CEDAW/GC/28 CEDAW_GR_28E.doc (English)

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CEDAW

CEDAW

General recommendation No. 28 on the core obligations of States parties under article 2 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

关于缔约国在《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第二条之下的核心义务第28号一般性建议

CEDAW/C/GC/28

CEDAW/C/GC/28

I. Introduction

一. 导言

1. Through this general recommendation, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (“the Committee”) aims to clarify the scope and meaning of article 2 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (“the Convention”), which provides ways for States parties to implement domestically the substantive provisions of the Convention.

1. 消除对妇女歧视委员会(“委员会”)旨在通过本一般性建议，阐明《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》(“《公约》”)第二条的范围和含义，以便向缔约国提供在国内执行《公约》实质性条款的方法。

The Committee encourages States parties to translate this general recommendation into national and local languages and to disseminate it widely to all branches of Government, civil society, including the media, academia and human rights and women’s organizations and institutions.2.

委员会鼓励缔约国将本一般性建议翻译成本国语文和地方语文，并普遍散发给政府机关的所有分支、民间社会，包括媒体、学术界、人权及妇女组织和机构。

2. The Convention is a dynamic instrument that accommodates the development of international law.

2. 《公约》是一项活的法律文书，适应国际法的发展。

Since its first session in 1982, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and other actors at the national and international levels have contributed to the clarification and understanding of the substantive content of the Convention’s articles, the specific nature of discrimination against women and the various instruments required for combating such discrimination.

自消除对妇女歧视委员会于1982年举行第一届会议以来，委员会与国家与国际层面的另一些行为者积极致力于阐明和理解《公约》条款的实质性内容，歧视妇女的具体性质，以及为制止这类歧视所需的各项文书。

3. The Convention is part of a comprehensive international human rights legal framework directed at ensuring the enjoyment by all of all human rights and at eliminating all forms of discrimination against women on the basis of sex and gender.

3. 《公约》是一个全面的国际人权法律框架的一部分，旨在确保所有人享有所有人权，以及消除一切形式以性和性别为由对妇女的歧视。

The Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities contain explicit provisions guaranteeing women equality with men in the enjoyment of the rights they enshrine, while other international human rights treaties, such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, are implicitly grounded in the concept of non-discrimination on the basis of sex and gender.

《联 合国宪章》、《世界人权宣言》、《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》、《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》、《儿童权利公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员 权利国际公约》和《残疾人权利公约》均载有明确条款，确保妇女与男子平等享有公约所载权利，而《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》等另一些国际人权条约的依 据则暗含了不得以性别为由加以歧视的概念。

The International Labour Organization (ILO) Conventions No. 100 (1951) concerning Equal Remuneration for Men and Women Workers for Work of Equal Value, No. 111 (1958) concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation and No. 156 (1981) concerning Equal Opportunities and Equal Treatment for Men and Women Workers: Workers with Family Responsibilities, the Convention against Discrimination in Education, the Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, the Cairo Programme of Action and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action also contribute to an international legal regime of equality for women with men and non-discrimination.

国 际劳工组织(劳工组织)第100号公约(1951)――《对男女工人同等价值的工作赋予同等报酬公约》、第111号公约(1958)――《就业和职业歧视 公约》和第156号公约(1981)――《关于有家庭责任的男女工人享受平等机会和平等待遇公约》、《取缔教育歧视公约》、《消除对妇女歧视宣言》、《维 也纳宣言和行动纲领》、《开罗行动纲领》和《北京宣言和行动纲领》也是有关男女平等和不歧视国际法律制度的组成部分。

Likewise, the obligations of States entered into under regional human rights systems are complementary to the universal human rights framework.

同样，各国对区域人权系统承担的义务是对普遍人权框架的补充。

4. The objective of the Convention is the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women on the basis of sex. It guarantees women the equal recognition, enjoyment and exercise of all human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil, domestic or any other field, irrespective of their marital status, and on a basis of equality with men.

4. 《公约》的目的是消除一切形式以性别为由对妇女的歧视，确保妇女不论已婚未婚，均可在男女平等的基础上认识、享有和行使所有在政治、经济、社会、文化、公民、家庭或任何其他方面的人权和基本自由。

5. Although the Convention only refers to sex-based discrimination, interpreting article 1 together with articles 2 (f) and 5 (a) indicates that the Convention covers gender-based discrimination against women.

5. 虽然《公约》仅仅提到性歧视，但结合对第一条和第二条(f)项和第五条(a)项的解释表明，《公约》也涵盖了对妇女的性别歧视。

The term “sex” here refers to biological differences between men and women.

这里的“性”一词指的是男子与妇女的生理差异。

The term “gender” refers to socially constructed identities, attributes and roles for women and men and society’s social and cultural meaning for these biological differences resulting in hierarchical relationships between women and men and in the distribution of power and rights favouring men and disadvantaging women.

而“性别”一词指的是社会意义上的身份、归属和妇女与男子的作用，以及社会对这类生理差异赋予的社会和文化含义，正是这类生理差异导致男子与妇女之间的等级关系，还导致男子在权力分配和行使权利方面处于有利地位，妇女处于不利地位。

This social positioning of women and men is affected by political, economic, cultural, social, religious, ideological and environmental factors and can be changed by culture, society and community.

妇女和男子的这种社会定位受到政治、经济、文化、社会、宗教、意识形态和环境因素的影响，也可通过文化、社会和社区的力量加以改变。

The application of the Convention to gender-based discrimination is made clear by the definition of discrimination contained in article 1.

第一条所载关于歧视的定义明确表明，《公约》适用于基于性别的歧视。

This definition points out that any distinction, exclusion or restriction which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women of human rights and fundamental freedoms is discrimination, even where discrimination was not intended.

该定义指出，任何区别、排斥或限制行为，如果其影响或目的足以妨碍或否认妇女认识、享有或行使其人权和基本自由，这类行为都是歧视，即使这类歧视并非有意。

This would mean that identical or neutral treatment of women and men might constitute discrimination against women if such treatment resulted in or had the effect of women being denied the exercise of a right because there was no recognition of the pre-existing gender-based disadvantage and inequality that women face.

这可能意味着，即使对妇女和男子给予相同或中性的待遇，如果不承认妇女在性别方面本来已处于弱势地位且面临不平等，上述待遇的后果或影响导致妇女被拒绝行使其权利，则仍可能构成对妇女的歧视。

The views of the Committee on this matter are evidenced by its consideration of reports, its general recommendations, decisions, suggestions and statements, its consideration of individual communications and its conduct of inquiries under the Optional Protocol.

委员会对报告的审议、其一般性建议、决定、意见或声明、对个人来文的审议，以及根据《任择议定书》开展的调查，均体现了委员会对这一事项的意见。

6. Article 2 is crucial to the full implementation of the Convention, since it identifies the nature of the general legal obligations of States parties.

6. 第二条对充分执行《公约》至关重要，因为该条明确了缔约国一般法律义务的性质。

The obligations enshrined in article 2 are inextricably linked with all other substantive provisions of the Convention, as States parties have the obligation to ensure that all the rights enshrined in the Convention are fully respected at the national level.

第二条所载义务与《公约》其他所有实质性条款有着不可分割的关系，缔约国有义务确保在国家层面充分遵守《公约》所载所有权利。

7. Article 2 of the Convention should be read in conjunction with articles 3, 4, 5 and 24 and in the light of the definition of discrimination contained in article 1.

7. 《公约》第二条应结合第三、四、五条和第二十四条，并参照第一条所载歧视的定义解读。

In addition, the scope of the general obligations contained in article 2 should also be construed in the light of the general recommendations, concluding observations, views and other statements issued by the Committee, including the reports on the inquiry procedures and the decisions of individual cases.

此外，对第二条所载一般义务的范围进行解释，还应参照委员会发布的一般性建议、结论性意见、意见和其他声明，包括有关调查程序的报告和关于单独案件的决定。

The spirit of the Convention covers other rights that are not explicitly mentioned in the Convention, but that have an impact on the achievement of equality of women with men, which impact represents a form of discrimination against women.

《公约》的精神涵盖了未在《公约》中明确提及。 但对实现男女平等有一定影响的另外一些权利，这些权利的影响导致某种形式对妇女的歧视。

II. Nature and scope of obligations of States parties

二. 缔约国义务的性质与范围

8. Article 2 calls on States parties to condemn discrimination against women in “all its forms”, while article 3 refers to appropriate measures that States parties are expected to take in “all fields” to ensure the full development and advancement of women.

8. 第二条请各缔约国谴责对妇女“一切形式”的歧视，而第三条规定，缔约国应承诺在“所有领域”采取适当措施，保证妇女得到充分发展和进步。

Through these provisions, the Convention anticipates the emergence of new forms of discrimination that had not been identified at the time of its drafting.

这些条款说明，《公约》预计将出现在拟订《公约》时尚未确定的新的歧视形式。

9. Under article 2, States parties must address all aspects of their legal obligations under the Convention to respect, protect and fulfil women’s right to non-discrimination and to the enjoyment of equality.

9. 第二条规定，缔约国必须履行其在《公约》之下法律义务的所有方面，尊重、保护和实现妇女不受歧视和享有平等的权利。

The obligation to respect requires that States parties refrain from making laws, policies, regulations, programmes, administrative procedures and institutional structures that directly or indirectly result in the denial of the equal enjoyment by women of their civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights.

尊重的义务要求缔约国避免通过制订法律、政策、规章、方案、行政程序和体制结构等方式，直接或间接导致剥夺妇女享有在公民、政治、经济、社会和文化方面的平等权利。

The obligation to protect requires that States parties protect women from discrimination by private actors and take steps directly aimed at eliminating customary and all other practices that prejudice and perpetuate the notion of inferiority or superiority of either of the sexes, and of stereotyped roles for men and women.

保护的义务要求缔约国保护妇女免受私人行为者的歧视，并采取步骤，其直接目标就是要消除主张某一性别低于或高于另一性别的偏见、习俗和所有其他惯例，以及对男子和妇女社会功能的陈旧的刻板观念。

The obligation to fulfil requires that States parties take a wide variety of steps to ensure that women and men enjoy equal rights de jure and de facto, including, where appropriate, the adoption of temporary special measures in line with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and general recommendation No. 25 on article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, on temporary special measures.

实现的义务要求缔约国采取各种步骤，保证男女在法律上和在实际中享有平等权利，包括根据《公约》第四条第1款和关于《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第四条第1款(暂行特别措施)的第25号一般性建议，酌情采取暂行特别措施。

This entails obligations of means or conduct and obligations of results.

这一点牵涉到手段或行为义务及结果义务。

States parties should consider that they have to fulfil their legal obligations to all women through designing public policies, programmes and institutional frameworks that are aimed at fulfilling the specific needs of women leading to the full development of their potential on an equal basis with men.

缔约国应考虑，它们必须履行对所有妇女的法律义务，以满足妇女的具体需要为目标制订公共政策、方案和体制框架，使妇女能够在与男子平等的基础上充分发挥潜力。

10. States parties have an obligation not to cause discrimination against women through acts or omissions; they are further obliged to react actively against discrimination against women, regardless of whether such acts or omissions are perpetrated by the State or by private actors.

10. 缔约国有义务避免通过行为或不行为导致对妇女的歧视；还有义务对歧视妇女的行为作出正当反应，不论这种行为或不行为是否是由国家或私人行为者造成的。

Discrimination can occur through the failure of States to take necessary legislative measures to ensure the full realization of women’s rights, the failure to adopt national policies aimed at achieving equality between women and men and the failure to enforce relevant laws.

在以下情况下都有可能发生歧视：缔约国未采取必要的立法措施，确保妇女充分实现其权利；未制订旨在实现男女平等的国家政策；未实施相关法律等。

Likewise, States parties have an international responsibility to create and continuously improve statistical databases and the analysis of all forms of discrimination against women in general and against women belonging to specific vulnerable groups in particular.

此外，缔约国还承担以下国际责任：创建并持续改善统计数据库；对一般歧视妇女和歧视某些特定弱势群体妇女的所有形式进行分类。

11. The obligations of States parties do not cease in periods of armed conflict or in states of emergency resulting from political events or natural disasters.

11. 在政治事件或自然灾害导致的武装冲突或紧急状态时期，缔约国的义务不应停止。

Such situations have a deep impact on and broad consequences for the equal enjoyment and exercise by women of their fundamental rights.

这类情况对妇女平等享有和行使其根本权利产生严重影响和广泛的后果。

States parties should adopt strategies and take measures addressed to the particular needs of women in times of armed conflict and states of emergency.

缔约国应针对武装冲突和紧急状态时期妇女的特殊需求制订战略并采取措施。

12. Although subject to international law, States primarily exercise territorial jurisdiction.

12. 虽然受国际法约束，但各国主要行使领土管辖权。

The obligations of States parties apply, however, without discrimination both to citizens and non-citizens, including refugees, asylum-seekers, migrant workers and stateless persons, within their territory or effective control, even if not situated within the territory.

然而，缔约国的义务应毫无歧视地适用于在该国领土内或不在该国领土内但受该国有效控制的公民或非公民，包括难民，寻求庇护者，移徙工人和无国籍者。

States parties are responsible for all their actions affecting human rights, regardless of whether the affected persons are in their territory.

缔约国对其影响人权的所有行动负责，不论受影响的个人是否在该国领土内。

13. Article 2 is not limited to the prohibition of discrimination against women caused directly or indirectly by States parties.

13. 第二条并不限于制止缔约国直接或间接引起对妇女的歧视。

Article 2 also imposes a due diligence obligation on States parties to prevent discrimination by private actors.

该条还要求缔约国履行恪尽职责的义务，防止私人行为对妇女的歧视。

In some cases, a private actor’s acts or omission of acts may be attributed to the State under international law. States parties are thus obliged to ensure that private actors do not engage in discrimination against women as defined in the Convention.

在有些情况下，国际法可能将私人行为者的行为或不行为归咎于国家，因此，缔约国有义务确保防止私人行为者参与实施《公约》定义的对妇女的歧视。

The appropriate measures that States parties are obliged to take include the regulation of the activities of private actors with regard to education, employment and health policies and practices, working conditions and work standards, and other areas in which private actors provide services or facilities, such as banking and housing.

缔约国有义务采取适当措施，对私人行为者的行动进行监管，包括教育、就业、医疗政策和做法、工作条件和工作标准等领域，以及银行和住房等由私人行为者提供服务或设施的其他领域。

III. General obligations contained in article 2

三. 第二条所载的一般义务

A. Introductory sentence of article 2

A. 第二条引言

14. The introductory sentence of article 2 reads: “States Parties condemn discrimination against women in all its forms, agree to pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a policy of eliminating discrimination against women”.

14. 第二条引言如下：“缔约各国谴责对妇女一切形式的歧视，协议立即用一切适当办法，推行消除对妇女歧视的政策”。

15. The first obligation of States parties referred to in the chapeau of article 2 is the obligation to “condemn discrimination against women in all its forms”.

15. 第二条开头部分提出，缔约国的第一项义务是“谴责对妇女一切形式的歧视”。

States parties have an immediate and continuous obligation to condemn discrimination.

缔约国有立即和持续谴责歧视的义务。

They are obliged to proclaim to their population and the international community their total opposition to all forms of discrimination against women to all levels and branches of Government and their determination to bring about the elimination of discrimination against women.

它们有义务向其人民和国际社会宣称，其各级政府和各类政府机关完全反对各种形式对妇女的歧视，以及它们有决心消除对妇女的歧视。

The term “discrimination in all its forms” clearly obligates the State party to be vigilant in condemning all forms of discrimination, including forms that are not explicitly mentioned in the Convention or that may be emerging.

“一切形式的歧视”一语明确要求缔约国本着谨慎的态度，谴责一切形式的歧视，包括《公约》未明确提及或可能新出现的歧视形式。

16. States parties are under an obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the right to non-discrimination of women and to ensure the development and advancement of women in order that they improve their position and implement their right of de jure and de facto or substantive equality with men.

16. 缔约国有义务尊重、保护和实现妇女不受歧视的权利，确保妇女的发展和进步，以改善她们的处境，实现法律上和事实上或实质性的男女平等。

States parties shall ensure that there is neither direct nor indirect discrimination against women.

缔约国应确保不对妇女实施直接或间接歧视。

Direct discrimination against women constitutes different treatment explicitly based on grounds of sex and gender differences.

对妇女的直接歧视包括明显以性或性别差异为由实施区别待遇。

Indirect discrimination against women occurs when a law, policy, programme or practice appears to be neutral in so far as it relates to men and women, but has a discriminatory effect in practice on women because pre-existing inequalities are not addressed by the apparently neutral measure.

对妇女的间接歧视指的是，一项法律、政策、方案或做法看似对男性和女性无任何倾向，但在实际中有歧视妇女的效果。 因为明显中性的措施没有考虑原本存在的不平等状况。

Moreover, indirect discrimination can exacerbate existing inequalities owing to a failure to recognize structural and historical patterns of discrimination and unequal power relationships between women and men.

此外，因为不承认歧视的结构和历史模式以及男女之间不平等的权力关系，可能使现有的不平等状况因间接歧视更为恶化。

17. States parties also have an obligation to ensure that women are protected against discrimination committed by public authorities, the judiciary, organizations, enterprises or private individuals, in the public and private spheres.

17. 缔约国还有义务确保妇女在公共和私人领域都不受公共当局、司法机构、组织、企业或私人的歧视。

This protection shall be provided by competent tribunals and other public institutions and enforced by sanctions and remedies, where appropriate.

应酌情通过主管法庭和其他公共机构，以制裁和补救办法的方式提供这一保护。

States parties should ensure that all Government bodies and organs are fully aware of the principles of equality and non-discrimination on the basis of sex and gender and that adequate training and awareness-raising programmes are set up and carried out in this respect.

缔约国应确保所有的政府部门和机构充分认识平等原则和禁止基于性和性别的歧视，并制订和实施这方面的适当培训和宣传方案。

18. Intersectionality is a basic concept for understanding the scope of the general obligations of States parties contained in article 2.

18. 交叉性是理解第二条所载缔约国一般义务范围的根本概念。

The discrimination of women based on sex and gender is inextricably linked with other factors that affect women, such as race, ethnicity, religion or belief, health, status, age, class, caste and sexual orientation and gender identity.

以性和性别为由对妇女的歧视与影响妇女的一些其他因素息息相关，如种族、族裔、宗教或信仰、健康状况、年龄、阶级、种姓、性取向和性别认同等。

Discrimination on the basis of sex or gender may affect women belonging to such groups to a different degree or in different ways to men.

以性或性别为由的歧视对这类群体妇女的影响程度或方式不同于对男子的影响。

States parties must legally recognize such intersecting forms of discrimination and their compounded negative impact on the women concerned and prohibit them.

缔约国必须从法律上承认这些交叉形式的歧视以及对相关妇女的综合负面影响，并禁止这类歧视。

They also need to adopt and pursue policies and programmes designed to eliminate such occurrences, including, where appropriate, temporary special measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and general recommendation No. 25.

缔约国还需制订和实施消除这类歧视的政策和方案，包括根据《公约》第四条第1款和25号一般性建议，酌情采取暂行特别措施。

19. Discrimination against women on the basis of sex and gender comprises, as stated in general recommendation No. 19 on violence against women, gender-based violence, namely, violence that is directed against a woman because she is a woman or violence that affects women disproportionately.

19. 关于对妇女的暴力行为的第19号一般性建议指出，以性和性别为由对妇女的歧视包括基于性别的暴力及因为妇女的性别而对之施加的暴力或不成比例地影响妇女的暴力。

It is a form of discrimination that seriously inhibits women’s ability to enjoy and exercise their human rights and fundamental freedoms on the basis of equality with men.

这种歧视形式严重阻碍妇女在与男子平等的基础上享有和行使其人权和基本自由。

It includes acts that inflict physical, mental or sexual harm or suffering, threats of such acts, coercion and other deprivations of liberty, the violence that occurs within the family or domestic unit or within any other interpersonal relationship, or violence perpetrated or condoned by the State or its agents regardless of where it occurs.

这种歧视形式包括施加身体的、心理的或性的伤害或痛苦、威胁施加这类行动、压制和其他剥夺自由行动、在家庭内部、家庭单位或任何其他人际关系中出现的暴力行为，或由国家或国家公务人员所做或纵容发生的暴力行为，不论这类行为发生在何处。

Gender-based violence may breach specific provisions of the Convention, regardless of whether those provisions expressly mention violence.

基于性别的暴力可能违反《公约》的具体条款，不论这些条款是否明文提到暴力。

States parties have a due diligence obligation to prevent, investigate, prosecute and punish such acts of gender-based violence.

在防止、调查、起诉和惩处这类基于性别的暴力行为方面，缔约国有恪尽职责的义务。

20. The obligation to fulfil encompasses the obligation of States parties to facilitate access to and provide for the full realization of women’s rights.

20. 实现的义务包括缔约国为充分实现妇女的权利提供途径和条件的义务。

The human rights of women shall be fulfilled by the promotion of de facto or substantive equality through all appropriate means, including through concrete and effective policies and programmes aimed at improving the position of women and achieving such equality, including where appropriate, through the adoption of temporary special measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, and general recommendation No. 25.

可通过一切适当方式促进实际或实质性平等，以实现妇女的人权，这些方式包括为改善妇女地位和实现这一平等制订具体和有效的政策和方案，包括根据第四条第1款和第25号一般性建议，酌情采取暂时特别措施。

21. States parties in particular are obliged to promote the equal rights of girls since girls are part of the larger community of women and are more vulnerable to discrimination in such areas as access to basic education, trafficking, maltreatment, exploitation and violence.

21. 具体而言，缔约国有义务促进女童的平等权利，因为女童是妇女这一广泛群体的一部分，在获得基础教育、贩运人口、虐待、剥削和暴力等方面，女童更易遭受歧视。

All these situations of discrimination are aggravated when the victims are adolescents.

如果受害者是青少年，所有这些歧视的情况都更为严重。

Therefore, States shall pay attention to the specific needs of (adolescent) girls by providing education on sexual and reproductive health and carrying out programmes that are aimed at the prevention of HIV/AIDS, sexual exploitation and teenage pregnancy.

因此，各国应关注(青少年)女孩的特殊需要，向她们提供有关性健康和生殖健康的教育，并实施旨在预防艾滋病毒/艾滋病、性剥削和少女早孕的方案。

22. Inherent to the principle of equality between men and women, or gender equality, is the concept that all human beings, regardless of sex, are free to develop their personal abilities, pursue their professional careers and make choices without the limitations set by stereotypes, rigid gender roles and prejudices.

22. 男子与妇女之间的平等，或两性平等原则的内在含义指的是，所有人类，不论其性别，都有发展个人能力、从事其专业和作出选择的自由，不受任何陈旧观念、僵化的性别角色和偏见的限制。

States parties are called upon to use exclusively the concepts of equality of women and men or gender equality and not to use the concept of gender equity in implementing their obligations under the Convention.

缔约国应仅仅使用男女平等或两性平等的概念，避免在履行《公约》义务时使用两性公平的概念。

The latter concept is used in some jurisdictions to refer to fair treatment of women and men, according to their respective needs.

在一些司法管辖区，后一概念指的是根据妇女和男子各自的需要给予其公平待遇。

This may include equal treatment, or treatment that is different but considered equivalent in terms of rights, benefits, obligations and opportunities.

这一概念可能包括平等待遇，或包括在权利、福利、义务和机会等方面有区别但被视为同等的待遇。

23. States parties also agree to “pursue by all appropriate means” a policy of eliminating discrimination against women.

23. 缔约国还协议“用一切适当办法”，推行消除对妇女歧视的政策。

This obligation to use means or a certain way of conduct gives a State party a great deal of flexibility for devising a policy that will be appropriate for its particular legal, political, economic, administrative and institutional framework and that can respond to the particular obstacles and resistance to the elimination of discrimination against women existing in that State party.

采用各种办法或某种行为方式的义务使缔约国有了极大的灵活度，可针对缔约国在消除对妇女歧视方面存在的独特障碍和阻力，制订适合该国独特的法律、政治、经济、行政和体制框架的政策。

Each State party must be able to justify the appropriateness of the particular means it has chosen and demonstrate whether it will achieve the intended effect and result.

每个缔约国都必须对该国选择的独特方式的适当性作出合理解释，并证明该方式能够实现预期的效力和结果。

Ultimately, it is for the Committee to determine whether a State party has indeed adopted all necessary measures at the national level aimed at achieving the full realization of the rights recognized in the Convention.

缔约国是否为充分实现《公约》承认的权利确实在国家层面采取了一切必要措施，最终由委员会认定。

24. The main element of the introductory phrase of article 2 is the obligation of States parties to pursue a policy of eliminating discrimination against women.

24. 第二条引言部分的主要内容是缔约国有义务推行消除对妇女歧视的政策。

This requirement is an essential and critical component of a State party’s general legal obligation to implement the Convention.

这一要求是缔约国执行《公约》的一般法律义务的关键和重要组成部分。

This means that the State party must immediately assess the de jure and de facto situation of women and take concrete steps to formulate and implement a policy that is targeted as clearly as possible towards the goal of fully eliminating all forms of discrimination against women and achieving women’s substantive equality with men.

它要求缔约国立即评估妇女在法律方面和在实际中的状况，并采取切实步骤制订和实施政策，这一政策的目标应尽可能明确，即完全消除对妇女一切形式的歧视，以及实现妇女与男子的实质性平等。

The emphasis is on movement forward: from the evaluation of the situation to the formulation and initial adoption of a comprehensive range of measures, to building on those measures continuously in the light of their effectiveness and new or emerging issues, in order to achieve the Convention’s goals.

其重点在于进一步行动：从对情况的评估，制订和初步采取一套全面的措施，到根据这些措施的有效性和新出现的问题不断改进这类措施，以实现《公约》的目标。

Such a policy must comprise constitutional and legislative guarantees, including an alignment with legal provisions at the domestic level and an amendment of conflicting legal provisions.

这一政策必须包括宪法和立法保障，包括与国内的法律条款相统一，以及对相互冲突的法律条款进行修订。

It must also include other appropriate measures, such as comprehensive action plans and mechanisms for monitoring and implementing them, which provide a framework for the practical realization of the principle of formal and substantive equality of women and men.

还必须纳入其他适当措施，如为政策的监测和实施制订全面的行动计划和机制，为切实履行妇女和男子的正式和实质性平等原则提供框架。

25. The policy must be comprehensive in that it should apply to all fields of life, including those which are not explicitly mentioned in the text of the Convention.

25. 上述政策必须是全面的，应适用于生活的各个方面，包括《公约》文本中未明确提及的方面。

It must apply to both public and private economic spheres, as well as to the domestic sphere, and ensure that all branches of Government (executive, legislative and judicial branches) and all levels of Government assume their respective responsibilities for implementation.

该政策必须适用于公共和私人经济领域以及家庭领域，并确保所有政府部门(行政、立法和司法部门)及各级政府承担起各自的执行责任。

It should incorporate the entire range of measures that are appropriate and necessary in the particular circumstances of the State party.

还应纳入对缔约国的具体国情而言适当和必要的全部措施。

26. The policy must identify women within the jurisdiction of the State party (including non-citizen, migrant, refugee, asylum-seeking and stateless women) as the rights-bearers, with particular emphasis on the groups of women who are most marginalized and who may suffer from various forms of intersectional discrimination.

26. 上述政策必须承认，在缔约国管辖范围内的妇女(包括非公民、移徙者、难民、寻求庇护者和无国籍妇女)都是权利拥有者，应尤为重视被边缘化最为严重的妇女以及遭受各种形式交叉歧视的妇女群体。

27. The policy must ensure that women, as individuals and groups, have access to information about their rights under the Convention and are able to effectively promote and claim those rights.

27. 该政策必须确保妇女作为个人和群体，有了解其在《公约》之下的权利的途径，且能够有效地增进和主张这些权利。

The State party should also ensure that women are able to participate actively in the development, implementation and monitoring of the policy.

缔约国还应确保妇女积极参与该政策的制订、执行和监测。

To this end, resources must be devoted to ensuring that human rights and women’s non-governmental organizations are well-informed, adequately consulted and generally able to play an active role in the initial and subsequent development of the policy.

必须为此目的划拨专项资源，确保人权和妇女非政府组织获得充分信息，与它们开展适当磋商，使它们在初步和后续制订政策的过程中普遍发挥积极作用。

28. The policy must be action- and results-oriented in the sense that it should establish indicators, benchmarks and timelines, ensure adequate resourcing for all relevant actors and otherwise enable those actors to play their part in achieving the agreed benchmarks and goals.

28. 该政策必须以行动和结果为导向，即必须制订指标、基准和时间表，确保向所有相关行为者提供适当资源，或允许这些行为者在实现商定的基准和目标方面发挥各自的作用。

To this end, the policy must be linked to mainstream governmental budgetary processes in order to ensure that all aspects of the policy are adequately funded.

为此，该政策必须与主要的政府预算进程挂钩，以确保政策的所有方面得到充分资金。

It should provide for mechanisms that collect relevant sex-disaggregated data, enable effective monitoring, facilitate continuing evaluation and allow for the revision or supplementation of existing measures and the identification of any new measures that may be appropriate.

应创造条件，设立收集按性别分类相关数据的机制，支持有效监测，为持续评估提供便利，考虑对现有措施进行修改或补充，并确定可能适当的新的措施。

Furthermore, the policy must ensure that there are strong and focused bodies (national women’s machinery) within the executive branch of the Government that will take initiatives, coordinate and oversee the preparation and implementation of legislation, policies and programmes necessary to fulfil the obligations of the State party under the Convention.

此外，该政策必须确保在政府的行政机构内部设立实力雄厚的专门机构(全国妇女机构)，由这些机构提出倡议，对法律、政策和方案的筹备和执行情况进行必要的协调和监督，以履行缔约国在《公约》之下的义务。

These institutions should be empowered to provide advice and analysis directly to the highest levels of Government.

这类机构应获得授权，可直接向最高级别政府提供建议和分析。

The policy should also ensure that independent monitoring institutions, such as national human rights institutes or independent women’s commissions, are established or that existing national institutes receive a mandate to promote and protect the rights guaranteed under the Convention.

该政策还应确保设立独立的监测机构，如国家人权机构或独立的妇女委员会，或赋予现有的国家机构增进和保护《公约》保障权利的任务。

The policy must engage the private sector, including business enterprises, the media, organizations, community groups and individuals, and enlist their involvement in adopting measures that will fulfil the goals of the Convention in the private economic sphere.

该政策必须吸纳企业、媒体、组织、社区团体和个人等私营部门的参与，争取在它们的参与下制订措施，以促进私营经济领域实现《公约》目标。

29. The words “without delay” make it clear that the obligation of States parties to pursue their policy, by all appropriate means, is of an immediate nature.

29. “立即”一词表明，缔约国采用一切适当办法推行政策的义务具有紧迫性。

This language is unqualified, and does not allow for any delayed or purposely chosen incremental implementation of the obligations that States assume upon ratification of or accession to the Convention.

这一要求是无条件的，不允许推迟或故意选择逐步执行缔约国在批准或加入《公约》时承担的义务。

It follows that a delay cannot be justified on any grounds, including political, social, cultural, religious, economic, resource or other considerations or constraints within the State.

还表示不得以任何理由，包括政治、社会、文化、宗教、经济、资源，或缔约国的其它考虑因素或面临的限制等理由，推迟《公约》的执行。

Where a State party is facing resource constraints or needs technical or other expertise to facilitate the implementation of its obligations under the Convention, it may be incumbent upon it to seek international cooperation in order to overcome these difficulties.

如果缔约国受资源限制，或需要技术或其它专门知识帮助其执行《公约》义务，则该国应寻求国际合作，以克服上述困难。

B. Subparagraphs (a)–(g)

B. (a)项至(g)项

30. Article 2 expresses the obligation of States parties to implement the Convention in a general way.

30. 第二条笼统地概括了缔约国执行《公约》的义务。

Its substantive requirements provide the framework for the implementation of the specific obligations identified in article 2, subparagraphs (a)–(g), and all other substantive articles of the Convention.

其实质性要求为第二条(a)至(g)项和《公约》所有其它实质性条款中规定的具体义务提供了执行框架。

31. Subparagraphs (a), (f) and (g) establish the obligation of States parties to provide legal protection and to abolish or amend discriminatory laws and regulations as part of the policy of eliminating discrimination against women.

31. (a)、(f)和(g)项规定，缔约国有提供法律保护和废除或修订歧视性法律和规章的义务，作为消除对妇女的歧视政策的一部分。

States parties must ensure that, through constitutional amendments or by other appropriate legislative means, the principle of equality between women and men and of non-discrimination is enshrined in domestic law with an overriding and enforceable status.

缔约国必须确保通过宪法修订或其它适当的立法手段，将男女平等和不歧视的原则载入国内法，并使之享有优先和强制执行的地位。

They must also enact legislation that prohibits discrimination in all fields of women’s lives under the Convention and throughout their lifespan.

缔约国还必须颁布法律，禁止在《公约》规定的妇女生活的所有领域及妇女的整个生命期内对其加以歧视。

States parties have an obligation to take steps to modify or abolish existing laws, regulations, customs and practices which constitute discrimination against women.

缔约国有义务采取步骤，修改或废除构成对妇女歧视的现行法律、规章、习俗和惯例。

Certain groups of women, including women deprived of their liberty, refugees, asylum-seeking and migrant women, stateless women, lesbian women, disabled women, women victims of trafficking, widows and elderly women, are particularly vulnerable to discrimination through civil and penal laws, regulations and customary law and practices.

一些特定群体的妇女，包括被剥夺自由的妇女、难民、寻求庇护者和移徙妇女、无国籍妇女、同性恋妇女、残疾妇女、人口贩运的女性受害者、丧偶和老年妇女等，尤其易受到民法和刑法、规章和习惯法和惯例的歧视。

By ratifying the Convention or acceding to it, States parties undertake to incorporate the Convention into their domestic legal systems or to give it otherwise appropriate legal effect within their domestic legal orders in order to secure the enforceability of its provisions at the national level.

缔约国批准或加入《公约》，即承诺将《公约》纳入其国内法律制度，或允许公约在其国内法律秩序中发挥适当的法律效力，以确保在国家层面执行《公约》条款。

The question of direct applicability of the provisions of the Convention at the national level is a question of constitutional law and depends on the status of treaties within the domestic legal order.

在国家层面直接适用《公约》条款的问题涉及宪法法律的规定，取决于各条约在国内法律秩序中的地位。

The Committee takes the view, however, that the rights to non-discrimination and equality in all fields of women’s lives throughout their lifespan, as enshrined in the Convention, may receive enhanced protection in those States where the Convention is automatically or through specific incorporation part of the domestic legal order.

然而，委员会认为，在《公约》自动地或通过特定融合程序成为国内法律秩序的组成部分的国家，《公约》所载妇女在其生命周期内在生活的所有领域不受歧视和享有平等的权利可能受到更强有力的保护。

The Committee urges those States parties in which the Convention does not form part of the domestic legal order to consider incorporation of the Convention to render it part of domestic law, for example through a general law on equality, in order to facilitate the full realization of Convention rights as required by article 2.

委员会敦促尚未将《公约》纳入国内法律秩序的缔约国考虑将《公约》纳入其国内法，例如，可制订有关平等的一般法，以便为充分实现第二条要求的《公约》权利提供便利。

32. Subparagraph (b) contains the obligation of States parties to ensure that legislation prohibiting discrimination and promoting equality of women and men provides appropriate remedies for women who are subjected to discrimination contrary to the Convention.

32. (b)项规定缔约国有义务确保禁止歧视和促进男女平等的法律向受到违反《公约》行为歧视的妇女提供适当的补救办法。

This obligation requires that States parties provide reparation to women whose rights under the Convention have been violated.

这一义务要求缔约国向其《公约》权利受到侵犯的妇女提供赔偿。

Without reparation the obligation to provide an appropriate remedy is not discharged.

不提供赔偿意味着没有履行提供适当补救办法的义务。

Such remedies should include different forms of reparation, such as monetary compensation, restitution, rehabilitation and reinstatement; measures of satisfaction, such as public apologies, public memorials and guarantees of non-repetition; changes in relevant laws and practices; and bringing to justice the perpetrators of violations of human rights of women.

这类补救办法应包括不同形式的赔偿，如金钱赔偿、恢复原状、康复和复职；公开道歉、树立公共纪念碑和保证不重犯等满足措施；修改相关法律和惯例；以及将侵犯妇女人权的肇事者绳之以法等。

33. According to subparagraph (c), States parties must ensure that courts are bound to apply the principle of equality as embodied in the Convention and to interpret the law, to the maximum extent possible, in line with the obligations of States parties under the Convention.

33. 根据(c)项，缔约国必须确保法院适用《公约》所载的平等原则，尽最大可能依照缔约国在《公约》之下的义务对法律进行解释。

However, where it is not possible to do so, courts should draw any inconsistency between national law, including national religious and customary laws, and the State party’s obligations under the Convention to the attention of the appropriate authorities, since domestic laws may never be used as justification for failures by States parties to carry out their international obligations.

然而，如果做不到这一点，法院应提请主管国家机关注意国内法，包括国家的宗教和习惯法与缔约国的《公约》义务不符之处，因为缔约国绝不应以国内法为由作为不履行国际义务的托词。

34. States parties must ensure that women can invoke the principle of equality in support of complaints of acts of discrimination contrary to the Convention, committed by public officials or by private actors.

34. 缔约国必须确保妇女能够援引平等原则，作为对公务人员或私人行为者违反《公约》的歧视行为提出起诉的依据。

States parties must further ensure that women have recourse to affordable, accessible and timely remedies, with legal aid and assistance as necessary, to be settled in a fair hearing by a competent and independent court or tribunal, where appropriate.

缔约国还必须确保妇女能够及时利用可负担和可获得的补救办法，在必要时为其提供法律援助和帮助，由独立的主管法院或法庭进行公正审讯，妥善处理其投诉。

Where discrimination against women also constitutes an abuse of other human rights, such as the right to life and physical integrity in, for example, cases of domestic and other forms of violence, States parties are obliged to initiate criminal proceedings, bring the perpetrator(s) to trial and impose appropriate penal sanctions.

如果对妇女的歧视还构成对生命权和人身完整等其它人权的侵犯，如发生家庭暴力案件和其它形式的暴力，则缔约国有义务启动刑事诉讼程序，对肇事者进行审讯并对其实施适当的刑事制裁。

States parties should financially support independent associations and centres providing legal resources for women in their work to educate women about their rights to equality and assist them in pursuing remedies for discrimination.

有一些独立的协会和中心向妇女提供法律资源，向妇女宣传其平等权，帮助她们为所遭受的歧视寻求补偿，缔约国应向这类组织提供资金支持。

35. Subparagraph (d) establishes an obligation of States parties to abstain from engaging in any act or practice of direct or indirect discrimination against women.

35. (d)项规定缔约国有义务避免参与任何直接或间接歧视妇女的行为或做法。

States parties must ensure that State institutions, agents, laws and policies do not directly or explicitly discriminate against women.

缔约国必须确保国家机构、部门、法律和政策不直接或明确歧视妇女。

They must also ensure that any laws, policies or actions that have the effect or result of generating discrimination are abolished.

还必须确保废除任何导致歧视效力或结果的法律、政策或行动。

36. Subparagraph (e) establishes an obligation of States parties to eliminate discrimination by any public or private actor.

36. (e)项规定缔约国有义务消除任何公共或私人行为者对妇女的歧视。

The types of measures that might be considered appropriate in this respect are not limited to constitutional or legislative measures.

在这方面可能被视为适当的措施种类不限于宪法或立法措施。

States parties should also adopt measures that ensure the practical realization of the elimination of discrimination against women and women’s equality with men.

缔约国应采取措施，确保在实际中真正消除对妇女的歧视，实现男女平等。

This includes measures that: ensure that women are able to make complaints about violations of their rights under the Convention and have access to effective remedies; enable women to be actively involved in the formulation and implementation of measures; ensure Government accountability domestically; promote education and support for the goals of the Convention throughout the education system and in the community; encourage the work of human rights and women’s non-governmental organizations; establish the necessary national human rights institutions or other machineries; and provide adequate administrative and financial support to ensure that the measures adopted make a real difference in women’s lives in practice.

这 些措施应：确保妇女能够对侵犯其《公约》权利的行为提出起诉，并获得有效的补救办法；积极吸纳妇女参与措施的制订和实施；确保政府在国内的问责制；通过教 育系统和社区的力量促进教育，支持《公约》目标的实现；鼓励人权和妇女非政府组织开展工作；设立必要的国家人权机构或其它机制；提供适当的行政和资金支 持，以确保采取的措施使妇女的实际生活发生真正改观。

The obligations incumbent upon States parties that require them to establish legal protection of the rights of women on an equal basis with men, ensure through competent national tribunals and other public institutions the effective protection of women against any act of discrimination and take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women by any person, organization or enterprise also extend to acts of national corporations operating extraterritorially.

缔约国承诺的这些义务要求其在与男子平等的基础上提供对妇女权利的法律保护，确保通过主管国家法庭和其它公共机构有效保护妇女免受任何歧视行为，及采取一切适当措施，消除任何个人、组织或企业对妇女的歧视，这些义务也适用于在海外从事业务的国家公司的行为。

IV. Recommendations to States parties

四. 对缔约国提出的建议

A. Implementation

A. 执行

37. In order to satisfy the requirement of “appropriateness”, the means adopted by States parties must address all aspects of their general obligations under the Convention to respect, protect, promote and fulfil women’s right to non-discrimination and to the enjoyment of equality with men.

37. 为了满足“适当性”的要求，缔约国采取的办法必须覆盖其在《公约》之下的一般义务的所有方面，包括尊重、保护、促进和实现妇女不受歧视的权利以及与男子享有平等权。

Thus the terms “appropriate means” and “appropriate measures” used in article 2 and other articles of the Convention comprise measures ensuring that a State party:

因此，《公约》第二条和其它条款中使用的“适当办法”和“适当措施”的说法包含的措施应确保缔约国：

(a) Abstains from performing, sponsoring or condoning any practice, policy or measure that violates the Convention (respect);

避免从事、资助或纵容任何违反《公约》的做法、政策或措施(尊重)；

(b) Takes steps to prevent, prohibit and punish violations of the Convention by third parties, including in the home and in the community, and to provide reparation to the victims of such violations (protect);

采取步骤，预防、禁止和惩治第三方违反《公约》的行为，包括在家庭和在社区中实施的行为，并向这类侵权行为的受害者提供赔偿(保护)；

(c) Fosters wide knowledge about and support for its obligations under the Convention (promote);

广泛加强认识和支持其在《公约》之下的义务(促进)；

(d) Adopts temporary special measures that achieve sex non-discrimination and gender equality in practice (fulfil).

为了在实际中实现性方面的不歧视和两性平等采取暂行特别措施(实现)。

38. States parties should also adopt other appropriate measures of implementation such as:

38. 缔约国还应采取另外一些适当的执行措施，例如：

(a) Promoting equality of women through the formulation and implementation of national plans of action and other relevant policies and programmes in line with the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, and allocating adequate human and financial resources;

根据《北京宣言和行动纲领》制订和实施国家行动计划及其它相关政策和方案，以促进妇女的平等权，并划拨充足的人力和资金资源；

(b) Establishing codes of conduct for public officials to ensure respect for the principles of equality and non-discrimination;

为公务人员制订行为守则，以确保尊重平等和不歧视的原则；

(c) Ensuring that reports of court decisions applying the provisions of the Convention on the equality and non-discrimination principles are widely distributed;

确保广泛散发载有适用《公约》平等和不歧视原则条款的法院决定的报告；

(d) Undertaking specific education and training programmes about the principles and provisions of the Convention directed to all Government agencies, public officials and, in particular, the legal profession and the judiciary;

提供有关《公约》原则和条款的教育和培训方案，培训对象为所有政府机构、公务人员，尤其是法律从业人员和司法机关；

(e) Enlisting all media in public education programmes about the equality of women and men, and ensuring in particular that women are aware of their right to equality without discrimination, of the measures taken by the State party to implement the Convention, and of the concluding observations by the Committee on the reports of the State party;

吸收所有媒体参与有关男女平等的公共教育方案，尤其确保帮助妇女认识到她们不受歧视的平等权利，缔约国为执行《公约》采取的措施，以及委员会对缔约国的报告提出的结论性意见；

(f) Developing and establishing valid indicators of the status of and progress in the realization of human rights of women, and establishing and maintaining databases disaggregated by sex and related to the specific provisions of the Convention.

开发和制订有效指标，说明实现妇女人权的状况和进展，创建和维护按性别分类以及与《公约》具体条款相关的数据库。

B. Accountability

B. 问责制

39. The accountability of the States parties to implement their obligations under article 2 is engaged through the acts or omissions of acts of all branches of Government.

39. 缔约国在执行第二条规定的义务方面，按政府所有各部门的行为或不行为进行问责。

The decentralization of power, through devolution and delegation of Government powers in both unitary and federal States, does not in any way negate or reduce the direct responsibility of the State party’s national or federal Government to fulfil its obligations to all women within its jurisdiction.

不论是在中央集权还是联邦制国家，权利下放和政府分权等分权制绝不否认或削减缔约国的国家或联邦政府对其管辖下的所有妇女履行义务的直接责任。

In all circumstances, the State party that ratified or acceded to the Convention remains responsible for ensuring full implementation throughout the territories under its jurisdiction.

在所有情况下，都是由批准或加入《公约》的缔约国负责确保在其管辖的领土内充分执行《公约》。

In any process of devolution, States parties have to make sure that the devolved authorities have the necessary financial, human and other resources to effectively and fully implement the obligations of the State party under the Convention.

不管权利下放的进程如何，缔约国必须确保下放权利的政府有必要的资金、人力和其它资源，以便有效和充分地履行缔约国在《公约》之下的义务。

The Governments of States parties must retain powers to require such full compliance with the Convention and must establish permanent coordination and monitoring mechanisms to ensure that the Convention is respected and applied to all women within their jurisdiction without discrimination.

缔约国政府必须保留要求充分执行《公约》的权力，必须设立永久的协调和监测机制，确保尊重《公约》，并毫不歧视的将其适用于该国管辖范围内的所有妇女。

Furthermore, there must be safeguards to ensure that decentralization or devolution does not lead to discrimination with regard to the enjoyment of rights by women in different regions.

此外，必须制订保障措施，确保权利下放或分权不至于导致不同地区妇女在享有权利方面遭受歧视。

40. Effective implementation of the Convention requires that a State party be accountable to its citizens and other members of its community at both the national and international levels.

40. 要有效执行《公约》，要求缔约国在国家和国际层面对该国公民和该国社区的其它成员负责。

In order for this accountability function to work effectively, appropriate mechanisms and institutions must be put in place.

为了使这一问责职能发挥有效作用，必须建立适当的机制和机构。

C. Reservations

C. 保留

41. The Committee considers article 2 to be the very essence of the obligations of States parties under the Convention.

41. 委员会将第二条视为缔约国《公约》义务的核心内容。

The Committee therefore considers reservations to article 2 or to subparagraphs of article 2 to be, in principle, incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention and thus impermissible under article 28, paragraph 2.

因此，委员会认为，对第二条或第二条之下各项规定的保留原则上不符合《公约》的目的和宗旨，按照第二十八条第2款的规定是不允许的。

States parties that have entered reservations to article 2 or to subparagraphs of article 2 should explain the practical effect of those reservations on the implementation of the Convention and should indicate the steps taken to keep the reservations under review, with the goal of withdrawing them as soon as possible.

对第二条或第二条之下各项规定提出保留的缔约国应对这些保留对执行《公约》的实际影响作出解释，并说明采取了哪些步骤，为尽快撤销保留而对其进行持续审查。

42. The fact that a State party has entered a reservation to article 2 or to subparagraphs of article 2 does not remove the need for that State party to comply with its other obligations under international law, including its obligations under other human rights treaties that the State party has ratified or to which it has acceded and under customary international human rights law relating to the elimination of discrimination against women.

42. 缔约国对第二条或第二条之下各项规定提出保留，并不能消除缔约国遵守其在国际法之下的其他义务的需要，包括缔约国对已经批准或加入的其他人权条约的义务，以及对与消除对妇女的歧视相关的习惯国际人权法的义务。

Where there is a discrepancy between reservations to provisions of the Convention and similar obligations under other international human rights treaties ratified by a State party or to which it has acceded, it should review its reservations to the Convention with a view to withdrawing them.

如果对《公约》条款的保留与缔约国批准或加入的其他国际人权条约规定的类似义务存在分歧，则缔约国应审查对《公约》的保留，以便最终撤销这些保留。