CEDAW/GC/30 CEDAW_GR_30E.docx (English)

CEDAW/GC/30 CEDAW_GR_30C.docx (Chinese)

CEDAW

CEDAW

General recommendation No. 30 on women in conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict situations

关于妇女在预防冲突、冲突及冲突后局势中的作用的第30号一般性建议

CEDAW/C/GC/30

CEDAW/C/GC/30

I. Introduction

一. 导言

1. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women decided at its forty-seventh session, in 2010, pursuant to article 21 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, to adopt a general recommendation on women in conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict situations.

1. 消除对妇女歧视委员会在2010年第四十七届会议上根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第二十一条做出决定，就妇女在预防冲突、冲突及冲突后局势中的作用通过一项一般性建议。

The primary aim and purpose of the general recommendation is to provide authoritative guidance to States parties on legislative, policy and other appropriate measures to ensure full compliance with their obligations under the Convention to protect, respect and fulfil women’s human rights.

本一般性建议的主要宗旨和目的是，向缔约国提供关于立法、政策和其他适当措施的权威指导，以期确保全面遵守《公约》规定的保护、尊重和实现妇女人权的义务。

It also builds upon principles articulated in previously adopted general recommendations.

本一般性建议还借鉴了以前通过的一般性建议所述的原则。

2. Protecting women’s human rights at all times, advancing substantive gender equality before, during and after conflict and ensuring that women’s diverse experiences are fully integrated into all peacebuilding, peacemaking and reconstruction processes are important objectives of the Convention.

2. 在任何时候都要保护妇女的人权，在冲突前、冲突期间和冲突后都要促进实质性性别平等及确保将妇女的多种经历充分纳入所有建设和平、建立和平和重建进程，这些都是《公约》的重要目标。

The Committee reiterates that States parties’ obligations continue to apply during conflict or states of emergency without discrimination between citizens and non-citizens within their territory or effective control, even if not situated within the territory of the State party.

委员会重申，缔约国有义务在冲突或紧急状态期间在其领土或有效控制地区，甚至不在该缔约国领土范围内的有效控制地区，对公民和非公民不加区别地继续适用《公约》。

The Committee has repeatedly expressed concern about the gendered impacts of conflict and women’s exclusion from conflict prevention efforts, post-conflict transition and reconstruction processes and the fact that reports of States parties do not provide sufficient information on the application of the Convention in such situations.

委员会一再表示关切冲突对男女两性造成的不同影响及妇女被排斥在预防冲突的努力、冲突后过渡和重建进程之外；委员会还关切，缔约国的报告未就《公约》在此类局势中的适用提供足够信息。

3. The general recommendation specifically guides States parties on the implementation of their obligation of due diligence in respect of acts of private individuals or entities that impair the rights enshrined in the Convention, and makes suggestions as to how non-State actors can address women’s rights in conflict-affected areas.

3. 本一般性建议具体指导缔约国如何就个人或实体损害《公约》所规定的权利的行为履行其尽职义务，并就非国家行为体如何对待受冲突影响地区的妇女权利提出建议。

II. Scope of the general recommendation

二. 一般性建议的适用范围

4. The general recommendation covers the application of the Convention to conflict prevention, international and non-international armed conflicts, situations of foreign occupation and other forms of occupation and the post-conflict phase.

4. 本一般性建议涵盖《公约》对预防冲突、国际及非国际武装冲突、外国占领局势，以及其他形式占领和冲突后阶段的适用。

In addition, the recommendation covers other situations of concern, such as internal disturbances, protracted and low-intensity civil strife, political strife, ethnic and communal violence, states of emergency and suppression of mass uprisings, war against terrorism and organized crime, which may not necessarily be classified as armed conflict under international humanitarian law and which result in serious violations of women’s rights and are of particular concern to the Committee.

此外，本建议还涵盖其他令人关切的情况，如根据国际人道主义法不一定归类为武装冲突但导致严重侵犯妇女权利，同时令委员会特别关切的国内动乱、长期和低烈度内乱、政治纷争、族裔和种族暴力、紧急状态和镇压大规模起义、反恐战争和有组织犯罪。

For the purpose of the present general recommendation, the phases of conflict and post-conflict have at times been divided, given that they can encompass different challenges and opportunities with regard to addressing the human rights of women and girls.

为本建议的目的，有时会划分冲突阶段和冲突后阶段，因为在处理妇女和女孩的人权问题时，这两个阶段可能会有不同的挑战和机遇。

The Committee notes, however, that the transition from conflict to post-conflict is often not linear and can involve cessations of conflict and then slippages back into conflict, a cycle that can continue for long periods.

但是，委员会注意到从冲突过渡到冲突后往往不是线性过程，而可能会出现停止冲突而后又重新陷入冲突的情况，这种循环可能会持续很长时间。

5. Such situations are closely linked to crises of internal displacement, statelessness and the struggle of refugee populations with repatriation processes.

5. 这种局势与如下危机密切相关：境内流离失所、无国籍状态及难民抵抗遣返进程的斗争。

In that respect, the Committee reiterates its observation in general recommendation No. 28 that States parties continue to be responsible for all their actions affecting the human rights of citizens and non-citizens, internally displaced persons, refugees, asylum seekers and stateless persons, within their territory or effective control, even if not situated within their territory.

在这方面，委员会重申其在第28号一般性建议里提出的意见，即缔约国继续对其影响在其领土内或在其有效控制下、甚至不在其领土内但在其有效控制下的公民和非公民、境内流离失所者、难民、寻求庇护者和无国籍人员人权的一切行为负责。

6. Women are not a homogenous group and their experiences of conflict and specific needs in post-conflict contexts are diverse.

6. 妇女不是一个同质群体，她们的冲突经历和在冲突后情况下的具体需求也各不相同。

Women are not passive bystanders or only victims or targets.

妇女不是消极的旁观者，也不仅是受害者或被攻击目标。

They have historically had and continue to have a role as combatants, as part of organized civil society, as human rights defenders, as members of resistance movements and as active agents in both formal and informal peacebuilding and recovery processes.

妇女一直发挥并将继续发挥她们作为战士、有组织民间社会的成员、人权维护者、抵抗运动成员及作为正式和非正式建设和平和恢复进程中的积极分子的作用。

States parties must address all aspects of their obligations under the Convention to eliminate discrimination against women.

缔约国必须履行其根据《公约》承担的义务的各个方面，以消除对妇女的歧视。

7. Discrimination against women is also compounded by intersecting forms of discrimination, as noted in general recommendation No. 28.

7. 正如第28号一般性建议指出的，对妇女的歧视还因相互交叉的各种形式歧视而加剧。

Given that the Convention reflects a life-cycle approach, States parties are also required to address the rights and distinct needs of conflict-affected girls that arise from gender-based discrimination.

鉴于《公约》采用生命周期法，因此缔约国还必须满足受冲突影响女孩因基于性别的歧视造成的权利和独特需求。

III. Application of the Convention to conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict situations

三. 《公约》对预防冲突、冲突及冲突后局势的适用

A. Territorial and extraterritorial application of the Convention

A. 《公约》的域内和域外适用

8. The Committee reiterates general recommendation No. 28 to the effect that the obligations of States parties also apply extraterritorially to persons within their effective control, even if not situated within their territory, and that States parties are responsible for all their actions affecting human rights, regardless of whether the affected persons are in their territory.

8. 委员会重申第28号一般性建议，即缔约国的义务还适用于域外在其有效控制下，即使不在其境内的人员，缔约国对其影响人权的一切行为负有责任，不管受影响者是否在其境内。

9. In conflict and post-conflict situations, States parties are bound to apply the Convention and other international human rights and humanitarian law when they exercise territorial or extraterritorial jurisdiction, whether individually, for example, in unilateral military action, or as members of international or intergovernmental organizations or coalitions, for example, as part of an international peacekeeping force.

9. 在冲突及冲突后局势中，缔约国在行使域内或域外管辖权时，不管是单独行使，例如，采取单边军事行动，或是作为国际或政府间组织或联盟的成员行使，例如，作为国际维持和平部队的组成部分，都必须适用《公约》及其他国际人权和人道主义法。

The Convention applies to a wide range of situations, including wherever a State exercises jurisdiction, such as occupation and other forms of administration of foreign territory, for example, United Nations administration of territory; to national contingents that form part of an international peacekeeping or peace-enforcement operation; to persons detained by agents of a State, such as the military or mercenaries, outside its territory; to lawful or unlawful military actions in another State; to bilateral or multilateral donor assistance for conflict prevention and humanitarian aid, mitigation or post-conflict reconstruction; in involvement as third parties in peace or negotiation processes; and in the formation of trade agreements with conflict-affected countries.

《公约》适用于范围广泛的情况，包括一国行使管 辖权的情况，如作为外国领土的占领当局和其他形式的管理当局，例如联合国的领土管理当局；作为国际维持和平或执行和平行动组成部分的国家特遣队；被一国代 理人，如军方或雇佣军，在该国境外拘留的人员；在另一国内的合法或非法军事行动；为预防冲突和人道主义援助、减轻冲突或冲突后重建而进行的双边或多边捐助 援助；作为第三方参与和平或谈判进程；以及与受冲突影响国家订立贸易协议。

10. The Convention also requires States parties to regulate the activities of domestic non-State actors within their effective control who operate extraterritorially.

10. 《公约》还要求缔约国监管在其有效控制下在域外运营的本国非国家行为体的活动。

The Committee reaffirmed in its general recommendation No. 28 the requirement in article 2 (e) of the Convention to eliminate discrimination by any public or private actor, which extends to acts of national corporations operating extraterritorially.

委员会在其第28号一般性建议中重申，《公约》第二条(e)款关于消除任何公共或私营行为体的歧视的规定，“适用于在域外运营的国家公司的行为”。

That would include cases in which the activities of national corporations in conflict-affected areas lead to women’s rights abuses and cases that call for the establishment of accountability and oversight mechanisms for private security and other contractors operating in conflict zones.

这将包括国家公司在受冲突影响地区的活动导致妇女权利受到侵犯的情况和要求为在冲突地区运营的私营安保公司及其他承包商建立问责制和监督机制的情况。

11. There may be cases in which States parties also have extraterritorial obligations of international cooperation, as set out in international law, such as treaty law on women with disabilities (art. 32 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities), girls in armed conflict (art. 24 (4) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the first two optional protocols thereto) and the non-discriminatory enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights (arts. 2 (1), 11 (1), 22 and 23 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights).

11. 还有一些情况是，国际法规定缔约国也需承担域外国际合作的义务，如关于残疾妇女(《残疾人权利公约》第三十二条)、武装冲突中的女孩(《儿童权利公约》第 二十四条第四款及其头两个任择议定书)和不加区别地享受经济、社会及文化权利(《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第二条第一款、第十一条第一款、第二十二 条和第二十三条)的条约法。

In such cases, the extraterritorial application of the Convention requires States to comply with the Convention in implementing those obligations.

在此类情况下，《公约》的域外适用要求各国在履行这些义务时遵守《公约》。

12. The Committee recommends that State parties:

12. 委员会建议缔约国：

(a) Apply the Convention and other international human rights instruments and humanitarian law comprehensively in the exercise of territorial or extraterritorial jurisdiction, whether acting individually or as members of international or intergovernmental organizations or coalitions;

(a) 在行使域内或域外管辖权时，不管是单独行动还是作为国际或政府间组织或联盟的成员行动，都全面适用《公约》及其他国际人权文书和人道主义法；

(b) Regulate the activities of all domestic non-State actors within their effective control who operate extraterritorially, and ensure full respect of the Convention by them;

(b) 监管在其有效控制下在域外运营的所有国内非国家行为体的活动，并确保这类行为体充分尊重《公约》；

(c) Respect, protect and fulfil the rights guaranteed by the Convention, which applies extraterritorially, as occupying Power in situations of foreign occupation.

(c) 在外国占领情况下，《公约》的域外适用要求占领国尊重、保护和履行《公约》所保障的各项权利。

B. Application of the Convention to State and non-State actors

B. 《公约》对国家和非国家行为体的适用

13. Women’s rights in conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict processes are affected by various actors, including States acting individually (for example, as the State within whose borders the conflict arises, neighbouring States involved in the regional dimensions of the conflict or States involved in unilateral cross-border military manoeuvres), States acting as members of international or intergovernmental organizations (for example, by contributing to international peacekeeping forces or as donors giving money through international financial institutions to support peace processes) and coalitions and non-State actors, such as armed groups, paramilitaries, corporations, private military contractors, organized criminal groups and vigilantes.

13. 妇女在预防冲突、冲突及冲突后进程中的权利受到各个行为体的影响，包括单独行动的国家(例如其境内发生冲突的国家、卷入冲突区域层面的邻国或参与单边跨境 军事行动的国家)；以及作为国际或政府间组织和联盟成员采取行动的国家(例如向国际维持和平部队提供部队或作为捐助方通过国际金融机构提供资金以支持和平 进程)及非国家行为体，如武装团体、准军事部队、公司、私营军事承包商、有组织犯罪团体和治安维持者。

In conflict and post-conflict contexts, State institutions are often weakened or certain government functions may be performed by other Governments, intergovernmental organizations or even non-State groups.

在冲突及冲突后情况下，国家机构常常被削弱或由别国政府、政府间组织、甚至由非国家团体行使某些政府职能。

The Committee stresses that, in such cases, there may be simultaneous and complementary sets of obligations under the Convention for a range of involved actors.

委员会强调，在此类情况下，《公约》就所涉各类行为体规定了同时适用且相互补充的整套义务。

14. State responsibility under the Convention also arises if a non-State actor’s acts or omission may be attributed to the State under international law.

14. 如果一个非国家行为体的行为或不行为按国际法可归咎于国家，此时就引起了国家在《公约》下的责任。

When a State party is acting as a member of an international organization in conflict prevention, conflict or post-conflict processes, the State party remains responsible for its obligations under the Convention within its territory and extraterritorially and also has a responsibility to adopt measures to ensure that the policies and decisions of those organizations conform to its obligations under the Convention.

当缔约国在预防冲突、冲突或冲突后进程中作为国际组织成员行事时，该缔约国仍要对其根据《公约》承担的域内和域外义务负责，同时还有责任采取措施，确保这些组织的政策和决定符合其根据《公约》承担的义务。

15. The Committee has also repeatedly stressed that the Convention requires States parties to regulate non-State actors under the duty to protect, such that States must exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate, punish and ensure redress for the acts of private individuals or entities that impair the rights enshrined in the Convention.

15. 委员会还一再强调，《公约》要求缔约国监管承担保护责任的非国家行为体，各国必须尽职尽责，防止、调查、惩治和确保纠正个人或实体有损《公约》所规定的权利的行为。

In its general recommendations Nos. 19 and 28, the Committee has outlined due diligence obligations in protecting women from violence and discrimination, emphasizing that, alongside constitutional and legislative measures, States parties must also provide adequate administrative and financial support for the implementation of the Convention.

委员会在其第19号和第28号一般性建议中阐述了在保护妇女免遭暴力和歧视侵害方面的尽职义务，并强调，除了宪法和立法措施外，缔约国还必须为执行《公约》提供足够的行政和财政支助。

16. In addition to requiring States parties to regulate non-State actors, international humanitarian law contains relevant obligations that bind non-State actors, as parties to an armed conflict (for example, insurgents and rebel groups) such as in common article 3 of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of non-international armed conflicts.

16. 除了要求缔约国监管非国家行为体外，国际法还载有约束非国家行为体的相关义务，如武装冲突中的各方(例如叛乱分子和叛乱团体)的相关义务，例如《1949 年日内瓦四公约》共同条款第三条和1949年8月12日《日内瓦四公约关于保护非国际性武装冲突受害者的附加议定书》所规定的相应义务。

Under international human rights law, although non-State actors cannot become parties to the Convention, the Committee notes that, under certain circumstances, in particular where an armed group with an identifiable political structure exercises significant control over territory and population, non-State actors are obliged to respect international human rights.

根据国际人权法，虽然非国家行为体不能成为《公约》缔约方，但委员会注意到，在某些情况下，特别是当一个具有可识别政治架构的武装团体对领土和人口行使明显控制时，非国家行为体有义务尊重国际人权。

The Committee emphasizes that gross violations of human rights and serious violations of humanitarian law could entail individual criminal responsibility, including for members and leaders of non-State armed groups and private military contractors.

委员会强调，严重侵犯人权和严重违反人道主义法行为可导致产生个人包括非国家武装团体成员和领导人及私营军事承包商的刑事责任。

17. The Committee recommends that States parties:

17. 委员会建议缔约国：

(a) Ensure redress for the acts of private individuals or entities, as part of their due diligence obligation;

(a) 作为其尽职义务的一部分，确保纠正个人或实体的行为；

(b) Reject all forms of rollbacks in women’s rights protections in order to appease non-State actors such as terrorists, private individuals or armed groups;

(b) 绝不为安抚恐怖分子、个人或武装团体等非国家行为体而接受任何形式减少对妇女权利保护的做法；

(c) Engage with non-State actors to prevent human rights abuses relating to their activities in conflict-affected areas, in particular all forms of gender-based violence; adequately assist national corporations in assessing and addressing the heightened risks of abuses of women’s rights; and establish an effective accountability mechanism;

(c) 与非国家行为体接触，以防止其在受冲突影响地区的活动构成践踏人权行为，特别是所有形式的性别暴力；充分协助国家公司评估和解决侵犯妇女权利的高度风险，以及建立有效的问责机制；

(d) Use gender-sensitive practices (for example, use of female police officers) in the investigation of violations during and after conflict to ensure that violations by State and non-State actors are identified and addressed.

(d) 在冲突期间和之后对违法行为进行调查时采用对性别问题有敏感认识的做法(例如，雇用女警官)，以确保查明并解决国家和非国家行为体的违法行为。

18. The Committee also urges non-State actors such as armed groups:

18. 委员会还敦促非国家行为体，如武装团体：

(a) To respect women’s rights in conflict and post-conflict situations, in line with the Convention;

(a) 根据《公约》的规定，尊重处于冲突及冲突后局势中的妇女的权利；

(b) To commit themselves to abiding by codes of conduct on human rights and the prohibition of all forms of gender-based violence.

(b) 承诺遵守关于人权及禁止所有形式性别暴力的行为守则。

C. Complementarity of the Convention and international humanitarian, refugee and criminal law

C. 《公约》与国际人道主义法、难民法和刑法的互补性

19. In all crisis situations, whether non-international or international armed conflict, public emergencies, foreign occupation or other situations of concern such as political strife, women’s rights are guaranteed by an international law regime that consists of complementary protections under the Convention and international humanitarian, refugee and criminal law.

19. 在所有危机局势中，不管是非国际性或是国际性武装冲突、公共紧急事件或外国占领或其他令人关切的情况，例如政治动乱，妇女的权利都要得到国际法制度的保证，这种制度由《公约》及国际人道主义法、难民法和刑法规定的相互补充的保护所构成。

20. In situations that meet the threshold definition of non-international or international armed conflict, the Convention and international humanitarian law apply concurrently and their different protections are complementary, not mutually exclusive.

20. 在符合非国际性或国际武装冲突的门槛定义的局势中，《公约》和国际人道主义法同时适用，它们提供的不同保护相互补充而不是相互排斥。

Under international humanitarian law, women affected by armed conflicts are entitled to general protections that apply to both women and men and to some limited specific protections, primarily protection against rape, forced prostitution and any other form of indecent assault; priority in the distribution of relief consignments to expectant mothers, maternity cases and nursing mothers in international armed conflict; detention in separate quarters from men and under the immediate supervision of women; and protection from the death penalty for pregnant women or mothers of dependent or young children.

根 据国际人道主义法，受武装冲突影响的妇女有权获得同时适用于男女的一般性保护和具有一定限制的具体保护，主要防范强奸、强迫卖淫及任何其他形式的猥亵；向 处于国际武装冲突中的孕妇、产妇和哺乳期妇女优先分配救济物资；被拘留时与男子分开关押并由妇女直接监管；以及保护孕妇或有受扶养子女或年幼子女的妇女免 受死刑。

21. International humanitarian law also imposes obligations upon occupying Powers that apply concurrently with the Convention and other international human rights law.

21. 国际人道主义法还对占领国规定了同时适用《公约》和其他国际人权法的义务。

International humanitarian law also prohibits a State from transferring part of its own civilian population into the territory that it occupies.

国际人道主义法还禁止一国将其部分平民迁移进其所占领的领土。

Under international humanitarian law, women under occupation are entitled to general protections and the following specific protections: protection against rape, forced prostitution or any other form of indecent assault; free passage of consignments of essential clothing intended for expectant mothers and maternity cases; safety or neutralized zones that may be established to shield the civilian population, including in particular expectant mothers and mothers of children under 7 years of age; and detention in separate quarters from men and under the immediate supervision of women.

根 据国际人道主义法，处于占领局势中的妇女有权受到一般性保护和以下具体保护：防范强奸、强迫卖淫或任何其他形式的猥亵；向孕妇和产妇提供的必备衣服等货物 自由通行；建立安全或中立区以保护平民，尤其包括孕妇和带着7岁以下儿童的妇女；以及被拘留时与男子分开关押并由妇女直接监管。

Women civilian internees must receive sanitary conveniences and be searched by women.

被拘留女性平民必须要有卫生便利设施并由妇女负责搜身。

22. The provisions of the Convention prohibiting discrimination against women reinforce and complement the international legal protection regime for refugees and displaced and stateless women and girls in many settings, especially because explicit gender equality provisions are absent from relevant international agreements, notably the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol.

22. 关于禁止歧视妇女的《公约》条款增强和补充了对处于许多情况下的难民、流离失所和无国籍妇女和女孩的国际法律保护制度，尤其是在相关国际协议缺乏明确的性别平等条款时更是如此，例如1951年《关于无国籍人地位的公约》及其1967年《议定书》。

23. Under the Convention, States parties’ obligations to prevent, investigate and punish trafficking and sexual and gender-based violence are reinforced by international criminal law, including jurisprudence of the international and mixed criminal tribunals and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, pursuant to which enslavement in the course of trafficking in women and girls, rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity may constitute a war crime, a crime against humanity or an act of torture, or constitute an act of genocide.

23. 《公约》规定，缔约国在防止、调查和惩治贩运及性暴力和性别暴力方面的义务因国际刑事法而得到加强，包括国际法庭和混合刑事法庭的判例及《国际刑事法院罗 马规约》。 根据相关判例和《罗马规约》，在贩运妇女和女孩过程中的奴役行为、强奸、性奴役、强迫卖淫、强迫怀孕、强制绝育或任何其他形式同样严重的性暴力都可能构成 战争罪、危害人类罪或酷刑行为，或构成种族灭绝行为。

International criminal law, including the definitions of gender-based violence, in particular sexual violence, must also be interpreted consistently with the Convention and other internationally recognized human rights instruments without adverse distinction as to gender.

在解释国际刑事法时，包括性别暴力的定义，特别是性暴力，还必须与《公约》和其他国际公认的人权文书保持一致，不得对性别做出不利区分。

24. The Committee recommends that State parties, when implementing their obligations under the Convention, give due consideration to the complementary protections for women and girls stemming from international humanitarian, refugee and criminal law.

24． 委员会建议缔约国：在履行《公约》规定的义务时，适当考虑国际人道主义法、难民法和刑法给予妇女和女孩的补充保护。

D. Convention and the Security Council agenda on women, peace

D. 《公约》与安全理事会关于妇女、和平与安全的议程

and security 25. The Committee recognizes that the various thematic resolutions of the Security Council, in particular 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009), 1960 (2010), 2106 (2013) and 2122 (2013), in addition to resolutions such as 1983 (2011), which provides specific guidance on the impact of HIV and AIDS on women in conflict and post-conflict contexts, are crucial political frameworks for advancing advocacy regarding women, peace and security.

25. 委员会认识到，安全理事会的各项专题决议，特别是第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第 1889(2009)号、第1960(2010)号、第2106(2013)号和第2122(2013)号决议，以及就艾滋病毒和艾滋病对在冲突及冲突后 情况下的妇女的影响提供具体指导的第1983(2011)号决议，是推动宣传妇女、和平与安全议题的关键政治框架。

26. Given that all the areas of concern addressed in those resolutions find expression in the substantive provisions of the Convention, their implementation must be premised on a model of substantive equality and cover all the rights enshrined in the Convention.

26. 鉴于这些决议所涉及的所有关切领域在《公约》的实质性条款中都可以找到相应的表述，其执行必须以实质性平等模式为前提并涵盖《公约》规定的所有权利。

The Committee reiterates the need for a concerted and integrated approach that places the implementation of the Security Council agenda on women, peace and security into the broader framework of the implementation of the Convention and its Optional Protocol.

委员会重申需要采取协调和综合方法，把落实安全理事会关于妇女、和平与安全的议程置于实施《公约》及其《任择议定书》的更宽泛框架内。

27. The Convention contains a reporting procedure, under article 18, by which States parties are required to report on measures that they have adopted to implement the provisions of the Convention, including in conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict situations.

27. 《公约》第十八条还载有一个报告程序，要求缔约国报告其为在预防冲突、冲突及冲突后局势中落实《公约》各项条款而采取的措施情况。

The inclusion in the reporting procedure of information on the implementation of Security Council commitments can make it possible to consolidate the Convention and the agenda of the Council and therefore broaden, strengthen and operationalize gender equality.

在该报告程序中纳入关于安全理事会承诺履行情况的资料，可能有利于巩固《公约》和安理会的议程，进而能扩大、加强和落实性别平等。

28. The Committee recommends that States parties:

28. 委员会建议缔约国：

(a) Ensure that national action plans and strategies to implement Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) and subsequent resolutions are compliant with the Convention, and that adequate budgets are allocated for their implementation;

(a) 确保用于执行安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议和随后各项决议的国家行动计划和战略符合《公约》规定；并且为其执行分配了充足预算；

(b) Ensure that the implementation of Security Council commitments reflects a model of substantive equality and takes into account the impact of conflict and post-conflict contexts on all the rights enshrined in the Convention, in addition to those violations concerning conflict-related gender-based violence, including sexual violence;

(b) 确保在履行安全理事会承诺时反映一种实质性平等的模式并考虑到冲突及冲突后情况对《公约》规定的所有权利的影响，以及对与冲突有关的性别暴力，包括性暴力违法行为的影响；

(c) Cooperate with all United Nations networks, departments, agencies, funds and programmes in relation to the full spectrum of conflict processes, including conflict prevention, conflict, conflict resolution and post-conflict reconstruction, to give effect to the provisions of the Convention;

(c) 与涉及预防包括冲突预防、冲突、冲突解决及冲突后重建在内的所有冲突进程的所有联合国网络、部门、机构、基金和方案合作，以落实《公约》的各项规定；

(d) Enhance collaboration with civil society and non-governmental organizations working on the implementation of the Security Council agenda on women, peace and security.

(d) 加强与参与安全理事会妇女、和平与安全议程执行工作的民间社会和非政府组织的协作。

IV. Convention and conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict situations

四. 《公约》与预防冲突、冲突及冲突后局势

A. Women and conflict prevention

A. 妇女与预防冲突

29. States parties to the Convention are required to focus on the prevention of conflict and all forms of violence.

29. 《公约》缔约国必须侧重于预防冲突和一切形式暴力行为。

Such conflict prevention includes effective early warning systems to collect and analyse open-source information, preventive diplomacy and mediation, and prevention efforts that tackle the root causes of conflict.

此类预防冲突工作包括建立有效的预警系统，以收集和分析开源信息、预防性外交和调解，以及旨在解决冲突根源的预防性努力。

It also includes robust and effective regulation of the arms trade, in addition to appropriate control over the circulation of existing and often illicit conventional arms, including small arms, to prevent their use to commit or facilitate serious acts of gender-based violence.

另外还包括对武器贸易进行有力而有效的监管，对现有且往往是非法的常规武器包括小武器流通进行适当管制，预防将其用于实施或便利实施严重的性别暴力行为。

There is a correlation between the increased prevalence of gender-based violence and discrimination and the outbreak of conflict.

性别暴力和歧视日益普遍与爆发冲突具有相关性。

For example, rapid increases in the prevalence of sexual violence can serve as an early warning of conflict.

例如，性暴力事件迅速增加可作为冲突预警。

Accordingly, efforts to eliminate gender-based violations also contribute in the long term to preventing conflict, its escalation and the recurrence of violence in the post-conflict phase.

因此，从长远来看，为消除性别暴力所做的努力还有助于预防冲突、其升级和冲突后阶段暴力事件的复发。

30. The importance of conflict prevention for women’s rights notwithstanding, conflict prevention efforts often exclude women’s experiences as not relevant for predicting conflict, and women’s participation in conflict prevention is low.

30. 尽管预防冲突对保护妇女权利非常重要，但在为预防冲突做出努力时往往认为妇女的经验不能用于预测冲突而将其排除在外，因此妇女参与预防冲突的程度很低。

The Committee has previously noted the low participation of women in institutions working on preventive diplomacy and on global issues such as military expenditure and nuclear disarmament.

委员会曾经指出，妇女在涉及预防性外交和全球性问题，如军费开支和核裁军的机构里的参与度很低。

In addition to falling short of the Convention, such gender-blind conflict prevention measures cannot adequately predict and prevent conflict.

除了不符合《公约》规定外，这种无视性别平等的预防冲突措施不可能适当预测和预防冲突。

It is only by including female stakeholders and using a gendered analysis of conflict that States parties can design appropriate responses.

缔约国只有把女性利益攸关方包括在内并对冲突进行性别因素的分析，才能制定出适当的应对措施。

31. The Convention requires that prevention policies be non-discriminatory and that efforts to prevent or mitigate conflict neither voluntarily or inadvertently harm women nor create or reinforce gender inequality.

31. 《公约》要求，预防政策必须无歧视，为预防或减少冲突所做的努力既不应自动或不经意地伤及妇女，也不应造成或加剧性别不平等。

Interventions by centralized Governments or third-party States in local peace processes should respect rather than undermine women’s leadership and peacekeeping roles at the local level.

中央政府或第三国在地方和平进程中采取的干预措施应尊重而不是削弱妇女在地方一级的领导力和维持和平作用。

32. The Committee has previously noted that the proliferation of conventional arms, especially small arms, including diverted arms from the legal trade, can have a direct or indirect effect on women as victims of conflict-related gender-based violence, as victims of domestic violence and also as protesters or actors in resistance movements.

32. 委员会曾经指出，无论是在冲突局势还是在冲突后局势中，常规武器的扩散，尤其是小武器，包括从合法贸易中流出的武器，对作为与冲突有关的性别暴力受害者、家庭暴力受害者以及作为抵抗运动中的抗议者和行为者的妇女来说，它们都有直接或者间接的影响。

33. The Committee recommends that States parties:

33. 委员会建议缔约国：

(a) Reinforce and support women’s formal and informal conflict prevention efforts;

(a) 加强并支持妇女的正式和非正式预防冲突努力；

(b) Ensure women’s equal participation in national, regional and international organizations, as well as in informal, local or community-based processes charged with preventive diplomacy;

(b) 确保妇女平等参与国家、区域和国际组织，平等参与为开展预防性外交而进行的非正式、地方或社区进程；

(c) Establish early warning systems and adopt gender-specific security measures to prevent the escalation of gender-based violence and other violations of women’s rights;

(c) 建立预警系统和采取针对不同性别的安保措施，以预防性别暴力及其他侵犯妇女权利的行为加剧；

(d) Include gender-related indicators and benchmarks in the results management framework of such early warning systems;

(d) 在这类预警系统的成果管理框架中列入与性别相关的指标和基准；

(e) Address the gendered impact of international transfers of arms, especially small and illicit arms, including through the ratification and implementation of the Arms Trade Treaty.

(e) 解决武器特别是小武器和非法武器国际转让对男女两性造成的不同影响，包括通过批准和实施《武器贸易条约》。

B. Women in conflict and post-conflict contexts

B. 处于冲突及冲突后情况中的妇女

1. Gender-based violence (arts. 1-3 and 5 (a))

1. 性别暴力(第一条至第三条和第五条(a)款)

34. Violence against women and girls is a form of discrimination prohibited by the Convention and is a violation of human rights.

34. 暴力侵害妇女和女孩行为是《公约》所禁止的一种歧视形式，是侵犯人权的行为。

Conflicts exacerbate existing gender inequalities, placing women at a heightened risk of various forms of gender-based violence by both State and non-State actors.

冲突加剧了现有的性别不平等，把妇女置于更易遭受由国家和非国家行为体实施的各种形式性别暴力侵害的境地。

Conflict-related violence happens everywhere, such as in homes, detention facilities and camps for internally displaced women and refugees; it happens at any time, for instance, while performing daily activities such as collecting water and firewood or going to school or work.

与冲突相关的暴力随处都会发生，例如，在家里、拘留设施里和安置境内流离失所妇女和难民的营地里；随时都会发生，例如，在进行类似取水、打柴、上学或上班这类日常活动时。

There are multiple perpetrators of conflict-related gender-based violence. These may include members of government armed forces, paramilitary groups, non-State armed groups, peacekeeping personnel and civilians.

有各种各样与冲突相关的性别暴力行为的施暴者，他们中可能有政府武装部队、准军事团体、非国家武装团体成员、维和人员和平民。

Irrespective of the character of the armed conflict, its duration or the actors involved, women and girls are increasingly deliberately targeted for and subjected to various forms of violence and abuse, ranging from arbitrary killings, torture and mutilation, sexual violence, forced marriage, forced prostitution and forced impregnation to forced termination of pregnancy and sterilization.

无论武装冲突具有何种性质、持续时间多长或参与的行为体是谁，妇女和女孩越来越成为蓄意针对的目标，遭受各种形式的暴力和虐待，从任意杀戮、酷刑和残害、性暴力、强迫婚姻、强迫卖淫和强迫怀孕到被迫中断怀孕和被迫绝育。

35. It is indisputable that, while all civilians are adversely affected by armed conflict, women and girls are primarily and increasingly targeted by the use of sexual violence, “including as a tactic of war to humiliate, dominate, instil fear in, disperse and/or forcibly relocate civilian members of a community or ethnic group”, and that this form of sexual violence persists even after the cessation of hostilities (see Security Council resolution 1820 (2008)).

35. 毋庸置疑，武装冲突对所有平民都产生不利影响，但妇女和女孩越来越成为性暴力的主要攻击对象，“包括将此作为一种战争策略，羞辱、统治、恐吓、驱散和 (或)强行迁移某个社区或族裔群体的平民成员”，而且这种形式的性暴力甚至在敌对行动停止后依然持续(见安全理事会第1820(2008)号决议)。

For most women in post-conflict environments, the violence does not stop with the official ceasefire or the signing of the peace agreement and often increases in the post-conflict setting.

对于处在冲突后环境中的大多数妇女来说，暴力并不因正式停火或签署和平协议而停止，反而常常在冲突后环境中加剧。

The Committee acknowledges the many reports confirming that, while the forms and sites of violence change, which means that there may no longer be State-sponsored violence, all forms of gender-based violence, in particular sexual violence, escalate in the post-conflict setting.

委员会看到许多报告证实，虽然暴力形式和发生地点有变化，这意味着也许不再有国家支持的暴力，但是所有形式的性别暴力特别是性暴力却在冲突后情况下增多了。

The failure to prevent, investigate and punish all forms of gender-based violence, in addition to other factors such as ineffective disarmament, demobilization and reintegration processes, can also lead to further violence against women in post-conflict periods.

不预防、不调查和不惩治所有形式的性别暴力行为，再加上其他因素，如在解除武装、复员和重返社会方面缺乏实效，同样可能导致在冲突后时期发生新的侵害妇女的暴力事件。

36. During and after conflict, specific groups of women and girls are at particular risk of violence, especially sexual violence, such as internally displaced and refugee women; women’s human rights defenders; women of diverse caste, ethnic, national or religious identities, or other minorities, who are often attacked as symbolic representatives of their community; widows; and women with disabilities.

36. 在冲突期间和之后，某些特定妇女和女孩群体特别易受暴力尤其是性暴力侵害，如境内流离失所和难民妇女；妇女人权维护者；具有不同种姓、族裔、民族、宗教身份或其他少数民族的妇女，因为她们往往作为其社区的标志性代表而受到攻击；寡妇以及残疾妇女。

Female combatants and women in the military are also vulnerable to sexual assault and harassment by State and non-State armed groups and resistance movements.

女性战斗员和军队里的妇女同样易受来自国家和非国家武装团体和抵抗运动成员的性攻击和性骚扰。

37. Gender-based violence also leads to multiple additional human rights violations, such as State or non-State attacks on women’s rights defenders, which undermine women’s equal and meaningful participation in political and public life.

37. 性别暴力还导致多种其他侵犯人权的行为，如国家或非国家行为体对妇女权利维护者的袭击，损害了妇女在政治和公共生活中的平等和有意义参与。

Conflict-related gender-based violence results in a vast range of physical and psychological consequences for women, such as injuries and disabilities, increased risk of HIV infection and risk of unwanted pregnancy resulting from sexual violence.

与冲突相关的性别暴力对妇女造成的各种生理和心理后果，如性暴力导致的伤害、残疾、感染艾滋病毒风险增高和意外怀孕风险。

There is a strong association between gender-based violence and HIV, including the deliberate transmission of HIV, used as a weapon of war, through rape.

性别暴力与艾滋病毒之间具有很强的关联关系，包括作为战争武器通过强奸蓄意传播艾滋病毒。

38. The Committee recommends that States parties:

38. 委员会建议缔约国：

(a) Prohibit all forms of gender-based violence by State and non-State actors, including through legislation, policies and protocols;

(a) 禁止国家和非国家行为体实施一切形式性别暴力，包括通过立法、政策和议定书；

(b) Prevent, investigate and punish all forms of gender-based violence, in particular sexual violence perpetrated by State and non-State actors, and implement a policy of zero tolerance;

(b) 预防、调查和惩治国家和非国家行为体实施的一切形式性别暴力，尤其是性暴力，并执行零容忍政策；

(c) Ensure women’s and girls’ access to justice; adopt gender-sensitive investigative procedures to address gender-based violence, in particular sexual violence; conduct gender-sensitive training and adopt codes of conduct and protocols for the police and military, including peacekeepers; and build the capacity of the judiciary, including in the context of transitional justice mechanisms, to ensure its independence, impartiality and integrity;

(c) 确保妇女和女孩获得诉诸法律的机会；采取对性别问题有敏感认识的调查程序来解决性别暴力特别是性暴力问题；对警察和军人(包括维和人员)开展对性别问题有 敏感认识的培训并通过相关行为守则和协议；建设司法部门的能力，包括在过渡司法机制的情况下，以确保其独立、公正和廉洁；

(d) Collect data, and standardize data collection methods, on the incidence and prevalence of gender-based violence, in particular sexual violence, in different settings and with regard to different categories of women;

(d) 收集关于在不同情况下和针对不同类型妇女的性别暴力特别是性暴力的发生率和普及性的数据并规范数据收集方法；

(e) Allocate adequate resources and adopt effective measures to ensure that victims of gender-based violence, in particular sexual violence, have access to comprehensive medical treatment, mental health care and psychosocial support;

(e) 分配充足的资源并采取有效措施，确保性别暴力特别是性暴力受害者有机会得到全面的医疗、心理保健和心理支持服务；

(f) Develop and disseminate standard operating procedures and referral pathways to link security actors with service providers on gender-based violence, including one-stop shops offering medical, legal and psychosocial services for sexual violence survivors, multipurpose community centres that link immediate assistance to economic and social empowerment and reintegration, and mobile clinics;

(f) 制定并传播标准作业程序和转诊途径，以便把安保行为体与在性别暴力方面的服务提供者联系起来，包括向性暴力幸存者提供一站式住院治疗、法律和心理服务，把即刻援助与经济和社会赋权和融合联系在一起的多用途社区中心，以及流动诊所；

(g) Invest in technical expertise and allocate resources to address the distinct needs of women and girls subject to violence, including the impact of sexual violence on their reproductive health;

(g) 对技术专门知识进行投资，分配资源来应对易受暴力侵害的妇女和女孩的独特需求，其中包括性暴力对其生殖健康的影响；

(h) Ensure that national prevention and response measures include specific interventions on gender-based violence and HIV.

(h) 确保在国家预防和应对措施中包含针对性别暴力和艾滋病毒的具体干预措施。

2. Trafficking (art. 6)

2. 贩运(第六条)

39. Trafficking in women and girls, which constitutes gender-based discrimination, is exacerbated during and after conflict owing to the breakdown of political, economic and social structures, high levels of violence and increased militarism.

39. 在冲突期间和之后，由于政治、经济和社会结构崩溃，暴力行为增多且好战态度加强，贩运妇女和女孩问题加剧，而这种贩运行为构成基于性别的歧视。

Conflict and post-conflict situations can create particular war-related demand structures for women’s sexual, economic and military exploitation.

冲突和冲突后局势可能会造成与战争相关的对妇女性剥削、经济剥削和军事剥削的特殊需求结构。

Conflict-affected regions can be areas of origin, transit and destination with regard to trafficking in women and girls, with the forms of trafficking varying by region, specific economic and political context and State and non-State actors involved.

受冲突影响地区可能是贩运妇女和女孩行为的起源地、过境地和目的地，贩运形式因区域、具体经济和政治背景及所涉国家和非国家行为体的不同而不同。

Women and girls living in or returning from camps for internally displaced persons, refugees or those searching for livelihoods are particularly at risk of trafficking.

生活在或从境内流离失所者或难民营返回或寻求生计的妇女和女孩特别容易被贩运。

40. Trafficking may also occur when third-party countries seek to restrict migrant influxes out of conflict-affected areas through measures such as interdiction, expulsion or detention.

40. 当第三国通过采取拦截、驱逐或拘留等措施试图限制来自受冲突影响地区的移民潮时也可能发生贩运。

Restrictive, sex-specific or discriminatory migration policies that limit opportunities for women and girls fleeing from conflict zones may heighten their vulnerability to exploitation and trafficking.

限制妇女和女孩逃离冲突地区机会的限制性、针对性别或歧视性移徙政策可能使她们更易被剥削和贩运。

41. The Committee recommends that States parties:

41. 委员会建议缔约国：

(a) Prevent, prosecute and punish trafficking and related human rights violations that occur under their jurisdiction, whether perpetrated by public authorities or private actors, and adopt specific protection measures for women and girls, including those who are internally displaced or refugees;

(a) 预防、起诉和惩治发生在其管辖范围内的贩运及相关侵犯人权行为，不管实施者是公共权力机关还是私营行为体，并对妇女和女孩包括境内流离失所或难民妇女和女孩采取具体的保护措施；

(b) Adopt a policy of zero tolerance based on international human rights standards on trafficking and sexual exploitation and abuse, which addresses such groups as national troops, peacekeeping forces, border police, immigration officials and humanitarian actors, and provide those groups with gender-sensitive training on how to identify and protect vulnerable women and girls;

(b) 通过基于关于贩运及性剥削和性虐待问题的国际人权标准的零容忍政策；该政策应针对国家军队、维和部队、边防警察、移民官员和人道主义行为体等群体，并就如何确认和保护弱势妇女和女孩问题向这类群体提供对性别问题有敏感认识的培训；

(c) Adopt a comprehensive gender-sensitive and rights-based migration policy that ensures that women and girls coming from conflict-affected areas are not subject to trafficking;

(c) 提供全面的对性别问题有敏感认识和基于权利的移民政策，确保来自受冲突影响地区的妇女和女孩不被贩运；

(d) Adopt bilateral or regional agreements and other forms of cooperation to protect the rights of trafficked women and girls and to facilitate the prosecution of perpetrators.

(d) 通过双边或区域协议和其他形式合作，以保护被贩运妇女和女孩的权利，并为起诉犯罪者提供便利。

3. Participation (arts. 7-8)

3. 参与(第七条和第八条)

42. While women often take on leadership roles during conflict as heads of households, peacemakers, political leaders and combatants, the Committee has repeatedly expressed concern that their voices are silenced and marginalized in post-conflict and transition periods and recovery processes.

42. 虽然妇女在冲突期间往往作为户主、和平缔造者、政治领袖和战斗人员发挥领导作用，但在冲突后和过渡时期以及恢复进程中她们的话语权则受到压制和边缘化，委员会对此一再表示关切。

The Committee reaffirms that the inclusion of a critical mass of women in international negotiations, peacekeeping activities and all levels of preventive diplomacy, mediation, humanitarian assistance, social reconciliation and peace negotiations at the national, regional and international levels, as well as in the criminal justice system, can make a difference.

委员会重申，让一定数量的妇女参与国际谈判、维和活动、各级预防性外交；国家、区域和国际各级的调解、人道主义援助、社会和解、和平谈判和刑事司法系统，可能会产生明显效果。

At the national level, women’s equal, meaningful and effective participation in the various branches of government, their appointment to leadership positions in government sectors and their ability to participate as active members of civil society are prerequisites for creating a society with lasting democracy, peace and gender equality.

在国家一级，妇女平等、有意义和有效地进入不同政府部门、妇女被任命担任政府部门领导职务和妇女作为民间社会积极成员参与的能力，是创造一个持久民主、和平及性别平等社会的先决条件。

43. The immediate aftermath of conflict can provide a strategic opportunity for States parties to adopt legislative and policy measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the political and public life of the country and to ensure that women have equal opportunities to participate in the new, post-conflict structures of governance.

43. 冲突的直接结果可能为缔约国提供了一次战略机会，借此可通过立法和政策措施消除在本国政治和公共生活领域对妇女的歧视，并确保妇女有参与冲突后新的治理结构的平等机会。

In many cases, however, the promotion of gender equality and women’s participation in decision-making processes is not seen as a priority at the official cessation of hostilities and may even be sidelined as incompatible with stabilization goals.

但在许多情形下，在敌对行动正式停止后，促进性别平等和妇女参与决策进程不会被视为优先事项，甚至被视为与稳定目标不相容而被搁置起来。

The full participation and involvement of women in formal peacemaking and post-conflict reconstruction and socioeconomic development are often not realized on account of deeply entrenched stereotypes, reflected in the traditionally male leadership of State and non-State groups, which exclude women from all aspects of decision-making, in addition to gender-based violence and other forms of discrimination against women. 44. The fulfilment of States parties’ obligations to ensure women’s equal representation in political and public life (art.

由于根深蒂固的陈规定型观念，妇女常常无法充分参与和介入正式的建立和平进程和冲突后重建及社会经济发展；这反映在，国家和非国家团体通常由男性担任领导人，而妇女除了遭受性别暴力侵害及其他形式歧视外还被排除在决策的所有方面之外。

7) and at the international level (art. 8) requires measures, including temporary special measures under article 4 (1), to address this broader context of gender discrimination and inequality in conflict-affected areas, in addition to the specific and multiple barriers to women’s equal participation that are linked to additional conflict-related restrictions on mobility, security, fundraising, campaigning and technical skills.

44. 缔约国要履行确保妇女平等参与政治和公共生活(第七条)及国际一级参与(第八条)的义务，就必须采取措施，包括第四条第一款规定的暂行特别措施，解决受冲 突影响地区的范围广泛的性别歧视和不平等现象，以及消除阻碍实现妇女平等参与的具体和多重障碍，这些障碍与在流动性、安全、筹款、宣传运动和技能方面与冲 突相关的限制有关系。

45. The implementation of these obligations applies in particular to States parties on whose territory hostilities have occurred, in addition to other States parties involved in peacemaking processes that are required to ensure that women are represented in their own institutions and to support local women’s participation in peace processes.

45. 履行这些义务尤其适用于境内发生敌对行动的缔约国和参与建立和平进程的其他缔约国，此类和平进程必须确保妇女在自己的机构里有代表，并支持当地妇女参与和平进程。

Their implementation, in conjunction with Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) on women, peace and security, guarantees women’s meaningful participation in processes relating to the prevention, management and resolution of conflicts.

履行这些义务并配合着安全理事会关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号决议，保障了妇女有意义地参与预防、管理和解决冲突的相关进程。

46. The Committee recommends that States parties:

46. 委员会建议缔约国：

(a) Ensure that legislative, executive, administrative and other regulatory instruments do not restrict women’s participation in the prevention, management and resolution of conflicts;

(a) 确保立法、行政、管理及其他监管工具不限制妇女参与预防、管理和解决冲突；

(b) Ensure women’s equal representation at all decision-making levels in national institutions and mechanisms, including in the armed forces, police, justice institutions and the transitional justice mechanisms (judicial and non-judicial) dealing with crimes committed during the conflict;

(b) 确保妇女在国家机构和机制所有决策层级的代表性，包括武装部队、警察、司法机构和负责处理冲突期间所犯罪行的过渡司法机制(司法和非司法)；

(c) Ensure that women, civil society organizations focused on women’s issues and representatives of civil society are included equally in all peace negotiations and post-conflict rebuilding and reconstruction efforts;

(c) 确保妇女和关注妇女问题的民间社会组织及民间社会代表平等参与所有和平谈判和冲突后重建努力；

(d) Provide leadership training to women in order to ensure their effective participation in the post-conflict political processes.

(d) 向妇女提供领导力培训，以期确保其有效参与冲突后政治进程。

47. The Committee recommends that third-party States participating in conflict-resolution processes either individually or as members of international or intergovernmental organizations and coalitions:

47. 委员会建议单独或作为国际或政府间组织和联盟成员参与解决冲突进程的第三国：

(a) Include women in negotiation and mediation activities as delegates, including at senior levels;

(a) 要有妇女代表，包括高级别代表参与谈判和调解活动；

(b) Provide technical assistance on conflict-resolution processes to countries emerging from conflict so as to promote women’s effective participation.

(b) 向解决冲突进程和向结束冲突的国家提供技术援助，以促进妇女有效参与。

4. Access to education, employment and health, and rural women (arts. 10-12 and 14)

4. 获得接受教育、就业和保健服务的机会以及农村妇女(第十条至第十二条、第十四条)

48. The total breakdown of State public and service provision infrastructure is one of the major and direct consequences of armed conflict, resulting in the lack of delivery of essential services to the population.

48. 国家公共基础设施和服务提供基础设施彻底崩溃，是武装冲突的一个主要直接后果，导致无法向民众提供必要服务。

In such situations, women and girls are at the front line of suffering, bearing the brunt of the socioeconomic dimensions of the conflict.

在这种局势中，妇女和女孩最先受苦，首当其冲地承受冲突的社会经济层面恶果。

In conflict-affected areas, schools are closed owing to insecurity, occupied by State and non-State armed groups or destroyed, all of which impede girls’ access to school.

在受冲突影响地区，学校因不安全而关闭，被国家和非国家武装团体占领或摧毁，所有这些阻碍了女孩上学。

Other factors preventing girls’ access to education include targeted attacks and threats against them and their teachers by non-State actors, in addition to the additional caregiving and household responsibilities that they are obliged to assume.

其他阻碍女孩接受教育的因素包括非国家行为体针对她们及其教师发动的定向袭击和威胁，以及她们必须承担的照看责任和家庭责任加重。

49. Likewise, women are forced to look for alternative sources of livelihood as family survival comes to depend heavily on them.

49. 同样，由于家庭生存的重担落在妇女的肩上，她们被迫寻求其他生计来源。

Even though during conflict women take on roles previously held by men in the formal employment sector, it is not uncommon in post-conflict settings for women to lose formal-sector jobs and return to the household or to the informal sector.

尽管在冲突期间妇女扮演过去男子在正规就业部门担任的角色，但在冲突后环境中妇女失去正规部门的工作并返回家庭或进入非正规部门的情况也并不罕见。

In post-conflict settings, the generation of employment is a top priority for building a sustainable post-conflict economy; however, employment-generation initiatives in the formal sector tend to neglect women because they focus on economic opportunities for demobilized men.

在冲突后环境中，产生就业机会是构建可持续冲突后经济的重中之重；但是正规部门创造就业机会的倡议往往忽略妇女，因为它们倾向于注重将经济机会给予复员男子。

It is imperative that post-conflict reconstruction programmes value and support women’s contributions in the informal and productive areas of the economy where most economic activity occurs.

冲突后重建方案必须重视并支持妇女在非正规经济领域和生产领域(多数经济活动发生的领域)做出贡献。

50. In conflict-affected areas, access to essential services such as health care, including sexual and reproductive health services, is disrupted owing to inadequate infrastructure and a lack of professional medical care workers, basic medicines and health-care supplies.

50. 在受冲突影响地区，由于基础设施不足和缺乏专业医疗服务人员、基本药品及保健用品，获得必要服务如包括性健康和生殖健康服务在内的保健服务的机会中断了。

Consequently, women and girls are at a greater risk of unplanned pregnancy, severe sexual and reproductive injuries and contracting sexually transmitted infections, including HIV and AIDS, as a result of conflict-related sexual violence.

因此，妇女和女孩因与冲突相关的性暴力而意外怀孕、遭受严重性伤害和生殖伤害及感染包括艾滋病毒和艾滋病在内的性传染疾病的风险增大了。

The breakdown or destruction of health services, combined with restrictions on women’s mobility and freedom of movement, further undermines women’s equal access to health care, as guaranteed by article 12 (1).

保健服务系统崩溃或遭到破坏，再加上妇女的行动和行动自由受到限制，进一步损害了第十二条第一款为妇女规定的平等保健机会。

Power imbalances and harmful gender norms make girls and women disproportionately more vulnerable to HIV infection and these factors become more pronounced in conflict and post-conflict settings.

权力失衡和有害的性别规范使女孩和妇女更易受艾滋病毒感染，在冲突和冲突后环境下，这类因素就更为明显了。

HIV-related stigma and discrimination is also pervasive and has profound implications for HIV prevention, treatment, care and support, especially when combined with the stigma associated with gender-based violence.

与艾滋病毒相关的羞辱和歧视同样很普遍，对艾滋病毒的预防、治疗、看护和支助工作造成深远影响，特别是同与性别暴力相关的耻辱联系在一起时更是如此。

51. Women in rural areas are often disproportionately affected by the lack of adequate health and social services and inequitable access to land and natural resources.

51. 农村妇女受得不到充足的保健和社会服务以及获取土地和自然资源不公平的影响往往过于严重。

Similarly, their situation in conflict settings presents particular challenges with regard to their employment and reintegration, given that it is often exacerbated by the breakdown of services, resulting in food insecurity, inadequate shelter, deprivation of property and lack of access to water.

同样，她们在冲突环境中的处境给她们就业和重返社会带来了特别挑战，原因常常是服务系统崩溃导致粮食安全无保障、住房不足、财产被剥夺和缺水而处境恶化。

Widows, women with disabilities, older women, single women without family support and female-headed households are especially vulnerable to increased economic hardship owing to their disadvantaged situation, and often lack employment and means and opportunities for economic survival.

寡妇、残疾妇女、老年妇女、无家庭支助的单身女子和女户主家庭尤其容易受到经济困难加剧的影响，这是因为她们处境不利且常常缺乏就业及经济生存所需的手段和机会。

52. The Committee recommends that States parties:

52. 委员会建议缔约国：

(a) Develop programmes for conflict-affected girls who leave school early so that they can be reintegrated into schools or universities as soon as possible; engage in the prompt repair and reconstruction of school infrastructure; take measures to prevent the occurrence of attacks and threats against girls and their teachers; and ensure that perpetrators of such acts of violence are promptly investigated, prosecuted and punished;

(a) 为受冲突影响过早辍学的女孩制定方案，以便她们能尽快重返校园/大学；参与对学校基础设施的及时抢修和重建工作；采取措施阻止针对女孩及其老师的袭击和威胁事件发生；以及确保立即调查、起诉和惩治此类暴力行为的犯罪者；

(b) Ensure that economic recovery strategies promote gender equality as a necessary precondition for a sustainable post-conflict economy and target women working in both the formal and informal employment sectors; design specific interventions to leverage opportunities for women’s economic empowerment, in particular for women in rural areas and other disadvantaged groups of women; ensure that women are involved in the design of those strategies and programmes and in their monitoring; and effectively address all barriers to women’s equitable participation in those programmes;

(b) 确保经济复苏战略促进将性别平等作为实现可持续冲突后经济的必要前提条件，并且确保这些战略针对在正规和非正规就业部门工作的妇女；制定具体的干预措施， 利用对妇女进行经济赋权的机会，特别是针对农村妇女和其他弱势妇女群体；同时确保妇女参与制定这些战略和方案及参与监测其实施情况；以及有效消除阻碍妇女 公平参与这些方案的一切障碍；

(c) Ensure that sexual and reproductive health care includes access to sexual and reproductive health and rights information; psychosocial support; family planning services, including emergency contraception; maternal health services, including antenatal care, skilled delivery services, prevention of vertical transmission and emergency obstetric care; safe abortion services; post-abortion care; prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections, including post-exposure prophylaxis; and care to treat injuries such as fistula arising from sexual violence, complications of delivery or other reproductive health complications, among others;

(c) 确保性健康和生殖健康服务包括获得性健康和生殖健康及权利信息；社会心理支持；计划生育服务，包括紧急避孕；孕产妇保健服务，包括产前护理、专业接生服 务、预防母婴垂直传播和产科急诊；安全流产服务；流产后护理；预防和治疗艾滋病毒/艾滋病及其他性传播感染，包括暴露后防护措施；以及治疗因性暴力造成的 伤害(如瘘管病)、分娩并发症或其他生殖健康并发症等；

(d) Ensure that women and girls, including those who may be particularly vulnerable to HIV, have access to basic health services and information, including HIV prevention, treatment, care and support;

(d) 确保妇女和女孩包括特别容易感染艾滋病毒的妇女和女孩有机会获得基本保健服务和信息，包括对艾滋病毒的预防、治理、看护和支助；

(e) Coordinate all activities with stakeholders from the humanitarian and development communities to ensure a comprehensive approach that does not duplicate efforts in the fields of education, employment and health and reaches disadvantaged populations, including in remote and rural areas.

(e) 协调与人道主义领域和发展领域利益攸关方的所有活动，以确保采取综合方法，在教育、就业和保健领域不做重复努力，并惠及弱势群体，包括在偏远和农村地区的弱势群体。

5. Displacement, refugees and asylum seekers (arts. 1-3 and 15)

5. 流离失所、难民和寻求庇护者(第一条至第三条和第十五条)

53. The Committee has previously noted that the Convention applies at every stage of the displacement cycle and that situations of forced displacement and statelessness often affect women differently from men and include gender-based discrimination and violence.

53. 委员会曾经指出，《公约》适用于流离失所周期的每个阶段，被迫流离失所和无国籍状态对妇女的影响往往不同于对男子的影响，其中包括性别歧视和暴力。

Internal and external displacement have specific gender dimensions that occur at all stages in the displacement cycle; during flight, settlement and return within conflict-affected areas, women and girls are especially vulnerable to forced displacement.

境内和境外流离失所带来了特定的性别层面问题，在流离失所周期的所有阶段、在逃亡、安置和回返受冲突影响地区期间都会发生此类问题。 在受冲突影响地区，妇女和女孩特别容易遭遇被迫境内流离失所。

In addition, they are often subjected to gross human rights violations during flight and in the displacement phase, as well as within and outside camp settings, including risks relating to sexual violence, trafficking and the recruitment of girls into armed forces and rebel groups.

此外，她们在逃亡和流离失所阶段以及在难民营环境内外常常遭受严重侵犯人权行为的侵害，其中包括与性暴力、贩运及将女孩招进武装部队和叛乱团体有关的风险。

54. Displaced women live in precarious conditions in conflict and post-conflict environments owing to their unequal access to education, income generation and skills training activities; poor reproductive health care; their exclusion from decision-making processes, which is exacerbated by male-dominated leadership structures; and poor layout and infrastructure, both in camp and non-camp settings.

54. 在冲突和冲突后环境中的流离失所妇女和女孩由于无法平等获得教育、从事创收和技能培训活动、生殖保健质量低劣、被排斥在决策进程之外且这种现象因男性主导 的领导结构而更趋恶化、难民营布局不合理及难民营和非难民营环境下的基础设施不良，她们往往处于岌岌可危的生活条件下。

This situation of dire poverty and inequality can lead them to exchange sexual favours for money, shelter, food or other goods under circumstances that make them vulnerable to exploitation, violence and HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases.

这种极端贫困和不平等状况可导致她们用性好处来换取金钱、住所、粮食或其他物品，从而使她们处于易受剥削和暴力侵害及易受艾滋病毒和其他性传染疾病感染的境地。

55. Refugee women have different and additional needs to men owing to their experiences as refugees.

55. 难民妇女因其作为难民的经历而与男性有不同和更多的需求。

Refugee women face similar assistance and protection concerns to internally displaced women and could therefore benefit from similar gender-sensitive interventions to address their needs.

难民妇女面临同境内流离失所妇女相同的援助和保护关注，因此可依靠相同的对性别问题有敏感认识的干预措施来解决她们的需求。

The Committee acknowledges the diversity within these groups, the particular challenges that they may face and the legal, social and other implications of the context of their internal or external displacement, the gaps in the international assistance provided to them and the need for responses targeted to their needs.

委员会承认这些群体中的多样性，她们可能面临的特殊挑战和她们的境内或境外流离失所处境造成的法律、社会及其他影响、向她们提供的国际援助中的差距和对她们的需求作出定向对策的必要性。

56. Searches for durable solutions following conflict-related displacement frequently exclude the perspective of displaced women, either because they rely on decision-making by a family member or community in which women’s voices are marginalized or because durable solutions are set as part of post-conflict processes that exclude women.

56. 在为与冲突相关的流离失所问题寻找持久解决办法时经常排斥流离失所妇女的看法，这或者是因为她们依赖由不重视妇女话语权的家人或社区做出决定，或者是因为持久解决办法作为将妇女排斥在外的冲突后进程的组成部分。

In addition, female asylum seekers from conflict-affected areas can face gendered barriers to asylum, given that their narrative may not fit the traditional patterns of persecution, which have been largely articulated from a male perspective.

此外，来自受冲突影响地区的寻求庇护妇女在申请庇护时可能遇到带性别因素的障碍，原因是她们的叙述可能不符合传统的迫害模式，而传统的迫害模式大都是从男性角度阐释的。

57. The Committee recommends that States parties:

57. 委员会建议缔约国：

(a) Take the preventive measures necessary to ensure protection against forced displacement, in addition to the protection of the human rights of displaced women and girls, including access to basic services, during flight, displacement and in the context of durable solutions;

(a) 采取必要的预防措施，确保流离失所妇女和女孩在逃离、流离失所和持久解决情况下受到防止被迫流离失所的保护以及人权保护，包括获得基本服务；

(b) Address the specific risks and particular needs of different groups of internally displaced and refugee women who are subjected to multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination, including women with disabilities, older women, girls, widows, women who head households, pregnant women, women living with HIV/AIDS, rural women, indigenous women, women belonging to ethnic, national, sexual or religious minorities, and women human rights defenders;

(b) 解决易受多重和交叉歧视形式影响的不同的境内流离失所和难民妇女群体的具体风险和特殊需求，包括残疾妇女、老年妇女、女孩、寡妇、女户主、孕妇、感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的妇女、农村妇女、土著妇女；在族裔、民族、性或宗教上属于少数群体的妇女及妇女人权维护者；

(c) Promote the meaningful inclusion and participation of internally displaced and refugee women in all decision-making processes, including in all aspects relating to the planning and implementation of assistance programmes and camp management, decisions relating to the choice of durable solutions and processes relating to post-conflict processes;

(c) 促进境内流离失所和难民妇女有意义地融入和参与所有决策进程，包括纳入援助方案规划和实施以及难民营管理的所有方面；与选择持久解决办法相关的决定；以及与冲突后进程相关的进程；

(d) Provide protection and assistance for internally displaced and refugee women and girls, including by safeguarding them from gender-based violence, including forced and child marriage; ensure their equal access to services and health care and full participation in the distribution of supplies, as well as in the development and implementation of assistance programmes that take into account their specific needs; provide protection against the displacement of indigenous, rural and minority women with special dependency on land; and ensure education and income-generation and skills training activities are available;

(d) 向境内流离失所和难民妇女和女孩提供保护和援助，包括保护她们免遭性别暴力包括强迫婚姻和童婚侵害；确保她们平等获得服务和保健及充分参与物资分配以及制 定和实施顾及到其具体需求的援助方案；保护对土地具有特殊依赖性的土著、农村和少数民族妇女免遭流离失所之苦；以及确保提供教育及开展创收和技能培训活 动；

(e) Adopt practical measures for the protection and prevention of gender-based violence, in addition to mechanisms for accountability, in all displacement settings, whether in camps, settlements or out-of-camp settings;

(e) 采取实际措施，保护和预防在所有流离失所环境中的性别暴力以及问责机制(无论是在难民营、安置点还是在难民营外环境)；

(f) Investigate and prosecute all instances of gender-based discrimination and violence that occur in all phases of the conflict-related displacement cycle;

(f) 调查并起诉所有发生在与冲突相关的流离失所周期各个阶段的性别歧视和暴力事件；

(g) Provide internally displaced and refugee women and girl victims of gender-based violence, including sexual violence, with free and immediate access to medical services, legal assistance and a safe environment; provide access to female health-care providers and services, such as reproductive health care and appropriate counselling; and ensure that military and civilian authorities present in displacement contexts have received appropriate training on protection challenges, human rights and the needs of displaced women;

(g) 向遭受性别暴力(包括性暴力)侵害的境内流离失所和难民妇女和女孩提供免费和即时的医疗服务、法律援助和安全环境；使其有机会向女性保健工作者求诊并获得 服务，如生殖保健和适当的咨询；以及确保在流离失所背景下的军事和民政当局获得关于保护挑战、人权和流离失所妇女需求的适当培训；

(h) Ensure that immediate humanitarian assistance needs and protection requirements are complemented with long-term strategies in support of internally displaced and refugee women’s socioeconomic rights and livelihood opportunities, enhanced leadership and participation in order to empower them to choose the durable solutions that suit their needs;

(h) 确保以长期战略补充即时的人道主义援助需求和保护要求，从而支助境内流离失所和难民妇女的社会经济权利和生计机会，增强领导力和参与程度，从而增强妇女的权能，使她们能选择适合其需求的持久解决方案；

(i) Ensure that all situations of massive influxes of refugee and displaced populations, including women and girls, are adequately addressed and that protection and assistance needs are not impeded by a lack of clarity in the mandates of international agencies or resource constraints.

(i) 确保充分解决包括妇女和女孩在内的难民和流离失所人口大量涌入的各种情况，并确保不能因为国际机构的任务不明确或资源约束而妨碍满足她们的保护和援助需求。

6. Nationality and statelessness (arts. 1-3 and 9)

6. 国籍和无国籍状态(第一条至第三条和第九条)

58. In addition to the heightened risks faced by internally displaced persons, refugees and asylum seekers, conflict can also be both a cause and a consequence of statelessness, rendering women and girls particularly vulnerable to various forms of abuse in both the private and public domains.

58. 冲突除了使境内流离失所者、难民和寻求庇护者面临的风险加剧外，还可能是无国籍状态的原因和后果，使妇女和女孩在私人领域和公共领域都处于特别易受各种形式虐待的境地。

Statelessness can arise when a woman’s experience of conflict intersects with discrimination with regard to nationality rights, such as laws that require women to change nationality upon marriage or its dissolution or that deny them the ability to pass on their nationality.

当妇女的冲突经历与国籍权方面的歧视(如法律要求妇女在结婚或解除婚姻时改变国籍或拒绝给予妇女可将国籍传给子女的能力)交叉在一起时，无国籍状态就发生了。

59. Women may be left stateless when they cannot prove nationality because necessary documents such as identity documents and birth registration are either not issued or are lost or destroyed in conflict and are not reissued in their names.

59. 妇女在下列情况下可能丧失国籍：因为没有发放身份证和出生登记证等必要文件或此类证件在冲突中遗失或毁坏而在重新发放时又没有使用她们的名字，因而无法证明自己的国籍。

Statelessness may also result in situations in which women are denied the ability to pass on nationality to their children by gender-discriminatory nationality laws.

无国籍状态还可能造成这种情况：因具有性别歧视的国籍法，妇女被剥夺将国籍传给子女的能力。

60. Stateless women and girls face heightened risks of abuse in times of conflict because they do not enjoy the protection that flows from citizenship, including consular assistance, and also because many are undocumented and/or belong to ethnic, religious or linguistic minority populations.

60. 无国籍妇女和女孩在冲突发生时面临的受虐待风险增高，因为她们不享受公民身份赋予的保护，包括领事协助，还因为她们当中很多人无证件和/或属于种族、宗教或语言上的少数群体。

Statelessness also results in the widespread denial of fundamental human rights and freedoms in post-conflict periods.

无国籍状态还导致冲突后时期出现基本人权和自由被普遍剥夺现象。

For example, women may be denied access to health care, employment and other socioeconomic and cultural rights as Governments restrict services to nationals in times of increased resource constraints.

例如，妇女可能被剥夺获得保健、就业和其他社会经济及文化权利的机会，因为政府在面临资源压力日益增大时会将服务仅限于提供给国民。

Women deprived of a nationality are also often excluded from political processes and from participating in the new government and governance of their country, in violation of articles 7 and 8 of the Convention.

被剥夺国籍的妇女往往被排除在政治进程之外，无法参与本国的新政府和治理工作，这与《公约》第七和第八条的规定是相违背的。

61. The Committee recommends that States parties:

61. 委员会建议缔约国：

(a) Ensure that measures to prevent statelessness are applied to all women and girls and address populations that are particularly susceptible to being rendered stateless by conflict, such as female internally displaced persons, refugees, asylum seekers and trafficked persons;

(a) 确保为预防无国籍状态而采取的措施适用于所有妇女和女孩并惠及特别容易因冲突而成为无国籍者的群体，如境内流离失所妇女、难民、寻求庇护者和被贩运者；

(b) Ensure that measures to protect stateless women and girls remain in place before, during and after conflict;

(b) 确保在冲突前、冲突期间和冲突后继续实施保护无国籍妇女和女孩的措施；

(c) Guarantee conflict-affected women and girls equal rights to obtain documents necessary for the exercise of their legal rights and the right to have such documentation issued in their own names, and ensure the prompt issuance or replacement of documents without imposing unreasonable conditions, such as requiring displaced women and girls to return to their area of original residence to obtain documents;

(c) 保证受冲突影响妇女和女孩有获取为行使其合法权利而必须具备的证件的平等权利，有权拥有以其本人名字发放的证件；并确保在不附加任何无理条件(如要求流离失所妇女和女孩返回其原居住地以获取文件)的情况下及时发放或更换证件；

(d) Ensure individual documentation, including in post-conflict migration flows, of internally displaced women, refugee and asylum-seeking women and separated and unaccompanied girls, and ensure the timely and equal registration of all births, marriages and divorces.

(d) 确保向境内流离失所妇女、难民妇女、寻求庇护妇女及与家人失散和无人陪伴女孩发放个人证件，包括在冲突后移徙期间发放；以及确保及时、平等地对所有出生、结婚和离婚进行登记。

7. Marriage and family relations (arts. 15-16)

7. 婚姻和家庭关系(第十五条至第十六条)

62. Inequalities in marriage and family relations affect women’s experiences in conflict and post-conflict situations.

62. 婚姻和家庭关系中的不平等影响妇女在冲突和冲突后局势中的经历。

In such situations, women and girls may be forced into marriage to placate armed groups or because their post-conflict poverty forces them to marry for financial security, affecting their rights to choose a spouse and enter freely into marriage, as guaranteed by article 16 (1)(a) and 16 (1)(b).

在这种情况下，妇女和女孩可能被逼结婚以安抚武装团体或因为妇女在冲突后致贫迫使她们为获得经济安全而结婚，影响了她们择偶和自由缔结婚姻的权利，而此项权利是第十六条第一款(a)项和第十六条第一款(b)项所保障的。

During conflict, girls are particularly susceptible to forced marriage, a harmful practice that is increasingly used by armed groups.

在冲突期间，女孩特别易受强迫婚姻之害，而武装团体却越来越多地采用这种有害做法。

Families also force girls into marriage as a result of poverty and a misconception that it may protect them against rape.

由于贫穷和结婚可使女孩免遭强奸这一错误观念的影响，家庭还强迫女孩结婚。

63. Equal access to property, as guaranteed by article 16 (1)(h), is particularly critical in post-conflict situations, given that housing and land are crucial to recovery efforts, in particular for women in female-headed households, the number of whom tends to rise in crisis owing to family separation and widowhood.

63. 在冲突后局势中，第十六条第一款(h)项所保障的平等获得财产权尤其重要，因为住房和土地对经济复苏努力至关重要，对于女户主家庭里的妇女而言更是如此，而此类家庭数量在危机时期往往会因为家人分离和丈夫去世而增多。

Women’s limited and unequal access to property becomes particularly damaging in post-conflict situations, especially when displaced women who have lost husbands or close male relatives return to their homes to find that they have no legal title to their land and, as a result, no means of earning a livelihood.

妇女获得财产的机会有限而且不平等，这种现象在冲突后局势中特别有害，因为已失去丈夫或男性近亲的流离失所妇女返回自己的家园后会发现，她们对自己的土地没有法定所有权，结果也就失去了谋生手段。

64. Forced pregnancies, abortions or sterilization of women in conflict-affected areas violate myriad women’s rights, including the right under article 16 (1)(e) to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their children.

64. 对受冲突影响地区的妇女施行强迫怀孕、流产或绝育的行为侵犯了无数妇女的权利，包括第十六条第一款(e)项下的关于自由负责地决定子女人数和生育间隔的权利。

65. The Committee reiterates its general recommendations Nos. 21 and 29 and further recommends that States parties:

65. 委员会重申其第21和第29号一般性建议，并再建议缔约国：

(a) Prevent, investigate and punish gender-based violations such as forced marriages, pregnancies, abortions or sterilization of women and girls in conflict-affected areas;

(a) 预防、调查和惩治性别暴力行为，如对受冲突影响地区的妇女和女孩施行强迫婚姻、强迫怀孕、流产或绝育；

(b) Adopt gender-sensitive legislation and policies that recognize the particular disadvantages that women face in claiming their right to inheritance and their land in post-conflict contexts, including the loss or destruction of land deeds and other documentation owing to conflict.

(b) 通过对性别问题有敏感认识并认识到妇女在冲突后情况下在要回自己的继承权和土地权时面临的尤为不利因素的立法和政策，包括因为冲突而造成地契和其他文件遗失或毁坏。

8. Security sector reform and disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (arts. 1-3, 5 (a) and 7)

8. 安全部门改革以及解除武装、复员和重返社会

66. Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration are part of the broader security sector reform framework and among the first security initiatives put in place in post-conflict and transition periods.

66. 作为冲突后和过渡时期最先到位的安全举措之一，解除武装、复员和重返社会是更广泛的安全部门改革框架的组成部分。

This notwithstanding, disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes are rarely developed or implemented in coordination with security sector reform initiatives.

尽管如此，在拟订或实施解除武装、复员和重返社会方案时却很少与安全部门改革举措进行协调。

This lack of coordination often undermines women’s rights, such as when amnesties are granted in order to facilitate the reintegration into security sector positions of ex-combatants who have committed gender-based violations.

缺乏这方面的协调往往会损害妇女的权利，例如为了让曾犯过基于性别的违法行为的前战斗人员到安全部门任职而同意赦免。

Women are also excluded from positions within newly formed security sector institutions owing to a lack of planning and coordination in security sector reform and disarmament, demobilization and reintegration initiatives.

由于安全部门改革和解除武装、复员和重返社会举措缺乏规划和协调，妇女还不能担任新建安全部门机构的职务。

Inadequate vetting processes further impede gender-sensitive security sector reform, which is key to developing non-discriminatory, gender-responsive security sector institutions that address the security needs of women and girls, including disadvantaged groups.

这种审查流程不足进一步阻碍了开展对性别问题有敏感认识的安全部门改革，而这种改革是建立无歧视、对性别问题有敏感认识、能满足包括弱势群体在内的妇女和女孩安全需求的安全部门机构的关键。

67. At the end of conflict, women face particular challenges as female ex-combatants and women and girls associated with armed groups as messengers, cooks, medics, caregivers, forced labourers and wives.

67. 冲突结束后，身为女性前战斗人员的妇女以及作为信使、厨师、医务人员、护理人员和被强制劳动者及妻子而与武装团体有牵连的妇女和女孩会面临特殊挑战。

Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes, given the traditionally male structure of armed groups, often do not respond to the distinct needs of women and girls, fail to consult them and also exclude them.

鉴于武装团体传统上是男性结构，解除武装、复员和重返社会方案常常不会应对妇女和女孩的具体需求，也不会征求她们的意见，并且还排斥她们。

It is not uncommon for female ex-combatants to be excluded from disarmament, demobilization and reintegration lists.

将女性前战斗人员排除在解除武装、复员和重返社会名单之外并不罕见。

Such programmes also fail to recognize the status of girls associated with armed groups by characterizing them as dependants rather than abductees, or by excluding those who did not have visible combatant roles.

这类方案还不认可与武装团体有牵连的女孩的地位，把她们认定为受扶养人而不是被绑架者或把不担任明显战斗角色的女孩排除在外。

Many female combatants suffer gender-based violence, in particular sexual violence, resulting in children born of rape, high levels of sexually transmitted diseases, rejection or stigmatization by families and other trauma.

许多女性战斗人员遭受了性别暴力特别是性暴力的侵害，造成的结果有：因被强奸而成为母亲、性传播疾病感染率高、被家庭排斥或被羞辱及其他创伤。

Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes often fail to address their experiences and the psychological trauma that they have undergone.

解除武装、复员和重返社会方案常常不顾此类经历和她们经历的心理创伤。

Consequently, they are unable to reintegrate into family and community life successfully.

因此，她们无法成功地重新融入家庭和社区生活。

68. Even when women and girls are included in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration processes, the support is inadequate, gender stereotyped and limits their economic empowerment by providing skills development only in traditionally female fields.

68. 即使妇女和女孩被纳入解除武装、复员和重返社会进程，对她们的支持也不够及带有性别陈规定型观念，并且由于提供的技术发展仅限于传统女性领域而限制了其经济赋权。

Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes also fail to deal with the psychosocial trauma that women and girls experience in conflict and post-conflict situations.

解除武装、复员和重返社会方案还未能处理妇女和女孩在冲突和冲突后局势中经历的心理创伤。

That in turn can cause further rights violations, given that women’s social stigma, isolation and economic disempowerment can force some women to remain in exploitative situations (such as with their captors) or force them into new ones if they have to turn to illicit activities to provide for themselves and their dependants.

因此，这会导致更多的侵权行为发生，原因是妇女的社会耻辱、孤立和经济失能迫使一些妇女继续遭受剥削(如受到其捕获者的剥削)，或者如果她们迫不得已从事非法活动为其自身及其受养人提供生计，则会迫使她们受到新的剥削。

69. The Committee recommends that States parties:

69. 委员会建议缔约国：

(a) Develop and implement disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes in coordination with and within the framework of security sector reform;

(a) 与安全部门改革协调并在其框架内制定和实施解除武装、复员和重返社会方案；

(b) Undertake gender-sensitive and gender-responsive security sector reform that results in representative security sector institutions that address women’s different security experiences and priorities; and liaise with women and women’s organizations;

(b) 开展对性别问题有敏感认识并促进性别平等的安全部门改革，以建立具有代表性的安全部门机构，处理不同妇女经历的安全问题和优先事项，与妇女及妇女组织保持联系；

(c) Ensure that security sector reform is subject to inclusive oversight and accountability mechanisms with sanctions, including the vetting of ex-combatants; establish specialized protocols and units to investigate gender-based violations; and strengthen gender expertise and the role of women in oversight of the security sector;

(c) 确保安全部门改革受到包容性监督和带惩罚的问责机制的约束，包括对前战斗人员进行审查；设立调查基于性别的违法行为的专门协议和单位；以及加强在监督安全部门方面的性别平等问题专门知识和妇女作用；

(d) Ensure women’s equal participation in all stages of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, from negotiation of peace agreements and establishment of national institutions to the design and implementation of programmes;

(d) 确保妇女平等参与解除武装、复员和重返社会的所有阶段，从谈判和平协议和建立国家机构到设计和实施方案；

(e) Ensure that disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes specifically target female combatants and women and girls associated with armed groups as beneficiaries and that barriers to their equitable participation are addressed; and ensure that psychosocial and other support services are provided to them;

(e) 确保解除武装、复员和重返社会方案专门针对女性战斗人员和与武装团体有牵连的妇女和女孩，将其作为受益者并消除阻碍她们公平参与的障碍；以及确保向她们提供社会心理援助和其他支助服务；

(f) Ensure that disarmament, demobilization and reintegration processes specifically address women’s distinct needs in order to provide age-specific and gender-specific disarmament, demobilization and reintegration support, including by addressing the specific concerns of young mothers and their children without targeting them excessively and exposing them to further stigma.

(f) 确保解除武装、复员和重返社会进程专门满足妇女的特别需求，以提供针对不同年龄和不同性别的解除武装、复员和重返社会支助，包括解决年轻母亲及其子女具体关切的问题，但又不专门针对他们和不使他们进一步遭受羞辱。

9. Constitutional and electoral reform (arts. 1-5 (a), 7 and 15)

9. 宪法和选举改革(第一条至第五条(a)款、第七条和第十五条)

70. The post-conflict electoral reform and constitution-building process represents a crucial opportunity to lay the foundations for gender equality in the transition period and beyond.

70. 冲突后选举改革和宪法建设进程为在过渡时期及之后实现性别平等奠定基础提供了关键机会。

Both the process and substance of these reforms can set a precedent for women’s participation in social, economic and political life in the post-conflict period, in addition to providing a legal base from which women’s rights advocates can demand other types of gender-responsive reform that unfold in transitional periods.

这些改革的进程和实质可以为妇女在冲突后时期参与社会、经济和政治生活创造先例，并提供法律基础，使妇女权利倡导者能要求在过渡时期中开展对性别问题有敏感认识的其他类型的改革。

The importance of a gender perspective in post-conflict electoral and constitutional reform is also emphasized in Security Council resolution 1325 (2000).

安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议还强调在冲突后选举和宪法改革中必须采取性别平等视角。

71. During the constitution-drafting process, the equal and meaningful participation of women is fundamental for the inclusion of constitutional guarantees of women’s rights.

71. 在宪法起草进程中，妇女平等且有意义地参与，是将妇女权利纳入宪法保障的根本。

States parties must ensure that the new constitution enshrines the principle of equality between women and men and of non-discrimination, in line with the Convention.

缔约国必须确保，按照《公约》，新宪法规定男女平等和不歧视原则。

For women to enjoy their human rights and fundamental freedoms on an equal basis with men, it is important that they be given an equal start, through the adoption of temporary special measures to accelerate de facto equality.

为使妇女在与男子平等的基础上享受其人权和基本自由，她们必须获得一个平等的开端，具体方法是采取暂行特别措施加速实现事实上的平等。

72. Electoral reform and constitution-drafting processes in post-conflict contexts pose a set of unique challenges to ensuring women’s participation and promoting gender equality, given that the designs of electoral systems are not always gender-neutral.

72. 在冲突后背景下展开的选举改革和宪法起草进程还对确保妇女的参与和促进性别平等构成了一系列独特挑战，原因是选举制度的设计不总是性别中性的。

The electoral rules and procedures that determine which interest groups are represented on constitution-building bodies and other electoral bodies in the post-conflict era are critical in guaranteeing the role of women in public and political life.

为确定哪些利益团体可派代表参加冲突后时期的宪法建设机构和其他选举机构而制定的选举规则和程序在保障妇女在公共及政治生活中的作用方面至关重要。

Decisions on the choice of electoral systems are important to overcome the traditional gender bias that undermines women’s participation.

就选择何种选举制度所做的决定对于克服损害妇女参与的传统性别偏见十分重要。

Substantive progress towards the equal participation of women as candidates and voters, in addition to the holding of free and fair elections, will not be possible unless appropriate measures are taken, including the creation of a gender-responsive electoral system and the adoption of temporary special measures to enhance women’s participation as candidates and ensure a proper voter’s registration system and that women voters and female political candidates are not subject to violence by State or private actors.

如果不 采取若干适当措施，包括建立对性别问题有敏感认识的选举制度、采取暂行特别措施来促进妇女作为候选人参与、确保适当的选民登记制度和确保女选民和女性政治 候选人不遭受国家或私人行为体的暴力行为侵害，要在实现妇女作为候选人和选民平等参与以及举行自由而公正的选举方面取得实质性进展是不可能的。

73. The Committee recommends that States parties:

73. 委员会建议缔约国：

(a) Ensure women’s equal participation in constitution-drafting processes and adopt gender-sensitive mechanisms for public participation in and input into such processes;

(a) 确保妇女平等参与宪法起草进程，并为保障公众参与和为这类进程献计献策而采用对性别问题有敏感认识的机制；

(b) Ensure that constitutional reform and other legislative reforms include women’s human rights under the Convention and the prohibition of discrimination against women, which encompasses both direct and indirect discrimination in the public and private spheres, in line with article 1 of the Convention, and also include provisions prohibiting all forms of discrimination against women;

(b) 确保宪法改革和其他立法改革包含《公约》规定的妇女人权并按照《公约》第一条禁止对妇女的歧视，包括在公共及私人领域的直接和间接歧视，以及载入禁止对妇女的一切形式歧视的条款；

(c) Ensure that new constitutions provide for temporary special measures, apply to citizens and non-citizens, and guarantee that women’s human rights are not subject to derogation in states of emergency;

(c) 确保新宪法对暂行特别措施做出规定，适用于公民和非公民，并保障妇女的人权在紧急状态下不受减损；

(d) Ensure that electoral reforms incorporate the principle of gender equality, and guarantee women’s equal representation through the adoption of temporary special measures such as quotas, including for disadvantaged groups of women; adopt a proportional representation electoral system; regulate political parties; and mandate electoral management bodies to ensure compliance through sanctions;

(d) 确保选举改革进程纳入性别平等原则，并通过采取配额等暂行特别措施，包括针对弱势妇女群体，保障妇女的平等参与；采取比例代表制选举制；对政党进行监管；以及授权选举管理机构通过制裁手段确保合规；

(e) Ensure the registration and voting of women voters, such as by allowing postal balloting, where appropriate, and removing all barriers, including by ensuring an adequate and accessible number of polling stations;

(e) 确保女选民的登记率和投票率，例如适当时允许邮寄投票，并清除一切障碍，包括确保投票站数量足够和容易到达；

(f) Adopt a policy of zero tolerance towards all forms of violence that undermine women’s participation, including targeted violence by State and non-State groups against women campaigning for public office or women exercising their right to vote.

(f) 对损害妇女参与的一切形式暴力行为采取零容忍政策，包括国家和非国家团体针对竞选公职的妇女或行使投票权的妇女实施定向暴力行为。

10. Access to justice (arts. 1-3, 5 (a) and 15)

10. 诉诸法律的机会(第一条至第三条、第五条(a)款和第十五条)

74. When conflict comes to an end, society is confronted with the complex task of dealing with the past, which involves the need to hold human rights violators accountable for their actions, putting an end to impunity, restoring the rule of law and addressing all the needs of survivors through the provision of justice accompanied by reparations.

74. 当冲突即将结束时，社会就会面临“处理以往的问题”这一复杂任务；这涉及必须让侵犯人权者为其行为承担责任、结束有罪不罚现象、恢复法治、通过伸张正义和相应的赔偿来解决幸存者的所有需求问题。

Challenges relating to access to justice are especially aggravated and acute in conflict and post-conflict situations because formal justice systems may no longer exist or function with any level of efficiency or effectiveness.

在冲突及冲突后局势中，与获得诉诸法律的机会相关的挑战尤为严重和急迫，因为正式司法系统可能已荡然无存或虽在运作但已无任何效率或实效可言。

Existing justice systems may often be more likely to violate women’s rights than to protect them, which can deter victims from seeking justice.

现有的司法系统往往更可能会侵犯妇女的权利而不是保护她们，这可能会阻止受害者寻求正义。

All barriers faced by women in gaining access to justice before the national courts prior to the conflict, such as legal, procedural, institutional, social and practical barriers, in addition to entrenched gender discrimination, are exacerbated during conflict, persist during the post-conflict period and operate alongside the breakdown of the police and judicial structures to deny or hinder women’s access to justice.

妇女在冲突之前在争取获得向国家法院诉诸法律的机会时所面临的所有障碍，例如法律、程序、体制、社会和实际障碍，及根深蒂固的性别歧视在冲突期间会更趋恶化，并在冲突后时期长期存在，再加上警察和司法结构的崩溃，从而剥夺或妨碍了妇女获得诉诸法律的机会。

75. In the aftermath of conflict, transitional justice mechanisms are established with the aim of addressing the legacy of human rights abuses, dealing with the root causes of the conflict, facilitating the transition from conflict to democratic governance, institutionalizing the State machinery designed to protect and advance fundamental human rights and freedoms, delivering justice and ensuring accountability for all violations of human rights and humanitarian law and ensuring their non-repetition.

75. 在结束冲突后，过渡司法机制建立起来了，以解决在侵犯人权方面的遗留问题、应对冲突的根源原因、促进从冲突向民主治理过渡、使旨在保护和推进基本人权和自由的国家机制制度化、伸张正义并确保对所有违反人权和人道主义法的行为进行追责和确保这些行为不会再次发生。

To achieve these multiple objectives, temporary judicial and/or non-judicial mechanisms, including truth commissions and hybrid courts, are often instituted either to replace dysfunctional national judicial systems or to supplement them.

为实现以上多重目标，往往会建立临时司法和/或非司法机制，包括真相调查委员会和混合法院，以取代运作不良的国家司法系统或作为对这类系统的补充。

76. The most egregious and pervasive violations that occur during conflict often remain unpunished by transitional justice mechanisms and are normalized in the post-conflict environment.

76. 发生在冲突期间的最过分和普遍的违法行为往往不被过渡司法机制惩罚，并在冲突后环境中变为“常态”。

Efforts to strengthen and/or complement domestic justice systems notwithstanding, transitional justice mechanisms have failed and continue to fail women by not adequately delivering justice and reparations for all harms suffered, thereby entrenching the impunity enjoyed by perpetrators of women’s human rights violations.

尽管作出了加强和/或补充国内司法系统的努力，但过渡司法机制却忽视并继续忽视妇女，未充分伸张正义，也未对遭受的所有伤害做出赔偿，从而使侵犯妇女人权者所享有的有罪不罚现象更趋牢固。

Transitional justice mechanisms have not succeeded in fully addressing the gendered impact of conflict and in taking into account the interdependence and interrelatedness of all human rights violations that occur during conflict.

过渡司法机制未成功地充分解决冲突对男女两性造成的不同影响和考虑到在冲突期间发生的所有侵犯人权行为的相互依存性和相互关联性。

For most women, post-conflict justice priorities should not be limited to ending violations of civil and political rights, but should include violations of all rights, including economic, social and cultural rights.

对大多数妇女而言，冲突后司法的优先事项不应局限于结束侵犯公民权利和政治权利的行为，还应包括结束侵犯包括经济、社会及文化权利在内的所有权利的行为。

77. States parties’ obligations under the Convention require them to address all violations of women’s rights, in addition to the underlying structural sex and gender-based discrimination that underpinned such violations.

77. 缔约国根据《公约》承担的义务要求它们解决所有侵犯妇女权利的问题及作为这类违法行为根源的在底层结构方面的性歧视和性别歧视。

Besides providing redress to women for gender-based violations suffered during conflict, transitional justice mechanisms have the potential to secure a transformative change in women’s lives.

除了向在冲突期间遭受基于性别的违法行为侵害的妇女提供补救外，过渡司法机制还具有确保使妇女的生活发生变革的潜力。

Given their important role in laying the foundation for the new society, such mechanisms represent a unique opportunity for State parties to lay the ground towards the achievement of substantive gender equality by addressing pre-existing and entrenched sex and gender-based discrimination that had impeded women’s enjoyment of their rights under the Convention.

鉴于这类机制担负着为新社会奠定基础的重要作用，这就给缔约国提供了一个独特的机会，可利用这类机制打下基础，消除妨碍妇女享受《公约》所规定的各项权利的先前就存在和根深蒂固的性歧视和性别歧视，从而实现实质性性别平等。

78. Although international tribunals have contributed to recognizing and prosecuting gender-based crimes, a number of challenges remain to ensuring women’s access to justice and many procedural, institutional and social barriers continue to prevent them from participating in international justice processes.

78. 虽然国际法庭在认定和起诉基于性别的犯罪方面做出了贡献，但在确保妇女获得诉诸法律的机会方面仍存在一些挑战，许多程序、体制和社会障碍继续阻碍她们参与国际司法进程。

Passive acquiescence of past violence reinforces the culture of silence and stigmatization.

消极默认以往暴力行为的做法加强了沉默和羞辱文化。

Reconciliation processes such as truth and reconciliation commissions often provide women survivors with an opportunity to deal with their past in a safe setting and constitute official historical records. They should, however, never be used as a substitute for investigations into and prosecutions of perpetrators for human rights violations committed against women and girls.

和解进程，例如真相与和解委员会，通常向女性幸存者提供一个在安全环境中处理其以往经历的机会，并形成正式历史记录，但绝不应用这种方式来取代调查和起诉对妇女和女孩犯下侵犯人权罪的犯罪者。

79. The Committee reiterates that State parties’ obligations also require them to ensure women’s right to a remedy, which encompasses the right to adequate and effective reparations for violations of their rights under the Convention.

79. 委员会重申缔约国的义务还要求它们确保妇女的补救权，包括为其根据《公约》规定的权利受到侵犯而获得足够和有效赔偿的权利。

An assessment of the gender dimension of the harm suffered is essential to ensure that women are provided with adequate, effective and prompt reparations for violations suffered during conflict, regardless of whether remedies are ordered by national or international courts or by administrative reparation programmes.

必须对所受伤害的性别层面进行分析，以确保就冲突期间所遭受的违法行为向妇女提供足够、有效和迅速赔偿，不管这种赔偿是由国家或国际法院还是由行政赔偿方案命令提供的。

Rather than re-establishing the situation that existed before the violations of women’s rights, reparation measures should seek to transform the structural inequalities that led to the violations of women’s rights, respond to women’s specific needs and prevent their reoccurrence.

赔偿措施不是要重建侵犯妇女权利之前存在的状况，而是要力求改变导致发生侵犯妇女权利行为的结构性不平等、对妇女的具体需求作出回应并预防再发生这类侵权行为。

80. In many countries emerging from conflict, existing informal justice mechanisms represent the only form of justice available for women and can be a valuable tool in the aftermath of conflict.

80. 在许多刚刚摆脱冲突的国家里，现有非正式司法机制是妇女可加以利用的唯一代表正义的形式，在冲突结束后，这类机制可以成为有价值的工具。

Given that the processes and decisions of these mechanisms may discriminate against women, however, it is critical to carefully consider their role in facilitating access to justice for women, such as defining the type of violations that they will be addressing and the possibility of challenging their decisions in the formal justice system.

但是，鉴于这类机制的程序和决定可能歧视妇女，因此必须仔细考虑其在促进向妇女提供诉诸法律的机会方面的作用，例如界定这类机制将处理的违法行为的类型和在正式司法系统里对其决定进行质疑的可能性。

81. The Committee recommends that States parties:

81. 委员会建议缔约国：

(a) Ensure a comprehensive approach to transitional justice mechanisms that incorporates both judicial and non-judicial mechanisms, including truth commissions and reparations, which are gender sensitive and promote women’s rights;

(a) 确保对过渡时期司法机制采用包含司法和非司法机制的综合方法，包括对性别问题有敏感认识并促进妇女权利的真相委员会和赔偿做法；

(b) Ensure that substantive aspects of transitional justice mechanisms guarantee women’s access to justice, by mandating bodies to address all gender-based violations, by rejecting amnesties for gender-based violations and by ensuring compliance with the recommendations and/or decisions issued by transitional justice mechanisms;

(b) 确保过渡时期司法机制在实质性方面保证妇女诉诸法律的机会，具体方法是授权各机构处理一切基于性别的违法行为，拒绝赦免基于性别的违法行为，以及确保遵守过渡时期司法机制发布的建议和/或决定；

(c) Ensure that support for reconciliation processes does not result in blanket amnesties for any human rights violations, especially sexual violence against women and girls, and that such processes reinforce efforts to combat impunity for such crimes;

(c) 确保对和解进程的支持不会导致全盘赦免任何侵犯人权行为，尤其是对妇女和女孩的性暴力行为，并确保这类进程加强作出努力，打击对这类犯罪的有罪不罚现象；

(d) Ensure that all forms of discrimination against women are prohibited when re-establishing the rule of law during legal reform, establish criminal, civil and disciplinary sanctions where appropriate and include specific measures aimed at protecting women against any act of discrimination;

(d) 确保在重建法治和进行法律改革时禁止对妇女的一切形式歧视，酌情设立刑事、民事和纪律制裁制度，并列入旨在保护妇女免遭任何歧视行为之害的具体措施；

(e) Ensure that women are involved in the design, operation and monitoring of transitional justice mechanisms at all levels so as to guarantee that their experience of the conflict is included, their particular needs and priorities are met and all violations suffered are addressed, and ensure their participation in the design of all reparations programmes;

(e) 确保使妇女参与各级过渡司法机制的设计、运作和监测工作，从而保证借鉴她们的冲突经历，满足她们的特殊需求和优先事项，处理她们所遭受的所有违法事件，并确保使她们参与设计所有赔偿方案；

(f) Adopt the appropriate mechanisms to facilitate and encourage women’s full collaboration and involvement in transitional justice mechanisms, including by ensuring that their identity is protected during public hearings and their testimony is taken by female professionals;

(f) 通过适当的机制促进和鼓励妇女同过渡时期司法机制充分协作并参与其工作，包括确保在举行公开听证会期间保护她们的身份和确保由女性专业人员记录她们的证词；

(g) Provide effective and timely remedies that respond to the various types of violations experienced by women and ensure the provision of adequate and comprehensive reparations, and address all gender-based violations, including sexual and reproductive rights violations, domestic and sexual enslavement, forced marriage and forced displacement, sexual violence and violations of economic, social and cultural rights;

(g) 针对妇女所经历的不同类型的违法行为提供有效和及时的补救，并确保提供足够和全面赔偿；处理所有基于性别的违法事件，包括侵犯性权利和生殖权利事件、家庭奴役和性奴役、强迫婚姻和强迫流离失所，以及性暴力和侵犯经济、社会及文化权利的事件；

(h) Adopt gender-sensitive procedures in order to avoid revictimization and stigmatization, establish special protection units and gender desks in police stations, undertake investigations confidentially and sensitively and ensure that, during investigations and trials, equal weight is given to the testimony of women and girls as to that of men;

(h) 通过对性别问题有敏感认识的程序，以避免发生再次伤害和羞辱；在所有警察局建立专门保护单位和性别平等问题科室；以保密和具有敏感认识的方式开展调查；以及确保在调查和审判期间给予妇女和女孩的证词与男子的证词以同等权重；

(i) Combat impunity for violations of women’s rights and ensure that all human rights violations are properly investigated, prosecuted and punished by bringing the perpetrators to justice;

(i) 打击对侵犯妇女权利行为的有罪不罚现象，并确保适当调查、起诉和惩治一切侵犯人权的行为，将犯罪者绳之以法；

(j) Enhance criminal accountability, including by ensuring the independence, impartiality and integrity of the judicial system, by strengthening the capacity of security, medical and judicial personnel to collect and preserve forensic evidence relating to sexual violence in conflict and post-conflict contexts, and by enhancing collaboration with other justice systems, including the International Criminal Court;

(j) 增强刑事问责制，具体方法是：确保司法系统的独立、公正和廉洁；加强安全、医疗及司法人员在收集和保存与冲突及冲突后情况下的性暴力相关的法证证据的能力；以及增强与包括国际刑事法院在内的其他司法系统的协作；

(k) Enhance women’s access to justice, including through the provision of legal aid and the establishment of specialized courts, such as domestic violence and family courts, providing mobile courts for camps and settlement settings and for remote areas, and ensure adequate protection measures for victims and witnesses, including non-disclosure of identity and the provision of shelters;

(k) 增强妇女获得诉诸法律的机会，具体方法是：提供法律援助；设立专门法院，例如家庭暴力和家庭法院，就难民营和安置点情况及偏远地区提供流动法院；以及确保对受害者和证人采取足够保护措施，包括不披露身份和提供住处；

(l) Engage directly with informal justice mechanisms and encourage appropriate reforms, where necessary, in order to bring such processes into line with human rights and gender equality standards, and to ensure that women are not discriminated against.

(l) 直接接触非正式司法机制并在必要时鼓励进行适当改革，以使这类进程符合人权和性别平等标准，并确保妇女不受歧视。

V. Conclusion

五. 结论

82. In addition to those made above, the Committee makes the recommendations to States parties set out below.

82. 除了上文所提建议之外，委员会还向缔约国提出如下建议。

A. Monitoring and reporting

A. 监测和报告

83. States parties should report on the legal framework, policies and programmes that they have implemented to ensure the human rights of women in conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict situations.

83. 缔约国应报告它们为确保在预防冲突、冲突期间及冲突后局势中的妇女的人权而实施的法律框架、政策和方案。

States parties should collect, analyse and make available sex-disaggregated statistics, in addition to trends over time, concerning women, peace and security.

缔约国应收集、分析和提供按性别分列的关于妇女、和平与安全问题的统计数据和长期趋势。

States parties’ reports should address actions inside and outside their territory in areas under their jurisdiction, in addition to their actions taken individually and as members of international or intergovernmental organizations and coalitions insofar as they concern women and conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict situations.

缔约国的报告应述及在其国内和在其领土外但在其管辖地区内的行动，以及其单独和作为国际或政府间组织和联盟成员就妇女问题和预防冲突、冲突期间及冲突后局势所采取的行动。

84. States parties are to provide information on the implementation of the Security Council agenda on women, peace and security, in particular resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009), 1960 (2010), 2106 (2013) and 2122 (2013), including by specifically reporting on compliance with any agreed United Nations benchmarks or indicators developed as part of that agenda.

84. 缔约国将就安全理事会关于妇女、和平与安全的议程的执行情况，特别是第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第 1889(2009)号、第1960(2010)号、第2106(2013)号和第2122(2013)号决议的执行情况提供资料，包括就所有商定的联合 国基准或作为该议程组成部分而拟订的指标的遵守情况提出具体报告。

85. The Committee also welcomes submissions from relevant United Nations missions involved in the administration of foreign territories on the situation of women’s rights in territories under administration insofar as they pertain to conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict settings.

85. 委员会还欢迎参与管理外国领土的联合国相关特派团就所管理领土内与预防冲突、冲突期间及冲突后情况相关的妇女权利状况提交报告。

86. Pursuant to article 22 of the Convention, the Committee invites specialized agencies to submit reports on the implementation of the Convention in conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict settings.

86. 按照《公约》第二十二条的规定，委员会请各专门机构就在预防冲突、冲突期间及冲突后情况下执行《公约》的情况提交报告。

B. Treaty ratification or accession

B. 批准或加入条约情况

87. States parties are encouraged to ratify all international instruments relevant to the protection of women’s rights in conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict, including:

87. 鼓励缔约国批准与在预防冲突、冲突期间及冲突后保护妇女权利相关的所有国际文书，包括：

(a) Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1999);

(a) 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约任择议定书》(1999年)；

(b) Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict (2000);

(b) 《关于儿童卷入武装冲突的儿童权利公约任择议定书》(2000年)；

(c) Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts (1977); Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of non-international armed conflicts (1977);

(c) 《1949年8月12日日内瓦四公约关于保护国际性武装冲突受害者的附加议定书》(1977年)；《1949年8月12日日内瓦四公约关于保护非国际性武装冲突受害者的附加议定书》(1977年)；

(d) Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (1951) and its Protocol (1967);

(d) 《关于难民地位的公约》(1951年)及其《议定书》(1967年)；

(e) Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons (1954) and Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (1961);

(e) 《关于无国籍人地位的公约》(1954年)和《减少无国籍状态公约》(1961年)；

(f) Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000);

(f) 《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》(2000年)；

(g) Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998);

(g) 《国际刑事法院罗马规约》(1998年)；

(h) Arms Trade Treaty (2013).

(h) 《武器贸易条约》(2013年)。