CEDAW/GC/23 CEDAW_GR_23E.docx (English)

CEDAW/GC/23 CEDAW_GR_23C.docx (Chinese)

CEDAW/GR/23

CEDAW/GR/23

General recommendation No. 23:

第23号一般性建议：

Political and public life

政治和公共生活

Sixteenth session (1997)

第十六届会议(1997年)

States parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the political and public life of the country and, in particular, shall ensure to women, on equal terms with men, the right:

各缔约国应采取一切适当措施，消除在本国政治和公众事务中对妇女的歧视，特别应保证妇女在与男子平等的条件下：

(a) To vote in all elections and public referendums and to be eligible for election to all publicly elected bodies;

在一切选举和公民投票中有选举权，并在一切民选机构有被选举权；

(b) To participate in the formulation of government policy and the implementation thereof and to hold public office and perform all public functions at all levels of government;

参加政府政策的制订及其执行，并担任各级政府公职，执行一切公务；

(c) To participate in non-governmental organizations and associations concerned with the public and political life of the country.

参加有关本国公众和政治事务的非政府组织和协会。

Background

背景说明

1. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women places special importance on the participation of women in the public life of their countries.

1. 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》特别重视妇女参与其本国的公共生活。

The preamble to the Convention states in part:

《公约》序言部分表示：

“Recalling that discrimination against women violates the principles of equality of rights and respect for human dignity, is an obstacle to the participation of women, on equal terms with men, in the political, social, economic and cultural life of their countries, hampers the growth of the prosperity of society and the family and makes more difficult the full development of the potentialities of women in the service of their countries and of humanity.”

“考虑到对妇女的歧视违反权利平等和尊重人的尊严的原则，阻碍妇女与男子平等参加本国的政治、社会、经济和文化生活，妨碍社会和家庭的繁荣发展，并使妇女更难充分发挥为国家和人类服务的潜力。”

2. The Convention further reiterates in its preamble the importance of women’s participation in decision-making as follows:

2. 《公约》序言部分还重申妇女参与决策的重要性：

“Convinced that the full and complete development of a country, the welfare of the world and the cause of peace require the maximum participation of women on equal terms with men in all fields.”

“确信一国的充分和完全的发展，世界人民的福利以及和平的事业，需要妇女与男子平等充分参加所有各方面的工作。”

3. Moreover, in article 1 of the Convention, the term “discrimination against women” is interpreted to mean:

3. 此外，《公约》第一条对“对妇女的歧视”解释为：

“any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.”

“基于性别而作的任何区别、排斥或限制，其影响或其目的均足以妨碍或否认妇女不论已婚未婚在男女平等的基础上认识、享有或行使在政治、经济、社会、文化、公民或任何其他方面的人权和基本自由。”

4. Other conventions, declarations and international analyses place great importance on the participation of women in public life and have set a framework of international standards of equality.

4. 另一些公约、宣言和国际分析文件都十分重视妇女参与公共生活，并制定了有关平等的国际标准构架。

These include the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Political Rights of Women, the Vienna Declaration, paragraph 13 of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, general recommendations 5 and 8 under the Convention, general comment No. 25 adopted by the Human Rights Committee, the recommendation adopted by the Council of the European Union on balanced participation of women and men in the decision-making process and the European Commission’s “How to Create a Gender Balance in Political Decision-making”.

这 些文件包括《世界人权宣言》、《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》、《妇女政治权利公约》、《维也纳宣言》、《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》第13段、本《公约》 的第5和8号一般性建议，人权事务委员会通过的第25号一般性意见、欧洲联盟理事会通过的关于男女平等参与决策程序的建议和欧洲委员会关于“如何在政治决 策中实现性别均衡”的意见。

5. Article 7 obliges States parties to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in political and public life and to ensure that they enjoy equality with men in political and public life.

5. 第七条规定各缔约国应采取一切适当措施，消除在政治和公共生活中对妇女的歧视并确保妇女在政治和公共生活方面享有与男子平等的地位。

The obligation specified in article 7 extends to all areas of public and political life and is not limited to those areas specified in subparagraphs (a), (b) and (c).

第七条具体说明的义务可扩大到公共和政治生活的所有领域，而不局限于(a)、(b)和(c)项所规定的那些领域。

The political and public life of a country is a broad concept. It refers to the exercise of political power, in particular the exercise of legislative, judicial, executive and administrative powers.

一个国家的政治和公共生活是一个广泛的概念，是指行使政治权力，尤其是行使立法、司法、行政和管理权力。

The term covers all aspects of public administration and the formulation and implementation of policy at the international, national, regional and local levels.

这一措词包括公共行政的所有方面以及在国际、国家、区域和地方各级制定和执行政策。

The concept also includes many aspects of civil society, including public boards and local councils and the activities of organizations such as political parties, trade unions, professional or industry associations, women’s organizations, community-based organizations and other organizations concerned with public and political life.

这一概念还包括民间社会的许多方面，包括公共委员会、地方理事会以及诸如各政党、工会、专业或行业协会、妇女组织、社区基层组织和其他与公共生活和政治生活有关的组织的活动。

6. The Convention envisages that, to be effective, this equality must be achieved within the framework of a political system in which each citizen enjoys the right to vote and be elected at genuine periodic elections held on the basis of universal suffrage and by secret ballot, in such a way as to guarantee the free expression of the will of the electorate, as provided for under international human rights instruments, such as article 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

6. 实际上，《公约》设想了在以下这种政治制度的框架内可以实现这种平等，即按照《世界人权宣言》第二十一条和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二十五条的规 定，每个公民均享有在真正的定期的选举中的选举和被选举权，这种选举应是普遍的并以无记名投票方式进行，以保证选举人的意志的自由表达。

7. The Convention’s emphasis on the importance of equality of opportunity and of participation in public life and decision-making has led the Committee to review article 7 and to suggest to States parties that in reviewing their laws and policies and in reporting under the Convention, they should take into account the comments and recommendations set out below.

7. 《公约》强调机会平等的重要性以及参与公共生活和决策的重要性，这促使委员会回顾第七条并建议各缔约国在审查其法律和政策以及根据《公约》提出报告时，应该考虑到下列评论和建议。

Comments

评论

8. Public and private spheres of human activity have always been considered distinct, and have been regulated accordingly.

8. 人们在公共领域和私人领域的活动向来被视为互不相同，而得到相应的管理。

Invariably, women have been assigned to the private or domestic sphere, associated with reproduction and the raising of children, and in all societies these activities have been treated as inferior.

妇女一般从事私人或家庭领域活动，负责生育和抚养子女，所有社会都将这些活动视为次一级。

By contrast, public life, which is respected and honoured, extends to a broad range of activity outside the private and domestic sphere.

相形之下，公共生活受到尊重和尊敬，范围涉及除私人及家庭领域之外的各种活动。

Men historically have both dominated public life and exercised the power to confine and subordinate women within the private sphere.

男子历来既支配公共生活，且掌有权力将妇女限制并约束在私人领域之内。

9. Despite women’s central role in sustaining the family and society and their contribution to development, they have been excluded from political life and the decision-making process, which nonetheless determine the pattern of their daily lives and the future of societies.

9. 尽管妇女在支撑家庭和社会方面起着核心作用，并对发展作出贡献，但她们被排斥在政治生活和决策进程之外，而决策进程却决定她们日常生活的模式和社会的前途。

Particularly in times of crisis, this exclusion has silenced women’s voices and rendered invisible their contribution and experiences.

尤其是在危机时期，这种排斥压制了妇女的声音，埋没了妇女的贡献和经验。

10. In all nations, the most significant factors inhibiting women’s ability to participate in public life have been the cultural framework of values and religious beliefs, the lack of services and men’s failure to share the tasks associated with the organization of the household and with the care and raising of children.

10. 在所有国家，压制妇女参与公共生活能力的最重要因素一直是价值观和宗教信仰等文化环境、缺乏各种服务、男子未能分担与组织家务和抚养子女有关的工作。

In all nations, cultural traditions and religious beliefs have played a part in confining women to the private spheres of activity and excluding them from active participation in public life.

在所有国家，文化传统和宗教信仰一直是将妇女约束在私人生活领域并妨碍妇女积极参与公共生活的一个因素。

11. Relieving women of some of the burdens of domestic work would allow them to engage more fully in the life of their communities.

11. 减轻妇女的某些家务负担，将使妇女能够更充分地参与社区生活。

Women’s economic dependence on men often prevents them from making important political decisions and from participating actively in public life.

妇女在经济上依靠男子，往往阻碍她们作出重要的政治决定，并阻碍她们积极参与公共生活。

Their double burden of work and their economic dependence, coupled with the long or inflexible hours of both public and political work, prevent women from being more active.

妇女承受双重的工作负担、经济上的依赖性，加上公共及政治生活工作时间长而且不具灵活性，使妇女无法更加积极地参与。

12. Stereotyping, including that perpetrated by the media, confines women in political life to issues such as the environment, children and health, and excludes them from responsibility for finance, budgetary control and conflict resolution.

12. 陈规包括新闻媒介制造的陈规观念将妇女的政治生活局限在环境、儿童和保健等问题上，而排除在财政、预算管制和解决冲突等方面的责任之外。

The low involvement of women in the professions from which politicians are recruited can create another obstacle.

妇女在产生政治家的职业中参与的程度很低，这又是一个障碍。

In countries where women leaders do assume power this can be the result of the influence of their fathers, husbands or male relatives rather than electoral success in their own right.

一些国家是有女性领导人掌权，但这可能是其父亲、丈夫或其他男性亲属的影响所致，而不是她们本身参选成功所致。

Political systems

政治制度

13. The principle of equality of women and men has been affirmed in the constitutions and laws of most countries and in all international instruments.

13. 多数国家的宪法和法律以及所有的国际文书都申明了男女平等的原则。

Nonetheless, in the last 50 years, women have not achieved equality, and their inequality has been reinforced by their low level of participation in public and political life.

然而，在过去50年内，妇女未能实现平等，妇女参与公共及政治生活的程度很低，强化了她们的不平等地位。

Policies developed and decisions made by men alone reflect only part of human experience and potential.

单由男子制定的政策和作出的决定只反映了人类的部分经验和潜力。

The just and effective organization of society demands the inclusion and participation of all its members.

要公正有效地组织社会，就需要包容全体社会成员，由他们共同参与。

14. No political system has conferred on women both the right to and the benefit of full and equal participation.

14. 没有一种政治制度同时赋予妇女充分、平等参与的权利和利益。

While democratic systems have improved women’s opportunities for involvement in political life, the many economic, social and cultural barriers they continue to face have seriously limited their participation.

虽然民主制度改善了妇女参与政治生活的机会，但她们继续面临许多经济、社会及文化障碍，这一点严重影响了她们的参与。

Even historically stable democracies have failed to integrate fully and equally the opinions and interests of the female half of the population.

即便是历来稳定的民主国家，也未能充分、平等地收纳占其人口半数的女性国民的意见和利益。

Societies in which women are excluded from public life and decision-making cannot be described as democratic.

将妇女排除于公共生活和决策之外的社会，不能说是民主的社会。

The concept of democracy will have real and dynamic meaning and lasting effect only when political decision-making is shared by women and men and takes equal account of the interests of both.

只有在政治决策由妇女和男子共同作出并顾及双方的利益时，民主的概念才具有真正的、鲜活的意义和持久的影响。

The examination of States parties’ reports shows that where there is full and equal participation of women in public life and decision-making, the implementation of their rights and compliance with the Convention improves.

对各缔约国报告所作审议显示，在存在妇女充分、平等参与公共生活和决策的情况的国家，落实妇女权利和履行《公约》的情况都有所改善。

Temporary special measures

暂行特别措施

15. While removal of de jure barriers is necessary, it is not sufficient.

15. 虽然移除法律上的障碍是必要的，但这是不够的。

Failure to achieve full and equal participation of women can be unintentional and the result of outmoded practices and procedures which inadvertently promote men.

未实现妇女的充分、平等参与可能不是存心的，是古旧过时的惯例和程序的结果，这些惯例和程序无心之中提升了男子。

Under article 4, the Convention encourages the use of temporary special measures in order to give full effect to articles 7 and 8.

《公约》第四条鼓励采取暂行特别措施，以便充分实施第七和第八条。

Where countries have developed effective temporary strategies in an attempt to achieve equality of participation, a wide range of measures has been implemented, including recruiting, financially assisting and training women candidates, amending electoral procedures, developing campaigns directed at equal participation, setting numerical goals and quotas and targeting women for appointment to public positions such as the judiciary or other professional groups that play an essential part in the everyday life of all societies.

拟订有效暂行战略以实现平等参与的国家，已实施一系列措施，包括吸收、在财务上援助和训练女性候选人，修改选举程序，开展促进平等参与的竞选活动，规定数字指标和保障名额，有针对性地任命妇女担任在各个社会的日常生活中起重要作用的司法或其他职业团体公职。

The formal removal of barriers and the introduction of temporary special measures to encourage the equal participation of both men and women in the public life of their societies are essential prerequisites to true equality in political life.

正式排除障碍，采取暂行特别措施鼓励男女平等参与社会公共生活，是在政治生活中实现真正平等的必要前提。

In order, however, to overcome centuries of male domination of the public sphere, women also require the encouragement and support of all sectors of society to achieve full and effective participation, encouragement which must be led by States parties to the Convention, as well as by political parties and public officials.

但是要想克服多少个世纪以来男性在公共领域所占的支配地位，妇女还需要得到社会各界的鼓励和支持，以实现充分、有效的参与。 这种鼓励措施必须由各缔约国以及各政党和政府官员领导。

States parties have an obligation to ensure that temporary special measures are clearly designed to support the principle of equality and therefore comply with constitutional principles which guarantee equality to all citizens.

缔约国有义务确保暂行特别措施明确用来支持平等原则，因此也符合保障全体公民人人平等的宪法原则。

Summary

摘要

16. The critical issue, emphasized in the Beijing Platform for Action,5 is the gap between the de jure and de facto, or the right as against the reality of women’s participation in politics and public life generally.

16. 《北京行动纲要》强调的关键问题是，妇女在普遍参加政治和公共生活方面存在着法律与事实或权利与现实之间的差距。

Research demonstrates that if women’s participation reaches 30 to 35 per cent (generally termed a “critical mass”), there is a real impact on political style and the content of decisions, and political life is revitalized.

研究结果指出，如果妇女参与的比率能达到30%至35%(一般称为“关键人数”)，就会对政治方式和决定内容产生实际的影响，政治生活就会充满新的活力。

17. In order to achieve broad representation in public life, women must have full equality in the exercise of political and economic power; they must be fully and equally involved in decision-making at all levels, both nationally and internationally, so that they may make their contribution to the goals of equality, development and the achievement of peace.

17. 为了在公共生活中取得广泛代表性，妇女必须能够充分平等地行使政治和经济权力；她们必须能够充分和平等地参与国家和国际各级的决策，以便对平等、发展和实现和平等目标作出贡献。

A gender perspective is critical if these goals are to be met and if true democracy is to be assured.

如要达到这些目标和确保真正的民主，则性别观点极为重要。

For these reasons, it is essential to involve women in public life to take advantage of their contribution, to assure their interests are protected and to fulfil the guarantee that the enjoyment of human rights is for all people regardless of gender.

因此，必须使妇女参加公共生活，以利用她们的贡献，确保她们的利益得到保护，并保障所有人不论男女都能享有人权。

Women’s full participation is essential not only for their empowerment but also for the advancement of society as a whole.

妇女充分参与不仅对增强妇女权力而且对整个社会进步都极为重要。

The right to vote and to be elected (art. 7, para. (a))

选举权和被选举权(第七条(a)项)

18. The Convention obliges States parties in constitutions or legislation to take appropriate steps to ensure that women, on the basis of equality with men, enjoy the right to vote in all elections and referendums, and to be elected.

18. 《公约》促使各缔约国在其宪法或立法中采取适当步骤，确保妇女在一切选举和公民投票中均享有与男子平等的选举权和被选举权。

These rights must be enjoyed both de jure and de facto.

必须在法律上和事实上都享有这一权利。

19. The examination of the reports of States parties demonstrates that, while almost all have adopted constitutional or other legal provisions that grant to both women and men the equal right to vote in all elections and public referendums, in many nations women continue to experience difficulties in exercising this right.

19. 对缔约国的报告的审查结果表明，尽管几乎所有缔约国都通过了宪法或其他法律条文，规定男女在一切选举和公民投票中享有平等的选举权，但是很多国家的妇女在这项权利的行使方面仍旧面临困难。

20. Factors which impede these rights include the following:

20. 损害这些权利的因素如下：

(a) Women frequently have less access than men to information about candidates and about party political platforms and voting procedures, information which Governments and political parties have failed to provide.

妇女取得有关候选人以及政党的政纲和投票程序的资料的机会往往不如男子，政府和政党没有能够提供这方面的信息。

Other important factors that inhibit women’s full and equal exercise of their right to vote include their illiteracy, their lack of knowledge and understanding of political systems or about the impact that political initiatives and policies will have upon their lives.

阻碍妇女充分而平等地行使她们的选举权的另一些重要因素。 包括妇女身为文盲，缺乏知识不了解政治制度，或是政治倡议和政策对她们生活的影响等。

Failure to understand the rights, responsibilities and opportunities for change conferred by franchise also means that women are not always registered to vote;

未能认识到选举权带来了要求变化的权利，责任和机会这一点也意味着妇女并不都参加选民登记。

(b) Women’s double burden of work, as well as financial constraints, will limit women’s time or opportunity to follow electoral campaigns and to have the full freedom to exercise their vote;

妇女双重的工作负担和财政上的限制使她们没有充分的时间或机会注意选举活动和完全自由地行使选举权。

(c) In many nations, traditions and social and cultural stereotypes discourage women from exercising their right to vote.

很多国家的传统、文化社会和文化上的陈规旧习阻碍了妇女行使选举权。

Many men influence or control the votes of women by persuasion or direct action, including voting on their behalf.

许多男子通过劝说或直接行动包括替妇女投票来影响或控制妇女的投票。

Any such practices should be prevented;

应当防止任何这类做法。

(d) Other factors that in some countries inhibit women’s involvement in the public or political lives of their communities include restrictions on their freedom of movement or right to participate, prevailing negative attitudes towards women’s political participation, or a lack of confidence in and support for female candidates by the electorate.

在一些国家，妨碍妇女参与社区公共或政治生活的其他因素包括：妇女的行动自由或参与权受到限制，对妇女的政治参与普遍存在消极态度，或是选民不信任、不支持女性候选人等等。

In addition, some women consider involvement in politics to be distasteful and avoid participation in political campaigns.

此外，有些妇女认为政治是令人讨厌的，因而避免参与政治活动。

21. These factors at least partially explain the paradox that women, who represent half of all electorates, do not wield their political power or form blocs which would promote their interests or change government, or eliminate discriminatory policies.

21. 这些因素至少部分解释了一种怪现象，即代表半数选民的妇女却未能发挥政治权力或形成集团，以促进她们的利益或改变政府，或消除歧视性政策。

22. The system of balloting, the distribution of seats in Parliament, the choice of district, all have a significant impact on the proportion of women elected to Parliament.

22. 投票方式、议会席位的分配、选区的选择均对当选议会议员的妇女所占的比例有重要影响。

Political parties must embrace the principles of equal opportunity and democracy and endeavour to balance the number of male and female candidates.

各政党应该本着机会平等和民主的原则，注意男女候选人人数均等的问题。

23. The enjoyment of the right to vote by women should not be subject to restrictions or conditions that do not apply to men or that have a disproportionate impact on women.

23. 不得对妇女享有的选举权施加对男子不适用或对妇女产生重大影响的限制或条件。

For example, limiting the right to vote to persons who have a specified level of education, who possess a minimum property qualification or who are literate is not only unreasonable, it may violate the universal guarantee of human rights. It is also likely to have a disproportionate impact on women, thereby contravening the provisions of the Convention.

例如，设限规定只有一定教育程度、拥有最起码财产资格或非文盲的人才有选举权，这不仅不合理，侵犯了普遍受到保障的人权，而且也会对妇女产生重大影响，从而违反《公约》的条款。

The right to participate in formulation of government policy (art.

参加制订政府政策的权利(第七条(b)项)

7, para. (b)) 24. The participation of women in government at the policy level continues to be low in general. Although significant progress has been made and in some countries equality has been achieved, in many countries women’s participation has actually been reduced.

24. 尽管妇女在参加政府决策活动已经取得长足进展并且一些国家已经实现了这方面的平等，但是妇女的这类参与仍然不多，并且在许多国家，妇女的参与实际上已经减少。

25. Article 7 (b) also requires States parties to ensure that women have the right to participate fully in and be represented in public policy formulation in all sectors and at all levels.

25. 第七条(b)项还规定缔约国应保证妇女有权充分参加政府政策的制订，并担任各级政府公职。

This would facilitate the mainstreaming of gender issues and contribute a gender perspective to public policy-making.

这将促进性别问题被融入主流，并有助于促使公共决策采纳性别观点。

26. States parties have a responsibility, where it is within their control, both to appoint women to senior decision-making roles and, as a matter of course, to consult and incorporate the advice of groups which are broadly representative of women’s views and interests.

26. 缔约各国有责任在它们的管辖范围内任命妇女担任高级决策职位并且理所当然地征求和吸取广泛代表妇女意见和利益的团体的意见。

27. States parties have a further obligation to ensure that barriers to women’s full participation in the formulation of government policy are identified and overcome.

27. 缔约各国还有义务确保查明和克服阻碍妇女充分参与政府政策的制订的障碍。

These barriers include complacency when token women are appointed, and traditional and customary attitudes that discourage women’s participation.

这些障碍包括满足于象征性地任命几个妇女，以及阻碍妇女参与的传统和习惯态度。

When women are not broadly represented in the senior levels of government or are inadequately or not consulted at all, government policy will not be comprehensive and effective.

如果妇女在政府高层没有得到广泛代表或者没有得到适当的咨询，甚至根本没有得到咨询，政府的政策就将是不全面的和没有效用的。

28. While States parties generally hold the power to appoint women to senior cabinet and administrative positions, political parties also have a responsibility to ensure that women are included in party lists and nominated for election in areas where they have a likelihood of electoral success.

28. 任命妇女担任高级的内阁和行政职位的权力一般在于缔约国，但各政党也有责任确保将妇女列入政党名册并在有可能成功获选的地区被提名竞选。

States parties should also endeavour to ensure that women are appointed to government advisory bodies on an equal basis with men and that these bodies take into account, as appropriate, the views of representative women’s groups.

缔约各国也应努力确保任命妇女在与男子平等的条件下担任政府咨询机构的职务。 并且这些机构应根据情况考虑代表妇女的团体的意见。

It is the Government’s fundamental responsibility to encourage these initiatives to lead and guide public opinion and change attitudes that discriminate against women or discourage women’s involvement in political and public life.

政府的基本责任是鼓励采取这些倡议行动来领导和引导舆论并改变歧视妇女或阻碍妇女参与政治和公众事务的态度。

29. Measures that have been adopted by a number of States parties in order to ensure equal participation by women in senior cabinet and administrative positions and as members of government advisory bodies include: adoption of a rule whereby, when potential appointees are equally qualified, preference will be given to a woman nominee; the adoption of a rule that neither sex should constitute less than 40 per cent of the members of a public body; a quota for women members of cabinet and for appointment to public office; and consultation with women’s organizations to ensure that qualified women are nominated for membership in public bodies and offices and the development and maintenance of registers of such women in order to facilitate the nomination of women for appointment to public bodies and posts.

29. 若干缔约国为确保妇女平等参与担任高级内阁和行政职位并成为政府咨询机构的成员所采取的措施包括：作出规定，在可能被任命者同样合乎条件的情况下，优先考 虑女性提名人；通过一项规定，在公共团体中男女成员均不应少于40%；在内阁和公职任命方面制订妇女保障名额；和同妇女组织协商，确保合格妇女被提名为公 共团体的成员和担任公职，并且编制和保持这类妇女的名册；在公共团体和公共职位的任命中便利妇女的提名。

Where members are appointed to advisory bodies upon the nomination of private organizations, States parties should encourage these organizations to nominate qualified and suitable women for membership in these bodies.

在私营组织的提名下任命咨询机构成员时，缔约各国应鼓励这些组织提出合格并适合的妇女作为这些机构的成员。

The right to hold public office and to perform all public functions (art. 7, para. (b))

担任公职和执行一切公务的权利(第七条(b)项)

30. The examination of the reports of States parties demonstrates that women are excluded from top-ranking positions in cabinets, the civil service and in public administration, in the judiciary and in justice systems.

30. 从各缔约国的报告可见，妇女被排除在内阁、公务员和公共行政以及司法机构的高层职位之外。

Women are rarely appointed to these senior or influential positions and while their numbers may in some States be increasing at the lower levels and in posts usually associated with the home or the family, they form only a tiny minority in decision-making positions concerned with economic policy or development, political affairs, defence, peacemaking missions, conflict resolution or constitutional interpretation and determination.

获任这类高层或具影响力职位的妇女甚少；虽然有些国家在较低层次和通常与家庭有关的职位上工作的妇女人数可能在增加，但是在有关经济政策、经济发展、政治事务、国防、建立和平行动、冲突的解决、宪法的解释和确定等方面的决策性职位中，她们只是极少数。

31. Examination of the reports of States parties also demonstrates that in certain cases the law excludes women from exercising royal powers, from serving as judges in religious or traditional tribunals vested with jurisdiction on behalf of the State or from full participation in the military.

31. 审查了缔约国的报告后还发现，在某些情况下，法律禁止妇女行使皇室的权力、充当具有代表国家管辖权的宗教和传统法院的法官，或充分参与军队。

These provisions discriminate against women, deny to society the advantages of their involvement and skills in these areas of the life of their communities and contravene the principles of the Convention.

这些规定歧视妇女、使得社会无法得到她们参与社区这些方面的生活的和利用她们的技能，并违反《公约》的原则。

The right to participate in non-governmental and public and political organizations (art. 7, para. (c))

参加非政府以及公共和政治组织的权利(第七条(c)项)

32. An examination of the reports of States parties demonstrates that, on the few occasions when information concerning political parties is provided, women are underrepresented or concentrated in less influential roles than men.

32. 审查缔约国的报告后发现，所提供的为数不多的有关政党的资料表明，妇女代表人数不足或集中在影响力不及男子的职责上的情况。

As political parties are an important vehicle in decision-making roles, Governments should encourage political parties to examine the extent to which women are full and equal participants in their activities and, where this is not the case, should identify the reasons for this.

鉴于政党在决策方面所起的重要作用，各国政府应鼓励政党审查妇女在何种程度上充分和平地参与它们的活动，如果情况并非如此，则应找出问题的起因。

Political parties should be encouraged to adopt effective measures, including the provision of information, financial and other resources, to overcome obstacles to women’s full participation and representation and ensure that women have an equal opportunity in practice to serve as party officials and to be nominated as candidates for election.

应该鼓励政党采取有效措施，其中包括提供资料、资金和其他资源，来克服防止妇女充分参与和实现代表权的障碍，并确保妇女实际上有平等机会充当党干部和被提名为选举的候选人。

33. Measures that have been adopted by some political parties include setting aside for women a certain minimum number or percentage of positions on their executive bodies, ensuring that there is a balance between the number of male and female candidates nominated for election, and ensuring that women are not consistently assigned to less favourable constituencies or to the least advantageous positions on a party list.

33. 一些政党已采取的措施包括将其执行机构的某一最低限度数目或百分比的职位保留给妇女，从而确保提名的男女候选人人数均等，并确保妇女没有一律被分配到较不利的选区或党名单上最不利的职位。

States parties should ensure that such temporary special measures are specifically permitted under anti-discrimination legislation or other constitutional guarantees of equality.

缔约国应确保禁止歧视的法律或其他的平等宪法保障明确允许这一类暂行特别措施。

34. Other organizations such as trade unions and political parties have an obligation to demonstrate their commitment to the principle of gender equality in their constitutions, in the application of those rules and in the composition of their memberships with gender-balanced representation on their executive boards so that these bodies may benefit from the full and equal participation of all sectors of society and from contributions made by both sexes.

34. 象工会和政党一般的其他组织有义务以执行理事会男女代表人数均等的方式在它们的规章、在执行这些规则和成员资格的组成方面表示它们对性别平等原则的承诺，以便这些组织得到社会所有阶层的充分和平等参与及两性的贡献的好处。

These organizations also provide a valuable training ground for women in political skills, participation and leadership, as do non-governmental organizations (NGOs).

这些组织以及非政府组织还在政治技巧、参与和领导方面为妇女提供宝贵的训练机会。

Article 8 (international level)

第八条(国际一级)

States parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure to women, on equal terms with men and without any discrimination, the opportunity to represent their Governments at the international level and to participate in the work of international organizations.

缔约各国应采取一切适当措施，保证妇女在与男子平等不受任何歧视的条件下，有机会在国际上代表本国政府参加各国际组织的工作。

Comments

意见

35. Under article 8, Governments are obliged to ensure the presence of women at all levels and in all areas of international affairs. This requires that they be included in economic and military matters, in both multilateral and bilateral diplomacy, and in official delegations to international and regional conferences.

35. 第八条规定各国政府有责任确保妇女有机会参与国际事务各个级别以及各个领域的活动，从而促使她们参与经济和军事事务、参与多边和双边外交活动以及参加国际和区域会议的官方代表团。

36. From an examination of the reports of States parties, it is evident that women are grossly underrepresented in the diplomatic and foreign services of most Governments, and particularly at the highest ranks.

36. 从对各缔约国的报告的审查来看，很明显，大部分政府的外交和外事机构中妇女任职的人数不足，特别是在最高级别上。

Women tend to be assigned to embassies of lesser importance to the country’s foreign relations and in some cases women are discriminated against in terms of their appointments by restrictions pertaining to their marital status.

妇女常常被派往对本国的对外关系不太重要的使馆。 在某些情况下，妇女的任命还会因婚姻状况方面的限制而受到歧视。

In other instances spousal and family benefits accorded to male diplomats are not available to women in parallel positions.

在其他情况下，在同等地位上的妇女得不到男外交官所享有的配偶和家庭福利待遇。

Opportunities for women to engage in international work are often denied because of assumptions about their domestic responsibilities, including that the care of family dependants will prevent them accepting appointment.

有关方面往往不给予妇女参与国际事务的机会，因为他们假定妇女要承担家务负担，包括假定她们由于必须照顾家庭中受抚养的人而无法接受任命。

37. Many Permanent Missions to the United Nations and to other international organizations have no women among their diplomats and very few at senior levels.

37. 很多常驻联合国和其他国际组织的代表团中都没有女外交官，在较高级别上的妇女也很少。

The situation is similar at expert meetings and conferences that establish international and global goals, agendas and priorities.

负责确定设立国际和全球目标、议程和优先次序的专家组会议也有类似情况。

Organizations of the United Nations system and various economic, political and military structures at the regional level have become important international public employers, but here, too, women have remained a minority concentrated in lower-level positions.

联合国系统的组织以及在区域一级的经济、政治和军事机构已成为重要的国际公共雇主，但即使是在这里，妇女仍然是少数，而且主要集中在较低级别上。

38. There are few opportunities for women and men, on equal terms, to represent Governments at the international level and to participate in the work of international organizations. This is frequently the result of an absence of objective criteria and processes for appointment and promotion to relevant positions and official delegations.

38. 往往由于在任命和提升人员提供重要职位和参加官方代表团方面缺少客观的标准和程序，妇女很少有机会象男子一样，在国际上平等地代表本国政府、参与国际组织工作。

39. The globalization of the contemporary world makes the inclusion of women and their participation in international organizations, on equal terms with men, increasingly important.

39. 现代世界的全球化使得让妇女与男子一样平等地参与国际组织的问题变得越来越重要。

The integration of a gender perspective and women’s human rights into the agenda of all international bodies is a government imperative.

把性别观念和妇女的人权纳入所有国际组织的议程中是各国政府义不容辞的责任。

Many crucial decisions on global issues, such as peacemaking and conflict resolution, military expenditure and nuclear disarmament, development and the environment, foreign aid and economic restructuring, are taken with limited participation of women. This is in stark contrast to their participation in these areas at the non-governmental level.

很多关于全球性问题――例如建立和平和解决冲突、军费支出与核裁军、发展与环境、对外援助和重新调整经济结构等问题――的关键决定都是在妇女参与有限的情况下做出的，这与妇女参与这些领域的非政府组织活动的情况形成鲜明对比。

40. The inclusion of a critical mass of women in international negotiations, peacekeeping activities, all levels of preventive diplomacy, mediation, humanitarian assistance, social reconciliation, peace negotiations and the international criminal justice system will make a difference.

40. 让大批妇女参与国际谈判、维持和平活动、所有级别上的预防性外交、调解、人道主义援助、社会和解、和平谈判以及国际刑事司法制度将会产生重要作用。

In addressing armed or other conflicts, a gender perspective and analysis is necessary to understand their differing effects on women and men.

在解决武装或其他冲突问题时，性别观点和分析有助于理解对男女分别带来不同影响。

Recommendations

建议

Articles 7 and 8

第七条和第八条

41. States parties should ensure that their constitutions and legislation comply with the principles of the Convention, and in particular with articles 7 and 8.

41. 缔约国应确保其宪法和立法符合《公约》各项原则，特别是第七条和第八条。

42. States parties are under an obligation to take all appropriate measures, including the enactment of appropriate legislation that complies with their Constitution, to ensure that organizations such as political parties and trade unions, which may not be subject directly to obligations under the Convention, do not discriminate against women and respect the principles contained in articles 7 and 8.

42. 缔约国有义务采取一切适当措施，其中包括颁布符合宪法的适当立法，确保不直接受《公约》所载义务影响的政党和工会等组织不歧视妇女，并尊重第七条和第八条所载各项原则。

43. States parties should identify and implement temporary special measures to ensure the equal representation of women in all fields covered by articles 7 and 8.

43. 缔约国应确定并实施暂行性质的特别措施，确保妇女在第七条和第八条提到的各个领域具有平等代表权。

44. States parties should explain the reason for, and effect of, any reservations to articles 7 or 8 and indicate where the reservations reflect traditional, customary or stereotyped attitudes towards women’s roles in society, as well as the steps being taken by the States parties to change those attitudes.

44. 缔约国应解释对第七条和第八条持有保留的原因和其影响；指出哪些保留意见反映出传统习俗或对妇女社会角色陈旧的态度；及缔约国为改变这种态度而采取的步骤。

States parties should keep the necessity for such reservations under close review and in their reports include a timetable for their removal.

缔约国应密切审查保留意见，并在报告中提出取消保留意见的时间表。

Article 7

第七条

45. Measures that should be identified, implemented and monitored for effectiveness include, under article 7, paragraph (a), those designed to:

45. 第七条(a)项下应确定、实施并监测有效性的措施旨在：

(a) Achieve a balance between women and men holding publicly elected positions;

促使民选职位上的男女人数平衡；

(b) Ensure that women understand their right to vote, the importance of this right and how to exercise it;

确保妇女了解其投票权、了解这一项权利的重要性及如何行使这方面的权利；

(c) Ensure that barriers to equality are overcome, including those resulting from illiteracy, language, poverty and impediments to women’s freedom of movement;

确保克服平等方面的障碍，其中包括因文盲、语言、贫困和妨碍妇女行动自由而造成的障碍；

(d) Assist women experiencing such disadvantages to exercise their right to vote and to be elected.

协助处境不利的妇女行使其投票权和被选举权。

46. Under article 7, paragraph (b), such measures include those designed to ensure:

46. 第七条(b)项下的措施旨在确保：

(a) Equality of representation of women in the formulation of government policy;

妇女在制订政府政策方面的代表权平等；

(b) Women’s enjoyment in practice of the equal right to hold public office;

妇女享有担任公职的平等权利；

(c) Recruiting processes directed at women that are open and subject to appeal.

针对妇女的征聘是公开的而且可上诉。

47. Under article 7, paragraph (c), such measures include those designed to:

47. 第七条(c)项下的措施旨在：

(a) Ensure that effective legislation is enacted prohibiting discrimination against women;

确保颁布关于禁止歧视妇女的有效立法；

(b) Encourage non-governmental organizations and public and political associations to adopt strategies that encourage women’s representation and participation in their work.

鼓励非政府组织及公共和政治协会采用鼓励妇女参加其工作和具有代表权的战略。

48. When reporting under article 7, States parties should:

48. 缔约国就第七条提出报告时应：

(a) Describe the legal provisions that give effect to the rights contained in article 7;

说明落实第七条所列各项权利的法律规定；

(b) Provide details of any restrictions to those rights, whether arising from legal provisions or from traditional, religious or cultural practices;

细述对这些权利设有的限制，是法律规定造成的，还是传统、宗教或文化习俗造成的；

(c) Describe the measures introduced and designed to overcome barriers to the exercise of those rights;

说明提出和制订了哪些措施以克服对行使权利的障碍；

(d) Include statistical data, disaggregated by sex, showing the percentage of women relative to men who enjoy those rights;

提出按性别分列的统计数据，说明享有上述权利的男女比例；

(e) Describe the types of policy formulation, including that associated with development programmes, in which women participate and the level and extent of their participation;

说明有哪些政策制订类型，其中包括同发展方案有关的、有妇女参加的类型，以及妇女参与层次和程度；

(f) Under article 7, paragraph (c), describe the extent to which women participate in non-governmental organizations in their countries, including in women’s organizations;

在第七条(c)项下，说明妇女在其本国参加非政府组织的程度，其中包括妇女组织；

(g) Analyse the extent to which the State party ensures that those organizations are consulted and the impact of their advice on all levels of government policy formulation and implementation;

分析缔约国确保同这些组织协商的程度及其咨询意见对各层次的政府政策制订和执行工作的影响；

(h) Provide information concerning, and analyse factors contributing to, the underrepresentation of women as members and officials of political parties, trade unions, employers’ organizations and professional associations.

说明妇女担任政党、工会、资方组织和专业人员协会的成员或官员代表人数不足的情况，并分析造成这种情况的因素。

Article 8

第八条

49. Measures which should be identified, implemented and monitored for effectiveness include those designed to ensure a better gender balance in membership of all United Nations bodies, including the Main Committees of the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and expert bodies, including treaty bodies, and in appointments to independent working groups or as country or special rapporteurs.

49. 应确定、实施和监测有效性的措施旨在确保：加强联合国各机构内的成员性别平衡，其中包括大会的各主要委员会、经济及社会理事会和专家机构(例如条约机构)及任命到独立工作组或担任国别报告员或特别报告员的性别平衡。

50. When reporting under article 8, States parties should:

50. 就第八条提出报告时缔约国应：

(a) Provide statistics, disaggregated by sex, showing the percentage of women in their foreign service or regularly engaged in international representation or in work on behalf of the State, including membership in government delegations to international conferences and nominations for peacekeeping or conflict resolution roles, and their seniority in the relevant sector;

按性别分列统计数字，说明在外交部门工作或经常在国际上代表其本国的妇女比例，其中包括作为其政府代表团成员出席国际会议或得到任命执行维持和平或解决冲突的任务，及妇女在这些部门担任多高的职位；

(b) Describe efforts to establish objective criteria and processes for appointment and promotion of women to relevant positions and official delegations;

说明建立了哪些客观标准和程序来任命和提升妇女担任有关职位和官方代表团职位；

(c) Describe steps taken to disseminate widely information on the Government’s international commitments affecting women and official documents issued by multilateral forums, in particular, to both governmental and non-governmental bodies responsible for the advancement of women;

说明政府已采取哪些步骤来广泛宣传政府在国际场合上对妇女问题作出的承诺以及多边论坛向负责提高妇女地位的政府和非政府机构印发的正式文件；

(d) Provide information concerning discrimination against women because of their political activities, whether as individuals or as members of women’s or other organizations.

提供妇女因其政治活动(以个人、或妇女组织或其他组织成员的身份从事的政治活动)而遭受歧视的资料。

Notes

注

General Assembly resolution 217 A (III).

大会第217 A(III)号决议。

General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI), annex.

大会第2200 A(XXI)号决议，附件。

General Assembly resolution 640 (VII).

大会第640(VII)号决议。

Report of the World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna, 14-25 June 1993 (A/CONF.157/24 (Part I)), chap. III.

《世界人权会议报告》，1993年6月14日至25日，维也纳(A/CONF.157/24 (Part I)， 第三章。

Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 4-15 September 1995 (A/CONF.177/20 and Add.1), chap. I, resolution 1, annex I.

《第四次妇女问题世界会议报告》，1995年9月4日至15日，北京(A/CONF.177/20和Add.1)，第一章，决议1, 附件一。

See Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-third Session, Supplement No. 38 (A/43/38), chap. V.

见《大会正式记录，第四十三届会议，补编第38号》(A/43/38)，第五章。

CCPR/21/21/Rev.1/Add.7, 27 August 1996.

CCPR/C/21/Add.7, 1996年8月27日。

96/694/EC, Brussels, 2 December 1996.

96/694/EC, 1996年12月2日，布鲁塞尔。

European Commission document V/1206/96-EN (March 1996).

欧盟委员会V/1206/96-EN号文件(1996年3月)。

See paragraph 141 of the Platform for Action adopted by the Fourth World Conference on Women, held at Beijing from 4 to 15 September 1995 (A/CONF.177/20, chap. I, resolution 1, annex II). See also paragraph 134, which reads in part: “The equal access and full participation of women in power structures and their full involvement in all efforts for the prevention and resolution of conflicts are essential for the maintenance and promotion of peace and security. ”

见 1995年9月4日至15日在北京举行的第四次妇女问题世界会议通过的《行动纲要》第141段(A/CONF.177/20, 第一章，决议1, 附件二)，又见第134段，其中谈到：“妇女有平等机会并充分参加权力结构，以及充分参与一切防止和解决冲突的努力，是维持和促进和平与安全的必要条件。 ”

Contained in document A/52/38.

载于A/52/38号文件。