CEDAW/GC/26 CEDAW_GR_26E.docx (English)

CEDAW/GC/26 CEDAW_GR_26C.docx (Chinese)

CEDAW/GC/26

CEDAW/GC/26

CEDAW

CEDAW

General recommendation No. 26, on women migrant workers

关于移徙女工的第26项一般性建议

Introduction

导言

1. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, affirming that migrant women, like all women, should not be discriminated against in any sphere of their life, decided at its thirty-second session, pursuant to article 21 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, to issue a general recommendation on some categories of women migrant workers who may be at risk of abuse and discrimination.

1. 消除对妇女歧视委员会申明移徙妇女像所有妇女一样，不应在其任何生活领域受到歧视，并根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第21条，在其第三十二届会议上决定印发关于可能有遭受虐待和歧视危险的某类移徙女工的一般性建议。

2. This general recommendation intends to contribute to the fulfilment of the obligations of States parties to respect, protect and fulfil the human rights of women migrant workers, alongside the legal obligations contained in other treaties, the commitments assumed under the plans of action of world conferences and the important work of migration-focused treaty bodies, especially the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.

2. 这项一般性建议旨在促进缔约国履行尊重、保护和实现移徙女工人权的义务，履行其他条约所载的法律义务、在各次世界会议行动计划中作出的承诺，落实注重移徙问题的条约机构、特别是保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会的重要工作。

While the Committee notes that the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families protects individuals, including migrant women, on the basis of their migration status, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women protects all women, including migrant women, against sex- and gender-based discrimination.

委员会指出，《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》依据移民身份保护包括移徙妇女在内的所有个人，而《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》保护包括移徙妇女在内的所有妇女不受性歧视和性别的歧视。

While migration presents new opportunities for women and may be a means for their economic empowerment through wider participation, it may also place their human rights and security at risk.

移徙给妇女带来新的机遇，甚至可以作为通过扩大参与增强妇女经济力量的手段，但也可能危及妇女的人权和安全。

Hence, the present general recommendation aims to elaborate on the circumstances that contribute to the specific vulnerability of many women migrant workers and their experiences of sex- and gender-based discrimination as a cause and consequence of the violations of their human rights.

因此，这项一般性建议旨在阐明何种环境使得许多移徙女工处于特定的弱势地位，遭受性歧视和和性别歧视，并认为这种环境与妇女人权受到侵犯互为因果。

3. While States are entitled to control their borders and regulate migration, they must do so in full compliance with their obligations as parties to the human rights treaties they have ratified or acceded to.

3. 尽管各国有权控制其边界和规范移民事务，但其行事必须完全履行其作为已批准或已加入人权条约的缔约方所承担的义务。

That includes the promotion of safe migration procedures and the obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the human rights of women throughout the migration cycle.

这包括在整个移徙周期期间促进安全移徙程序以及尊重、保护和实现妇女人权的义务。

Those obligations must be undertaken in recognition of the social and economic contributions of women migrant workers to their own countries and to the countries of destination, including through caregiving and domestic work.

这些义务必须得到履行，以承认移徙女工对本国和目的地国作出的社会和经济贡献，其中包括通过照料他人和家务工作作出的贡献。

4. The Committee recognizes that migrant women may be classified into various categories relating to the factors compelling migration, the purposes of migration and accompanying tenure of stay, the vulnerability to risk and abuse, their status in the country to which they have migrated and their eligibility for citizenship.

4. 委员会认识到，可以根据迫使移徙的因素、移徙的目的和停留的时间、遭受危险和侵害的脆弱性、在移徙国的身份以及获得公民身份的资格，对移徙妇女作出各种不同的分类。

The Committee also recognizes that such categories are fluid and overlapping, and that therefore it is sometimes difficult to draw clear distinctions between them.

委员会还确认，这些分类仍然存在不确定性和重叠，所以有时很难对其作出明确区分。

Accordingly the scope of the present general recommendation is limited to addressing the situations of the following categories of migrant women, who, as workers, are in low-paid jobs, may be at high risk of abuse and discrimination and may never acquire eligibility for permanent stay or citizenship, unlike professional migrant workers in the country of employment.

故此，本项一般性建议的范围限于探讨以下类别移徙妇女的处境，她们作为工人从事低薪工作，很有可能遭受侵害和歧视，而且不像就业国的专业移徙工人那样，可能永远不会具备获得永久居留或公民身份的资格。

As such, in many cases, these women may not enjoy the protection of the law of the countries concerned, at either the de jure or de facto level.

因此，无论在法律上或事实上，这些妇女在许多情况下可能不享有有关国家的法律保护。

These categories of migrant women are:

这些类别的移徙妇女是：

(a) Women migrant workers who migrate independently;

(a) 独自移徙的移徙女工；

(b) Women migrant workers who join their spouses or other members of their families who are also workers;

(b) 与同为工人的配偶或其他家庭成员团聚的移徙女工；

(c) Undocumented women migrant workers who may fall into either of the above categories.

(c) 可能属于上述任一类别的无合法证件移徙女工。

The Committee, however, emphasizes that all categories of women migrants fall within the scope of the obligations of States parties to the Convention and must be protected against all forms of discrimination, under the Convention.

但委员会强调，所有类别的移徙妇女都属于《公约》缔约国义务的范畴，必须根据《公约》受到不遭受一切形式歧视的保护。

5. Although both men and women migrate, migration is not a gender-neutral phenomenon.

5. 移徙不分男女，但移徙并不是一个性别中立现象。

The position of female migrants is different from that of male migrants in terms of legal migration channels, the sectors into which they migrate and the forms of abuse they suffer and the consequences thereof.

就合法移徙渠道、移徙进入的部门以及所遭受侵害的形式及产生的后果而言，女性移徙者的地位不同于男性移徙者。

To understand the specific ways in which women are impacted, female migration should be studied from the perspective of gender inequality, traditional female roles, a gendered labour market, the universal prevalence of gender-based violence and the worldwide feminization of poverty and labour migration.

为了了解妇女受到影响的特定方式，女性移徙问题应从性别不平等、传统的女性角色、存在性别差异的劳工市场、性别暴力的普遍存在以及世界各地贫穷妇女和参与劳工移徙妇女的人数增多等角度研究女性移徙问题。

The integration of a gender perspective is, therefore, essential to the analysis of the position of female migrants and the development of policies to counter discrimination, exploitation and abuse.

因此，纳入两性观点对于分析女性移徙者的地位以及制定打击歧视、剥削和侵害政策至关重要。

Applying principles of human rights and gender equality

适用人权和两性平等原则

6. All women migrant workers are entitled to the protection of their human rights, which include the right to life, the right to personal liberty and security, the right not to be tortured, the right to be free of degrading and inhumane treatment, the right to be free from discrimination on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, cultural particularities, nationality, language, religion or other status, the right to be free from poverty, the right to an adequate standard of living, the right to equality before the law and the right to benefit from the due processes of the law.

6. 所有移徙女工都有权享有人权保护，其中包括生命权、人身自由和安全的权利、不受酷刑的权利、免受有辱人格和不人道待遇的权利、免于因性别、种族、族裔、文 化特殊性、国籍、语言、宗教或其他身份遭受歧视的权利、免于贫穷的权利、获得相当生活标准的权利、在法律面前人人平等的权利以及受益于适当法律程序的权 利。

These rights are provided for in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the many human rights treaties ratified or acceded to by States Members of the United Nations.

这些权利在《世界人权宣言》以及联合国会员国已批准或加入的许多人权条约中均有规定。

7. Women migrant workers are also entitled to protection from discrimination on the basis of the Convention, which requires States parties to take all appropriate measures without delay to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and to ensure that they will be able to exercise and enjoy de jure and de facto rights on an equal basis with men in all fields.

7. 移徙女工还有权根据《公约》享有免遭歧视的保护，《公约》要求缔约国尽速一切适当措施，消除一切形式针对妇女的歧视，确保妇女能够在所有领域行使和享有在法律上和事实上与男子平等的权利。

Factors influencing women’s migration

影响妇女移徙的因素

8. Women currently make up about one half of the world’s migrant population.

8. 目前，妇女约占世界移徙人口的二分之一。

Various factors, such as globalization, the wish to seek new opportunities, poverty, gendered cultural practices and gender-based violence in countries of origin, natural disasters or wars and internal military conflicts determine women’s migration.

全球化、寻求新机遇的愿望、贫穷、原籍国男女有别的文化习俗和性别暴力、自然灾害或战争以及国内军事冲突等各种因素，决定了妇女的移徙。

These factors also include the exacerbation of sex-specific divisions of labour in the formal and informal manufacturing and service sectors in countries of destination, as well as a male-centred culture of entertainment, the latter creating a demand for women as entertainers.

这些因素还包括：在目的地国，正规和非正规的制造和服务部门中按性别进行劳动分工问题加剧；以男性为中心的娱乐文化为妇女从事娱乐工作制造了需求。

A significant increase in the number of women migrating alone as wage earners has been widely noted as part of this trend.

人们普遍注意到，妇女独自移徙赚取薪资的人数大量增加，已成为这一趋势的组成部分。

Sex- and gender-based human rights concerns related to migrant women

与移民妇女有关的基于性和性别的人权问题

9. Because violations of the human rights of women migrant workers occur in countries of origin, countries of transit and countries of destination, the present general recommendation will address all three situations in order to facilitate the use of the Convention, further the rights of women migrant workers and advance substantive equality of women and men in all spheres of their lives.

9. 由于侵犯移徙女工人权的行为在原籍国、过境国和目的地国均有发生，本项一般性建议将探讨所有三种情况，以便促进《公约》的利用，增进移徙女工的权利，在其所有生活领域推进妇女和男子的实质平等地位。

It is also recalled that migration is an inherently global phenomenon, requiring cooperation among States at the multilateral, bilateral and regional levels.

本项一般性建议还回顾，移徙实质上是一种全球现象，各国必须在多边、双边和区域级别开展合作。

In countries of origin before departure

出发前在原籍国

10. Even before they leave home, women migrant workers face myriad human rights concerns, including complete bans or restrictions on women’s outmigration based on sex or sex combined with age, marital status, pregnancy or maternity status, occupation-specific restrictions or requirements that women must have written permission from male relatives to obtain a passport to travel or migrate.

10. 移徙女工甚至在离开本国之前，就面临各种各样的人权问题，其中包括以性别或以性别外加年龄、婚姻状况、怀孕或生育状况为由全面禁止或限制妇女外移；针对特定职业的限制；妇女必须得到男性亲属书面许可才能获得旅行或移徙护照的要求。

Women are sometimes detained by recruiting agents for training in preparation for departure, during which time they may be subject to financial, physical, sexual or psychological abuse.

妇女有时被招聘代理人以出发前培训为由留住，在此期间，妇女可能遭受财务、人身、性或心理侵害。

Women may also suffer the consequences of restricted access to education, training and reliable information on migration, which may lead to increased vulnerability in relation to employers.

妇女还可能遭受的后果是，在接受教育、培训和可靠移徙资料方面受到限制，而这又可能加剧在与雇主关系方面的弱势地位。

Exploitative fees may be charged by employment agents, which sometimes cause women, who generally have fewer assets than men, to suffer greater financial hardships and make them more dependent, for example, if they need to borrow from family, friends or moneylenders at usurious rates.

就业经纪人可能收取剥削性费用，由于妇女拥有的资产通常少于男子，这又使妇女遭受更大的财务困难，增加妇女的依赖性，例如妇女需要向家人、朋友或放债人借高利贷。

In countries of origin upon return

回返后在原籍国

11. Women migrant workers may face sex- and gender-based discrimination, including compulsory HIV/AIDS testing for women returnees, moral “rehabilitation” for young women returnees and increased personal and social costs compared with men, without adequate gender-responsive services.

11. 移徙女工可能面临性歧视和性别歧视，包括妇女回返者接受强制性艾滋病毒/艾滋病检验、年轻妇女回返者接受道德“康复”以及与男子相比承受更高的个人和社会代价，却得不到充分的针对性别的服务。

For example, men may return to a stable family situation, whereas women may find disintegration of the family upon their return, with their absence from home regarded as the cause of such disintegration.

例如，男子可以回到稳定的家庭环境中，而妇女在返回时可能发现家庭已经解体，而她们没有在家被视为家庭解体的原因。

There may also be a lack of protection against reprisals from exploitative recruiting agents.

在防范剥削性招聘经纪人的报复方面也可能缺乏保护。

In countries of transit

在过境国

12. Women migrant workers may face a variety of human rights concerns when transiting through foreign countries.

12. 移徙女工在外国过境时可能遭遇各种人权问题。

When travelling with an agent or escort, women migrants may be abandoned if the agent encounters problems in transit or upon arrival in the country of destination.

移徙妇女在与经纪人或陪同者旅行时，如果经纪人在过境或抵达目的地国时遭遇问题，就可能遭到抛弃。

Women are also vulnerable to sexual and physical abuse by agents and escorts when travelling in countries of transit.

妇女在过境国旅行时，也容易受到经纪人或陪同者的性侵害和人身侵害。

In countries of destination

在目的地国

13. Once they reach their destinations, women migrant workers may encounter multiple forms of de jure and de facto discrimination.

13. 移徙妇女一旦到达目的地后，可能遭到多种形式的法律上和事实上的歧视。

There are countries whose Governments sometimes impose restrictions or bans on women’s employment in particular sectors.

有些国家的政府有时限制或禁止妇女在特定部门就业。

Whatever the situation, women migrant workers face additional hazards compared with men because of gender-insensitive environments that do not allow mobility for women and that give them little access to relevant information about their rights and entitlements.

不论情况如何，移徙女工比男子面临更多的危险，其原因是所在环境对性别问题不敏感，不允许妇女流动，让她们几乎得不到关于其权利和应享待遇的相关信息。

Gendered notions of appropriate work for women result in job opportunities that reflect familial and service functions ascribed to women or that are in the informal sector.

由于对适合妇女从事的工作存在男女有别的思想，就业机会要么是人们认为妇女应从事的家庭或服务性工作，要么属于非正规部门。

Under such circumstances, occupations in which women dominate are, in particular, domestic work or certain forms of entertainment.

在这种情况下，主要由妇女从事的职业具体而言都是家务工作或某些形式的娱乐工作。

14. In addition, in countries of destination, such occupations may be excluded from legal definitions of work, thereby depriving women of a variety of legal protections.

14. 此外，在目的地国，这些职业可能不属于法律意义上的工作，因而剥夺了对妇女的各种法律保护。

In such occupations, women migrant workers have trouble obtaining binding contracts concerning terms and conditions of work, causing them sometimes to work for long hours without overtime payment.

在这些职业中，移徙女工难以获得在工作期限和工作条件方面具有约束力的合同，致使她们有时长时间工作而得不到加班费。

Moreover, women migrant workers often experience intersecting forms of discrimination, suffering not only sex- and gender-based discrimination but also xenophobia and racism.

此外，移徙女工往往遭受交叉性歧视，不仅受到性歧视和性别歧视，而且遭受仇外心理和种族主义之苦。

Discrimination based on race, ethnicity, cultural particularities, nationality, language, religion or other status may be expressed in sex- and gender-specific ways.

基于种族、族裔、文化特殊性、国籍、语言、宗教或其他身份的歧视，可能以针对性和性别的方式表现出来。

15. Because of discrimination on the basis of sex and gender, women migrant workers may receive lower wages than do men, or experience non-payment of wages, payments that are delayed until departure or transfer of wages into accounts that are inaccessible to them.

15. 由于存在性歧视和性别歧视，移徙女工获得的薪资可能低于男子，或遭遇不支付薪资、薪资支付推迟到离开之前、或薪资转入其无法动用的账户的情况。

For example, employers of domestic workers often deposit the worker’s wages into an account in the employer’s name.

例如，家庭雇工的雇主经常将工人的薪资存入以雇主名义开设的账户。

If a woman and her spouse both have worker status, her wages may be paid into an account in the name of her spouse.

假如妇女及其配偶均具有工人身份，她的薪资可能被转入以其配偶名义开设的账户。

Workers in female-dominated sectors may not be paid for weekly days of rest or national holidays.

在妇女占多数的部门中，每周的休息日或国定假日不支付工人薪资。

Or, if they are heavily burdened by debt from recruitment fees, women migrant workers may not be able to leave abusive situations since they have no other way to repay those debts.

或者，移徙女工如果由于招聘费用而担负沉重的债务负担，就可能因无法偿还债务而不能离开虐待性环境。

Such violations may of course be faced by non-migrant local women in similar female-dominated jobs.

当然，当地的非移民妇女在从事女性占多数的工作时也可能面临这种侵犯。

However, non-migrant local women have better job mobility.

然而，当地的非移民妇女拥有更大的工作流动性。

They have the choice, however limited, of leaving an oppressive job situation and obtaining another job, whereas, in some countries, a woman migrant worker may become undocumented the minute she leaves her job.

不论其选择多么有限，这些妇女可以选择离开压迫性就业环境，另找工作，而在某些国家，移徙女工一旦放弃工作，就失去合法身份。

Non-migrant local women workers may, moreover, have some economic protection by way of family support if they are unemployed, but women migrant workers may not have such protection.

此外，当地的非移徙女工如果失业，可以通过家庭支持得到某种程度的经济保护，而移徙女工有没有这种保护。

Women migrant workers thus face hazards on the basis of sex and gender, as well as on the basis of their migrant status.

因此，移徙女工既面临着基于性和性别的危险，又面临着基于其移民身份的危险。

16. Women migrant workers may be unable to save or transmit savings safely through regular channels due to isolation (for domestic workers), cumbersome procedures, language barriers or high transaction costs.

16. 由于受到孤立(如家庭雇工)、繁复的程序、语言障碍或高额交易费用等原因，移徙女工可能无法储蓄或将其存款通过正规渠道进行汇款。

This is a great problem since in general they earn less than men.

鉴于她们的收入通常低于男子，这就成为很大的问题。

Women may further face familial obligations to remit all their earnings to their families to a degree that may not be expected of men.

妇女可能还面临着将其全部收入汇给自己家庭的家庭义务，而人们不期望男子承担这种程度的义务。

For example, single women may be expected to support even extended family members at home.

例如，人们可能期望单身妇女甚至支助国内扩大家庭的成员。

17. Women migrant workers often suffer from inequalities that threaten their health.

17. 移徙女工经常遭受可能危害其健康的不平等待遇。

They may be unable to access health services, including reproductive health services, because insurance or national health schemes are not available to them, or they may have to pay unaffordable fees.

她们可能无法获得保健服务(包括生殖健康服务)，其原因是未向其提供保险或国家保健计划，或她们可能必须支付无力承受的费用。

As women have health needs different from those of men, this aspect requires special attention.

由于妇女的保健需要不同于男子，需要对这方面给予特别关注。

They may also suffer from a lack of arrangements for their safety at work, or provisions for safe travel between the worksite and their place of accommodation.

还有可能没有为妇女的工作安全或安全地往返于工作场所和居住地点作出安排。

Where accommodation is provided, especially in female-dominated occupations such as factory, farm or domestic work, living conditions may be poor and overcrowded, without running water or adequate sanitary facilities, or they may lack privacy and hygiene.

在提供住处的情况下，特别是在工厂、农场或家务工作等女性占多数的职业，生活环境可能十分简陋和过于拥挤，没有自来水或足够的环卫设施，或者她们的隐私和个人卫生可能没有保障。

Women migrant workers are sometimes subjected to sex-discriminatory mandatory HIV/AIDS testing or testing for other infections without their consent, followed by notification of test results to agents and employers rather than to the worker herself.

移徙女工有时受到性歧视，未经其同意就接受强制性艾滋病毒/艾滋病检验或其他传染的检验，而且之后将检验结果通知提供给经纪人和雇主而不是工人本人。

This may result in loss of employment or deportation if test results are positive.

如果检验结果呈阳性，就可能导致失业或遭到递解。

18. Discrimination may be especially acute in relation to pregnancy.

18. 在怀孕方面存在的歧视可能尤其严重。

Women migrant workers may face mandatory pregnancy tests followed by deportation if the test is positive; coercive abortion or lack of access to safe reproductive health and abortion services, when the health of the mother is at risk, or even following sexual assault; or absence of, or inadequate, maternity leave and benefits and absence of affordable obstetric care, resulting in serious health risks.

移徙女工可能面临强制性验孕，如果检验呈阳性就可能遭到递解；如果母亲的健康面临危险或甚至在遭到性攻击之后，面临强制性人工流产或不能得到安全生殖保健和人工流产服务；由于没有或没有足够的产假和福利以及没有负担得起的产科护理而造成严重的健康危险。

Women migrant workers may also face dismissal from employment upon detection of pregnancy, sometimes resulting in irregular immigration status and deportation.

移徙女工如被发现怀孕，还可能面临遭到解雇，这有时造成非法移民身份和递解。

19. Women migrant workers may be subjected to particularly disadvantageous terms regarding their stay in a country.

19. 移徙女工在一国居留期间可能遭遇特别不利的条件。

They are sometimes unable to benefit from family reunification schemes, which may not extend to workers in female-dominated sectors, such as domestic workers or those in entertainment.

她们有时无法享受家庭团聚计划，因为这种计划可能不适用女性占多数部门的工人，例如家庭雇工或娱乐业的工人。

Permission to stay in the country of employment may be severely restricted, especially for women migrant workers in domestic work when their time-fixed contracts end or are terminated at the whim of the employer.

在就业国居留的许可可能受到严重限制，对从事家庭雇工的移徙女工而言，在她们的定期合同到期或遭雇主任意终止时尤其如此。

If they lose their immigration status, they may be more vulnerable to violence by the employer or others who want to abuse the situation.

如果她们失去移民身份，就可能容易遭到那些想要利用这一处境的雇主或其他人的暴力侵害。

If they are detained, they may be subject to violence perpetrated by officials in detention centres.

如果她们遭到羁押，也可能遭到拘留中心官员的暴力侵害。

20. Women migrant workers are more vulnerable to sexual abuse, sexual harassment and physical violence, especially in sectors where women predominate.

20. 移徙女工更容易遭受性侵害、性骚扰和人身暴力，在妇女占多数的部门尤其如此。

Domestic workers are particularly vulnerable to physical and sexual assault, food and sleep deprivation and cruelty by their employers.

家庭雇工尤其容易到人身攻击和性攻击、被剥夺食物和睡眠以及遭受雇主的残酷行为。

Sexual harassment of women migrant workers in other work environments, such as on farms or in the industrial sector, is a problem worldwide (see E/CN.4/1998/74/Add.1).

移徙女工在其他工作环境(例如在农场或工业部门)中遭受性性骚扰，是一个世界性问题(见E/CN.4/1998/74/Add.1)。

Women migrant workers who migrate as spouses of male migrant workers or along with family members face an added risk of domestic violence from their spouses or relatives if they come from a culture that values the submissive role of the women in the family.

对于作为男性移徙工人的配偶或与家庭成员一同移徙的移徙女工而言，如果她们来自一种强调妇女在家庭中应扮演顺从角色的文化，就会面临遭受配偶或亲属的家庭暴力的更大危险。

21. Access to justice may be limited for women migrant workers.

21. 诉诸司法方面可能受到限制。

In some countries, restrictions are imposed on the use of the legal system by women migrant workers to obtain remedies for discriminatory labour standards, employment discrimination or sex- and gender-based violence.

在某些国家，对移徙女工利用法律制度要求对歧视性劳工标准、就业歧视或性暴力和性别暴力提供救济作出限制。

Further, women migrant workers may not be eligible for free government legal aid, and there may be other impediments, such as unresponsive and hostile officials and, at times, collusion between officials and the perpetrator.

此外，移徙女工可能没有资格获得政府的免费法律援助，还可能存在其他障碍例如，官员不作回应和存在敌意，甚至有时是官员和犯罪人进行勾结。

In some cases, diplomats have perpetrated sexual abuse, violence and other forms of discrimination against women migrant domestic workers while enjoying diplomatic immunity.

在某些情况下，外交人员在享受外交豁免时对家庭雇用的移徙女工实施性侵害、暴力行为或其他形式的歧视。

In some countries, there are gaps in the laws protecting women migrant workers.

在某些国家，保护移徙女工的法律存在漏洞。

For example, they may lose their work permits once they make a report of abuse or discrimination and then they cannot afford to remain in the country for the duration of the trial, if any.

例如，她们一旦举报遭到侵害或歧视，就可能丧失工作许可，而后如果进行庭审，在庭审期间无法继续留在该国。

In addition to these formal barriers, practical barriers may prevent access to remedies.

这些形式上的障碍除外，实际障碍也可能阻碍获得救济。

Many do not know the language of the country and do not know their rights.

许多妇女不懂所在国语言，也不了解自己的权利。

Women migrant workers may lack mobility because they may be confined by employers to their worksites or living sites, prohibited from using telephones or banned from joining groups or cultural associations.

移徙女工可能因雇主将其限制在工作或生活场所而缺乏流动性，被禁止使用电话或参与团体或文化协会。

They often lack knowledge of their embassies or of services available, due to their dependence on employers or spouses for such information.

她们往往缺乏对本国大使馆或所提供服务的了解，因为她们依赖于雇主或配偶得到这些信息。

For example, it is very difficult for women migrant domestic workers who are scarcely ever out of sight of their employers to even register with their embassies or file complaints.

例如，从事家庭雇工的移徙女工几乎从不脱离雇主的视线，因此很难在本国使馆登记或提出申诉。

As such, women may have no outside contacts and no means of making a complaint, and they may suffer violence and abuse for long periods of time before the situation is exposed.

因此，妇女可能没有任何外部接触，也没有提出申诉的手段，因此可能在事情曝光之前长期遭受暴力行为和侵害。

In addition, the withholding of passports by employers or the fear of reprisal if the woman migrant worker is engaged in sectors that are linked to criminal networks may prevent them from making a report.

此外，如果移徙女工被与犯罪网络有联系的部门所雇用，由于雇主扣留护照或担心遭到报复而不会进行举报。

22. Undocumented women migrant workers are particularly vulnerable to exploitation and abuse because of their irregular immigration status, which exacerbates their exclusion and the risk of exploitation.

22. 无合法证件的移徙女工因其移民身份不合法而尤其容易受到剥削和侵害，这使其更加孤立，加剧了受剥削的危险。

They may be exploited as forced labour, and their access to minimum labour rights may be limited by fear of denouncement.

她们可能成为受剥削的强迫劳工，因担心受到告发，其享受最低劳工权利的能力受到限制。

They may also face harassment by the police.

她们还可能面临警察的骚扰。

If they are apprehended, they are usually prosecuted for violations of immigration laws and placed in detention centres, where they are vulnerable to sexual abuse, and then deported.

她们如果遭到拘留，则通常会以违犯移民法为由受到起诉，被关押在她们容易受到性侵害的拘留中心，然后遭到递解。

Recommendations to States parties

缔约国的建议

Common responsibilities of countries of origin and destination

国籍国和目的地国的共同责任

23. Common responsibilities of countries of origin and destination include:

23. 国籍国和目的地国的共同责任包括：

(a) Formulating a comprehensive gender-sensitive and rights-based policy: States parties should use the Convention and the general recommendations to formulate a gender-sensitive, rights-based policy on the basis of equality and non-discrimination to regulate and administer all aspects and stages of migration, to facilitate access of women migrant workers to work opportunities abroad, promoting safe migration and ensuring the protection of the rights of women migrant workers (articles 2 (a) and 3);

(a) 拟订全面、对性别问题有敏感认识、基于权利的政策：缔约国应在公平和不歧视基础上，利用《公约》和一般性建议拟订对性别问题有敏感认识、基于权利的政策， 以在规范和管理移徙问题的所有方面和各个阶段，促进移徙女工在国外获得工作机会，推动安全移徙，确保保护移徙女工的权利(第2条(a)和第3条)；

(b) Active involvement of women migrant workers and relevant non-governmental organizations: States parties should seek the active involvement of women migrant workers and relevant non-governmental organizations in policy formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation (article 7 (b));

(b) 让移徙女工和相关非政府组织积极参与：缔约国应努力让移徙女工和相关非政府组织积极参与政策拟订、执行、监测和评价(第7(b)条)；

(c) Research, data collection and analysis: States parties should conduct and support quantitative and qualitative research, data collection and analysis to identify the problems and needs faced by women migrant workers in every phase of the migration process in order to promote the rights of women migrant workers and formulate relevant policies (article 3).

(c) 研究、数据收集和分析：缔约国应开展和支持定量和定性研究、数据收集和分析，以查明移徙女工在移徙过程的各个阶段面临的问题和需求，从而增进移徙女工的权利，拟订相关政策(第3条)。

Responsibilities specific to countries of origin

原籍国所特有的责任

24. Countries of origin must respect and protect the human rights of their female nationals who migrate for purposes of work.

24. 原籍国必须尊重和保护为了工作目的而移徙的本国女性公民的人权。

Measures that may be required include, but are not limited to, the following:

可能采取的必要措施包括、但不限于以下方面：

(a) Lifting of discriminatory bans or restrictions on migration: States parties should repeal sex-specific bans and discriminatory restrictions on women’s migration on the basis of age, marital status, pregnancy or maternity status.

(a) 取消关于移徙的歧视性禁令或限制：缔约国应废止以年龄、婚姻状况、怀孕和生育状况为由，在妇女移徙方面作出的针对性别的禁令和歧视性限制。

They should lift restrictions that require women to get permission from their spouse or male guardian to obtain a passport or to travel (article 2 (f));

它们应取消对妇女必须获得配偶或男性监护人许可方能获得护照或旅行作出的限制(第2(f)条)；

(b) Education, awareness-raising and training with standardized content: States parties should develop an appropriate education and awareness-raising programme in close consultation with concerned non-governmental organizations, gender and migration specialists, women workers with migration experience and reliable recruiting agencies.

(b) 包含标准化内容的教育、提高认识和培训：缔约国应与相关非政府组织、性别和移徙问题专家、有移徙经历的女工和可靠的职业介绍所密切协商，制定适当的教育和提高认识计划。

In that regard, States parties should (articles 3, 5, 10 and 14):

为此，缔约国应(第3、5、10和第14条)：

(i) Deliver or facilitate free or affordable gender- and rights-based predeparture information and training programmes that raise prospective women migrant workers’ awareness of potential exploitation, including recommended content of labour contracts, legal rights and entitlements in countries of employment, procedures for invoking formal and informal redress mechanisms, processes by which to obtain information about employers, cultural conditions in countries of destination, stress management, first aid and emergency services and measures including emergency telephone numbers of home embassy, information about safety in transit including airport and airline orientations, and information on general and reproductive health including HIV/AIDS prevention.

㈠ 提供或促进提供免费或廉价的基于性别与权利的出发前情况介绍和培训计划，以提高未来移徙女工对可能遭受剥削的认识，其中包括介绍雇用国劳动合同的内容、合 法权利和应享权利；援用正式和非正式救济机制的程序；获得关于雇主、目的地国文化环境、精神压力管理、急救及紧急服务和措施(包括本国大使馆紧急电话号 码)和各种服务的资料；关于过境安全的资料，其中包括机场和航空公司指南以及关于总体健康和生殖健康的资料(包括预防艾滋病毒/艾滋病)。

Such training programmes should be targeted to women who are prospective migrant workers through an effective outreach programme and held in decentralized training venues so that they are accessible to women;

这种培训计划应通过切实有效的外联方案，以将成为移徙工人的妇女为对象，分散培训地点，以便妇女利用这些计划；

(ii) Provide a list of authentic, reliable recruitment agencies and create a unified information system on available jobs abroad;

㈡ 提供真实可靠的职业介绍所名单，建立关于国外现有就业机会的统一信息系统；

(iii) Provide information on methods and procedures for migrating to work for women workers who wish to migrate independently of recruitment agencies;

㈢ 为那些想要不通过职业介绍所移徙的女工提供关于移徙就业的方法和程序的资料；

(iv) Require recruitment agencies to participate in awareness-raising and training programmes and sensitize them on the rights of women migrant workers, the forms of sex- and gender-based discrimination, the exploitation women could experience and the responsibilities of recruitment agencies towards women;

㈣ 要求职业介绍所参与提高认识和培训计划，以使之敏感地认识到移徙女工的权利、性歧视和性别歧视的表现形式、妇女可能受到的剥削以及职业介绍所对妇女承担的责任；

(v) Promote community awareness-raising concerning the costs and benefits of all forms of migration for women and conduct cross-cultural awareness-raising activities addressed to the general public, which should highlight the risks, dangers and opportunities of migration, the entitlement of women to their earnings in the interest of ensuring their financial security and the need to maintain a balance between women’s familial responsibility and their responsibility to themselves.

㈤ 就各种形式的移徙对妇女带来的代价和好处开展社区提高认识活动，以公众为对象开展跨文化、提高认识活动。 这些活动应重点介绍移徙的风险、危险和机遇；妇女获得其收入，以利于确保妇女的财务安全的应享权利；在妇女对家庭的责任和对自身的权利之间维持平衡的必要性。

Such an awareness-raising programme could be carried out through formal and informal educational programmes;

这种提高认识计划可以通过正式和非正式教育方案进行。

(vi) Encourage the media, information and communication sectors to contribute to awareness-raising on migration issues, including on the contributions women migrant workers make to the economy, women’s vulnerability to exploitation and discrimination and the various sites at which such exploitation occurs;

㈥ 鼓励媒体、信息和通信部门在移徙问题上为提高认识作出贡献，其中包括移徙女工对经济的贡献、妇女遭受剥削和歧视的脆弱性以及这种剥削发生的各种场所；

(c) Regulations and monitoring systems, as follows:

(c) 以下法规和监测体系：

(i) States parties should adopt regulations and design monitoring systems to ensure that recruiting agents and employment agencies respect the rights of all women migrant workers.

㈠ 缔约国应通过各项法规，制定监测体系，以确保招聘代理人和职业介绍所尊重所有移徙女工的各项权利。

States parties should include in their legislation a comprehensive definition of irregular recruitment along with a provision on legal sanctions for breaches of the law by recruitment agencies (article 2 (e));

缔约国应在其立法中对非正规招聘作出全面界定，并规定对招聘代理机构的违法行为作出的法律制裁(第2(e)条)；

(ii) States parties should also implement accreditation programmes to ensure good practices among recruitment agencies (article 2 (e));

㈡ 缔约国还应实施认证计划，确保招聘代理机构采取良好做法(第2(e)条)；

(d) Health services: States parties should ensure the provision of standardized and authentic health certificates if required by countries of destination and require prospective employers to purchase medical insurance for women migrant workers.

(d) 保健服务：缔约国应根据目的地国的要求确保提供标准化、真实的健康证明，并要求未来雇主为移徙女工购买医疗保险。

All required predeparture HIV/AIDS testing or predeparture health examinations must be respectful of the human rights of women migrants.

要求在出发前所做的一切艾滋病毒/艾滋病检验或出发前体检必须尊重移徙女工的人权。

Special attention should be paid to voluntariness, the provision of free or affordable services and to the problems of stigmatization (articles 2 (f) and 12);

应特别注意自愿性、提供免费或廉价服务以及污名化问题。 (第2(f)和第12条)；

(e) Travel documents: States parties should ensure that women have equal and independent access to travel documents (article 2 (d));

(e) 旅行证件：缔约国应确保妇女平等及独立地获得旅行证件(第2(d)条)。

(f) Legal and administrative assistance: States parties should ensure the availability of legal assistance in connection with migration for work.

(f) 法律和行政协助：缔约国应确保在工作性移徙方面提供法律协助。

For example, legal reviews should be available to ensure that work contracts are valid and protect women’s rights on a basis of equality with men (articles 3 and 11);

例如，应提供法律审查，以确保工作合同有效，保护妇女与男子的平等权利(第3和第11条)；

(g) Safeguarding remittances of income: States parties should establish measures to safeguard the remittances of women migrant workers and provide information and assistance to women to access formal financial institutions to send money home and to encourage them to participate in savings schemes (articles 3 and 11);

(g) 保障收入汇款：缔约国应建立保障移徙女工汇款的措施，为妇女利用正式金融机构向家人汇款提供资料和协助，鼓励她们参与储蓄计划(第3和第11条)；

(h) Facilitating the right to return: States parties should ensure that women who wish to return to their countries of origin are able to do so free of coercion and abuse (article 3);

(h) 促进返回权：缔约国应确保愿意返回原籍国的妇女能够在不受胁迫或侵害的情况下返回(第3条)；

(i) Services to women upon return: States parties should design or oversee comprehensive socio-economic, psychological and legal services aimed at facilitating the reintegration of women who have returned.

(i) 返回后向妇女提供的服务：缔约国应制定或监督执行全面的社会经济、心理和法律服务，以促进妇女在返回后重新融入社会。

They should monitor service providers to ensure that they do not take advantage of the vulnerable position of women returning from work abroad, and should have complaint mechanisms to protect the women against reprisals by recruiters, employers or former spouses (articles 2 (c) and 3);

缔约国应对服务提供方进行监测，以确保其不利用从国外返回的妇女的弱势地位，并应建立申诉机制，保护妇女不受招聘代理机构、雇主或前配偶的报复(第2(c)条和第3条)；

(j) Diplomatic and consular protection: States parties must properly train and supervise their diplomatic and consular staff to ensure that they fulfil their role in protecting the rights of women migrant workers abroad.

(j) 外交和领事保护：缔约国必须适当培训和监督其外交和领事人员，以确保他们发挥用，保护在国外的移徙女工的权利。

Such protection should include quality support services available to women migrants, including timely provision of interpreters, medical care, counselling, legal aid and shelter when needed.

这种保护应包括向妇女移徙者提供优质支助服务，其中包括及时提供必要的口译、医疗、咨询服务、法律援助和住处。

Where States parties have specific obligations under customary international law or treaties such as the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, those obligations must be carried out in full in relation to women migrant workers (article 3).

在缔约国根据《维也纳领事关系公约》等习惯国际法或条约承担特定义务时，与移徙女工有关的这些义务必须得到全面履行(第3条)。

Responsibilities specific to countries of transit

过境国所特有的责任

25. States parties through which migrant women travel should take all appropriate steps to ensure that their territories are not used to facilitate the violation of the rights of women migrant workers.

25. 移徙妇女途经的缔约国应采取一切适当措施，确保本国领土不被用来为侵犯移民女工的权利提供便利。

Measures that may be required include, but are not limited to, the following:

可能需要采取的措施包括但又不限于以下方面：

(a) Training, monitoring and supervision of Government agents: States parties should ensure that their border police and immigration officials are adequately trained, supervised and monitored for gender-sensitivity and non-discriminatory practices when dealing with women migrants (article 2 (d));

(a) 培训、监测和监督政府人员：缔约国应确保充分培训、监督和监测边境警察和移民官员，使其在处理妇女移徙者问题时采取对性别问题有敏感认识、非歧视性做法(第2(d)条)；

(b) Protection against violations of women migrant workers’ rights that take place under their jurisdiction: States parties should take active measures to prevent, prosecute and punish all migration-related human rights violations that occur under their jurisdiction, whether perpetrated by public authorities or private actors.

(b) 防范其管辖范围内发生侵犯移移徙女工权利的情事：缔约国应采取积极措施，防止、起诉和惩罚其管辖范围内发生的一切与移徙有关的侵犯人权行为，无论犯罪人为政府主管部门还是私人行为体。

States parties should provide or facilitate services and assistance in situations where women travelling with an agent or escort have been abandoned and should make all attempts to trace perpetrators and take legal action against them (articles 2 (c) and (e)).

在发生与经纪人或陪同者一起旅行的妇女被抛弃的情况时，缔约国应提供或促进提供服务和援助，并应尽一切努力追踪犯罪人，对其采取法律行动(第2(c)和(e)条)。

Responsibilities specific to countries of destination

目的地国所特有的责任

26. States parties in countries where migrant women work should take all appropriate measures to ensure non-discrimination and the equal rights of women migrant workers, including in their own communities.

26. 移徙妇女从事工作的缔约国应采取一切适当措施，确保移徙女工不受歧视并享有平等权利，其中包括在其所在的社区。

Measures that may be required include, but are not limited to, the following:

可能必须采取的措施包括但又不限于以下方面：

(a) Lifting of discriminatory bans or restrictions on immigration: States parties should repeal outright bans and discriminatory restrictions on women’s immigration.

(a) 取消移民方面的歧视性禁令或限制：缔约国应彻底废除对妇女移民的禁令和歧视性限制。

They should ensure that their visa schemes do not indirectly discriminate against women by restricting permission to women migrant workers to be employed in certain job categories where men predominate, or by excluding certain female-dominated occupations from visa schemes.

缔约国应确保本国的签证计划不以如下方式间接歧视妇女：限制批准移徙女工受雇于男子占多数的某些工作类别，或将某些女性占多数的职业排除在签证计划之外。

Further, they should lift bans that prohibit women migrant workers from getting married to nationals or permanent residents, becoming pregnant or securing independent housing (article 2 (f));

此外，缔约国应取消禁止移徙女工与国民或永久居民结婚、怀孕或获得独立住房的禁令(第2(f)条)；

(b) Legal protection for the rights of women migrant workers: States parties should ensure that constitutional and civil law and labour codes provide to women migrant workers the same rights and protection that are extended to all workers in the country, including the right to organize and freely associate.

(b) 对移徙女工的各项权利提供法律保护：缔约国应确保宪法、民法和劳工法规向移徙女工提供与本国所有工人相同的权利和保护，其中包括组织和自由结社的权利。

They should ensure that contracts for women migrant workers are legally valid.

缔约国应确保移徙女工的合同具有法律效力。

In particular, they should ensure that occupations dominated by women migrant workers, such as domestic work and some forms of entertainment, are protected by labour laws, including wage and hour regulations, health and safety codes and holiday and vacation leave regulations.

缔约国特别应确保移徙女工占多数的职业(例如家庭雇工和某些形式的娱乐)受到劳工法的保护，其中包括薪资和工作时数规定、保健和安全法规以及假日和休假规定。

The laws should include mechanisms for monitoring workplace conditions of migrant women, especially in the kinds of jobs where they dominate (articles 2 (a), (f) and 11);

这些法律应包括监测移徙妇女工作场所条件的机制，特别是她们占多数的工作类别(第2(a)、(f)条和第11条)；

(c) Access to remedies: States parties should ensure that women migrant workers have the ability to access remedies when their rights are violated.

(c) 获得救济：缔约国应确保移徙女工在其权利受到侵犯时能够获得救济。

Specific measures include, but are not limited to, the following (articles 2 (c), (f) and 3):

特定措施包括单不限于以下方面(第2(c)、(f)条和第3条)：

(i) Promulgate and enforce laws and regulations that include adequate legal remedies and complaints mechanisms, and put in place easily accessible dispute resolution mechanisms, protecting both documented and undocumented women migrant workers from discrimination or sex-based exploitation and abuse;

㈠ 颁布实施包括充分法律救济和申诉机制的法律法规，建立便于利用的争议解决机制，保护有合法证件和无合法证件的移徙女工不受歧视或性剥削与性侵害；

(ii) Repeal or amend laws that prevent women migrant workers from using the courts and other systems of redress.

㈡ 废除或修正不准移徙女工利用法院或其他救济制度的法律。

These include laws on loss of work permit, which results in loss of earnings and possible deportation by immigration authorities when a worker files a complaint of exploitation or abuse and while pending investigation.

这些法律包括：在工人提出剥削或侵害申诉时以及在调查期间，可能丧失工作许可，并从而导致失去收入甚至可能被移民当局递解。

States parties should introduce flexibility into the process of changing employers or sponsors without deportation in cases where workers complain of abuse;

缔约国在处理工人提出侵害的申诉时，应采取灵活处理，以更换雇主或担保人而不会受到递解；

(iii) Ensure that women migrant workers have access to legal assistance and to the courts and regulatory systems charged with enforcing labour and employment laws, including through free legal aid;

㈢ 确保移徙女工可以获得法律援助，并诉诸法院和负责实施劳工法和雇用法的监管系统，其中包括获得免费法律援助；

(iv) Provide temporary shelters for women migrant workers who wish to leave abusive employers, husbands or other relatives and provide facilities for safe accommodation during trial;

㈣ 为想要离开虐待性雇主、丈夫或其他亲属的移徙女工提供临时住处，并在庭审期间提供安全居住设施；

(d) Legal protection for the freedom of movement: States parties should ensure that employers and recruiters do not confiscate or destroy travel or identity documents belonging to women migrants.

(d) 为自由流动提供法律保护：缔约国应确保雇主或招聘人员不没收或销毁属于移徙妇女的旅行证件或身份证。

States parties should also take steps to end the forced seclusion or locking in the homes of women migrant workers, especially those working in domestic service.

缔约国还应采取措施，杜绝将移徙女工、特别是从事家庭雇工的移徙女工强迫隔离或锁在家中的行为。

Police officers should be trained to protect the rights of women migrant workers from such forms of abuse (article 2 (e));

应对警察进行培训，以保护移徙女工的权利不受这种形式的侵犯(第2(e)条)；

(e) Non-discriminatory family reunification schemes: States parties should ensure that family reunification schemes for migrant workers are not directly or indirectly discriminatory on the basis of sex (article 2 (f));

(e) 非歧视性家庭团聚计划：缔约国应确保移徙工人的家庭团聚计划不具有直接或间接的性歧视(第2(f)条)；

(f) Non-discriminatory residency regulations: when residency permits of women migrant workers are premised on the sponsorship of an employer or spouse, States parties should enact provisions relating to independent residency status.

(f) 非歧视性居留法规：如移徙女工的居留许可以雇主或配偶担保为前提条件，缔约国应通过关于独立居留身份的规定。

Regulations should be made to allow for the legal stay of a woman who flees her abusive employer or spouse or is fired for complaining about abuse (article 2 (f));

应制定法规，允许逃离歧视性雇主或配偶、或因提出侵害申诉而遭解雇的妇女合法居留(第2(f)条)；

(g) Training and awareness-raising: States parties should provide mandatory awareness-raising programmes concerning the rights of women migrant workers and gender sensitivity training for relevant public and private recruitment agencies and employers and relevant State employees, such as criminal justice officers, border police, immigration authorities, and social service and health-care providers (article 3);

(g) 培训和提高认识：缔约国应为相关公共和私营招聘机构和雇主以及相关公职人员(例如刑事司法官员、边境警察、移民当局以及社会服务和保健提供方)提供关于移徙女工权利的强制性提高认识方案以及性别敏感性培训(第3条)

(h) Monitoring systems: States parties should adopt regulations and design monitoring systems to ensure that recruiting agents and employers respect the rights of all women migrant workers.

(h) 监测制度：缔约国应通过法规，设立监测系统，以确保招聘代理人和雇主尊重所有移徙女工的权利。

States parties should closely monitor recruiting agencies and prosecute them for acts of violence, coercion, deception or exploitation (article 2 (e));

缔约国应密切监测招聘机构，对其暴力、威胁、欺骗或剥削行为提出起诉(第2(e)条)；

(i) Access to services: States parties should ensure that linguistically and culturally appropriate gender-sensitive services for women migrant workers are available, including language and skills training programmes, emergency shelters, health-care services, police services, recreational programmes and programmes designed especially for isolated women migrant workers, such as domestic workers and others secluded in the home, in addition to victims of domestic violence.

(i) 获得各种服务：缔约国应确保向移徙女工提供在语言上和文化上适合的、具有性别敏感性的服务，其中包括语言和技能培训方案、紧急住处、保健服务、警务服务、娱乐方案以及专门为受孤立移徙女工(例如家庭雇工及其他被隔离在家中的人)和家庭暴力受害人设计的方案。

Victims of abuse must be provided with relevant emergency and social services, regardless of their immigration status (articles 3, 5 and 12);

必须向遭受侵害者提供相关经济和社会服务，无论其移民身份为何(第3、第5和第12条)；

(j) The rights of women migrant workers in detention, whether they are documented or undocumented: States parties should ensure that women migrant workers who are in detention do not suffer discrimination or gender-based violence, and that pregnant and breastfeeding mothers as well as women in ill health have access to appropriate services.

(j) 遭拘留移徙女工的权利，无论其是否拥有合法证件：缔约国应确保遭拘留的移徙女工不遭受歧视或性别暴力，并确保孕妇、哺乳期母亲以及健康不佳的妇女获得适当服务。

They should review, eliminate or reform laws, regulations or policies that result in a disproportionate number of women migrant workers being detained for migration-related reasons (articles 2 (d) and 5);

缔约国应审查、废止或改革那些造成不合比例的移徙女工因与移徙有关的理由遭到拘留的各项法律、法规或政策(第2(d)条和第5条)；

(k) Social inclusion of women migrant workers: States parties should adopt policies and programmes with the aim of enabling women migrant workers to integrate into the new society.

(k) 移徙女工的社会融入：缔约国应采取政策和方案，以使移徙女工能够融入新的社会。

Such efforts should be respectful of the cultural identity of women migrant workers and protective of their human rights, in compliance with the Convention (article 5);

这些努力应根据《公约》尊重移徙女工的文化归属，保护她们的人权(第5条)；

(l) Protection of undocumented women migrant workers: the situation of undocumented women needs specific attention.

(l) 保护无合法证件移徙女工：无合法证件妇女的处境需要特别关注。

Regardless of the lack of immigration status of undocumented women migrant workers, States parties have an obligation to protect their basic human rights.

无论无合法证件的移徙女工是否缺乏移民身份，缔约国有义务保护她们的基本人权。

Undocumented women migrant workers must have access to legal remedies and justice in cases of risk to life and of cruel and degrading treatment, or if they are coerced into forced labour, face deprivation of fulfilment of basic needs, including in times of health emergencies or pregnancy and maternity, or if they are abused physically or sexually by employers or others.

无合法证件移徙女工在以下情况下必须可以获得法律救济和诉诸司法：处于生命危险以及遭受残酷和有辱人格的待遇；她们被胁迫从事强迫劳动、面临基本需求被剥夺(包括在健康紧急情况或怀孕和生育期间)；遭到雇主或其他人的人身侵害或性侵害。

If they are arrested or detained, States parties must ensure that undocumented women migrant workers receive humane treatment and have access to due process of the law, including through free legal aid.

如果她们遭到逮捕或拘留，缔约国必须确保无合法证件的移徙女工获得人道待遇，可以利用适当法律程序，其中包括获得免费法律援助。

In that regard, States parties should repeal or amend laws and practices that prevent undocumented women migrant workers from using the courts and other systems of redress.

为此，缔约国应废除或修正不准无合法证件的移徙女工利用法院和其他救济系统的法律和做法。

If deportation cannot be avoided, States parties need to treat each case individually, with due consideration of the gender-related circumstances and risks of human rights violations in the country of origin (articles 2 (c), (e) and (f)).

如递解无法避免，缔约国应单独处理每个案件，适当考虑原籍国存在的与性别有关的情况以及人权遭到侵犯的危险(第2(c)、(e)和(f)条)；

Bilateral and regional cooperation

双边和区域合作

27. Measures that are required in the area of bilateral and regional cooperation include, but are not limited to, the following:

27. 在双边和区域合作方面必须采取的措施包括但不限于以下方面：

(a) Bilateral and regional agreements: States parties that are sending or receiving and transit countries should enter into bilateral or regional agreements or memorandums of understanding protecting the rights of women migrant workers as elaborated in the present general recommendation (article 3);

(a) 双边和区域协定：派出或接收人员的缔约国和过境国应根据本项一般性建议，缔结保护移徙女工权利的双边或区域协定或谅解备忘录(第3条)；

(b) Best practices and sharing of information, as follows:

(b)在以下方面采取最佳做法和共享资料：

(i) States parties are encouraged to share their experience of best practices and relevant information to promote the full protection of the rights of women migrant workers (article 3);

㈠ 还应鼓励缔约国共享最佳做法和相关资料，以增进全面保护移徙女工的权利(第3条)；

(ii) States parties should cooperate on providing information on perpetrators of violations of the rights of women migrant workers.

㈡ 缔约国应开展合作，提供关于侵犯移徙女工权利的犯罪人的信息。

When provided with information regarding perpetrators within their territory, States parties should take measures to investigate, prosecute and punish them (article 2 (c)).

如缔约国收到犯罪人在该国境内的信息，应采取措施，调查、起诉和惩罚犯罪人(第2(c)条)。

Recommendations concerning monitoring and reporting

关于监测和报告的建议

28. With regard to monitoring and reporting, States parties should include in their reports information about the legal framework, policies and programmes they have implemented to protect the rights of women migrant workers, taking into consideration the sex- and gender-based human rights concerns listed in paragraphs 10 to 22 and guided by the recommendations given in paragraphs 23 to 27 of the present general recommendation.

28. 在监测和报告方面，缔约国应在报告中包括关于为保护移徙女工权利所实施的法律框架、政策和方案的资料，同时考虑到第10至第22段列举的基于性和性别的人权问题，应参照本项一般性建议第23至27段提出的建议。

Adequate data should be collected on the enforcement and effectiveness of laws, policies and programmes and the de facto situation of women migrant workers, so that the information in the reports is meaningful.

应收及足够的数据，说明各项法律、政策和方案的实施情况及其实效和移徙女工的实际情况，以便报告所载的资料具有实质意义。

This information should be provided under the most appropriate articles of the Convention, guided by the suggestions given in respect of all the recommendations.

这类资料应根据《公约》中最相关的条款提供，并参照所有建议中提出的建议。

Ratification of or accession to relevant human rights treaties

批准或加入相关人权条约

29. States parties are encouraged to ratify all international instruments relevant to the protection of the human rights of women migrant workers, in particular the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.

29. 应鼓励缔约国批准与保护移徙女工的人权有关的所有国际文书，特别是《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》。

The Committee acknowledges the contribution of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families to the preparation of the present general recommendation.

委员会承认保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会在这项一般性建议编写过程中作出的贡献。

The Committee acknowledges and seeks to build on the important work on the rights of migrants carried out by the other human rights treaty bodies, the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants, the United Nations Development Fund for Women, the Division for the Advancement of Women, the Commission on the Status of Women, the General Assembly and the Subcommission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights.

委员会确认并谋求在其他人权机构、移徙者人权问题特别报告员、联合国妇女发展基金、提高妇女地位司、妇女地位委员会、大会以及增进和保护人权小组委员会在移徙者权利方面已完成的重要工作的基础上更进一步。

The Committee also refers to its earlier general recommendations, such as general recommendation No. 9, on the gathering of statistical data on the situation of women, and especially general recommendation No. 12, on violence against women, general recommendation No. 13, on equal remuneration for work of equal value, general recommendation No. 15, on the avoidance of discrimination against women in national strategies for the prevention and control of AIDS, general recommendation No. 19, on violence against women, and general recommendation No. 24, on women’s access to health care, as well as the concluding comments made by the Committee when examining the reports of States parties.

委员会还提到其以前提出的一般性建议，例如关于收集有关妇女情况的统计数据 的第9项一般性建议，特别是关于暴力侵害妇女问题的第12项一般性建议、关于同值工作同等报酬的第13项一般性建议、关于在预防及控制艾滋病国家战略中避 免歧视妇女的第15项一般性建议、关于暴力侵害妇女的第19项一般性建议以及关于妇女获得医疗保健的第24项一般性建议，以及委员会在审查缔约国报告时提 出的结论性意见。

In addition to the relevant international treaties and conventions, the following programmes and plans of action are applicable: the United Nations Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action approved at the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights (part II, paras. 33 and 35);

除相关国际条约和公约外，以下行动方案和行动计划同样适用。 1993年人权问题世界会议核准的《联合国维也纳宣言和行动纲领》(第二部分，第33和35段)。

the Programme of Action of the Cairo International Conference on Population and Development (chap. X); the Programme of Action of the World Summit for Social Development (chap. 3); the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action; the Fourth World Conference on Women; the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (August-September 2001); and the International Labour Organization Plan of Action for Migrant Workers, 2004.

《开罗国际人口与发展会议行动纲领(第十章）；《社会发展问题世界首脑会议行动纲领》(第三 章)；第四届世界妇女大会《北京宣言和行动纲领》；举行的反对种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和有关不容忍行为世界会议2001年8至9月。 国际劳动组织移徙工人行动计划，2004年。

The present general recommendation deals only with the work-related situation of women migrants.

这项一般性建议仅涉及与工作有关的移徙女工境况。

While it is a reality that in some instances women migrant workers may become victims of trafficking due to the various degrees of vulnerability they face, this general recommendation will not address the circumstances relating to trafficking.

在现实中，移徙女工在某些情况下因其所面临的不同程度的脆弱性而成为贩运的受害人，但这项一般性建议将不涉及与贩运有关的情况。

The phenomenon of trafficking is complex and requires more focused attention.

贩运是一种十分复杂的现象，需要给予更为集中的关注。

The Committee is of the opinion that this phenomenon can be more comprehensively addressed through article 6 of the Convention, which places an obligation on States parties to take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women.

委员会认为，可以通过《公约》第六条更加全面地探讨这一现象，该条规定，缔约国有义务“采取一切适当措施，包括制定法律，以禁止一切形式贩卖妇女和强迫妇女卖淫对她们进行剥削的行为。”

The Committee emphasizes, however, that many elements of the present general recommendation are also relevant in situations where women migrants have been victims of trafficking.

但委员会强调，本一般性建议的许多内容还涉及移徙妇女成为贩运受害人的情况。

Undocumented workers are those migrant workers who are without a valid residence or work permit.

无合法证件的工人是指没有有效居留或工作许可的移徙工人。

There are many circumstances under which this could happen.

这在许多情况下都有可能发生。

For example, they may have been given false papers by unscrupulous agents, or they may have entered the country with a valid work permit but subsequently lost it because the employer arbitrarily terminated their services, or the employer may have confiscated their passports.

例如，他们可能从肆无忌惮的经纪人那里得到假证件，或者可能以有效工作许可入境一国，但由于雇主任意终止其服务或因雇主没收其护照而随后失去工作许可。

Sometimes workers may have extended their stay after the expiry of the work permit or entered the country without valid papers.

有时，工人可能在工作许可期满后延长居留或入境一国时无有效证件。

Paragraphs 10 and 11 describe some of the sex- and gender-related human rights concerns that women experience in their countries of origin, both before departure and upon return.

第10和第11段说明了妇女在出发前和返回后在原籍国遭遇的一些基于性和性别的人权问题。

Concerns related to transit and life abroad are discussed in paragraphs 12 to 22.

第12至第22段讨论了与在国外过境和生活有关的问题。

These sections are illustrative and are not meant to be exhaustive.

这些小节很能说明问题，但并非是要做到详尽无遗。

It should be noted that certain human rights concerns described here may render a woman’s decision to migrate involuntary under relevant international law; in such cases, reference should be made to those norms.

应该指出，根据相关国际法，此处说明的某些人权问题可能促使妇女非自愿移徙，在这种情况下，应该提及这些标准。

The articles listed for each recommendation refer to the articles of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.

每项建议所列的条款是指《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》中的条款。