CEDAW/GC/31 1462778E.docx (English)

CEDAW/GC/31 1462777C.docx (Chinese)

CEDAW_C_GC_31_E.docx

CEDAW_C_GC_31_C.docx

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women

消除对妇女歧视委员会

Committee on the Rights of the Child

儿童权利委员会

Joint general recommendation No. 31 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women/general comment No. 18 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on harmful practices

消除对妇女歧视委员会第31号以及儿童权利委员会有关有害做法的第18号联合一般性建议/意见

Contents

目录

Page

页次

I. Introduction

1. 导言

II. Objective and scope of the joint general recommendation/general comment

2. 一般性建议/意见的目的和适用范围

III. Rationale for the joint general recommendation/general comment

3. 联合一般性建议/意见的理论基础

IV. Normative content of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child

4. 《消除对妇女歧视公约》和《儿童权利公约》的规范性内容

V. Criteria for determining harmful practices

5. 有害做法的认定标准

VI. Causes, forms and manifestations of harmful practices

6. 有害做法的原因、形式和表现

A. Female genital mutilation

6.1 切割女性生殖器官

B. Child and/or forced marriage

6.2 童婚及强迫婚姻

C. Polygamy

6.3 多配偶制

D. Crimes committed in the name of so-called honour

6.4 所谓名誉犯罪

VII. Holistic framework for addressing harmful practices

7. 解决有害做法问题的整体框架

A. Data collection and monitoring

7.1 数据采集和监测

B. Legislation and its enforcement

7.2 立法与执法

C. Prevention of harmful practices

7.3 防止有害做法

D. Protective measures and responsive services

7.4 保护性措施和响应服务

VIII. Dissemination and use of the joint general recommendation/general comment and reporting

8. 一般性意见/建议的传播及报告 20

IX. Treaty ratification or accession and reservations

9. 条约的批准、加入和保留

I. Introduction

1. 导言

1. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child contain legally binding obligations that relate both in general and specifically to the elimination of harmful practices.

1. 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》（《消除对妇女歧视公约》）和《儿童权利公约》包含具有法律约束力的与消除有害做法一般相关以及具体相关的义务。

The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and the Committee on the Rights of the Child have consistently drawn attention to those practices affecting women and children, primarily girls, in the execution of their monitoring mandates.

在执行各自监测任务的过程中，消除对妇女歧视委员会和儿童权利委员会一再提请注意这些危及妇女儿童，主要是女童的做法。

It is by virtue of that overlapping mandate and the shared commitment to prevent, respond to and eliminate harmful practices, wherever and in whichever form they occur, that the Committees decided to develop the present joint general recommendation/general comment.

鉴于工作任务的重叠以及对防止、响应和消除有害做法的共同承诺，无论其在何地以何种形式出现，消除对妇女歧视委员会和儿童权利公约委员会决定编制本联合一般性建议/意见。

II. Objective and scope of the joint general recommendation/ general comment

2. 一般性建议/意见的目的和适用范围

2. The objective of the present joint general recommendation/general comment is to clarify the obligations of States parties to the Conventions by providing authoritative guidance on legislative, policy and other appropriate measures that must be taken to ensure full compliance with their obligations under the Conventions to eliminate harmful practices.

2. 本一般性建议/意见的目的是通过在立法、政策以及为确保对全面遵守两大公约下消除有害做法的义务所必须采取的适当措施方面提供权威指导，明确《消除对妇女歧视公约》和《儿童权利公约》缔约国的义务。

3. The Committees acknowledge that harmful practices affect adult women, both directly and/or owing to the long-term impact of practices to which they were subjected as girls.

3. 委员会确认，有害做法直接成年妇女，或因其作为女童时承受了这些做法所受到的长期影响而给成年妇女带来危害。

The present joint general recommendation/general comment therefore further elaborates on the obligations of States parties to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women with regard to the relevant provisions for the elimination of harmful practices that affect the rights of women.

因此，本一般性建议/意见就关于消除危害妇女权利的有害做法的规定进一步阐述了《消除对妇女歧视公约》缔约国的义务。

4. Moreover, the Committees recognize that boys are also the victims of violence, harmful practices and bias and that their rights must be addressed for their protection and to prevent gender-based violence and the perpetuation of bias and gender inequality later in their lives.

4. 另外，委员会认识到男童也是暴力、有害做法和偏见的受害者，他们的权利必须得到处理从而保护他们，防止在他们今后的生活中发生基于性别的暴力、持续的偏见和性别不平等。

Accordingly, reference is made herein to the obligations of States parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child regarding harmful practices stemming from discrimination that affect boys’ enjoyment of their rights.

因此，本一般性建议/意见提及了《儿童权利公约》缔约国在由于歧视导致男童享受权利受到影响的有害做法方面对的义务。

5. The present joint general recommendation/general comment should be read in conjunction with the relevant general recommendations and general comments issued by the Committees, in particular general recommendation No. 19 on violence against women, of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, and general comment No. 8 on the right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms of punishment and general comment No. 13 on the right of the child to freedom from all forms of violence, of the Committee on the Rights of the Child.

5. 阅读本一般性建议/意见时，应当结合两个委员会分别发布的相关一般性建议/意见，特别是消除对妇女歧视委员会关于暴力侵害妇女行为的第19 (1992)号一般性建议和儿童权利委员会关于保护儿童不受体罚以及其他残酷或有辱人格的惩罚形式的第8 (2006)号以及关于儿童免受一切形式暴力的权利的第13 (2011)号一般性意见。

The content of general recommendation No. 14 on female circumcision, of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, is updated by the present joint general recommendation/general comment.

消除对妇女歧视委员会关于女性割礼的第14 (1990)号一般性建议通过本一般性建议/意见更新。

III. Rationale for the joint general recommendation/ general comment

3. 联合一般性建议/意见的理论基础

6. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and the Committee on the Rights of the Child consistently note that harmful practices are deeply rooted in social attitudes according to which women and girls are regarded as inferior to men and boys based on stereotyped roles.

6. 消除对妇女歧视委员会和儿童权利委员会一再指出，有害做法植根于在定型角色的基础上使人们认为妇女和女童次于男性和男童的社会态度。

They also highlight the gender dimension of violence and indicate that sex- and gender-based attitudes and stereotypes, power imbalances, inequalities and discrimination perpetuate the widespread existence of practices that often involve violence or coercion.

委员会还强调了暴力问题的性别范畴，指出各种基于性和性别的态度与陈规定型观念、权力不均、不平等和歧视使广泛存在的各种往往涉及暴力或强迫的做法持续不断。

It is also important to recall that the Committees are concerned that the practices are also used to justify gender-based violence as a form of “protection” or control of women and children in the home or community, at school or in other educational settings and institutions and in wider society.

同时有必要忆及，委员会对这些做法也常常被用作在家庭、社区、学校、其他教育场所和机构，以及更广泛的社会上对妇女和儿童的“保护”或控制形式从而为基于性别的暴力开脱的情况表示关切。

Moreover, the Committees draw States parties’ attention to the fact that sex- and gender-based discrimination intersects with other factors that affect women and girls, in particular those who belong to, or are perceived as belonging to, disadvantaged groups, and who are therefore at a higher risk of becoming victims of harmful practices.

此外，委员会还提请各缔约国注意，基于性和性别的歧视与其他危害妇女和女童的因素之间存在交叉，特别是属于或被认为属于弱势群体并因而面临更大风险成为有害做法受害者的妇女和女童。

7. Harmful practices are therefore grounded in discrimination based on sex, gender and age, among other things, and have often been justified by invoking sociocultural and religious customs and values, in addition to misconceptions relating to some disadvantaged groups of women and children.

7. 因此，有害做法的根基是基于性、性别、年龄和其他理由的歧视，常常借助各种社会文化及宗教习俗和价值观，以及涉及某些弱势妇女和儿童群体的错误观念实现合理化。

Overall, harmful practices are often associated with serious forms of violence or are themselves a form of violence against women and children.

总体而言，有害做法通常和各种严重的暴力形式相关或其本身就是暴力侵害妇女和儿童的形式。

While the nature and prevalence of the practices vary by region and culture, the most prevalent and well documented are female genital mutilation, child and/or forced marriage, polygamy, crimes committed in the name of so-called honour and dowry-related violence.

这些做法的性质和普遍程度因区域和文化的不同而不同，但是，其中最为普遍、记载最多的是切割女性生殖器官、童婚及强迫婚姻、多配偶制、所谓名誉犯罪，以及因嫁妆引起的暴力。

Given that those practices are frequently raised before both Committees, and in some cases have been demonstrably reduced through legislative and programmatic approaches, they are used herein as key illustrative examples.

鉴于这些做法多次在两大委员会上提出，且在一些情况下通过立法和方案途径明显有所减少，因此，本一般性建议/意见将以其为例进行阐述。

8. Harmful practices are endemic to a wide variety of communities in most countries. Some are also found in regions or countries in which they had not been previously documented, primarily owing to migration, whereas in other countries where such practices had disappeared they are now re-emerging as a result of such factors as conflict situations.

8. 有害做法在世界大多数国家的社区中普遍存在；在此前未记述有此类做法的区域和国家，也发现了一些此类做法，主要是由于移徙；而因为冲突局势等因素，这类做法在一些国家消失后再度出现。

9. Many other practices having been identified as harmful practices are all strongly connected to and reinforce socially constructed gender roles and systems of patriarchal power relations and sometimes reflect negative perceptions of or discriminatory beliefs regarding certain disadvantaged groups of women and children, including individuals with disabilities or albinism.

9. 许多其他做法也被认定为有害做法，它们与社会构建的性别角色和父权关系制度联系密切而又使其得到强化，有时反映了对于某些弱势妇女和儿童群体，包括残疾人和白化病人的不利观念或歧视性信念。

The practices include, but are not limited to, neglect of girls (linked to the preferential care and treatment of boys), extreme dietary restrictions, including during pregnancy (force-feeding, food taboos), virginity testing and related practices, binding, scarring, branding/infliction of tribal marks, corporal punishment, stoning, violent initiation rites, widowhood practices, accusations of witchcraft, infanticide and incest.

这些做法包括但不限于：忽视女童（涉及对男童的优先照顾和待遇）、极端饮食限制（强迫进食、饮食禁忌，包括妊娠期间）、贞操测试及相关做法、缠足、疤痕、烙印/部落标记、体罚、扔石块、暴力入会仪式、寡居做法、巫术、弑婴和乱伦。

They also include body modifications that are performed for the purpose of beauty or marriageability of girls and women (such as fattening, isolation, the use of lip discs and neck elongation with neck rings) or in an attempt to protect girls from early pregnancy or from being subjected to sexual harassment and violence (such as breast ironing).

有害做法还包括以女童和妇女美貌和宜婚性为目的（如增肥、隔离、使用唇盘以及使用项圈拉长脖颈）或试图防止女童早孕或使其免受性骚扰和暴力（如熨胸/“repassage”）而进行的身体改造。

In addition, many women and children increasingly undergo medical treatment and/or plastic surgery to comply with social norms of the body, rather than for medical or health reasons, and many are also pressured to be fashionably thin, which has resulted in an epidemic of eating and health disorders.

此外，世界各地越来越多的妇女和儿童为了符合关于身体的社会规范，而非出于医疗或健康的目的接受医疗或整形手术，很多人迫于压力为时尚而瘦身，因而导致饮食和健康问题泛滥。

IV. Normative content of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child

4. 《消除对妇女歧视公约》和《儿童权利公约》的规范性内容

10. Although the issue of harmful practices was less known at the time of drafting of the Conventions, both include provisions that cover harmful practices as human rights violations and oblige States parties to take steps to ensure that they are prevented and eliminated.

10. 尽管有害做法的问题在起草《消除对妇女歧视公约》和《儿童权利公约》时尚不为人们所了解，但两大公约均包含条款，将有害做法纳入侵犯人权行为，并规定缔约国有义务采取步骤以确保防止和消除这些做法。

In addition, the Committees have increasingly tackled the issue when examining States parties’ reports, in the ensuing dialogue with States parties and in their concluding observations.

此外，委员会在审查缔约国报告时、在随后与缔约国的对话中，以及在各自的结论性意见中，都越来越多地涉及这一问题。

The issue has been further developed by the Committees in their general recommendations and general comments.

两个委员会在各自的一般性建议和一般性意见中都对这一问题做了进一步的阐述。

11. States parties to the Conventions have a duty to comply with their obligations to respect, protect and fulfil the rights of women and children.

11. 《消除对妇女歧视公约》和《儿童权利公约》缔约国有责任遵守其尊重、保护和实现妇女儿童权利的义务。

They also have a due-diligence obligation to prevent acts that impair the recognition, enjoyment or exercise of rights by women and children and ensure that private actors do not engage in discrimination against women and girls, including gender-based violence, in relation to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, or any form of violence against children, in relation to the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

两个《公约》的缔约国还负有尽职义务，应防止损害妇女儿童认识、享受和行使其权利的行为，并确保私营行动者不对妇女和女童进行歧视，包括与《消除对妇女歧视公约》相关的基于性别的暴力，或与《儿童权利公约》相关的对儿童的任何形式的暴力）。

12. The Conventions outline the obligations of States parties to establish a well-defined legal framework in order to ensure the protection and promotion of human rights.

12. 两大《公约》概述了缔约国在建立明确的法律框架、确保保护和促进人权方面的义务。

An important first step in doing so is through the incorporation of the instruments into national legal frameworks.

此举的一个重要步骤就是将《消除对妇女歧视公约》和《儿童权利公约》纳入本国法律框架。

Both Committees stress that legislation aimed at eliminating harmful practices must include appropriate budgeting, implementing, monitoring and effective enforcement measures.

消除对妇女歧视委员会和儿童权利委员会都强调，旨在消除有害做法的立法必须包含适当的预算、执行、监测和有效的执法措施。

13. Furthermore, the obligation to protect requires States parties to establish legal structures to ensure that harmful practices are promptly, impartially and independently investigated, that there is effective law enforcement and that effective remedies are provided to those who have been harmed by such practices.

13. 另外，保护义务要求缔约国建立法律结构，以确保有害做法受到迅速、公正和独立的调查，确保有效执法，并确保向受到此类做法伤害的人员提供有效的补救办法。

The Committees call upon States parties to explicitly prohibit by law and adequately sanction or criminalize harmful practices, in accordance with the gravity of the offence and harm caused, provide for means of prevention, protection, recovery, reintegration and redress for victims and combat impunity for harmful practices.

委员会号召缔约国通过法律明确禁止并充分制裁有害做法或对其定罪，根据罪行和所造成伤害的严重性，规定预防方式、受害者的保护、康复、重返社会和赔偿，并打击有害做法不受惩罚的情况。

14. Given that the requirement to effectively address harmful practices is among the core obligations of States parties under the two Conventions, reservations to the relevant articles, which have the effect of broadly limiting or qualifying the obligations of States parties to respect, protect and fulfil the rights of women and children to live free from harmful practices, are incompatible with the object and purpose of the two Conventions and impermissible pursuant to article 28 (2) of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and article 51 (2) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

14. 由于有效处理有害做法的要求是两大《公约》缔约国的核心义务之一，对这些条款及其他相关条款的保留具有广泛限制或限定缔约国尊重、保护和实现妇女和儿童免 受有害做法影响的权利的效果，这与两大《公约》的目标和宗旨背道而驰，根据《消除对妇女歧视公约》第28条第2款和《儿童权利公约》第51条第2款，是不 允许的。

V. Criteria for determining harmful practices

5. 有害做法的认定标准

15. Harmful practices are persistent practices and forms of behaviour that are grounded in discrimination on the basis of, among other things, sex, gender and age, in addition to multiple and/or intersecting forms of discrimination that often involve violence and cause physical and/or psychological harm or suffering.

15.有害做法指的是植根于以性、性别、年龄和其他原因为基础的歧视以及多种和/或相互交叉形式的歧视的持续性做法和行为，通常涉及暴力并引起身体和/或心理上的伤害或痛苦。

The harm that such practices cause to the victims surpasses the immediate physical and mental consequences and often has the purpose or effect of impairing the recognition, enjoyment and exercise of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of women and children.

这些做法给受害者带来的伤害超过当时产生的身体和精神上的后果，且常常具有损害对人权以及妇女儿童基本自由的认识、享受和行使的目的或后果。

There is also a negative impact on their dignity, physical, psychosocial and moral integrity and development, participation, health, education and economic and social status.

对其尊严、身体、社会心理及道德的完整性和发展、参与、健康、教育、经济和社会地位也有不利影响。

The practices are therefore reflected in the work of both Committees. 16. For the purposes of the present joint general recommendation/general comment, practices should meet the following criteria to be regarded as harmful:

因此，这些做法在消除对妇女歧视委员会和儿童权利委员会的工作中都得到了反映。 15. 在本一般性建议/意见中，符合下列标准的做法应视为有害：

(a) They constitute a denial of the dignity and/or integrity of the individual and a violation of the human rights and fundamental freedoms enshrined in the two Conventions;

(a) 构成对个人尊严及完整性的否定以及对人权及两大《公约》所载基本自由的侵犯；

(b) They constitute discrimination against women or children and are harmful insofar as they result in negative consequences for them as individuals or groups, including physical, psychological, economic and social harm and/or violence and limitations on their capacity to participate fully in society or develop and reach their full potential;

(b) 构成对妇女或儿童的歧视并导致其作为个人或群体受到不利影响因而有害，包括身体、心理、经济和社会伤害和/或暴力以及对其充分参与社会或发展并实现全部潜能的限制；

(c) They are traditional, re-emerging or emerging practices that are prescribed and/or kept in place by social norms that perpetuate male dominance and inequality of women and children, on the basis of sex, gender, age and other intersecting factors;

(c) 基于性、性别、年龄和其他交叉因素延续男性主导和妇女儿童不平等的各种社会规范所规定或固守的传统的、重新出现或新出现的做法；

(d) They are imposed on women and children by family members, community members or society at large, regardless of whether the victim provides, or is able to provide, full, free and informed consent.

(d) 由家庭、社区成员或整个社会强加给妇女和儿童的做法，无论受害者是否或是否有能力提供充分、自由和知情同意。

VI. Causes, forms and manifestations of harmful practices

6. 有害做法的原因、形式和表现

17. The causes of harmful practices are multidimensional and include stereotyped sex- and gender-based roles, the presumed superiority or inferiority of either of the sexes, attempts to exert control over the bodies and sexuality of women and girls, social inequalities and the prevalence of male-dominated power structures.

17.有害做法的原因是多层面的，包括基于性和性别的角色定型观念、对性别的优劣假定、控制妇女和女童身体和性欲的企图、社会不平等以及男性主导权力结构的普遍流行。

Efforts to change the practices must address those underlying systemic and structural causes of traditional, re-emerging and emerging harmful practices, empower girls and women and boys and men to contribute to the transformation of traditional cultural attitudes that condone harmful practices, act as agents of such change and strengthen the capacity of communities to support such processes.

改变这些做法的努力必须解决传统的、重新出现或新出现的有害做法背后的系统性和结构性原因，增强女童和妇女，以及男童和男子的能力，以促进纵容有害做法的传统文化态度的转变，充当这种转变的推动力，并建设社区支持这些进程的能力。

18. The efforts to combat harmful practices notwithstanding, the overall number of women and girls affected remains extremely high and may be increasing, including, for example, in conflict situations and as a result of technological developments such as the widespread use of social media.

18. 虽然在打击有害做法方面做出了努力，但受其影响的妇女和女童的总体数量仍然很大，而且可能还在增加，原因包括冲突局势以及社交媒体广泛使用等技术进步。

Through the examination of State parties’ reports, the Committees have noted that there is often continued adherence to harmful practices by members of practising communities who have moved to destination countries through migration or to seek asylum.

通过审查缔约国报告，委员会注意到，一些来自采取有害措施的社区的成员通过移徙或寻求庇护迁移至目的地国后往往继续固守有害做法。

Social norms and cultural beliefs supporting such harmful practices persist and are at times emphasized by a community in an attempt to preserve its cultural identity in a new environment, in particular in destination countries where gender roles provide women and girls with greater personal freedom.

支持这些有害做法的社会规范和文化信念会保留下来，有时社区为了在新环境中保持文化认同还会对其加以强调，特别是在性别角色为妇女和女童提供更大个人自由的目的地国家。

A. Female genital mutilation

6.1. 切割女性生殖器官

19. Female genital mutilation, female circumcision or female genital cutting is the practice of partially or wholly removing the external female genitalia or otherwise injuring the female genital organs for non-medical or non-health reasons. In the context of the present joint general recommendation/general comment, it is referred to as female genital mutilation.

19. 切割女性生殖器官，或称女性割礼、残割女性生殖器官，是指部分或全部切除女性外生殖器或因非医学或非健康原因采用其他方式损害女性生殖器官，本一般性建议/意见称之为切割女性生殖器官。

Female genital mutilation is performed in every region and, within some cultures, is a requirement for marriage and believed to be an effective method of controlling the sexuality of women and girls.

世界各区域和一些文化中都存在切割女性生殖器官的做法，这是婚姻的必要条件并被认为是控制妇女和女童性欲的有效方法。

It may have various immediate and/or long-term health consequences, including severe pain, shock, infections and complications during childbirth (affecting both the mother and the child), long-term gynaecological problems such as fistula, psychological effects and death.

这种做法可能导致各种即时和长期的健康后果，包括剧烈疼痛、休克、感染以及在分娩期间危及母婴的各种并发症、产科瘘等长期的妇科问题以及心理后果和死亡。

The World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund estimate that between 100 million and 140 million girls and women worldwide have been subjected to a type of female genital mutilation.

世界卫生组织和儿童基金会估计，全世界有1亿至1.4亿女童和妇女受过某一种形式的女性生殖器官切割。

B. Child and/or forced marriage

6.2. 童婚及强迫婚姻

20. Child marriage, also referred to as early marriage, is any marriage where at least one of the parties is under 18 years of age.

20. 童婚，也称早婚，是指至少一方未满18岁的婚姻。

The overwhelming majority of child marriages, both formal and informal, involve girls, although at times their spouses are also under 18 years of age.

虽然有时其配偶也不满18岁，但绝大多数童婚，包括正式和非正式婚姻，都涉及女童。

A child marriage is considered to be a form of forced marriage, given that one and/or both parties have not expressed full, free and informed consent.

如果婚姻一方或双方均未表示充分、自由和知情同意，则可将童婚视为强迫婚姻的一种形式。

As a matter of respecting the child’s evolving capacities and autonomy in making decisions that affect her or his life, a marriage of a mature, capable child below 18 years of age may be allowed in exceptional circumstances, provided that the child is at least 16 years of age and that such decisions are made by a judge based on legitimate exceptional grounds defined by law and on the evidence of maturity, without deference to culture and tradition.

为尊重儿童在做出影响其生活的决定方面不断发展的能力和自主权，在特殊情况下可以允许未满18岁的成熟的、有能力的儿童结婚，条件是其必须年满16岁而且由法官依据法律规定的合法例外理由以及成熟和未受文化和传统影像的证据做出决定。

21. In some contexts, children are betrothed or married very young and, in many cases, young girls are forced to marry a man who may be decades older.

21.在有些情况下，儿童很小即订婚或成婚，而年幼的女童在许多情况下会被迫嫁给年长几十岁的男性。

In 2012, the United Nations Children’s Fund reported that almost 400 million women between 20 and 49 years of age around the world had been married or had entered into a union before reaching 18 years of age.

2012年，儿童基金会报告称，全世界有近4亿20-49岁的女性未满18岁时就已结婚或与人结合。

The Committees have therefore been paying particular attention to cases in which girls have been married against their full, free and informed consent, such as when they have been married too young to be physically and psychologically ready for adult life or to make conscious and informed decisions and thus not ready to consent to marriage.

因此，消除对妇女歧视委员会和儿童权利委员会特别重视女童并未表示充分、自由和知情同意而结婚的情况，比如结婚时年龄太小，对成年生活尚未做好身体和心理上的准备，或无法做出有意识的、知情的决定因而不足以对婚姻表示同意。

Other examples include cases in which guardians have the legal authority to consent to marriage of girls in accordance with customary or statutory law and in which girls are thus married contrary to the right to freely enter into marriage.

其他例证还包括，监护人根据习惯法或成文法享有法定的准许女童结婚的权利，因而违背女童婚姻自由权使其成婚的情况，等等。

22. Child marriage is often accompanied by early and frequent pregnancy and childbirth, resulting in higher than average maternal morbidity and mortality rates.

22. 童婚往往伴随早孕、频繁妊娠和生产，导致孕产妇发病率和死亡率高于平均水平。

Pregnancy-related deaths are the leading cause of mortality for girls between 15 and 19 years of age, whether married or unmarried, around the world.

在世界范围内，与妊娠相关的死亡是15-19岁女童（已婚或未婚）死亡的主要原因。

Infant mortality among the children of very young mothers is higher (sometimes as much as two times higher) than among those of older mothers.

年幼母亲所生的婴儿死亡率也高于年长母亲所生的婴儿（有时候高出两倍）。

In cases of child and/or forced marriage, in particular where the husband is significantly older than the wife, and where girls have limited education, the girls generally have limited decision-making power in relation to their own lives.

在童婚或强迫婚姻中，特别是在男方年龄明显大于女方以及女童教育程度有限时，女童在有关自己生活的事务中往往决策权有限。

Child marriage also contributes to higher rates of school dropout, especially among girls, forced exclusion from school and an increased risk of domestic violence, in addition to limiting the enjoyment of the right to freedom of movement.

童婚还造成辍学率的上升，尤其是女童，被迫离开学校，受到家庭暴力以及享受行动自由权受限的风险增加。

23. Forced marriages are marriages in which one and/or both parties have not personally expressed their full and free consent to the union.

23. 强迫婚姻通常导致女童缺乏人身和经济自主权、企图逃匿或自焚、自杀以逃避或逃离婚姻。

They may be manifested in various forms, including child marriage, as indicated above, exchange or trade-off marriages (i.e. baad and baadal), servile marriages and levirate marriages (coercing a widow to marry a relative of her deceased husband). In some contexts, a forced marriage may occur when a rapist is permitted to escape criminal sanctions by marrying the victim, usually with the consent of her family.

强迫婚姻是指婚姻一方或双方未亲自充分、自由地表示同意结合。 除前文所述童婚以外，强迫婚姻还可能体现为其他多种形式，包括交换婚姻或交易婚姻（即抵偿交换和抵偿婚姻）、奴役婚姻以及胁迫寡妇嫁给亡夫亲属（“至亲救赎婚姻”）。

Forced marriages may occur in the context of migration in order to ensure that a girl marries within the family’s community of origin or to provide extended family members or others with documents to migrate to and/or live in a particular destination country. Forced marriages are also increasingly being used by armed groups during conflict or may be a means for a girl to escape post-conflict poverty.

有些情况下，通常经过女方家属同意，允许强奸者通过与受害者结婚来逃避刑事制裁，从而构成强迫婚姻。 在移徙情境中，为确保女童在家庭宗族内成婚或者为远房家庭成员或他人提供移徙至或生活在特定目的地国的证件，也可能发生强迫婚姻。

Forced marriage may also be defined as a marriage in which one of the parties is not permitted to end or leave it. Forced marriages often result in girls lacking personal and economic autonomy and attempting to flee or commit self-immolation or suicide to avoid or escape the marriage.

强迫婚姻还越来越多地在冲突期间为武装团体所利用，或作为女童逃避冲突后贫穷的一种手段。 强迫婚姻还包括不准婚姻一方终止或摆脱婚姻的情况。

24. The payment of dowries and bride prices, which varies among practising communities, may increase the vulnerability of women and girls to violence and to other harmful practices.

24. 支付嫁妆和彩礼的情况在不同社区有所不同，可能会增加妇女和女童遭受暴力或其他有害做法的可能性。

The husband or his family members may engage in acts of physical or psychological violence, including murder, burning and acid attacks, for failure to fulfil expectations regarding the payment of a dowry or its size.

如果嫁妆的支付或规模未达到预期，丈夫或其家庭成员可能采取身体或心理暴力，包括谋杀、纵火和酸腐蚀等。

In some cases, families will agree to the temporary “marriage” of their daughter in exchange for financial gains, also referred to as a contractual marriage, which is a form of trafficking in human beings.

有时候，家庭会同意用女儿的临时“婚姻”换取资金收益，也称契约婚姻，是人口贩运的一种形式。

States parties to the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography have explicit obligations with regard to child and/or forced marriages that include dowry payments or bride prices because they could constitute a sale of children as defined in article 2 (a) of the Protocol.

《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》缔约国对包含嫁妆或彩礼的童婚及强迫婚姻负有明确的义务，因为根据《议定书》第2条(a)款，这可能构成“买卖儿童”。

The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has repeatedly stressed that allowing marriage to be arranged by such payment or preferment violates the right to freely choose a spouse and has in its general recommendation No. 29 outlined that such practice should not be required for a marriage to be valid and that such agreements should not be recognized by a State party as enforceable.

消除对妇女歧视委员会一再强调，允许这种付费或首选方式安排婚姻侵犯了择偶自由，并在委员会第29 (2013)号一般性建议中提出，不得将这类做法定为婚姻有效的必要条件，缔约国不得认定这类协议可执行。

C. Polygamy

6.3. 多配偶制

25. Polygamy is contrary to the dignity of women and girls and infringes on their human rights and freedoms, including equality and protection within the family.

25. 多配偶制违反了妇女和女童的尊严，侵犯了她们的人权和自由，包括在家庭中的平等和保护。

Polygamy varies across, and within, legal and social contexts and its impact includes harm to the health of wives, understood as physical, mental and social well-being, the material harm and deprivation that wives are liable to suffer and emotional and material harm to children, often with serious consequences for their welfare.

不同的法律和社会环境下，多配偶制各不相同。 其主要影响有：对妻妾健康的伤害，包括身体、精神和社会福利方面；妻妾可能蒙受物质损害和剥夺；对子女的情感和物质损害，通常对其福利带来严重后果。

26. While many States parties have chosen to ban polygamy, it continues to be practised in some countries, whether legally or illegally.

26. 尽管很多缔约国都选择了禁止多配偶制，仍有一些国家合法或非法地实行多配偶制。

Although throughout history polygamous family systems have been functional in some agricultural societies as a way of ensuring larger labour forces for individual families, studies have shown that polygamy actually often results in increased poverty in the family, especially in rural areas.

纵观历史，多配偶的家庭制度曾经作为一种确保单个家庭有更多劳动力的途径而在特定农业社会中发挥了作用，但研究表明，多配偶制往往使家庭更加贫穷，特别是在农村地区。

27. Both women and girls find themselves in polygamous unions, with evidence showing that girls are much more likely to be married or betrothed to much older men, increasing the risk of violence and violations of their rights.

27. 妇女和女童都有参与多配偶结合的情况，有证据表明女童更有可能嫁给或被许配给年长许多的男性，加大暴力和侵权的风险。

The coexistence of statutory laws with religious, personal status and traditional customary laws and practices often contributes to the persistence of the practice.

成文法与宗教和个人地位以及传统的习惯法和做法并存，往往有助于这一做法的持续存在。

In some States parties, however, polygamy is authorized by civil law.

然而，在一些缔约国，多配偶制是民法所允许的。

Constitutional and other provisions that protect the right to culture and religion have also at times been used to justify laws and practices that allow for polygamous unions.

宪法和保护文化和宗教权利的其他条款有时也用于维护允许多配偶婚姻的法律和做法。

28. States parties to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women have explicit obligations to discourage and prohibit polygamy because it is contrary to the Convention.

28. 多配偶制违反《消除对妇女歧视公约》，因此缔约国有明确的义务应不鼓励并禁止这种做法。

The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women also contends that polygamy has significant ramifications for the economic well-being of women and their children.

消除对妇女歧视委员会还指出，多配偶制对妇女及其子女的经济福利有严重影响。

D. Crimes committed in the name of so-called honour

6.4. 所谓名誉犯罪

29. Crimes committed in the name of so-called honour are acts of violence that are disproportionately, although not exclusively, committed against girls and women because family members consider that some suspected, perceived or actual behaviour will bring dishonour to the family or community.

29. 所谓名誉犯罪行为虽不仅仅是对女童和妇女犯罪，但她们更多地成为实施这种暴力的行为的对象，因为家庭成员认为某个可疑的、主观认定的或实际的行为会使家庭或社区蒙受耻辱。

Such forms of behaviour include entering into sexual relations before marriage, refusing to agree to an arranged marriage, entering into a marriage without parental consent, committing adultery, seeking divorce, dressing in a way that is viewed as unacceptable to the community, working outside the home or generally failing to conform to stereotyped gender roles.

这些行为包括婚前发生性关系、拒绝同意包办婚姻、未经父母同意结婚、通奸、寻求离异、衣着方式不为社区所接受、外出就业或不符合陈规定型观念中的性别角色等。

Crimes in the name of so-called honour may also be committed against girls and women because they have been victims of sexual violence.

女童和妇女成为性暴力受害者后也可能遭受所谓名誉犯罪。

30. Such crimes include murder and are frequently committed by a spouse, female or male relative or a member of the victim’s community.

30. 此类犯罪包括谋杀，通常由配偶、女性或男性亲属或者受害者的所在社区成员实施。

Rather than being viewed as criminal acts against women, crimes committed in the name of so-called honour are often sanctioned by the community as a means of preserving and/or restoring the integrity of its cultural, traditional, customary or religious norms following alleged transgressions.

所谓名誉犯罪并未被视为针对妇女的犯罪行为，而常常被社区裁定为据称为犯罪行为之后的一种保护及恢复其文化、传统、习惯或宗教规范完整性的手段。

In some contexts, national legislation or its practical application, or the absence thereof, allows for the defence of honour to be presented as an exculpatory or a mitigating circumstance for perpetrators of such crimes, resulting in reduced sanctions or impunity.

有些情况下，国家的立法或其实际应用，或立法的缺失允许将维护名誉作为犯罪者无罪或减轻罪行的情形提出，导致减轻制裁或无罪。

In addition, prosecution of cases may be impeded by unwillingness on the part of individuals with knowledge of the case to provide corroborating evidence.

此外，对案件知情的个人不愿提供确凿证据也可能阻碍案件的起诉。

VII. Holistic framework for addressing harmful practices

7. 解决有害做法问题的整体框架

31. Both Conventions contain specific references to the elimination of harmful practices. States parties to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women are obliged to plan and adopt appropriate legislation, policies and measures and ensure that their implementation responds effectively to specific obstacles, barriers and resistance to the elimination of discrimination that give rise to harmful practices and violence against women (arts. 2 and 3).

31. 《消除对妇女歧视公约》和《儿童权利公约》均具体提及了消除各种有害做法。 《消除对妇女歧视公约》缔约国有义务规划并通过适当的立法、政策和措施，并确保其实施能够有效响应消除可能引发有害做法和暴力侵害妇女行为的歧视的障碍、阻碍和阻力（第2、3条）。

States parties must, however, be able to demonstrate the direct relevance and appropriateness of the measures that have been taken, ensuring first and foremost that the human rights of women are not violated, and demonstrate whether such measures will achieve the desired effect and result.

然而，缔约国必须能够论证其所采取的措施具有直接相关性和适当性，首先保证妇女人权不受侵犯，并且论证这些措施能否达到预期的效果和结果。

Furthermore, the obligation of States parties to pursue such targeted policies is of an immediate nature and States parties cannot justify any delay on any grounds, including cultural and religious grounds.

而且，缔约国寻求此类针对性政策的义务是即时的，缔约国不得以任何理由为任何延迟开脱，包括文化和宗教理由。

States parties are also obliged to take all appropriate measures, including temporary special measures (art. 4 (1)) to modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women, with a view to achieving the elimination of prejudices and customary and all other practices that are based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of either sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women (art. 5 (a)) and to ensure that the betrothal and the marriage of a child will have no legal effect (art. 16 (2)).

《消除 对妇女歧视公约》缔约国还有义务采取一切适当措施，包括暂行特别措施（第4条第1款），以“改变男女的社会和文化行为模式，以消除基于性别而分尊卑观念或 基于男女定型任务的偏见、习俗和其他一切方法”（第5条a款）确保“童年订婚和童婚应不具法律效力”（第16条2款）。

32. The Convention on the Rights of the Child, on the other hand, obliges States parties to take all effective and appropriate measures with a view to abolishing traditional practices prejudicial to the health of children (art. 24 (3)).

32. 另一方面，《儿童权利公约》责成缔约国“采取一切有效和适当的措施，以期废除对儿童健康有害的传统习俗”（第24条第3款）。

In addition, it provides for the right of the child to be protected from all forms of violence, including physical, sexual or psychological violence (art. 19) and requires States parties to ensure that no child is subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (art. 37 (a)).

此外，《儿童权利公约》还规定儿童免受任何形式暴力的权利，包括身心摧残或性侵犯（第19条），并要求缔约国确保任何儿童不受酷刑或其他形式的残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚（第37条a款）。

It applies the four general principles of the Convention to the issue of harmful practices, namely protection from discrimination (art. 2), ensuring the best interests of the child (art. 3 (1)), upholding the right to life, survival and development (art. 6) and the right of the child to be heard (art. 12).

《儿童权利公约》将《公约》的四项基本原则应用到有害做法问题，即免受歧视（第2条）、确保儿童最大利益（第3条第1款）、 支持生命、生存与发展权（第6条）和儿童受倾听权（第12条）。

33. In both instances, the effective prevention and elimination of harmful practices require the establishment of a well-defined, rights-based and locally relevant holistic strategy that includes supportive legal and policy measures, including social measures that are combined with commensurate political commitment and accountability at all levels.

33. 两个公约中，有效防止和消除有害做法都需要建立定义明确、基于权利且因地制宜的整体战略，其中应包含支助性的法律和政策措施，包括与程度相当的各级政治承诺及问责相结合的社会措施。

The obligations outlined in the Conventions provide the basis for the development of a holistic strategy to eliminate harmful practices, the elements of which are set out herein.

《消除对妇女歧视公约》和《儿童权利公约》所列各项义务为消除本一般性建议/意见中已列出主要内容的有害做法提供了编制整体战略的基础。

34. Such a holistic strategy must be mainstreamed and coordinated both vertically and horizontally and integrated into national efforts to prevent and address all forms of harmful practices.

34. 必须对这样的整体战略进行主流化以及横向和纵向的协调并纳入国家防止和解决一切形式有害做法的工作中。

Horizontal coordination requires organization across sectors, including education, health, justice, social welfare, law enforcement, immigration and asylum and communications and media.

横向协调需要部门间组织，包括基于、卫生、司法、社会福利、执法、移民和庇护、通信和媒体等。

Similarly, vertical coordination requires organization between actors at the local, regional and national levels and with traditional and religious authorities.

相似地，纵向协调要求地方、区域和国家各级行动者之间以及与传统和宗教事务主管部门之间的组织。

To facilitate the process, consideration should be given to delegating responsibility for the work to an existing or specifically established high-level entity, in cooperation with all relevant stakeholders.

要促成这一过程，应考虑与所有相关的利益攸关方合作，将这一责任委托给某个现有的或专门成立的高级别实体。

35. The implementation of any holistic strategy necessarily requires the provision of adequate organizational, human, technical and financial resources that are supplemented with appropriate measures and tools, such as regulations, policies, plans and budgets.

35. 执行任何整体战略都必然需要提供充分的组织、人力、技术和财务资源，以及适当的措施和工具，如法规、政策、计划和预算。

In addition, States parties are obliged to ensure that an independent monitoring mechanism is in place to track progress in protecting women and children from harmful practices and in realizing their rights.

此外，缔约国还有义务确保配备独立的监测机制，以跟踪保护妇女儿童免受有害做法和实现其权利方面的进展。

36. Strategies aimed at eliminating harmful practices also need to involve a wide range of other stakeholders, including national independent human rights institutions, health, education and law enforcement professionals, members of civil society and those who engage in the practices.

36. 各类其他利益攸关方也必须参与旨在消除有害做法的战略，包括独立的国家人权机构、卫生、教育和执法专业人员、民间社会，以及从事这些做法的人员。

A. Data collection and monitoring

7.1 数据采集和监测

37. The regular and comprehensive collection, analysis, dissemination and use of quantitative and qualitative data are crucial to ensuring effective policies, developing appropriate strategies and formulating actions, as well as evaluating impacts, monitoring progress achieved towards the elimination of harmful practices and identifying re-emerging and emerging harmful practices.

37. 定期全面地采集、分析、传播和使用定量和定性数据，对确保政策有效、制定适当的战略和规划行动以及评价影响、监测实现消除有害做法目标的进展情况，以及识别重新出现和新出现的有害做法具有重要意义。

The availability of data allows for the examination of trends and enables the establishment of the relevant connections between policies and effective programme implementation by State and non-State actors and the corresponding changes in attitudes, forms of behaviour, practices and prevalence rates.

有了数据，就可以审查趋势，在国家和非国家行动者政策和有效的方案执行之间，以及在态度、行为、做法以及普及率方面的相应变化之间建立相关联系。

Data disaggregated by sex, age, geographical location, socioeconomic status, education level and other key factors are central to the identification of high-risk and disadvantaged groups of women and children, which will guide policy formulation and action to address harmful practices.

按性别、年龄、地理位置、社会经济地位、教育程度和其他关键因素分列数据，对识别妇女儿童中的高风险和弱势群体十分重要，将为政策制定和解决有害做法的提供指导。

38. Such recognition notwithstanding, disaggregated data on harmful practices remain limited and are seldom comparable by country and over time, resulting in limited understanding of the extent and evolution of the problem and identification of adequately tailored and targeted measures.

38. 尽管认识到这一点，但关于有害做法的分列数据仍然有限，且在国家间和时间上很少具有可比性，因此人们对这一问题的范围和演变情况了解有限，在确认具有充分针对性的措施方面认识也有限。

39. The Committees recommend that the States parties to the Conventions:

39. 委员会建议《公约》缔约国：

(a) Accord priority to the regular collection, analysis, dissemination and use of quantitative and qualitative data on harmful practices disaggregated by sex, age, geographical location, socioeconomic status, education level and other key factors and ensure that such activities are adequately resourced.

(a) 优先处理定期采集、分析、传播和使用按性别、年龄、地理位置、社会经济地位、教育程度和其他关键因素分列的关于有害做法的定量和定性数据，确保这些活动获得充足的资源。

Regular data collection systems should be established and/or maintained in the health-care and social services, education and judicial and law enforcement sectors on protection-related issues;

应在医疗保健和社会服务、教育、司法和执法部门确立和/或维护关于保护相关的问题定期数据采集系统。

(b) Collect data through the use of national demographic and indicator surveys and censuses, which may be supplemented by data from nationally representative household surveys.

(b) 通过利用国家人口和指标调查和普查采集数据，可以来自全国性代表住户调查的数据作为补充。

Qualitative research should be conducted through focus group discussions, in-depth key informant interviews with a wide variety of stakeholders, structured observations, social mapping and other appropriate methodologies.

应通过专题小组讨论、与各利益攸关方深入的关键信息员访谈、结构性观察、社会地图和其他适当途径收集定性研究。

B. Legislation and its enforcement

7.2. 立法与执法

40. A key element of any holistic strategy is the development, enactment, implementation and monitoring of relevant legislation.

40. 对于任何整体战略，制定、颁布、实施和监测相关立法都是一个关键要素。

Each State party is under the obligation to send a clear message of condemnation of harmful practices, provide legal protection for victims, enable State and non-State actors to protect women and children at risk, provide appropriate responses and care and ensure the availability of redress and an end to impunity.

每一个缔约国均有义务发出明确信息表示谴责有害做法，为受害者提供法律保护，让国家和非国家行动者保护面临风险的妇女儿童，提供适当的回应和照顾，并确保提供补偿和终止有罪不罚现象。

41. The enactment of legislation alone is, however, insufficient to combat harmful practices effectively.

41. 但是，单凭颁布立法不足以有效打击有害做法。

In accordance with the requirements of due diligence, legislation must therefore be supplemented with a comprehensive set of measures to facilitate its implementation, enforcement and follow-up and monitoring and evaluation of the results achieved.

因此，根据尽职要求，立法必须辅以一套全面措施，以便利其实施、执行、跟进、监测和已达成成果评价。

42. Contrary to their obligations under both Conventions, many States parties maintain legal provisions that justify, allow or lead to harmful practices, such as legislation that allows for child marriage, provides the defence of so-called honour as an exculpatory or mitigating factor for crimes committed against girls and women or enables a perpetrator of rape and/or other sexual crimes to avoid sanctions by marrying the victim.

42. 与缔约国在两大公约下所的义务相违背，很多国家仍然保留了一些立法条款使有害做法合理化，允许或导致有害做法，如允许童婚的立法、把捍卫所谓的“名誉”作 为将对女童和妇女实施犯罪判为无罪或减罪的因素，或者使强奸或其他性犯罪实施者得以通过与受害者结婚而免于制裁的立法。

43. In States parties with plural legal systems, even where laws explicitly prohibit harmful practices, prohibition may not be enforced effectively because the existence of customary, traditional or religious laws may actually support those practices.

43. 在实行多元法律体系的缔约国，即使法律明确禁止有害做法，也未必能有效实施禁止，因为习惯法、传统法或宗教法的存在可能事实上支持有害做法。

44. Prejudices and weak capacity to address the rights of women and children among judges in customary and religious courts or traditional adjudication mechanisms and the belief that matters falling within the purview of such customary systems should not be subjected to any review or scrutiny by the State or other judicial bodies deny or limit the access to justice of victims of harmful practices.

44. 习惯法和宗教法法庭的法官以及传统的判决机制内的法官在处理妇女儿童权利问题时存在的偏见，能力差，而且认为习惯体系职权范围内的事项不应受到国家或其他司法机构的审查和监督，拒绝或者限制了有害做法受害者获得公正待遇。

45. The full and inclusive participation of relevant stakeholders in the drafting of legislation against harmful practices can ensure that the primary concerns relating to the practices are accurately identified and addressed.

45. 相关利益攸关方充分、广泛地参与起草反对有害做法的立法，可以确保与有害做法相关的主要关切得到准确的认定和解决。

Engaging with and soliciting input from practising communities, other relevant stakeholders and members of civil society is central to this process.

与实行这些做法的社区、其他相关的利益攸关方，以及民间社会成员接触并征求他们的意见，对这一过程意义重大。

Care should be taken, however, to ensure that prevailing attitudes and social norms that support harmful practices do not weaken efforts to enact and enforce legislation.

但是，应该注意确保颁布和执行立法的工作不因支持有害做法的主流态度和社会规范而削弱。

46. Many States parties have taken steps to decentralize government power through devolution and delegation, but this should not reduce or negate the obligation to enact legislation that prohibits harmful practices and is applicable throughout their jurisdiction.

46. 很多缔约国已经采取步骤通过移交和授权的方式下放政府权力，但这不应削弱或消除其颁布立法禁止有害做法的义务，这一义务适用于其整个管辖范围。

Safeguards must be put in place to ensure that decentralization or devolution does not lead to discrimination with regard to protection of women and children against harmful practices in different regions and cultural zones.

必须出台保障措施，以确保权力的下放或移交不会导致不同的区域和文化区在保护妇女儿童免受有害做法危害方面出有所差别。

Devolved authorities need to be equipped with the human, financial, technical and other resources necessary to effectively enforce legislation that aims to eliminate harmful practices.

接受权力移交的主管机构需配备必要的人力、资金、技术和其他资源，以有效执行旨在消除有害做法的立法。

47. Cultural groups engaged in harmful practices may contribute to spreading such practices across national boundaries. Where this occurs, appropriate measures are needed to contain the spread.

47. 从事有害做法的文化群体可能推动跨国传播这类做法，此类情况发生时，有必要采取适当措施遏制这些做法的传播。

48. National human rights institutions have a key role to play in promoting and protecting human rights, including the right of individuals to be free from harmful practices, and enhancing public awareness of those rights.

48. 国家人权机构在促进和保护人权，包括个人免受有害做法的权利，以及增强公众对这些权力的认识方面应发挥关键作用。

49. Individuals providing services for women and children, especially medical personnel and teachers, are uniquely placed to identify actual or potential victims of harmful practices.

49. 为妇女儿童提供服务的个人，特别是医务人员和教师，在识别实际或潜在的有害做法受害者方面有着特殊的地位。

They are, however, often bound by rules of confidentiality that may conflict with their obligation to report the actual occurrence of a harmful practice or the potential for it to occur.

然而，他们往往受到保密规则的限制，这可能与他们报告实际发生或可能发生有害做法情况的义务相悖。

This must be overcome with specific regulations that make it mandatory for them to report such incidents.

必须通过明确的法规强制他们报告这类事件，从而克服这种情况。

50. Where medical professionals or government employees or civil servants are involved or complicit in carrying out harmful practices, their status and responsibility, including to report, should be seen as an aggravating circumstance in the determination of criminal sanctions or administrative sanctions such as loss of a professional licence or termination of contract, which should be preceded by the issuance of warnings.

50. 如果医务专业人员或政府职员/公务员参与或共谋有害做法，则在确定刑事制裁或发出警告之后吊销执业执照和终止合同等行政处罚时，应将其地位和责任，包括报告责任，视为加重处罚的情形。

Systematic training for relevant professionals is considered to be an effective preventive measure in this regard.

在这一方面，对相关专业人员进行系统培训被认为是一种有效的预防措施。

51. Although criminal law sanctions must be consistently enforced in ways that contribute to the prevention and elimination of harmful practices, States parties must also take into account the potential threats to and negative impact on victims, including acts of retaliation.

51. 虽然必须以有利于预防和消除有害做法的方式持续执行刑法的制裁，但缔约国也必须考虑对受害者的潜在威胁和不利影响，包括打击报复行为。

52. Monetary compensation may not be feasible in areas of high prevalence. In all instances, however, women and children affected by harmful practices should have access to legal remedies, victim support and rehabilitation services and social and economic opportunities.

51. 在发生率高的地区，资金赔偿未必可行，但在所有情况下，受到有害做法影响的妇女儿童都必须得到法律救济、受害者支助和康复服务，以及社会和经济方面的机会。

53. The best interests of the child and the protection of the rights of girls and women should always be taken into consideration and the necessary conditions must be in place to enable them to express their point of view and ensure that their opinions are given due weight.

53. 应始终考虑儿童的最大利益并保护女童和妇女权利，必须具备必要条件让他们能够表达自己的观点并确保他们的意见得到应有的重视。

Careful consideration should also be given to the potential short-term and long-term impact on children or women of the dissolution of child and/or forced marriages and the return of dowry payments and bride prices.

我们还必须认真考虑童婚和/或强迫婚姻解体、退还嫁妆和彩礼等对儿童或妇女潜在的短期和长期影响。

54. States parties, and in particular immigration and asylum officials, should be aware that women and girls may be fleeing their country of origin to avoid undergoing a harmful practice.

54. 缔约国，尤其是移民和庇护事务官员，必须认识到，妇女和女童可能会为了逃避承受有害做法而逃离其本国。

Those officials should receive appropriate cultural, legal and gender-sensitive training on what steps need to be taken for the protection of such women and girls.

这些官员应就保护她们所需采取的步骤接受适当的文化、法律和性别敏感培训。

55. The Committees recommend that the States parties to the Conventions adopt or amend legislation with a view to effectively addressing and eliminating harmful practices.

55. 委员会建议《公约》缔约国通过或修正立法，以有效解决和消除有害做法。

In doing so, they should ensure:

在此过程中，缔约国应确保：

(a) That the process of drafting legislation is fully inclusive and participatory.

(a) 立法的起草过程具有全面的包容性和参与性。

For that purpose, they should conduct targeted advocacy and awareness-raising and use social mobilization measures to generate broad public knowledge of and support for the drafting, adoption, dissemination and implementation of the legislation;

为此，缔约国应开展针对性的倡导和提高认识活动，采取社会动员措施为立法的起草、批准、传播和实施形成广泛的公众认识和支持；

(b) That the legislation is in full compliance with the relevant obligations outlined in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international human rights standards that prohibit harmful practices and that it takes precedence over customary, traditional or religious laws that allow, condone or prescribe any harmful practice, especially in countries with plural legal systems;

(b) 立法完全符合《消除对妇女歧视公约》和《儿童权利公约》所列相关义务以及其他禁止有害做法的国际人权标准，并优先于允许、纵容或规定任何有害做法的习惯法、传统法或宗教法，尤其是在实行多元法律体系的国家；

(c) That they repeal without further delay all legislation that condones, allows or leads to harmful practices, including traditional, customary or religious laws and any legislation that accepts the defence of honour as a defence or mitigating factor in the commission of crimes in the name of so-called honour;

(c) 一切纵容、允许或导致有害做法的立法应毫不拖延地废除，包括传统法、习惯法或宗教法以及将“捍卫荣誉”认可为所谓荣誉犯罪的辩护或减罪因素的任何立法；

(d) That the legislation is consistent and comprehensive and provides detailed guidance on prevention, protection, support and follow-up services and assistance for victims, including towards their physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration, and is complemented by adequate civil and/or administrative legislative provisions;

(d) 立法具有一致性和全面性，就防范、保护、支助和跟进服务，以及受害者援助提供详细的指导，包括身心康复和重返社会，并以充分的民事和/或行政立法规定作为补充；

(e) That the legislation adequately addresses, including by providing the basis for the adoption of temporary special measures, the root causes of harmful practices, including discrimination on the basis of sex, gender, age and other intersecting factors, focuses on the human rights and needs of the victims and fully takes into account the best interests of children and women;

(e) 立法充分地，包括通过为通过暂行特别措施提供基础，解决有害做法的根本原因，包括基于性、性别、年龄和其他交叉因素的歧视和对受害者人权和需求的关注并充分考虑儿童和妇女的最大利益；

(f) That a minimum legal age of marriage for girls and boys, with or without parental consent, is established at 18 years.

(f) 把男女的法定最低结婚年龄确定为18周岁，无论父母是否同意。

When a marriage at an earlier age is allowed in exceptional circumstances, the absolute minimum age must not be below 16 years, the grounds for obtaining permission must be legitimate and strictly defined by law and the marriage must be permitted only by a court of law upon the full, free and informed consent of the child or both children, who must appear in person before the court;

如果在特殊情况下允许在未满18周岁时结婚，那么绝对最低年龄不小于16周岁，获得许可的理由应通过法律严格规定，且必须在一方或双方儿童亲自出庭表示充分、自由和知情同意，得到法院许可方可允许结婚；

(g) That a legal requirement of marriage registration is established and effective implementation is provided through awareness-raising, education and the existence of adequate infrastructure to make registration accessible to all persons within their jurisdiction;

(g) 确立婚姻登记的法律要求，通过提高认识、教育和提供充分的基础设施使所有人都能在辖区内进行登记，来实现有效的执行；

(h) That a national system of compulsory, accessible and free birth registration is established in order to effectively prevent harmful practices, including child marriage;

(h) 为所有儿童建立全国性强制、可得和免费的出生登记制度，以有效防止包括童婚在内的有害做法；

(i) That national human rights institutions are mandated to consider individual complaints and petitions and carry out investigations, including those submitted on behalf of or directly by women and children, in a confidential, gender-sensitive and child-friendly manner;

(i) 国家人权机构负责审议个人投诉和请愿并展开调查，包括以保密、性别敏感和儿童友好的方式由他人代表或由妇女和儿童直接提交的个人投诉和请愿；

(j) That it is made mandatory by law for professionals and institutions working for and with children and women to report actual incidents or the risk of such incidents if they have reasonable grounds to believe that a harmful practice has occurred or may occur.

(j) 法律强制规定，为儿童和妇女工作、与儿童和妇女一起工作的专业人员和机构如果有合理理由认为已经发生或有可能发生有害做法，应对实际事件或此类事件的风险予以报告。

Mandatory reporting responsibilities should ensure the protection of the privacy and confidentiality of those who report;

强制报告责任必须确保隐私保护和报告人的保密；

(k) That all initiatives to draft and amend criminal laws must be coupled with protection measures and services for victims and those who are at risk of being subjected to harmful practices;

(k) 所有起草和修正刑法的举措都必须结合对有害做法受害者和面临承受有害做法风险的人员的保护措施和服务；

(l) That legislation establishes jurisdiction over offences of harmful practices that applies to nationals of the State party and habitual residents even when they are committed in a State in which they are not criminalized;

(l) 立法确立对实施有害做法的管辖范围适用于缔约国国民和长期居民，即使行为的实施地点在其不承担刑事责任的其他国家；

(m) That legislation and policies relating to immigration and asylum recognize the risk of being subjected to harmful practices or being persecuted as a result of such practices as a ground for granting asylum.

(m) 涉及移徙和庇护的立法和政策将承受有害做法或因为有害做法而遭受迫害的风险认定为给予庇护的理由。

Consideration should also be given, on a case-by-case basis, to providing protection to a relative who may be accompanying the girl or woman;

应根据案件具体情况考虑为可能陪伴女童或妇女的一位亲属提供保护；

(n) That the legislation includes provisions on regular evaluation and monitoring, including in relation to implementation, enforcement and follow-up;

(n) 立法包括对法律进行定期评价和监测的规定，包括实施、执行和跟进；

(o) That women and children subjected to harmful practices have equal access to justice, including by addressing legal and practical barriers to initiating legal proceedings, such as the limitation period, and that the perpetrators and those who aid or condone such practices are held accountable;

(o) 承受有害做法的妇女和儿童能够获得平等的司法救助，包括通过克服提起诉讼的法律和实际障碍，如提起诉讼的时效等，以及对实施者和援助、纵容这类做法的人员问责；

(p) That the legislation includes mandatory restraining or protection orders to safeguard those at risk of harmful practices and provides for their safety and measures to protect victims from retribution;

(p) 立法包括强制限制或保护命令，以保护面临有害做法风险的人员并为其提供安全以及保护受害者免受报复的措施；

(q) That victims of violations have equal access to legal remedies and appropriate reparations in practice.

(q) 在实践中，违反两个公约或其中之一的行为的受害者可以平等地获得法律救济和适当的赔偿；

C. Prevention of harmful practices

7.3. 防止有害做法

56. One of the first steps in combating harmful practices is through prevention.

56. 打击有害做法首要的一个步骤就是防范。

Both Committees have underlined that prevention can be best achieved through a rights-based approach to changing social and cultural norms, empowering women and girls, building the capacity of all relevant professionals who are in regular contact with victims, potential victims and perpetrators of harmful practices at all levels and raising awareness of the causes and consequences of harmful practices, including through dialogue with relevant stakeholders.

两大委员会均已强调，通过一种基于人权的办法改变社会和文化规范、增强妇女和儿童能力、对经常接触各级有害做法受害者、潜在受害者和实施者的所有相关专业人员开展能力建设，以及提高对有害做法根源和后果的认识，可以最有效地实现防范，包括通过与相关的利益攸关方对话。

1. Establishing rights-based social and cultural norms

7.3.1 确立基于权利的社会文化规范

57. A social norm is a contributing factor to and social determinant of certain practices in a community that may be positive and strengthen its identity and cohesion or may be negative and potentially lead to harm. It is also a social rule of behaviour that members of a community are expected to observe.

57. 社会规范是一个社区中可能有利并强化其认同和凝聚力的或不利并潜在导致危害的某些做法的推动因素和社会决定性因素，同时也是期望社区成员遵守的社会行为准则。

This creates and sustains a collective sense of social obligation and expectation that conditions the behaviour of individual community members, even if they are not personally in agreement with the practice.

这就形成并维持了一种集体的社会义务感和预期，调节着社区成员的行为，即使他们本人并不认同这一做法。

For example, where female genital mutilation is the social norm, parents are motivated to agree to its being performed on their daughters because they see other parents doing so and believe that others expect them to do the same.

例如，在以切割女性生殖器官为社会规范的地方，父母倾向于同意对自己的女儿实施生殖器官切割，因为他们看到其他父母同意对女儿实施生殖器官切割，于是认为他人会期待自己采取同样做法。

The norm or practice is often perpetuated by other women in community networks who have already undergone the procedure and exert additional pressure on younger women to conform to the practice or risk ostracism, being shunned and stigmatization.

这一规范或做法通常由社区网络中已经经历过这一程序的其他妇女实施，她们会施加更大的压力让年轻妇女顺从这一做法，否则会面临排斥、回避和侮辱。

Such marginalization may include the loss of important economic and social support and social mobility.

这种边缘化可能包括失去重要的经济和社会支持以及社会流动。

Conversely, if individuals conform to the social norm, they expect to be rewarded, for example through inclusion and praise.

相反，如果个人顺应了这种社会规范，他们就有望得到包容和赞扬等回报。

Changing social norms that underlie and justify harmful practices requires that such expectations be challenged and modified.

改变支持有害做法并使其合理化的社会规范，要求对这种预期提出质疑并予以修正。

58. Social norms are interconnected, meaning that harmful practices cannot be addressed in isolation, but within a broader context based on a comprehensive understanding of how the practices are linked to other cultural and social norms and other practices.

58. 社会规范是相互联系的，因此，有害做法不能孤立地加以解决，而应该以全面认识这些做法与其他文化和社会规范以及其他做法之间的联系为基础，在更广泛的背景中寻求解决。

This indicates the need to adopt a rights-based approach that is founded on recognition that rights are indivisible and interdependent.

这说明了采用建立在承认权利不可分割和相互依赖基础上的、基于权利的办法的必要性。

59. An underlying challenge that must be confronted is the fact that harmful practices may be perceived as having beneficial effects for the victim and members of their family and community.

59. 必须面对的一个根本挑战是有害做法可能会被认为对受害者及其家人和社区有好处这一事实。

Consequently, there are significant limitations to any approach that targets only individual behavioural change.

因此，任何仅以改变单个行为为目的的办法都是十分局限的。

Instead, there is a need for a broad-based and holistic collective or community-based approach.

相反，需要一种基础广泛的、全面的集体或社区性的方法。

Culturally sensitive interventions that reinforce human rights and enable practising communities to collectively explore and agree upon alternative ways to fulfil their values and honour or celebrate traditions without causing harm and violating the human rights of women and children can lead to the sustainable and large-scale elimination of the harmful practices and the collective adoption of new social rules.

加强人权、使实施有害做法的社区集体探索并同意采用替代办法实现自身价值和维护传统而不造成伤害和侵犯妇女儿童的人权的文化敏感性干预，可以可持续、大规模地消除有害做法和集体采纳新的社会准则。

Public manifestations of a collective commitment to alternative practices can help to reinforce their long-term sustainability.

公开展现对采取替代做法的集体承诺有助于增强其长期可持续性。

In this regard, the active involvement of community leaders is crucial.

在这一方面，社区领袖的积极参与至关重要。

60. The Committees recommend that the States parties to the Conventions ensure that any efforts undertaken to tackle harmful practices and to challenge and change underlying social norms are holistic, community based and founded on a rights-based approach that includes the active participation of all relevant stakeholders, especially women and girls.

60. 委员会建议《公约》缔约国： 确保为解决有害做法以及质疑并改变其背后的社会规范而采取的任何努力都是全面的、以社区为基础的，而且以包括所有相关利益攸关方，尤其是妇女和女童在内的基于人权的办法为基础。

2. Empowerment of women and girls

7.3.2 妇女和女童赋权

61. States parties have an obligation to challenge and change patriarchal ideologies and structures that constrain women and girls from fully exercising their human rights and freedoms.

61. 缔约国有义务质疑和改变限制妇女和女童充分行使其人权和自由的父权意识形态和结构。

For girls and women to overcome the social exclusion and poverty that many experience, which increase their vulnerability to exploitation, harmful practices and other forms of gender-based violence, they need to be equipped with the skills and competencies necessary to assert their rights, including to make autonomous and informed decisions and choices about their own lives.

许多女童和妇女都经历过社会排斥和贫穷，这使她们更有可能遭受剥削、有害做法和其他形式的基于性别的暴力。 要战胜这样的社会排斥和贫穷，她们需要具备必要的技能和能力，以主张自己的权利，包括对自己的生活做出自主、知情的决定和选择。

In this context, education is an important tool for empowering women and girls to claim their rights.

在这一背景下，教育是增强妇女和女童、主张自身权利的能力的重要手段。

62. There is a clear correlation between the low educational attainment of girls and women and the prevalence of harmful practices.

62. 女童和妇女受教育程度低和有害做法的普遍程度之间存在明显的相关性。

States parties to the Conventions have obligations to ensure the universal right to high-quality education and to create an enabling environment that allows girls and women to become agents of change (Convention on the Rights of the Child, arts. 28-29; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, art. 10).

《公约》缔约国有义务确保享受高质量教育的普遍权利，创造有利环境使女童和妇女成为变革的动因（《儿童权利公约》第28-29条，《消除对妇女歧视公约》第10条）。

This entails providing universal, free and compulsory primary school enrolment and ensuring regular attendance, discouraging dropping out, eliminating existing gender disparities and supporting access for the most marginalized girls, including those living in remote and rural communities.

这就要求普及免费义务小学入学和按时就读，劝阻辍学，消除现有的性别不均等，以及支持最边缘女童获得教育，包括生活在偏远农村社区的女童。

In implementing the obligations, consideration should be given to making schools and their surroundings safe, friendly to girls and conducive to their optimal performance.

在履行这些义务时，应考虑使学校及其周边安全、对女童友好而且有利于女童的最优表现。

63. The completion of primary and secondary education provides girls with short-term and long-term benefits by contributing to the prevention of child marriage and adolescent pregnancy and lower rates of infant and maternal mortality and morbidity, preparing women and girls to better claim their right to freedom from violence and increasing their opportunities for effective participation in all spheres of life.

63. 完成初等和中等教育，有利于防止童婚和少女怀孕，降低母婴死亡率和发病率，使妇女和女童为更好地主张自己免于暴力的权利做好准备，并增加她们有效参与生活各个领域的机会，从而为女童带来短期和长期的好处。

The Committees have consistently encouraged States parties to take measures to boost enrolment and retention in secondary education, including by ensuring that pupils complete primary school, abolishing school fees for both primary and secondary education, promoting equitable access to secondary education, including technical-vocational educational opportunities and giving consideration to making secondary education compulsory.

委员会一贯鼓励缔约国采取措施提高中等教育的入学率和续读率，包括通过确保学生完成小学学业、取消初等和中等教育学费、促进公平享受中等教育（包括技术职业教育）机会和考虑中等教育义务化。

The right of adolescent girls to continue their studies, during and after pregnancy, can be guaranteed through non-discriminatory return policies.

少女在妊娠期间或妊娠结束后有权继续其学业，可通过不歧视的返校政策保障这一权利。

64. For out-of-school girls, non-formal education is often their only route to learning and should provide basic education and instruction in life skills.

64. 对失学女童来说，非正规教育通常是她们唯一的求学道路，应提供基础教育和生活技能指导。

It is an alternative to formal schooling for those who did not complete primary or secondary school and may also be made available through radio programmes and other media, including digital media.

对未完成初等和中等教育的人来说，这是正规教育的一种替代方式，可通过广播节目和数字媒体等其他媒体提供。

65. Women and girls are enabled to build their economic assets through training in livelihood and entrepreneurship skills and benefit from programmes that offer an economic incentive to postpone marriage until 18 years of age, such as scholarships, microcredit programmes or savings schemes (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, arts. 11 and 13; Convention on the Rights of the Child, art. 28).

65. 通过生计和创业技能培训，妇女和女童得以建立自己的经济资产，奖学金、小额信贷方案和储蓄计划等方案（《消除对妇女歧视公约》第11条和第13条，《儿童权利公约》第28条）可从经济上激励她们推迟到18岁以后结婚，从而受益。

Complementary awareness-raising programmes are essential to communicating the right of women to work outside the home and challenging taboos about women and work.

对于宣传妇女享有外出工作的权利、质疑有关妇女和就业的禁忌而言，补充性的提高认识方案必不可少。

66. Another means of encouraging the empowerment of women and girls is by building their social assets. This can be facilitated through the creation of safe spaces where girls and women can connect with peers, mentors, teachers and community leaders and express themselves, speak out, articulate their aspirations and concerns and participate in decisions affecting their lives.

66. 鼓励为妇女和女童赋权的另一种方法是建立其社交资产，有利于此的方式包括创造安全空间使女童和妇女得以与同伴、导师、教师和社会领袖联系并表达自己的思想、畅所欲言、说出自己的愿望和关切，并参与影响自己人生的决策。

This can help them to develop self-esteem and self-efficacy, communication, negotiation and problem-solving skills and awareness of their rights and can be particularly important for migrant girls.

这样有助于培养她们的自尊和自我效能感，沟通、谈判和解决问题的技能，以及对自身权利的认识，对移徙女童来说尤为重要。

Given that men have traditionally held positions of power and influence at all levels, their engagement is crucial to ensuring that children and women have the support and committed engagement of their families, communities, civil society and policymakers.

传统上男性占据着各级有权力和影响力的位置，他们的参与对于确保儿童和妇女得到家人、社区、民间社会和决策者的支持和参与承诺有着十分关键的作用。

67. Childhood, and early adolescence at the latest, are entry points for assisting both girls and boys and supporting them to change gender-based attitudes and adopt more positive roles and forms of behaviour in the home, at school and in wider society.

67. 童年时期，最迟在青春期早期，是帮助女童和男童、支持他们改变基于性别的态度、在家庭、在学校和更广泛的社会中采用更积极的角色和行为的起点。

This means facilitating discussions with them on social norms, attitudes and expectations that are associated with traditional femininity and masculinity and sex- and gender-linked stereotypical roles and working in partnership with them to support personal and social change aimed at eliminating gender inequality and promoting the importance of valuing education, especially girls’ education, in the effort to eliminate harmful practices that specifically affect pre-adolescent and adolescent girls.

这意味着要促进与他们讨论与传统的女性和男性以及性和性别相关的定型角色相联系的社会规范、态度和预期；在消除特别影响青春期前和青春期少女的有害做法的努力中，与他们以伙伴关系合作，支持以消除性别不平等、促进重视教育尤其是女童教育的重要性为目标的个人和社会变革。

68. Women and adolescent girls who have been, or are at risk of being, subjected to harmful practices face significant risks to their sexual and reproductive health, in particular in a context where they already encounter barriers to decision-making on such issues arising from lack of adequate information and services, including adolescent-friendly services.

68. 已经承受有害做法或存在承受有害做法风险的妇女和少女面临着极大的性健康和生殖健康风险，尤其是当她们已经因为缺乏足够的信息和服务，包括青少年友好服务，而遇到决策障碍的情况下。

Special attention is therefore needed to ensure that women and adolescents have access to accurate information about sexual and reproductive health and rights and on the impacts of harmful practices, as well as access to adequate and confidential services.

因此，需要特别注意确保妇女和青少年获得有关性健康和生殖健康与权利，以及有害做法的影响的准确信息，获得充分而且保密的服务。

Age-appropriate education, which includes science-based information on sexual and reproductive health, contributes to empowering girls and women to make informed decisions and claim their rights.

开展适龄教育，包括有关性健康和生殖健康的科学信息，有助于增强女童和妇女做出知情决定、主张自身权利的能力。

To this end, health-care providers and teachers with adequate knowledge, understanding and skills play a crucial role in conveying the information, preventing harmful practices and identifying and assisting women and girls who are victims of or might be at risk of being subjected to them.

为此，具有充分知识、理解和技能的保健服务提供者和教师对传递信息、防范有害做法以及认定已经或可能成为有害做法受害者的妇女和女童并为她们提供援助至关重要。

69. The Committees recommend that the States parties to the Conventions:

69. 委员会建议《公约》缔约国：

(a) Provide universal, free and compulsory primary education that is girl friendly, including in remote and rural areas, consider making secondary education mandatory while also providing economic incentives for pregnant girls and adolescent mothers to complete secondary school and establish non-discriminatory return policies;

(a) 以女童友好的方式普及免费义务初等教育，包括在偏远地区和农村地区。 在为怀孕女童和少女母亲提供完成中等教育的经济激励，以及制定不歧视的返校政策的同时，考虑使中等教育成为强制教育；

(b) Provide girls and women with educational and economic opportunities in a safe and enabling environment where they can develop their self-esteem, awareness of their rights and communication, negotiation and problem-solving skills;

(b) 在能够培养其自尊、使其了解自身权利并发展沟通、谈判和解决问题能力的安全、有利的环境中为女童和妇女提供教育和经济机会；

(c) Include in the educational curriculum information on human rights, including those of women and children, gender equality and self-awareness and contribute to eliminating gender stereotypes and fostering an environment of non-discrimination;

(c) 将人权信息纳入教育课程，包括妇女和儿童的权利、性别平等和自我意识，并致力于消除性别陈规定型观念和培育不歧视的环境；

(d) Ensure that schools provide age-appropriate information on sexual and reproductive health and rights, including in relation to gender relations and responsible sexual behaviour, HIV prevention, nutrition and protection from violence and harmful practices;

(d) 确保学校提供适龄的性健康和生殖健康和权利信息，包括性别关系和负责任的性行为、预防艾滋病毒、营养、免受暴力和有害做法的保护等；

(e) Ensure access to non-formal education programmes for girls who have dropped out of regular schooling, or who have never enrolled and are illiterate, and monitor the quality of those programmes;

(e) 确保从正规学校辍学或从未入学、不识字的女童可获得非正规教育方案；监测这些方案的质量；

(f) Engage men and boys in creating an enabling environment that supports the empowerment of women and girls.

(f) 动员成年男性和男童创造有利环境，支持对妇女和女童赋权。

3. Capacity development at all levels

7.3.3 各级能力建设

70. One of the primary challenges in the elimination of harmful practices relates to the lack of awareness or capacity of relevant professionals, including front-line professionals, to adequately understand, identify and respond to incidents or the risks of harmful practices.

70. 消除有害做法的一大难题和相关专业人员，包括一线专业人员在认识、识别和回应有害做法事件或风险方面缺乏认识或能力不足有关。

A comprehensive, holistic and effective approach to capacity-building should aim to engage influential leaders, such as traditional and religious leaders, and as many relevant professional groups as possible, including health, education and social workers, asylum and immigration authorities, the police, public prosecutors, judges and politicians at all levels.

全面、整体而有效的能力建设应以动员具有影响力的领袖（如传统领袖和宗教领袖），以及尽可能多的相关专业群体（包括卫生、教育和社会工作者、庇护和移徙事务管理人员、警察、检察官、法官和各级政治人物）参与为目标。

They need to be provided with accurate information about the practice and applicable human rights norms and standards with a view to promoting a change in the attitudes and forms of behaviour of their group and the wider community.

需为他们提供关于做法和适用人权规范和标准的准确信息，以促进群体和更广泛社会的态度和行为转变。

71. Where alternative dispute resolution mechanisms or traditional justice systems are in place, training on human rights and harmful practices should be provided to those responsible for their management.

71. 在存在替代性争议解决机制或传统司法制度的情况下，应为负责这方面管理的人员提供有关人权和有害做法的培训。

Furthermore, police officers, public prosecutors, judges and other law enforcement officials need training on the implementation of new or existing legislation criminalizing harmful practices to ensure that they are aware of the rights of women and children and are sensitive to the vulnerable status of victims.

而且，警察、检察官、法官和其他执法官员需要进行有关实施认定有害做法非法的新立法或现有立法的培训，以确保他们了解妇女和儿童的权利而且对受害者的脆弱地位保持敏感。

72. In States parties in which the prevalence of harmful practices is primarily limited to immigrant communities, health-care providers, teachers and childcare professionals, social workers, police officers, migration officials and the justice sector must be sensitized and trained in how to identify girls and women who have been, or are at risk of being, subjected to harmful practices and which steps can and should be taken to protect them.

72. 在有害做法主要限于在移徙社区通行的缔约国，必须使保健服务提供者、教师和儿童保育专业人员、社会工作者、警察、移民官员和司法部门在识别已经或可能承受有害做法的女童和妇女以及保持敏感，并得到培训，了解可以且应当采取哪些步骤对其进行保护。

73. The Committees recommend that the States parties to the Conventions:

73. 委员会建议《公约》缔约国：

(a) Provide all relevant front-line professionals with information on harmful practices and applicable human rights norms and standards and ensure that they are adequately trained to prevent, identify and respond to incidents of harmful practices, including mitigating negative effects for victims and helping them to gain access to remedies and appropriate services;

(a) 为所有相关的一线专业人员提供关于有害做法和应用人权规范和标准的信息，确保他们在防止、识别和回应有害做法事件方面得到足够的培训，包括减轻对受害者的不利影响以及帮助他们获得救济和适当的服务；

(b) Provide training to individuals involved in alternative dispute resolution and traditional justice systems to appropriately apply key human rights principles, especially the best interests of the child and the participation of children in administrative and judicial proceedings;

(b) 为涉及替代性争议解决和传统司法制度的人员提供培训，以正确适用关键的人权原则，特别是儿童的最大利益和儿童参与行政和司法程序的情况；

(c) Provide training to all law enforcement personnel, including the judiciary, on new and existing legislation prohibiting harmful practices and ensure that they are aware of the rights of women and children and of their role in prosecuting perpetrators and protecting victims of harmful practices;

(c) 为包括法官在内的所有执法工作人员提供禁止有害做法的新立法和现有立法培训，确保他们了解妇女和儿童的权利以及他们对起诉有害做法实施者、保护受害者 所负有的职责；

(d) Conduct specialized awareness and training programmes for health-care providers working with immigrant communities to address the unique health-care needs of children and women who have undergone female genital mutilation or other harmful practices and provide specialized training also for professionals within child welfare services and services focused on the rights of women and the education and police and justice sectors, politicians and media personnel working with migrant girls and women.

(d) 对移民社区的保健服务提供者开展专门的认识和培训方案，解决接受过切割女性生殖器官或其他有害做法的儿童和妇女的特殊保健需求问题。 同时为儿童福利服务机构以及侧重于妇女权利的机构、教育、警察和司法部门、政治人物以及从事移民女童和妇女工作的媒体工作人员提供专门培训。

4. Awareness-raising, public dialogue and manifestations of commitment

7.3.4 提高意识、公共对话和承诺表示

74. To challenge sociocultural norms and attitudes that underlie harmful practices, including male-dominated power structures, sex- and gender-based discrimination and age hierarchies, both Committees regularly recommend that States parties undertake comprehensive public information and awareness-raising campaigns that are part of long-term strategies to eliminate harmful practices.

74. 为了挑战有害做法背后的社会文化规范和态度，包括男性主导的权力结构、基于性和性别的歧视和年龄等级，两委员会定期建议缔约国开展全面的公共宣传和提高认识活动，作为消除有害做法长期战略的一部分。

75. Awareness-raising measures should include accurate information from trusted sources about the harm caused by the practices and convincing reasons as to why they should be eliminated.

75. 提高认识的措施应包括由可信来源提供的有关各种做法导致危害的准确信息，以及为何应对其予以消除的令人信服的理由。

In this respect, the mass media can perform an important function in ensuring new thinking, in particular through access by women and children to information and material aimed at the promotion of their social and moral well-being and physical and mental health, in line with obligations under both Conventions that help to protect them from harmful practices.

在这一方面，大众媒体可以发挥重要作用，根据帮助他们免于各种有害做法的两大《公约》规定的各项义务，通过妇女和儿童获得旨在促进其社会和道德福利以及身心健康的信息和材料，特别形成新思维。

76. The launching of awareness-raising campaigns can provide an opportunity to initiate public discussions about harmful practices with a view to collectively exploring alternatives that do not cause harm or violate the human rights of women and children and reaching agreement that the social norms underlying and sustaining harmful practices can and should be changed.

76. 启动提高认识活动，可以提供发起公众关于有害做法的讨论的机会，以集体探索不会造成伤害或侵犯妇女和儿童人权的替代方案，并就潜在、维持有害做法的社会规范能够且应当改变达成一致。

The collective pride of a community in identifying and adopting new ways to fulfil its core values will ensure the commitment and sustainability of new social norms that do not result in the infliction of harm or violate human rights.

一个社区在落实和采纳新办法、实现核心价值方面的集体自豪感，可以确保新的社会规范承诺和可持续性，而不至于产生蒙受伤害或侵犯人权的后果。

77. The most effective efforts are inclusive and engage relevant stakeholders at all levels, especially girls and women from affected communities and boys and men.

77. 最有效的努力是具有包容性而且动员了各级相关利益攸关方的努力，特别是动员了来自受影响社区的女童和妇女以及男童和成年男性的。

Moreover, those efforts require the active participation and support of local leaders, including through the allocation of adequate resources.

此外，这些努力需要地方领袖的积极参与和支持，包括足够的资源分配。

Establishing or strengthening existing partnerships with relevant stakeholders, institutions, organizations and social networks (religious and traditional leaders, practitioners and civil society) can help to build bridges between constituencies.

与相关的利益攸关方、机构、组织和社区网络（宗教和传统领袖、从业人员及民间社会）建立或加强现有的合作伙伴关系，有助于架设起不同支持者群体之间的桥梁。

78. Consideration could be given to the dissemination of information on positive experiences that followed the elimination of harmful practices within a local or diaspora community or within other practising communities from the same geographical region with similar backgrounds, as well as to the exchange of good practice, including from other regions. This may take the form of local, national or regional conferences or events, visits of community leaders or the use of audiovisual tools.

78. 必须考虑在消除有害做法后在地方或移徙社区或其他来自具有相似背景的同一地理区域、实行有害做法的社区传播有关积极经验的信息，以及包括来自其他地区的良好做法，可以采取地方、国家或区域会议或活动、社会领袖访问或使用音像工具等形式。

In addition, awareness-raising activities need to be carefully designed so that they accurately reflect the local context, do not result in backlash reactions or foster stigma and/or discrimination against the victims and/or the practising communities.

此外，需精心设计提高认识活动，以便准确反映当地环境、不至造成强烈抵制或引发对受害者及践行社区的羞辱或歧视。

79. Community-based and mainstream media can be important partners in awareness-raising and outreach regarding the elimination of harmful practices, including through joint initiatives with Governments to host debates or talk shows, prepare and screen documentaries and develop educational programmes for radio and television.

79. 在提高认识和消除有害做法外展工作中，社区和主流媒体可以成为重要的合作伙伴，包括通过与政府联合举办辩论或谈话节目、制作和放映纪录片以及制作教育类广播和电视节目。

The Internet and social media can also be valuable tools for providing information and opportunities for debate, while mobile telephones are increasingly being used to convey messages and engage with people of all ages.

互联网和社交媒体也可以成为有用的工具，为讨论活动提供信息、创造机会，移动电话越来越广泛地被用于传递信息、使各种年龄段的人们都能参与。

Community-based media can serve as a useful forum for information and dialogue and may include radio, street theatre, music, art, poetry and puppetry.

基于社区的媒体是宣传和对话的有用平台，包括广播、街道剧场、音乐、艺术、诗歌和木偶戏等。

80. In States parties with effective and enforced legislation against harmful practices, there is a risk that practising communities will go into hiding or go abroad to carry out the practices.

80. 在打击有害做法立法有效、实施得力的缔约国，存在践行社区藏匿或潜往国外实施做法的风险。

States parties hosting practising communities should support awareness-raising campaigns regarding the harmful impact on the victims or those at risk, as well as the legal implications of the violation, while at the same time preventing discrimination and stigma against those communities.

在防止针对这些社区的歧视和耻辱的同时，接收践行社区的东道主缔约国应支持就对受害者或面临风险的人员的有害影响以及侵犯行为的法律后果开展提高认识的活动。

To this end, steps should be taken to facilitate the social integration of such communities.

为此，必须采取步骤促进这些社区的社会融合。

81. The Committees recommend that the States parties to the Conventions:

81. 委员会建议《公约》缔约国：

(a) Develop and adopt comprehensive awareness-raising programmes to challenge and change cultural and social attitudes, traditions and customs that underlie forms of behaviour that perpetuate harmful practices;

(a) 编制并通过全面的提高认识方案，挑战和改变实施有害做法的行为背后的文化与社会态度、传统及习俗；

(b) Ensure that awareness-raising programmes provide accurate information and clear and unified messages from trusted sources about the negative impact of harmful practices on women, children, in particular girls, their families and society at large.

(b) 确保提高认识方案提供准确信息以及来自可信来源的有关有害做法对妇女、儿童，尤其是女童，及其家庭和广大社会带来的不利影响的明确、一致的信息。

Such programmes should include social media, the Internet and community communication and dissemination tools;

这类方案应包括社交媒体、互联网以及社区宣传和传播手段；

(c) Take all appropriate measures to ensure that stigma and discrimination are not perpetuated against the victims and/or practising immigrant or minority communities;

(c) 采取一切适当措施确保受害者及践行做法的移民或少数族群社区不受羞辱和歧视；

(d) Ensure that awareness-raising programmes targeting State structures engage decision makers and all relevant programmatic staff and key professionals working within local and national government and government agencies;

(d) 确保针对国家机构的提高认识方案动员决策者和所有相关的方案工作人员，以及在地方和国家政府、政府机构内工作的主要专业人员参与；

(e) Ensure that personnel of national human rights institutions are fully aware and sensitized to the human rights implications of harmful practices within the State party and that they receive support to promote the elimination of those practices;

(e) 确保国家人权机构的工作人员充分认识有害做法在缔约国内部的影响，并对此保持敏感，确保在推动消除这些做法的过程中对其予以支持；

(f) Initiate public discussions to prevent and promote the elimination of harmful practices, by engaging all relevant stakeholders in the preparation and implementation of the measures, including local leaders, practitioners, grass-roots organizations and religious communities.

(f) 通过在制定和实施这些措施的过程中发动所有相关的利益攸关方，包括地方领袖、从业人员、基层组织和宗教社区，发起公共讨论，以防止有害做法并促进其消除。

The activities should affirm the positive cultural principles of a community that are consistent with human rights and include information on experiences of successful elimination by formerly practising communities with similar backgrounds;

这些活动应强调符合人员的社区这种积极的文化原则，并包括具备相似背景的先前践行社区成功的消除经验有关的信息；

(g) Build or reinforce effective partnerships with the mainstream media to support the implementation of awareness-raising programmes and promote public discussions and encourage the creation and observance of self-regulatory mechanisms that respect the privacy of individuals.

(g) 建立或加强与主流媒体的有效合作伙伴关系，支持实施提高认识的方案，促进公共讨论，鼓励创建和遵守尊重个人隐私的自我监管机制。

D. Protective measures and responsive services

7.4 保护性措施和响应服务

82. Women and children who are victims of harmful practices are in need of immediate support services, including medical, psychological and legal services. Emergency medical services may be the most urgent and obvious, given that some of the harmful practices covered herein involve the infliction of extreme physical violence and medical intervention may be necessary to treat severe harm or prevent death.

82. 作为有害做法受害者的妇女和儿童需要即时的支助服务，包括医疗、心理和法律服务，紧急医疗服务可能是其中最为迫切和明显的需要，因为本一般性建议/意见所涵盖的有害做法有一些涉及承受极度的身体暴力，为了处理严重伤害或防止死亡，有必要实施医疗介入。

Victims of female genital mutilation or other harmful practices may also require medical treatment or surgical interventions to address the short-term and long-term physical consequences.

对切割女性生殖器官或其他有害做法的受害者还可能需要实施医学治疗或外科手术，以解决身体上短期和长期的不利影响。

The management of pregnancy and childbirth in women or girls who have undergone female genital mutilation must be included in pre-service and in-service training for midwives, doctors and other skilled birth attendants.

必须将对妇女或女童妊娠和分娩的管理纳入助产士、医师和其他熟练接生人员的岗前和在职培训。

83. National protection systems or, in their absence, traditional structures should be mandated to be child friendly and gender sensitive and adequately resourced to provide all necessary protection services to women and girls who face a high risk of being subjected to violence, including girls running away to avoid being subjected to female genital mutilation, forced marriage or crimes committed in the name of so-called honour.

83. 国家保护体系，或在其缺失时的传统结构应负责做到儿童友好、对性别问题敏感和资源充足，为面临高暴力风险的妇女和女童提供一切必要的保护性服务，包括为避免承受切割女性生殖器官、强迫婚姻或所谓名誉犯罪而逃匿的女童。

Consideration should be given to the establishment of an easy-to-remember, free, around-the-clock helpline that is available and known nationwide.

必须考虑设置方便记忆、免费拨打的24小时全国通用求助热线。

Appropriate safety and security measures for victims must be available, including specifically designed temporary shelters or specialized services within shelters for victims of violence.

必须具备适当的受害者安全和保障措施，包括专门的临时收容所，以及暴力受害者收容所内的专门服务。

Given that perpetrators of harmful practices are often the spouse of the victim, a family member or a member of the victim’s community, protective services should seek to relocate victims outside their immediate community if there is reason to believe that they may be unsafe.

由于有害做法实施者通常是受害者的配偶、亲属或受害者所在社区成员，如果有理由相信受害者不安全，保护性服务应尝试把受害者迁移安置在其直接所属的社区以外。

Unsupervised visits must be avoided, especially when the issue may be considered one of so-called honour.

必须避免无人监督的来访，特别是在问题可能属于所谓名誉的情况下。

Psychosocial support must also be available to treat the immediate and long-term psychological trauma of victims, which may include post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression.

还必须提供社会心理支助，以治疗受害者受到的直接和长期的心理创伤，其中可能包括创伤后压力综合症、焦虑或抑郁。

84. When a woman or a girl who was subjected to or refused to undergo a practice leaves her family or community to seek refuge, her decision to return must be supported by adequate national protection mechanisms.

84. 如果已受到或拒绝接受某一做法的妇女或女童离开家庭或社区寻求庇护，她决定返回必须得到国家保护机制充分的支持。

In assisting her in making this free and informed choice, the mechanisms are required to ensure her safe return and reintegration based on the principle of her best interest, including avoiding revictimization.

在协助其做出这一自由而知情的选择时，这些机制要以她的最大利益为原则，确保其安全返回和重新融入，包括避免重新成为受害者。

Such situations require close follow-up and monitoring to ensure that victims are protected and enjoy their rights in the short term and the long term.

对这类情形必须进行密切跟进和监测，以确保受害者得到保护并在短期和长期内享有其权利。

85. Victims seeking justice for violations of their rights as a result of harmful practices often face stigmatization, a risk of revictimization, harassment and possible retribution. Steps must therefore be taken to ensure that the rights of girls and women are protected throughout the legal process, in accordance with articles 2 (c) and 15 (2) and (3) of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and that children are enabled to effectively engage in court proceedings as part of their right to be heard under article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

85. 受害者因有害做法造成其权利受到侵犯而寻求正义，往往面临羞辱、重新沦为受害者的风险、骚扰以及可能的报复，因此，必须采取步骤，根据《消除对妇女歧视公 约》第2条(c)款、第15条(b)和(c)款通过法律程序确保女童和妇女的权利得到保护，根据《儿童权利公约》第12条的规定作为儿童受倾听权的一部分 使其能够有效参与法庭诉讼。

86. Many migrants have a precarious economic and legal status, which increases their vulnerability to all forms of violence, including harmful practices.

86. 很多移民面临不稳定的经济和法律地位，增加了其在各种形式暴力，包括有害做饭面前的脆弱性。

Migrant women and children often do not have access to adequate services on an equal basis with citizens.

移徙妇女和儿童往往无法得到与公民同等的充分服务。

87. The Committees recommend that the States parties to the Conventions:

87. 委员会建议《公约》缔约国：

(a) Ensure that protection services are mandated and adequately resourced to provide all necessary prevention and protection services to children and women who are, or are at high risk of becoming, victims of harmful practices;

(a) 确保保护服务有人负责并获得充足的资源，为成为或可能成为有害做法受害者的儿童和妇女提供一切必要的防范和保护服务；

(b) Establish a free, 24-hour hotline that is staffed by trained counsellors, to enable victims to report instances when a harmful practice is likely to occur or has occurred, and provide referral to needed services and accurate information about harmful practices;

(b) 设置24小时免费热线电话，由经过培训的咨询人员值守，使受害者在可能发生或已经发生有害做法时能够报告情况、提供所需服务转介，以及关于有害做法的准确信息；

(c) Develop and implement capacity-building programmes on their role in protection for judicial officers, including judges, lawyers, prosecutors and all relevant stakeholders, on legislation prohibiting discrimination and on applying laws in a gender-sensitive and age-sensitive manner in conformity with the Conventions;

(c) 就司法官员，包括法官、律师、检察官及所有相关的利益攸关方的保护职责，就立法禁止歧视，以及按照两大《公约》以性别和年龄敏感的方式适用法律等问题制定和实施能力建设方案；

(d) Ensure that children participating in legal processes have access to appropriate child-sensitive services to safeguard their rights and safety and to limit the possible negative impacts of the proceedings.

(d) 确保参与法律程序的儿童可以获得适当的儿童敏感服务，以保障他们的权利和安全，限制诉讼可能产生的不利影响。

Protective action may include limiting the number of times that a victim is required to give a statement and not requiring that individual to face the perpetrator or perpetrators.

保护性行动包括限制受害者被要求陈述的次数、不要求个人面对行为实施者等。

Other steps may include appointing a guardian ad litem (especially where the perpetrator is a parent or legal guardian) and ensuring that child victims have access to adequate child-sensitive information about the process and fully understand what to expect;

其他步骤包括指定诉讼期间的监护人（特别是在实施者为父、母亲或法定监护人的情况下），以及确保受害儿童获得有关这一过程的充分的儿童敏感信息并充分了解可能发生的情况；

(e) Ensure that migrant women and children have equal access to services, regardless of their legal status.

(e) 确保移徙妇女和儿童不论其法律地位如何，都能平等地获得服务。

VIII. Dissemination and use of the joint general recommendation/general comment and reporting

8. 一般性意见/建议的传播及报告

88. States parties should widely disseminate the present joint general recommendation/general comment to parliaments, Governments and the judiciary, nationally and locally. It should also be made known to children and women and all relevant professionals and stakeholders, including those working for and with children (i.e. judges, lawyers, police officers and other law enforcement officials, teachers, guardians, social workers, staff of public or private welfare institutions and shelters and health-care providers) and civil society at large.

88. 缔约国应当在国家和地方面向议会、政府和司法机关广泛传播本联合一般性建议/意见，还应使儿童和妇女以及所有相关的专业人员和利益攸关方，包括为儿童及和 儿童工作的人员（如法官、律师、警察和其他执法机构、教师、监护人、社会工作者、公私福利机构和收容所工作人员、保健服务提供者）以及一般民间社会，都知 晓本一般性意见/建议。

It should be translated into relevant languages and child-friendly/appropriate versions and formats accessible to persons with disabilities should be made available.

联合一般性建议/意见应翻译成相关语文；应提供儿童友好/残障人士可用的适当版本和格式。

Conferences, seminars, workshops and other events should be held to share good practice on how best to implement it.

应举行会议、研讨会、讲习班以及其他活动分享有关如何最好地实行联合一般性建议/意见的良好做法。

It should also be incorporated into the formal pre-service and in-service training of all relevant professionals and technical staff and should be made available to all national human rights institutions, women’s organizations and other human rights non-governmental organizations.

还应将其纳入所有相关专业人员和技术人员的正式岗前培训和在职培训，并应将其提供给所有国家人权机构、妇女组织和其他非政府人权组织。

89. States parties should include in their reports under the Conventions information about the nature and extent of attitudes, customs and social norms that perpetuate harmful practices and on the measures guided by the present joint general recommendation/general comment that they have implemented and the effects thereof.

89. 缔约国应在其根据《消除对妇女歧视公约》和《儿童权利公约》提交的报告中包含有关使有害做法得以保留的态度、习俗和社会规范的性质和范围，以及其在本一般性建议/意见指导下已经实施的措施极其效果。

IX. Treaty ratification or accession and reservations

9. 条约的批准、加入和保留

90. States parties are encouraged to ratify the following instruments:

90. 鼓励缔约国批准：

(a) Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women;

(a) 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约任择议定书》（1999年）；

(b) Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography;

(b) 《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品的任择议定书》（2000年）；

(c) Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict;

(c) 《儿童权利公约关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》（2000年）；

(d) Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure.

(d) 《儿童权利公约关于设定来文程序的任择议定书》（2011年）。

91. States parties should review and modify or withdraw any reservations to articles 2, 5 and 16, or their subparagraphs, of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and articles 19 and 24 (3) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

91. 缔约国必须审查并修改或撤回对《消除对妇女歧视公约》第2、5和16条及《儿童权利公约》第19条和第24条第3款或其子段落的保留意见。

The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women considers reservations to those articles in principle incompatible with the object and purpose of the Conventions and thus impermissible under article 28 (2) of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.

消除对妇女歧视委员会认为对这些条款的保留意见原则上与《公约》的宗旨和目的对立，因而根据《消除对妇女歧视公约》第28条第2款是不能允许的。