CEDAW/GC/29 CEDAW_GR_29E.docx (English)

CEDAW/GC/29 CEDAW_GR_29C.docx (Chinese)

CEDAW

CEDAW

General recommendation on article 16 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (Economic consequences of marriage, family relations and their dissolution)

关于《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十六条的一般性建议(婚姻、家庭关系及其解除的经济后果)

CEDAW/C/GC/29

CEDAW/C/GC/29

I. Background

一. 背景

1. As stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the family is the basic unit of society.

1. 如《世界人权宣言》所言，家庭是社会的基本单位。

It is a social and legal construct and, in various countries, a religious construct.

它是一个社会和法律概念，而且在许多国家，是一个宗教概念。

It also is an economic construct.

家庭还是一个经济概念。

Family market research has established that family structures, gendered labour division within the family and family laws affect women’s economic well-being no less than labour market structures and labour laws.

家庭市场研究表明，家庭结构、家庭内的性别分工和家庭法对妇女经济福利的影响不下于劳动市场结构和劳动法的影响。

Indeed, women often do not equally enjoy their family’s economic wealth and gains, they usually bear the greater cost of the breakdown of the family than men and may be left destitute upon widowhood, especially if they have children and particularly where the State provides little or no economic safety net.

的确，妇女往往不能平等享有其家庭的经济财富和收益，而且一旦家庭解体，她们付出的代价通常比男子更高，守寡后则可能陷于赤贫。 如果她们有子女，特别是国家提供的经济安全网很小或根本不存在时，则尤其如此。

2. Inequality in the family underlies all other aspects of discrimination against women and is often justified in the name of ideology, tradition and culture.

2. 家庭中的不平等是所有其他歧视妇女现象的根本，而且经常以意识形态、传统和文化的名义合理化。

An examination of the reports of States parties reveals that in many States, the rights and responsibilities of married partners are governed by the principles of civil or common law, religious or customary laws and practices, or some combination of such laws and practices that discriminate against women and do not comply with the principles set out in the Convention.

对缔约国报告的审查揭示，在许多国家，规范已婚伴侣权利和责任的民法或普通法原则、宗教或习惯法和习俗或这种法律和习俗的某种组合歧视妇女，不符合《公约》所载的各项原则。

3. Many of the States parties that maintain such legal arrangements have entered reservations to all or parts of articles 2 and 16.

3. 维持此种法律安排的许多缔约国对第二条和第十六条的全部或部分内容提出保留。

The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has repeatedly noted with concern the extent of these reservations, which it considers invalid because they are incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention.

消除对妇女歧视委员会一再关切地注意到这些保留的范围，并认为这些保留无效，因其不符合《公约》的目标和宗旨。

It has consistently called upon these States parties to withdraw their reservations and ensure that their legal systems, whether civil, religious, customary, or ethnic or some combination thereof, conform to the Convention in general and to article 16 in particular.

委员会始终呼吁这些缔约国撤销其保留，并确保其法律制度，无论是民事、宗教、习惯、族裔或其某种组合符合《公约》，特别是符合第十六条。

4. The economic consequences for women of marriage, divorce, separation and death have been of growing concern to the Committee.

4. 结婚、离婚、分居和死亡给妇女带来的经济后果越来越引起委员会的关切。

Research conducted in some countries has found that while men usually experience smaller, if not minimal, income losses after divorce and/or separation, many women experience a substantial decline in household income and increased dependence on social welfare, where it is available.

在某些国家进行的研究发现，离婚和(或)分居后，男子受到的收入损失即便不是微乎其微，通常也比较小，但许多妇女却经历了家庭收入的大幅下降，进一步依赖能获得的社会福利。

Throughout the world, female-headed households are the most likely to be poor.

在全世界，女户主家庭最可能是贫困家庭。

Their status is inevitably affected by global developments such as the market economy and its crises; women’s increasing entry into the paid workforce and their concentration in low-paying jobs; persistent income inequality within and between States; growth in divorce rates and in de facto unions; the reform of social security systems or the launching of new ones; and, above all, the persistence of women’s poverty.

它们的状况不可避免地受到以下全球性发展态势的影响：市场经济及其危机；妇女愈来愈多地从事有偿工作，主要集中于低收入工作；国家内和各国间始终存在收入不平等；离婚率上升和事实结合增加；社会保障制度改革或新制度的推出；最为重要的是，妇女贫穷的持续。

Despite women’s contributions to the economic well-being of the family, their economic inferiority permeates all stages of family relationships, often owing to their responsibility for dependants.

尽管妇女为家庭经济福祉做出贡献，但她们低下的经济地位渗透家庭关系的所有阶段，原因往往在于她们要对受扶养人尽责。

5. Regardless of the vast range of economic arrangements within the family, women in both developing and developed countries generally share the experience of being worse off economically than men in family relationships and following the dissolution of those relationships.

5. 尽管存在形形色色的家庭经济安排，但在家庭关系中以及这种关系解除后，发展中国家和发达国家妇女的经济状况通常都比男子差。

Social security systems, nominally designed to improve economic status, may also discriminate against women.

名义上为改善经济状况所设计的社会保障制度也可能歧视妇女。

II. Purpose and scope of the general recommendation

二. 一般性建议的宗旨和范围

6. Article 16 of the Convention provides for the elimination of discrimination against women at the inception of marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution by divorce or death.

6. 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十六条规定，应消除在结婚时、婚姻存续期间以及婚姻关系因离婚或死亡而解除时存在的对妇女的歧视。

In 1994, the Committee adopted general recommendation No. 21, which elaborated upon many aspects of article 16 as well as its relationship to articles 9 and 15.

1994年，委员会通过第21号一般性建议，其中阐述了第十六条的许多内容及其与第九条和第十五条的关系。

General recommendation No. 21 notes that article 16 (1) (h) specifically refers to the economic dimensions of marriage and its dissolution.

第21号一般性建议指出，第十六条第(1)款(h)项具体指涉婚姻及其解除的经济方面。

The present general recommendation builds upon the principles articulated in general recommendation No. 21, other relevant general recommendations, such as general recommendation No. 27, and the Committee’s jurisprudence.

本建议的基础是第21号一般性建议、第27号等其他相关的一般性建议以及委员会的判例所阐明的原则。

It invokes the definition of discrimination contained in article 1 of the Convention and calls upon States parties to take legal and policy measures as required under article 2 of the Convention and general recommendation No. 28.

本建议援引《公约》第一条所载的歧视定义，并呼吁缔约国采取《公约》第二条和第28号一般性建议要求的法律和政策措施。

It also integrates the social and legal developments that have taken place since the adoption of general recommendation No. 21, such as the adoption by some State parties of laws on registered partnerships and/or de facto unions, as well as the increase in the number of couples living in such relationships.

它还包含了第21号一般性建议通过以来发生的社会和法律进展，例如一些缔约国通过了关于登记伴侣和(或)事实结合的法律，并且以这种关系生活在一起的伴侣数量增加。

7. The entitlement of women to equality within the family is universally acknowledged, as evidenced by the related general comments of other human rights treaty bodies: Human Rights Committee general comment No. 28, on equality of rights between men and women (in particular paras. 23-27), and general comment No. 19, on protection of the family, the right to marriage and equality of the spouses; and Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights general comment No. 16, on the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights (in particular para. 27), and general comment No. 20, on non-discrimination in economic, social and cultural rights.

7. 妇女在家庭内应当享有的平等权得到普遍承认，其他人权条约机构的相关一般性意见可以为证：人权事务委员会关于男女权利平等的第28号一般性意见(特别是第 23至27段)以及关于保护家庭、结婚权利和配偶平等的第19号一般性意见；经济、社会及文化权利委员会关于男女平等享有所有经济、社会及文化权利的第 16号一般性意见(特别是第27段)以及关于在经济、社会和文化权利方面不受歧视的第20号一般性意见。

Important global political documents such as the Beijing Platform for Action and the Millennium Development Goals also refer to equality in the family as a fundamental principle.

《北京行动纲要》和千年发展目标等重要的全球政治文件也提到家庭内部平等是根本性原则。

8. The Committee has consistently concluded that the elimination of discrimination against women requires States parties to provide for substantive as well as formal equality.

8. 委员会始终认为，若要消除对妇女的歧视，缔约国就必须规定实质上以及形式上的平等。

Formal equality may be achieved by adopting gender-neutral laws and policies, which on their face treat women and men equally. Substantive equality can be achieved only when the States parties examine the application and effects of laws and policies and ensure that they provide for equality in fact, accounting for women’s disadvantage or exclusion.

形式上的平等可以通过不带性别色彩、表面上平等对待妇女与男子的法律和政策实现，但只有缔约国审查法律和政策的实施及效果，并确保其规定事实上的平等并照顾到妇女的不利地位或被排斥状态，才能实现实质上的平等。

In respect of the economic dimensions of family relations, a substantive equality approach must address matters such as discrimination in education and employment, the compatibility of work requirements and family needs, and the impact of gender stereotypes and gender roles on women’s economic capacity.

就家庭关系的经济层面而言，实质上的平等做法必须处理以下问题：教育和就业方面的歧视，兼顾工作和家庭的需要，性别定型观念和性别角色对妇女经济能力的影响。

9. The present general recommendation will serve as a guide for States parties in achieving a de jure and de facto egalitarian regime under which the economic benefits and costs of family relations and the economic consequences of their dissolution are borne equally by men and women.

9. 本一般性建议将指导缔约国实现法律上和事实上的平等制度，在这种制度下，家庭关系的经济利益和成本以及关系解除的经济后果都由男女平等承受。

It will establish the norm for evaluating implementation by States parties of the Convention with respect to economic equality in the family.

本建议将确立评估缔约国在家庭经济平等方面执行《公约》情况的准则。

III. Constitutional and legal framework

三. 宪法和法律框架

10. The constitutions or legal frameworks of a number of States parties still provide that personal status laws (relating to marriage, divorce, distribution of marital property, inheritance, guardianship, adoption and other such matters) are exempt from constitutional provisions prohibiting discrimination or reserve matters of personal status to the ethnic and religious communities within the State party to determine.

10. 一些缔约国的宪法或法律框架仍然规定，与婚姻、离婚、婚姻财产的分配、继承、监护、收养和其他此类事项有关的人身法不受禁止歧视的宪法条款的限制，或将人身法事项留给缔约国内的族裔和宗教社区决定。

In such cases, constitutional equal protection provisions and anti-discrimination provisions do not protect women from the discriminatory effects of marriage under customary practices and religious laws.

在这种情况下，宪法的平等保护条款和反歧视条款无法保护妇女免受根据习俗和宗教法成婚的歧视性影响。

Some States parties have adopted constitutions that include equal protection and non-discrimination provisions but have not revised or adopted legislation to eliminate the discriminatory aspects of their family law regimes, whether they are regulated by civil code, religious law, ethnic custom or any combination of laws and practices.

有些缔约国通过了包含平等保护和不歧视条款的宪法，但却没有修订或通过法律来消除其家庭法制度内的歧视内容，无论是规范家庭制度的民法、宗教法、族裔习俗，还是法律与惯例的组合。

All these constitutional and legal frameworks are discriminatory, in violation of article 2 in conjunction with articles 5, 15 and 16 of the Convention.

这样的宪法和法律框架全都具有歧视性，违反了《公约》第二条及第五、十五和十六条。

11. States parties should guarantee equality between women and men in their constitutions and should eliminate any constitutional exemptions that would serve to protect or preserve discriminatory laws and practices with regard to family relations.

11. 缔约国应在其宪法中保障男女平等，并应消除任何有助于保护或保留家庭关系方面的歧视性法律和做法的宪法例外。

Multiple family law systems

多重家庭法制度

12. Some States parties have multiple legal systems in which different personal status laws apply to individuals on the basis of identity factors such as ethnicity or religion.

12. 有些缔约国有多重法律制度，可根据族裔或宗教等身份因素对个人适用不同的人身法。

Some, but not all, of these States parties also have a civil legal code that may apply in prescribed circumstances or by choice of the parties.

其中有些国家(但不是所有国家)还可以在规定的情形下适用民法，或由当事方选择适用。

In some States, however, individuals may have no choice as to the application of identity-based personal status laws.

但在某些国家，个人在适用身份决定的人身法方面没有选择权。

13. The extent to which individuals are free to choose their religious or customary adherence and practice varies, as does their freedom to challenge the discrimination against women enshrined in the laws and customs of their State or community.

13. 个人自由选择其宗教或习俗信仰和做法的程度不同。 他们自由质疑国家或社区法律和习俗中歧视妇女内容的程度也不同。

14. The Committee has consistently expressed concern that identity-based personal status laws and customs perpetuate discrimination against women and that the preservation of multiple legal systems is in itself discriminatory against women.

14. 委员会一贯表示的关切是，身份决定的人身法和习俗将使对妇女的歧视永久持续下去，并且维持多重法律制度本身即是对妇女的歧视。

The lack of individual choice relating to the application or observance of particular laws and customs exacerbates this discrimination.

个人无法选择适用或遵循特定的法律和习俗更加重了这种歧视。

15. States parties should adopt written family codes or personal status laws that provide for equality between spouses or partners irrespective of their religious or ethnic identity or community, in accordance with the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendations.

15. 缔约国应按照《公约》和委员会的一般性建议，通过成文的家庭法或人身法，规定配偶或伴侣之间彼此平等，无论宗教或族裔身份或社区如何。

In the absence of a unified family law, the system of personal status laws should provide for individual choice as to the application of religious law, ethnic custom or civil law at any stage of the relationship.

如果没有统一的家庭法，则人身法制度应规定，在关系的任何阶段，个人均可以选择适用宗教法、族裔习俗或民法。

Personal laws should embody the fundamental principle of equality between women and men and should be fully harmonized with the provisions of the Convention so as to eliminate all discrimination against women in all matters relating to marriage and family relations.

属人法应体现男女平等这一基本原则，并应与《公约》的规定完全一致，以在与婚姻和家庭关系有关的一切事项中，消除对妇女的一切歧视。

IV. Various forms of family

四. 家庭的各种形式

16. In general recommendation No. 21, paragraph 13, the Committee acknowledges that families take many forms and underscores the obligation of equality within the family under all systems, “both at law and in private”.

16. 委员会在第21号一般性建议第13段中确认家庭的形式多种多样，并强调在所有制度下都有“在法律上和在私人生活之中”实现家庭内平等的义务。

17. Statements by other entities in the United Nations system confirm the understanding that “the concept of ‘family’ must be understood in a wide sense”.

17. 联合国系统其他实体的声明确认了这一理解，即“必须广义地理解‘家庭’这一概念。”

The Human Rights Committee, in para. 27 of its general comment No. 28, acknowledges the “various forms of family”.

人权事务委员会在其第28号一般性意见第27段中承认“家庭的不同形式”。

In his report on observance of the International Year of the Family, the Secretary-General confirms that “families assume diverse forms and functions among and within countries”.

秘书长在其关于纪念国际家庭年的报告中确认，“家庭在各国之间和国家内部具有各种不同的形式和职能”。

18. States parties are obligated to address the sex- and gender-based discriminatory aspects of all the various forms of family and family relationships.

18. 缔约国有义务解决各种形式的家庭和家庭关系中的性和性别歧视。

In respect of discrimination against women, they must address patriarchal traditions and attitudes and open family law and policy with the same scrutiny that is given to the “public” aspects of individual and community life.

在消除歧视妇女方面，缔约国必须处理重男轻女的传统和态度，并对家庭法和政策给予如同个人和社区生活的“公共”方面一样的监督。

19. Marriages may be formed through a variety of customs, ceremonies and rituals that may be sanctioned by the State.

19. 人们可通过国家认可的各种风俗、仪式和礼仪缔结婚姻。

Civil marriage is sanctioned solely by the State and is registered.

民事婚姻只能由国家批准并予以登记。

Religious marriage is solemnized through the performance of ritual(s) prescribed by religious law.

宗教婚姻通过履行宗教法规定的仪式而神圣化。

Customary marriage is undertaken by the performance of ritual(s) prescribed by the customs of the parties’ community.

习俗婚姻通过履行双方社区习俗规定的仪式来缔结。

20. Some States parties do not require registration of religious and customary marriages in order for them to be valid.

20. 有些缔约国不把登记作为宗教婚姻和习俗婚姻生效的条件。

Unregistered marriages may be substantiated by production of a marriage contract, witness accounts of the rituals or other means, as appropriate in the circumstances.

未登记的婚姻可通过出示婚约、证人对仪式的叙述或合乎情理的其他形式加以证明。

21. Some States parties that recognize polygamous marriages, under either religious or customary law, also provide for civil marriage, monogamous by definition.

21. 有些缔约国依照宗教法或习惯法承认一夫多妻婚姻，同时也规定民事婚姻，后者按定义是一夫一妻制。

Where civil marriage is not provided for, women in communities that practice polygamy may have no choice but to enter into a marriage that is at least potentially, if not already, polygamous, regardless of their wishes.

在没有规定民事婚姻的地方，实行一夫多妻制社区中的妇女，无论是否愿意，都别无选择地只能缔结已经或至少可能是一夫多妻的婚姻关系。

The Committee concluded in general recommendation No. 21 that polygamy is contrary to the Convention and must be “discouraged and prohibited”.

委员会第21号一般性建议认为，一夫多妻违反《公约》的规定，必须“抑制和禁止”。

22. In some States parties, the law also provides for registered partnerships and establishes rights and responsibilities between the parties.

22. 在有些缔约国，法律还规定登记伴侣关系，确立双方之间的权利和义务。

States may extend social and tax benefits to registered partnerships to varying degrees.

国家可向登记的伴侣提供不同程度的社会和纳税福利。

23. De facto unions are not registered and often do not give rise to any rights.

23. 事实结合不经登记，通常不产生任何权利。

Some States, however, recognize de facto unions and establish equal rights and responsibilities for them that can vary in scope and depth.

但某些国家承认事实结合，并为其规定平等的权利和义务，但范围和程度可能有所不同。

24. Certain forms of relationships (namely, same-sex relationships) are not legally, socially or culturally accepted in a considerable number of States parties.

24. 相当一部分缔约国的法律、社会和文化不接受某种形式的关系，即同性关系。

However, where they are recognized, whether as a de facto union, registered partnership or marriage, the State party should ensure protection of the economic rights of the women in those relationships.

但如果缔约国承认这种关系，不论是作为事实结合、登记伴侣还是婚姻，就应确保这种关系中的妇女经济权利受到保护。

Customary/religious unregistered marriages

未登记的习俗/宗教婚姻

25. Registration of marriage protects the rights of spouses with regard to property issues upon dissolution of the marriage by death or divorce.

25. 婚姻登记保护配偶在婚姻关系因对方死亡或离婚而解除时在财产问题上的权利。

The Convention obligates States parties to establish and fully implement a system of marriage registration.

《公约》规定缔约国有义务建立并充分执行婚姻登记制度。

However, many States parties lack either a legal requirement of marriage registration or implementation of existing registration requirements, and in such instances individuals should not be penalized for failure to register, including where lack of education and infrastructure makes registration difficult.

但许多缔约国或者在法律上不要求婚姻登记，或者没有执行现行的登记要求，在这种情况下，包括因缺乏教育和基础设施导致登记困难的情况下，个人不应为没有登记而受到惩罚。

26. States parties should establish a legal requirement of marriage registration and conduct effective awareness-raising activities to that effect.

26. 缔约国应确立婚姻登记的法律要求，并为此开展有效的提高认识活动。

They must provide for implementation through education about the requirements and provide infrastructure to make registration accessible to all persons within their jurisdiction.

缔约国必须通过登记要求方面的教育来促进执行，并提供基础设施，使其管辖范围内的所有人都能登记。

States parties should provide for establishing proof of marriage by means other than registration where circumstances warrant.

缔约国应规定，在情况允许时，提供登记之外的其他婚姻证明方式。

The State must protect the rights of women in such marriages, regardless of their registration status.

国家必须保护处于这种婚姻的妇女的权利，无论她们有否登记。

Polygamous marriages

一夫多妻的婚姻

27. The Committee reaffirms paragraph 14 of its general recommendation No. 21, which states that “polygamous marriage contravenes a woman’s right to equality with men, and can have such serious emotional and financial consequences for her and her dependants that such marriages ought to be discouraged and prohibited”.

27. 委员会重申其第21号一般性建议第14段。其中指出，“一夫多妻婚姻与男女平等的权利相抵触，会给妇女和其受抚养人带来严重的情感和经济方面的后果，因此这种婚姻应予抑制和禁止。”

Since the adoption of this general recommendation, the Committee has consistently noted with concern the persistence of polygamous marriages in many States parties.

自该一般性建议通过以来，委员会一直关切地注意到，一夫多妻的婚姻在许多缔约国持续存在。

In its concluding observations, the Committee has pointed to the grave ramifications of polygamy for the human rights and economic well-being of women and their children, and has consistently called for its abolition.

委员会在结论意见中指出，一夫多妻对妇女及其子女的人权和经济福祉造成严重影响，并呼吁废除这种婚姻。

28. States parties should take all legislative and policy measures needed to abolish polygamous marriages.

28. 缔约国应采取一切必要的立法和政策措施以废除一夫多妻婚姻。

Nevertheless, as stated by the Committee in its general recommendation No. 27, “polygamy is still practised in many States Parties, and many women are in polygamous unions”.

然而，正如委员会第27号一般性建议所指出，“许多缔约国仍在实行一夫多妻制，许多妇女生活在一夫多妻的家庭中”。

Accordingly, with regard to women in existing polygamous marriages, States parties should take the necessary measures to ensure the protection of the economic rights of women.

因此，对已经处于一夫多妻婚姻之中的妇女，缔约国应采取必要措施，确保妇女的经济权利受到保护。

Registered partnerships

登记伴侣关系

29. States parties that provide for registered partnerships must ensure equal rights, responsibilities and treatment between the partners in economic matters addressed by the legislation on those partnerships.

29. 规定登记伴侣关系的缔约国必须确保伴侣在规范此种关系的法律所规定的经济事务上享有平等权利、责任和待遇。

The recommendations contained below apply mutatis mutandis in States parties that recognize registered partnerships in their legal order.

下文载列的建议比照适用于在法律秩序中承认登记伴侣关系的缔约国。

De facto unions

事实结合

30. Women enter de facto unions for a variety of reasons.

30. 妇女因各种原因缔结事实结合关系。

Some States provide a legal framework for recognizing de facto unions at some point, such as upon the death of a partner or the dissolution of the relationship.

一些国家的法律框架在某点上，例如在伴侣死亡时或关系解除时，承认事实婚姻。

Where such legal frameworks do not exist, women may be exposed to economic risks when a cohabiting relationship ends, including when they have contributed to maintaining a household and to building other assets.

如果没有这种法律框架，则妇女在同居关系结束时可能面临经济风险，即便她们曾为维持家庭和积累其他资产做出了贡献。

31. The Committee determined in its general recommendation No. 21 that the elimination of discrimination against women in de facto unions is included in State party obligations under article 16 (1).

31. 委员会在第21号一般性建议中确定，《公约》第十六条第1款规定的缔约国义务中包含消除歧视处于事实结合的妇女。

In States parties where such unions exist, and with regard to relationships in which neither partner is married to another person or is in a registered partnership with another person, the Committee recommends that the State party consider the situation of women in these unions, and of the children resulting from them, and take the necessary measures to ensure the protection of their economic rights.

委员会建议，在存在此种结合的缔约国内，如果伴侣双方均没有与其他人结婚或结成登记伴侣，则缔约国应考虑处于此种结合中的妇女及其所生子女的状况，并采取必要措施确保她们的经济权利受到保护。

In countries where de facto unions are recognized by law, the recommendations contained below apply mutatis mutandis.

在事实婚姻受法律承认的国家里，则比照适用下文载列的建议。

V. Economic aspects of family formation

五. 家庭组成的经济方面

32. States parties should provide to individuals entering into marriage information on the economic consequences of the marital relationship and of its potential dissolution by divorce or death.

32. 缔约国应向缔结婚姻的个人提供信息，说明婚姻关系及其可能因离婚或死亡而解除的经济后果。

Where the States parties provide for registered partnerships, the same information should be provided to them.

规定登记伴侣关系的缔约国也应向登记伴侣提供同样的信息。

Payment or preferment as a requirement of marriage

以钱财或地位提升作为婚姻要件

33. In general recommendation No. 21, paragraph 16, the Committee notes that some State parties “allow marriage to be arranged for payment or preferment”, which is a violation of a woman’s right to freely choose her spouse.

33. 委员会在第21号一般性建议第16段中指出，一些缔约国允许“为钱财或地位提升而安排的婚姻”。 这侵犯妇女自由选择配偶的权利。

“Payment or preferment” refers to transactions in which cash, goods or livestock are given to the bride or her family by the groom or his family, or when a similar payment is made by the bride or her family to the groom or his family.

“钱财或地位提升”系指新郎或新郎家向新娘或新娘家支付现金、货物或牲畜的交易，或是由新娘或新娘家向新郎或新郎家提供类似支付。

This practice should not be in any way required in order for a marriage to be valid, and such agreements should not be recognized by the State party as enforceable.

不得以任何形式将这种做法列为婚姻生效的要件，并且缔约国不应确认这种协议可强制执行。

Contracts: prenuptial and postnuptial agreements

契约：婚前和婚后协议

34. In some systems, marriages or other recognized forms of union may be undertaken only by written contract.

34. 在某些制度中，只能通过书面契约缔结婚姻或得到承认的其他结合形式。

Some systems allow the option of contractual agreements concerning property to be undertaken prior to or during the marriage.

某些制度允许当事人选择在婚前或婚姻期间签订有关财产的契约协定。

States must ascertain that women are not left with less protection than they would have under the standard or default marriage provisions, owing to grave inequality in bargaining power.

由于在谈判能力方面存在严重的不平等，各国必须确保签订契约的妇女享有的保护不低于标准或默认的婚姻条款规定的保护。

35. When States parties provide for the possibility of making private contractual arrangements with respect to the distribution of marital and other property following the dissolution of marriage, they should take measures to guarantee non-discrimination, respect public order, prevent the abuse of unequal bargaining power and protect each spouse from abuse of power in making such contracts.

35. 如果缔约国规定可以对婚姻解体后的婚姻财产和其他财产的分配私下做出契约安排，则应采取措施保证不存在歧视，尊重公共秩序，防止滥用不平等的谈判能力，并保护每一配偶在订立这种契约时不受滥用权力的伤害。

These protective measures may include requiring that such agreements be written or subject to other formal requirements and providing for retroactive invalidation or for financial or other remedies if the contract is found to be abusive.

这些保护性措施可包括要求这些安排以书面方式做出或遵守其他正式要求，并规定如发现契约不当，则可事后宣布无效，或规定经济补偿或其他救济。

VI. Economic aspects during the relationship

六. 关系存续期间的经济问题

36. A number of States parties retain discriminatory systems of property management during the marriage.

36. 一些缔约国保留了婚姻期间财产管理方面的歧视性制度。

Some retain laws stating that the man is the head of the household, thus giving him the role of sole economic agent as well.

有些保留了指定男子为户主的法律，因而同时赋予他家庭唯一经济代理人的角色。

37. Where a community property regime is the norm, nominally providing that half of the marital property is theirs, women still may not have the right to manage the property.

37. 在实行夫妻共有财产制规范的地方，名义上规定妇女拥有一半的婚姻财产，但妇女仍然可能没有财产管理权。

In many legal systems, women may retain the right to manage property that they own individually and may accumulate and manage additional separate property during the marriage.

在许多法律制度下，妇女可保留个人拥有财产的管理权，并可在婚姻存续期间积累和管理更多单独拥有的财产。

However, property accumulated by virtue of women’s economic activity may be considered as belonging to the marital household, and women may not have a recognized right to manage it.

然而，妇女经济活动所积累的财产可能被认为属于婚后的家庭，妇女可能没有得到认可的管理权。

This may be the case even with regard to women’s own wages.

甚至妇女自己的工资也可能是这种情况。

38. States parties should provide for equal access by both spouses to the marital property and equal legal capacity to manage it.

38. 缔约国应向配偶双方提供享有婚姻财产的平等机会和管理财产的平等行为能力。

They should ensure that the right of women to own, acquire, manage, administer and enjoy separate or non-marital property is equal to that of men.

缔约国应确保在拥有、获取、管理、经营和享有单独或非婚姻财产方面，妇女享有与男子同等的权利。

VII. Economic and financial consequences upon dissolution of relationships

七. 关系解除的经济和财务后果

Grounds for divorce and financial consequences

离婚理由与经济后果

39. Some legal systems make a direct link between grounds for divorce and the financial consequences of divorce.

39. 一些法律制度将离婚缘由与离婚的经济后果直接联系起来。

Fault-based divorce regimes may condition financial rights on the lack of fault.

过错离婚制度可能会以没有过错为取得经济权利的条件。

They may be abused by husbands to eliminate any financial obligation towards their wives.

丈夫可能会滥用这种制度来解除自己对妻子的任何经济义务。

In many legal systems, no financial support is awarded to wives against whom a fault-based divorce has been pronounced.

在许多法律制度中，对宣布因过错而离婚的妻子不给予任何经济支助。

Fault-based divorce regimes may include different standards of fault for wives and husbands, such as requiring proof of greater infidelity by a husband than by a wife as a basis for divorce.

过错离婚制度可能会对妻子和丈夫采取不同的过错标准，例如，相对于妻子而言，离婚理由要求证明的丈夫不忠行为性质更严重。

Fault-based economic frameworks frequently work to the detriment of the wife, who is usually the financially dependent spouse.

基于过错的经济框架往往对妻子不利，因为她们通常是无经济自立能力的一方。

40. States parties should:

40. 缔约国应：

Revise provisions linking grounds for divorce and financial consequences in order to eliminate opportunities for husbands to abuse these provisions and thereby to avoid any financial obligations towards their wives.

修改把离婚理由与经济后果相关联的规定，使丈夫没有机会滥用这些规定来逃避对其妻子的经济义务。

Revise provisions relating to fault-based divorce in order to provide compensation for the contributions made by the wife to the family’s economic well-being during the marriage.

修改过错离婚规定，以便对妻子在婚姻期间对家庭经济福祉所做的贡献进行补偿。

Eliminate differences in the standards of fault for wives and for husbands, such as requiring proof of greater infidelity by a husband than by a wife as a basis for divorce.

消除对妻子和丈夫设定的过错标准差异，例如，相对于妻子而言，离婚理由要求证明的丈夫不忠行为性质更为严重。

41. Some legal regimes require the wife or her family to return to the husband or his family any economic benefits in the form of payment or preferment, or other such payments that were an element of marriage formation, and do not impose equal economic requirements on a divorcing husband.

41. 一些法律制度要求妻子或其家庭向丈夫或其家庭返还以钱财或地位提升形式获得的经济利益，或作为缔结婚姻一部分的其他此类支付，但对离婚的丈夫却不施加同等的经济要求。

States parties should eliminate any procedural requirement for payments to obtain a divorce that does not apply equally to husbands and wives.

缔约国应取消任何不能同等适用于丈夫和妻子的离婚程序支付要求。

42. States parties should provide for separating the principles and procedure dissolving the marriage relationship from those relating to the economic aspects of the dissolution.

42. 缔约国应规定，解除婚姻关系应遵循的原则和程序与解除关系的经济问题涉及的原则和程序各行其是。

Free legal aid should be provided to women who do not have the means to pay for court costs and attorney fees, so as to ensure that no woman is forced to forgo her economic rights to obtain a divorce.

应向没有能力支付法院费用和律师费的妇女提供免费法律援助，以确保没有妇女被迫为离婚而牺牲其经济权利。

Dissolution of marriage by separation and divorce

分居和离婚导致的婚姻解体

43. Most laws, customs and practices relating to the financial consequences of marriage dissolution can be broadly classified into two categories: distribution of property and maintenance after divorce or separation.

43. 与解除婚姻的经济后果有关的多数法律、习俗和惯例可分为两大类，即财产的分割和离婚或分居后的赡养。

Property distribution and post-dissolution maintenance regimes often favour husbands regardless of whether laws appear neutral, owing to gendered assumptions relating to the classification of marital property subject to division, insufficient recognition of non-financial contributions, women’s lack of legal capacity to manage property and gendered family roles.

无论法律是否表面中立，财产分割和离婚或分居后的赡养制度通常对丈夫有利，其原因如下：在划分可分割婚姻财产方面存在先入为主的性别观念，对非金钱贡献未给予充分认可，未赋予妇女管理财产的法律行为能力，按性别划分的家庭角色。

In addition, laws, customs and practices relating to the post-dissolution use of the family home and chattels clearly have an impact on women’s post-dissolution economic status.

此外，与解体后使用家庭房屋和动产有关的法律、习俗和惯例显然对妇女在婚姻解体后的经济状况产生影响。

44. Women may be barred from claiming property rights for lack of recognized capacity to own or manage property, or the property regime may not recognize property accumulated during the marriage as subject to division between the parties.

44. 以下原因可能会阻碍妇女主张财产权：缺乏得到承认的拥有或管理财产的行为能力，或财产制度不承认婚姻存续期间积累的财产可供双方分割。

Interrupted education and employment histories and childcare responsibilities frequently prevent women from establishing a path to paid employment (opportunity cost) sufficient to support their post-dissolution family.

学业和就业生涯的中断以及育儿责任往往妨碍妇女走上一条足以在婚姻解体后养家糊口的有偿就业之路(机会成本)。

These social and economic factors also prevent women living under a regime of separate property from increasing their individual property during marriage.

这些社会和经济因素也妨碍生活在单独财产制度下的妇女在婚姻存续期间增加其个人财产。

45. The guiding principle should be that the economic advantages and disadvantages related to the relationship and its dissolution should be borne equally by both parties.

45. 指导原则应是由双方平等分担与关系及其解除有关的经济利害。

The division of roles and functions during the spouses’ life together should not result in detrimental economic consequences for either party.

配偶共同生活期间角色和职能的分工不应对任何一方造成有害的经济后果。

46. States parties are obligated to provide, upon divorce and/or separation, for equality between the parties in the division of all property accumulated during the marriage.

46. 缔约国有义务规定，离婚和(或)分居时，双方平等分割婚姻期间积累的所有财产。

States parties should recognize the value of indirect, including non-financial, contributions with regard to the acquisition of property acquired during the marriage.

缔约国应承认任何一方对婚姻存续期间所取得的财产做出的非直接、包括非金钱贡献的价值。

47. States parties should provide for equal formal and de facto legal capacity to own and manage property.

47. 缔约国应规定，夫妻双方享有在形式和事实上平等的拥有和管理财产的法律行为能力。

To achieve both formal and substantive equality with respect to property rights upon the dissolution of marriage, States parties are strongly encouraged to provide for:

为实现婚姻解体时形式和实质上的财产权平等，大力鼓励缔约国规定：

Recognition of use rights in property related to livelihood or compensation in order to provide for replacement of property-related livelihood.

承认对生计相关财产的使用权，或者提供补偿，以替代与财产有关的生计。

Adequate housing to replace the use of the family home.

提供适当居所，以替代对家庭房屋的使用。

Equality within the property regimes available to couples (community property, separate property, hybrid), the right to choose property regime, and an understanding of the consequences of each regime.

在夫妇可以利用的财产制度(共同财产制、单独财产制、混合制度)内部实现平等，拥有选择财产制度的权利并理解每种制度的后果。

Inclusion of the present-value computation of deferred compensation, pension or other post-dissolution payments resulting from contributions made during the marriage, such as life insurance policies, as part of the marital property subject to division.

计算延付报酬、养老金或人寿保险单等其他因婚姻存续期间所做贡献而在解体后得到的支付的现值，作为可分割的婚姻财产的一部分。

Valuation of non-financial contributions to marital property subject to division, including household and family care, lost economic opportunity and tangible or intangible contributions to either spouse’s career development and other economic activity and to the development of his or her human capital.

对可分割婚姻财产所做的非资金贡献进行估值，包括家务和照顾家庭、失去的经济机会以及对配偶的职业发展、其他经济活动和人力资本发展的有形或无形贡献。

Consideration of post-dissolution spousal payments as a method of providing for equality of financial outcome.

考虑将婚姻解体后的配偶付款作为提供平等经济结果的方法。

48. States parties should undertake research and policy studies on women’s economic status within the family and upon the dissolution of family relationships and publish the results in accessible forms.

48. 缔约国应就妇女在家庭内的经济地位及家庭关系解除后的经济地位进行调查和政策研究，并以易于获取的形式公布结果。

Property rights after death

死后财产权

49. Many States parties, by law or custom, deny widows equality with widowers in respect of inheritance, leaving them vulnerable economically upon the death of a spouse.

49. 许多缔约国在法律或习俗上否认丧偶妇女具有与丧偶男子平等的继承权，使妇女在配偶死亡后在经济境地脆弱。

Some legal systems formally provide widows with other means of economic security, such as through support payments from male relatives or from the estate of the deceased.

一些法律制度在形式上为丧偶妇女提供其他经济保障手段，例如由男性亲属支付抚养费或用死者遗产支付抚养费。

However, in practice, these obligations may not be enforced.

然而，在实践中这些义务可能无法强制执行。

50. Under customary forms of landholding, which may limit individual purchase or transfer and may only be subject to right of use, upon the death of the husband, the wife or wives may be told to leave the land or may be required to marry a brother of the deceased in order to remain on the land.

50. 按照土地保有的习惯方式，个人对土地的购买或转让可能受到限制，土地保有可能只限于使用权，一旦丈夫死亡，妻子可能会被要求离开或者需要与死者的兄弟结婚才能留下。

The existence of offspring, or lack of offspring, may be a major factor in such marriage requirements.

有子女或者没有子女可能是这种结婚要求的主要因素。

In some States parties, widows are subject to “property dispossession” or “property grabbing”, in which relatives of a deceased husband, claiming customary rights, dispossess the widow and her children from property accumulated during the marriage, including property that is not held according to custom.

在一些缔约国，丧偶妇女被“剥夺财产”或“攫取财产”，即死亡丈夫的亲属根据习俗主张权利，剥夺丧偶妇女及其子女对婚姻存续期间积累的财产的占有权，其中包括并非根据习俗保有的财产。

They remove the widow from the family home and claim all the chattels, then ignore their concomitant customary responsibility to support the widow and children.

他们把丧偶妇女从家庭住房中赶走，宣称拥有所有动产，然后不履行根据习俗同时产生的对丧偶妇女及其子女的扶养责任。

In some States parties, widows are marginalized or banished to a different community.

在一些缔约国，丧偶妇女被边缘化或被赶到另一个社区。

51. Survivorship rights to social security payments (pensions and disability payments) and in contributory pension systems play a large role in States parties in which couples pay significant sums into those systems during the relationship.

51. 在一些缔约国，夫妻在其关系存续期间向社会保障金(养老金和伤残金)缴纳大量资金。 在这些国家中，未亡人取得这类付款的权利以及在缴费型养老金制度中的权利发挥很大作用。

States parties are obligated to provide for equality between men and women in terms of spousal and survivorship benefits from social security and pension systems.

缔约国有义务规定男女平等地享受社会保障和养老金制度提供的配偶福利和未亡人福利。

52. The laws or practices of some States parties restrict the use of a will to override discriminatory laws and customs and increase women’s share of inheritance.

52. 一些缔约国的法律或惯例限制利用遗嘱推翻歧视性法律和习俗并增加妇女的继承份额。

States parties are obligated to adopt laws relating to the making of wills that provide equal rights to women and men as testators, heirs and beneficiaries.

缔约国有义务通过有关订立遗嘱的法律，赋予妇女与男子平等的遗嘱人、继承人和受益人权利。

53. States parties are obligated to adopt laws of intestate succession that comply with the principles of the Convention.

53. 缔约国有义务通过符合《公约》原则的无遗嘱继承法。

Such laws should ensure:

这种法律应确保：

Equal treatment of surviving females and males.

平等对待丧偶女性和男性。

That customary succession to use rights or title to land cannot be conditioned on forced marriage to a deceased spouse’s brother (levirate marriage) or any other person, or on the existence or absence of minor children of the marriage.

对土地使用权或所有权的继承习俗不能以被迫嫁给亡夫的兄弟(转房婚)或任何其他人为条件，或以有无婚生未成年子女为条件。

That disinheritance of the surviving spouse is prohibited.

禁止剥夺未亡配偶的继承权。

That “property dispossession/grabbing” is criminalized, and that offenders are duly prosecuted.

各国应将“剥夺财产/攫取财产”定为犯罪，并确保犯罪人受到适当起诉。

VIII. Reservations

八. 保留

54. In its 1998 statement on reservations to the Convention, the Committee expressed concern about the number and the nature of reservations.

54. 委员会在1998年关于对《公约》的保留的声明中，对保留的数量和性质表示关切。

In paragraph 6, it specifically noted that:

委员会在第6段中具体指出：

Articles 2 and 16 are considered by the Committee to be core provisions of the Convention.

第二条和第十六条被委员会视为《公约》的核心条款。

Although some States parties have withdrawn reservations to those articles, the Committee is particularly concerned at the number and extent of reservations entered to those articles.

虽然一些国家已撤消对这些条文的保留，但委员会仍对就这些条文提出的保留的数目和范围感到特别关切。

In respect of article 16, the Committee specifically stated in paragraph 17 that:

关于第十六条，委员会在第7段中具体指出：

Neither traditional, religious or cultural practice nor incompatible domestic laws and policies can justify violations of the Convention.

无论是传统、宗教或文化上的习俗，还是不一致的国内法和政策，都不能成为违反《公约》的理由。

The Committee also remains convinced that reservations to article 16, whether lodged for national, traditional, religious or cultural reasons, are incompatible with the Convention and therefore impermissible and should be reviewed and modified or withdrawn.

委员会还坚信，无论出于民族、传统、宗教还是文化上的原因提出对第十六条的保留都不符合《公约》，因此都不应允许，而应予以审查、修改或撤回。

55. With respect to reservations relating to religious laws and practices, the Committee recognizes that since 1998 a number of States parties have modified their laws to provide for equality in at least some aspects of family relations.

55. 关于与宗教法和惯例有关的保留，委员会确认，自1998年以来，一些缔约国修改了它们的法律，至少在家庭关系的某些方面规定了平等。

It continues to recommend that States parties take “into consideration the experiences of countries with similar religious backgrounds and legal systems that have successfully accommodated domestic legislation to commitments emanating from international legally binding instruments, with a view to” withdrawing reservations.

委员会继续建议缔约国，“借鉴有着类似宗教背景和法律制度且使其国内立法成功适应依据具有法律约束力的国际文书作业各项的承诺的那些国家的经验，以期”撤回保留。

Notes

注

Resolution 217 A (III), article 16 (3).

第217 A(III)号决议，第十六条第(3)款。

Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 4-15 September 1995 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.96.IV.13), chap. I, resolution 1, annex II, para. 61.

《第四次妇女问题世界会议的报告，1995年9月4日至15日，北京》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.96.IV.13)，第一章，决议1，附件二，第61段。

See resolution 55/2; see also the Millennium Project, Goal 3, available from http://www.unmillenniumproject. org/goals/index.htm.

见第55/2号决议；另见千年项目，目标3，可查阅http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/goals/index.htm。

See general comment No. 4 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on the right to adequate housing (article 11 (1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), para. 6.

见经济、社会及文化权利委员会关于适足住房权的第4号一般性意见(《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》第十一条第(1)款)，第6段。

A/50/370, para 14.

A/50/370，第14段。

A/53/38/Rev.1, part two.

A/53/38/Rev.1，第二部分。

CEDAW/C/ARE/CO/1 (2010), on concluding observations, United Arab Emirates, para. 46.

CEDAW/C/ARE/CO/1(2010年)，第46段，结论意见，阿拉伯联合酋长国。