles.

50. 缔约国参照本一般性建议的意见，并按照第二、第三和第二十四条的规定，应制订措施，以期鼓励充分遵循《公约》的各项原则，特别是当宗教法或私法或习俗与这些原则相冲突时。

Contained in document A/49/38.

载于A/49/38号文件。