CEDAW/GC/34 1603601E.docx (English)

CEDAW/GC/34 1603601C.docx (Chinese)

1603601E.docx

1603601C.docx

CEDAW/C/GC/34

CEDAW/C/GC/34

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination

消除对妇女歧视委员会

against Women General recommendation No. 34 (2016) on the rights of rural women

关于农村妇女权利的第34(2016)号一般性建议

I. Introduction

一. 导言

1. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women acknowledges the vital contributions of rural women and the urgent need to improve the recognition and protection of their human rights.

1. 消除对妇女歧视委员会确认农村妇女做出了重要贡献，且确认迫切需要更好地承认和保护其人权。

Through its previous concluding observations and general recommendations, the Committee has identified various ways in which rural women continue to face discrimination.

委员会通过先前的结论性意见和一般性建议确定农村妇女仍在以各种方式面临歧视。

In the present general recommendation, the Committee clarifies States parties’ obligations to ensure the rights of rural women, with a focus on article 14 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which recognizes the unique situation of rural women and highlights specific obligations of States parties in recognizing, promoting and protecting their rights.

在本一般性建议中，委员会澄清，缔约国有义务确保农村妇女的权利，重点是《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十四条，该条认识到农村妇女的特殊情况，并重点强调了缔约国在承认、促进和保护其权利方面的具体义务。

2. Article 14 is the only provision in an international human rights treaty that specifically pertains to rural women.

2. 第十四条是国际人权条约中唯一专门涉及农村妇女的条款。

However, all rights under the Convention apply to rural women, and article 14 must be interpreted in the context of the Convention as a whole.

但《公约》中的各项权利都适用于农村妇女，且第十四条必须放在《公约》全文中来解释。

When reporting, States parties should address all articles that have bearing on the enjoyment of rights by rural women and girls.

缔约国在提交报告时，应述及关乎农村妇女和女童享受权利的所有条款。

Accordingly, the present general recommendation explores the links between article 14 and other Convention provisions.

因此，本一般性建议探讨了第十四条与《公约》其他条款之间的联系。

As many of the Sustainable Development Goals address the situation of rural women and provide an important opportunity to advance both process and outcome indicators, the specific intent of the present general recommendation is to provide guidance to States parties on the implementation of their obligations with respect to rural women.

鉴于多项可持续发展目标均涉及农村妇女的境况，并且为推动进程和成果指标提供了重要机会，本一般性建议的具体意图是，就如何履行对农村妇女的义务向缔约国提供指导。

While general recommendation No. 34 focuses on rural women in developing countries, some of its components also pertain to the situation of rural women in developed countries.

第34号一般性建议虽侧重于发展中国家的农村妇女，但其中某些内容也涉及发达国家农村妇女的境况。

It is recognized that rural women, even in developed countries, suffer discrimination and challenges in various areas, including economic empowerment, participation in political and public life, access to services and the labour exploitation of rural migrant women workers.

此项建议承认，农村妇女在增强经济权能、参与政治和公共生活、获得服务和农村移徙女工遭受劳动剥削等领域均遭受歧视和遇到挑战，即使在发达国家也是如此。

II. Background

二. 背景

3. Currently, rural women represent a quarter of the world’s population. They play a crucial role in maintaining and improving rural livelihoods and strengthening rural communities.

3. 目前，农村妇女占世界总人口的四分之一，她们在维护和改善农村生计及加强农村社区方面起着至关重要的作用。

In recent years, the Committee has developed a significant body of jurisprudence on the rights of rural women and the challenges that they face, in particular through concluding observations.

近年来，委员会确定了关于农村妇女权利及其所面临的挑战的大量判例，特别是通过结论性意见来确定。

Several United Nations conferences have recognized the role of rural women in agriculture, rural development, food and nutrition, and poverty reduction.

若干联合国会议也承认农村妇女在农业、农村发展、粮食与营养及减贫方面的作用。

Hence, there is a need for further specific attention to rural women, as recognized in the Sustainable Development Goals.

因此，正如可持续发展目标所认识到的，必须进一步特别关注农村妇女。

4. The Committee recognizes that rural women continue to face systematic and persistent barriers to the full enjoyment of their human rights and that, in many cases, conditions have deteriorated.

4. 委员会承认，农村妇女在充分享受人权方面继续面临着系统性和持续性障碍，而且在许多情况下，情势已然恶化。

In many States, rural women’s rights and needs remain insufficiently addressed or ignored in laws, national and local policies, budgets and investment strategies at all levels.

在许多国家，农村妇女的权利和需求要么依然得不到充分满足，要么在各级法律、国家和地方政策、预算和投资战略中遭到忽视。

Even when they exist, laws and policies that consider rural women’s situation and foresee special measures to address it are often not implemented.

虑及农村妇女境况并就如何解决这个问题规定特别措施的政策和法律，即便存在，也往往得不到落实。

5. Globally, and with few exceptions, on every gender and development indicator for which data are available, rural women fare worse than rural men and urban women and men, and rural women disproportionately experience poverty and exclusion.

5. 在全球一级，就现已掌握数据的每一个性别平等与发展指标而言，农村妇女的情况都远远不如农村男子与城市妇女和男子，鲜有例外， 而且，农村妇女遭受贫穷和排斥异常严重。

They face systemic discrimination in access to land and natural resources.

她们在获得土地和自然资源方面面临系统性歧视。

They carry most of the unpaid work burden owing to stereotyped gender roles, inequality within the household and the lack of infrastructure and services, including with respect to food production and care work.

由于性别角色陈规定型、在家庭中不平等以及缺乏基础设施和服务，包括在粮食生产和护理工作方面，她们承担着大部分无报酬工作。

Even when formally employed, they are more often engaged in work that is insecure, hazardous, poorly paid and not covered by social protection.

即便有正式工作，她们所从事的工作也往往缺乏保障、带有危险性、报酬低廉且享受不到社会保护。

They are less likely to be educated and are at higher risk of being trafficked and forced into labour, as well as into child and/or forced marriage and other harmful practices (see CEDAW/C/GC/31-CRC/C/GC/18).

她们接受教育的机会更少，被贩运和从事强迫劳动以及成为童婚和(或)强迫婚姻及其他有害做法受害者的风险更高(见CEDAW/C/GC/31-CRC/C/GC/18)。

They are more likely to become ill, suffer from malnutrition or die from preventable causes, and are particularly disadvantaged with respect to access to health care.

她们更容易生病、易患营养不良或死于可预防病因，在获得医疗保健方面处境尤为不利。

6. Rural women are also more likely to be excluded from leadership and decision-making positions at all levels.

6. 农村妇女被排除在各级领导和决策职位之外的可能性也更高。

They are disproportionately affected by gender-based violence and lack access to justice and effective legal remedies.

她们受性别暴力影响异常严重，却缺乏诉诸法律的机会，得不到有效的法律补救。

Clearly, the importance of rural women’s empowerment, self-determination and position in decision-making and governance must not be ignored.

很显然，增强农村妇女权能、自决和担任决策与管理职务的重要性不容忽视。

When it is, States jeopardize their own progress.

否则，各国便是在妨碍自身进步。

III. Overarching State party obligations to respect, protect and fulfil the rights of rural women

三. 缔约国尊重、保护和实现农村妇女权利的总体义务

A. Application of articles 1 and 2

A. 第一条和第二条的适用

7. The definition of discrimination contained in article 1 of the Convention applies to all women and concerns all forms of discrimination, making its application to rural women self-evident.

7. 《公约》第一条所载的歧视定义适用于所有妇女，且涵盖一切形式歧视，因此，该条对农村妇女的适用性不言自明。

Article 2 provides that States parties shall condemn discrimination against women in all its forms and is inextricably linked with all other substantive provisions of the Convention, including article 14.

第二条规定，缔约国应谴责对妇女的一切形式歧视，该条与包括第十四条在内的《公约》所有其他实质性条款有着千丝万缕的联系。

To comply with article 2 in relation to rural women, States parties must refrain from acts of commission and omission that discriminate against them.

为了遵守关于农村妇女的第二条，缔约国必须避免歧视妇女的作为和不作为。

8. Discriminatory or otherwise inadequate legal frameworks, complex legal systems, conflict and post-conflict settings, a lack of information and sociocultural constraints can combine to make justice inaccessible to rural women.

8. 歧视性或其他不适当的法律框架、复杂的法律制度、冲突和冲突后局势、缺乏信息和社会文化制约加在一起，可能会阻断农村妇女获得司法救助的机会。

Factors that contribute to discriminatory stereotypes and practices, especially in rural areas, include the parallel existence of often overlapping and conflicting statutory, customary and religious laws and authorities.

导致歧视性陈规定型观念和做法的因素包括：并行存在着常常相互重叠且相互冲突的成文法、习惯法和宗教法以及权力机构，特别是在农村地区。

Many rural women and girls live in communities in which informal justice mechanisms are used to resolve disputes.

许多农村妇女和女童所生活的社区采用非正规司法机制来解决争端。

While informal justice may be more accessible to them, rules and mechanisms that are not in conformity with the Convention must be brought into line with it and with general recommendation No. 33 (2015) on women’s access to justice.

非正规司法于它们而言可能更加便捷，但必须对那些不符合《公约》规定的规则和机制进行调整，使其与《公约》和关于妇女获得司法救助的第33(2015)号一般性建议接轨。

9. States parties should ensure that legal frameworks are non-discriminatory and guarantee access to justice to rural women, in line with general recommendation No. 33, including by:

9. 缔约国应按照第33号一般性建议，确保本国法律框架不带有歧视性，并保障农村妇女获得司法救助，包括通过：

(a) Conducting a gender impact analysis of current laws to assess their effect on rural women;

(a) 对现行法律进行性别影响分析，以评估其对农村妇女的影响；

(b) Enacting legislation to regulate the relationship between different mechanisms within plural legal systems in order to reduce conflicts of law and ensure that rural women may claim their rights;

(b) 颁布立法，规范多元法律体系中不同机制之间的关系，以减少法律冲突，并确保农村妇女能够提出权利主张；

(c) Increasing rural women’s awareness and legal literacy by providing them with information on their legal rights and on the existence of plural legal systems (where relevant);

(c) 向农村妇女宣传其法律权利和现有的多元法律制度(如果相关)，以此提高她们的认识并普及法律知识；

(d) Ensuring free or affordable access to legal services and legal aid;

(d) 确保法律服务和法律援助免费或负担得起；

(e) Promoting rural women’s legal empowerment, including through gender-responsive quasi-judicial and judicial procedures;

(e) 促进增强农村妇女的法律权能，包括通过促进性别平等的准司法和司法程序；

(f) Dismantling barriers to rural women’s access to justice by ensuring that formal and informal justice mechanisms and dispute resolution alternatives are available to them;

(f) 确保正规和非正规司法机制及争端解决替代方案出台到位，以此扫清农村妇女获得司法救助的障碍；

(g) Ensuring physical access to courts and other justice mechanisms, for example through the provision of mobile courts that are accessible to rural women;

(g) 确保法院及其他司法机制切实可得，例如通过设立向农村妇女开放的流动法院；

(h) Providing training to the judiciary, lawyers, law enforcement officials, paralegals, traditional leaders and other relevant authorities and officials in rural areas on the rights of rural women and the negative impact of discrimination against them.

(h) 对农村地区的司法人员、律师、执法官员、律师助理、传统领袖和其他主管当局和官员进行培训，使其了解农村妇女的权利及所受歧视对其造成的负面影响。

10. Discrimination against rural women cannot be fully understood without taking into account the macroeconomic roots of gender inequality.

10. 不考虑性别不平等的宏观经济根源，就不能充分认识农村妇女遭受的歧视。

States often fail to acknowledge the role of rural women and girls in unpaid work, their contribution to the gross domestic product and, therefore, to sustainable development.

各国经常不承认农村妇女和女童在无报酬工作中的作用、她们对国内生产总值的贡献和由此为可持续发展所做的贡献。

Bilateral and multilateral agreements on trade, tax and other economic and fiscal policies can have a significant negative impact on the lives of rural women.

双边和多边贸易协定、税收以及其他经济和财政政策可能会对农村妇女的生活造成严重的负面影响。

Environmental issues, including climate change and natural disasters, often provoked by the unsustainable use of natural resources, as well as poor waste management practices, also have detrimental impacts on the well-being of rural women.

包括气候变化和自然灾害在内的环境问题通常是因人们对自然资源的不可持续利用以及废物管理做法欠佳引起的，它们也会对农村妇女的福祉产生有害影响。

Gender-neutral policies, reforms and laws may uphold and strengthen existing inequalities related to all of the above.

而不分性别的政策、改革和法律有可能维护和巩固与上述情况有关的现有不平等。

11. States parties should ensure that macroeconomic policies, including trade, fiscal and investment policies, as well bilateral and multilateral agreements, are responsive to the needs of rural women and strengthen the productive and investing capacities of small-scale women producers.

11. 缔约国应确保包括贸易、财政和投资政策在内的宏观经济政策以及双边和多边协定顺应农村妇女的需要，并增强小规模妇女生产者的生产和投资能力。

They should address the negative and differential impacts of economic policies, including agricultural and general trade liberalization, privatization and the commodification of land, water and natural resources, on the lives of rural women and the fulfilment of their rights.

各国应该消除包括农业和一般贸易自由化、私有化和土地、水和自然资源商品化在内的经济政策给农村妇女的生活及其权利的实现造成的消极和有差别的影响。

Similarly, development partners should also ensure that their development assistance policies focus on the specific needs of rural women.

同样，发展伙伴也应确保其发展援助政策侧重于农村妇女的具体需要。

12. States parties should address specific threats posed to rural women by climate change, natural disasters, land and soil degradation, water pollution, droughts, floods, desertification, pesticides and agrochemicals, extractive industries, monocultures, biopiracy and the loss of biodiversity, in particular agro-biodiversity.

12. 缔约国应该应对气候变化、自然灾害、土地和土壤退化、水污染、干旱、洪涝、荒漠化、杀虫剂和农用化学品、采掘业、单一种植、生物剽窃和生物多样性特别是农业生物多样性的丧失对农村妇女构成的具体威胁。

They should alleviate and mitigate those threats and ensure that rural women enjoy a safe, clean and healthy environment.

各国应减轻和缓解这些威胁，并确保农村妇女享有安全、清洁和健康的环境。

They should effectively address the impact of such risks on rural women in the planning and implementation of all policies concerning the environment, climate change, disaster risk reduction, preparedness and management and ensure the full participation of rural women in designing, planning and implementing such policies.

各国在规划和执行有关环境、气候变化、减少灾害风险、备灾和灾害管理的所有政策时，应切实消除此类风险对农村妇女的影响，并确保农村妇女充分参与此类政策的拟定、规划和实施。

States parties should also ensure the protection and security of rural women and girls in all phases of disasters and other crises, ranging from early warning to relief, recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.

缔约国还应在灾害及其他危机的各个阶段，即从预警到救济、复原、恢复和重建，确保农村妇女和女童受到保护，安全无虞。

13. States parties should regulate the activities of domestic non-State actors within their jurisdiction, including when they operate extraterritorially.

13. 缔约国应监管其辖域内本国非国家行为体的一切活动，包括它们在其域外开展业务时的活动。

General recommendation No. 28 (2010) on the core obligations of States parties under article 2 reaffirms the requirement under article 2 (e) to eliminate discrimination by any public or private actor, which extends to acts of national corporations operating extraterritorially.

关于缔约国在《公约》第二条下的核心义务的第28(2010)号一般性建议重申第二条(e)项关于消除任何公共或私人行为体对妇女的歧视的规定，此项规定适用于在域外运营的国家公司的行为。

States parties should uphold extraterritorial obligations with respect to rural women by, inter alia: not interfering, directly or indirectly, with the enjoyment of their rights;

缔约国应履行对农村妇女的域外义务，特别是通过：不直接或间接地干预其权利的享受；

taking regulatory measures to prevent any actor under their jurisdiction, including private individuals, companies and public entities, from infringing or abusing the rights of rural women outside their territory;

采取监管措施，防止其域内的个人、公司和公共实体等任何行为体侵害或践踏其域外农村妇女的权利；

and ensuring that international cooperation and development assistance, whether bilateral or multilateral, advance the rights of rural women outside their territory.

以及确保双边和多边国际合作和发展援助推进其境外农村妇女的权利。

Appropriate and effective remedies should be available to affected rural women when a State party has violated its extraterritorial obligations.

缔约国如若违反其域外义务，即应向受影响的农村妇女提供适当和有效的补救。

14. In line with general recommendation No. 28, States parties should recognize that rural women are not a homogenous group and often face intersecting discrimination.

14. 根据第28号一般性建议，缔约国应认识到农村妇女并不是一个同质群体，她们往往面临交叉歧视。

Many indigenous and Afro-descendent women live in rural settings and experience discrimination based on their ethnicity, language and traditional way of life.

许多土著和非裔妇女住在农村，并因其族裔、语言和传统生活方式受到歧视。

Rural women who belong to other ethnic minorities or to religious minorities, as well as female heads of household, may also experience higher rates of poverty and other forms of social exclusion.

其他少数民族或宗教少数群体的农村妇女以及女户主遭受贫穷及其他形式社会排斥的比率也可能更高。

Women working in rural areas, including peasants, pastoralists, migrants, fisherfolk and landless women, also suffer disproportionately from intersecting forms of discrimination.

农民、牧民、移徙者、渔民和失地妇女等在农村工作的妇女同样也因交叉形式歧视而苦不堪言。

As recognized in general recommendation No. 18 (1991) on disabled women, while women with disabilities face unique challenges in all areas of life, this is particularly the case of those living in rural areas.

正如委员会在关于残疾妇女的第18(1991)号一般性建议中所认识到的，残疾妇女在生活的各个领域均面临独特挑战，生活在农村地区的残疾妇女尤是如此。

Discrimination may be compounded in rural areas by a lack of appropriate access to, inter alia, water, sanitation, electricity, health care, child and older person care, and inclusive and culturally appropriate education.

在农村地区，歧视可能会因无法适当获得水、卫生设施、电力、医疗保健、儿童和老年人护理、包容各方且文化上适宜的教育等资源和服务而加剧。

As recognized in general recommendation No. 27 (2010) on older women and protection of their human rights, older women and widows may also suffer stigmatization and isolation in rural areas, which expose them to greater risks of ill-treatment.

正如关于老年妇女及保护其人权的第27(2010)号一般性建议所认识到的，农村地区的老年妇女和寡妇还可能遭受羞辱和隔离，因此，更容易受到虐待。

In addition, rural women, including heads of household, living in conflict-affected areas face security concerns and further obstacles in enjoying their rights.

此外，生活在受冲突影响地区的农村妇女(包括女户主)在享受其权利方面还面临着安全问题和其他障碍。

15. States parties should eliminate all forms of discrimination against disadvantaged and marginalized groups of rural women.

15. 缔约国应消除对农村妇女中弱势和边缘化群体一切形式的歧视。

For example, States parties should ensure that disadvantaged and marginalized groups of rural women, including those belonging to indigenous, Afro-descendent, ethnic and religious minorities, heads of household, peasants, pastoralists, fisherfolk, landless women, migrants and conflict-affected rural women, are protected from intersecting forms of discrimination and have access to education, employment, water and sanitation and health care, among others.

例如，缔约国应确保农村妇女中弱势和边缘化群体(包括那些属于土著、非洲裔、族裔和宗教少数群体的妇女、户主、农民、牧民、渔民、失地妇女、移徙者和受冲突影响的农村妇女)免受交叉形式歧视，并有机会获得教育、就业、水和卫生设施以及医疗保健等。

States parties should develop policies and programmes ensuring the equal enjoyment of rights by rural women with disabilities, including by ensuring the accessibility of infrastructures and services.

缔约国应制定政策和方案，确保农村残疾妇女平等享受各项权利，包括通过确保无障碍地获得基础设施和各项服务。

States parties should similarly ensure that older rural women have access to social services and adequate social protection, as well as economic resources and the empowerment to live life with dignity, including through access to financial services and social security.

缔约国应同样确保老年农村妇女有机会获得社会服务和适当的社会保护以及经济资源，并增强其权能，以过上有尊严的生活，包括通过获得金融服务和社会保障。

B. Article 14, paragraph 1

B. 第十四条第1款

16. Under article 14, paragraph 1, States parties are required to take into account the particular problems faced by rural women and the significant roles that they play in the economic survival of families, including their work in the non-monetized sectors of the economy.

16. 根据第十四条第1款，缔约国必须考虑到农村妇女面临的特殊问题和她们对家庭生计包括她们在经济体系中非商品化部门的工作方面发挥的重要作用。

Inclusive and sustainable development must uphold the rights of rural women, underscoring their role as key actors and fully acknowledging the economic value of their paid and unpaid work.

包容性和可持续发展必须维护农村妇女的权利，凸显她们作为主要行为体的作用，并充分承认其有报酬和无报酬工作的经济价值。

17. States parties should promote inclusive and sustainable economic development that enables rural women to enjoy their rights and:

17. 缔约国应促进包容性和可持续经济发展，使农村妇女能够切实享受其权利，并且：

(a) Recognize their crucial contributions to local and national economies and to food production, as well as to the well-being of their families and communities, including through unpaid care work and work on family farms, in line with general recommendation No. 17 (1991) on the measurement and quantification of the unremunerated domestic activities of women and their recognition in the gross national product;

(a) 按照关于妇女无偿家务活动的衡量与量化及其在国民生产总值中的确认的第17(1991)号一般性建议，承认她们通过无报酬护理工作和家庭农场工作等途径对地方和国家经济与粮食生产以及对其家庭和社区福祉的重要贡献；

(b) Promote their empowerment and ensure their economic and social independence, in particular by creating enabling environments in line with general recommendation No. 25 (2004) on temporary special measures, including through programmes and policies targeted at improving the economic conditions of rural women;

(b) 促进增强其权能，并确保其经济和社会独立，特别是通过按照关于暂行特别措施的第25(2004)号一般性建议为其营造有利环境，包括通过旨在改善农村妇女经济状况的方案和政策；

(c) Ensure that they are able to benefit effectively and directly from economic and social programmes by involving them in the design and development of all relevant plans and strategies, such as those relating to health, education, employment and social security.

(c) 通过让她们参与设计和制定所有相关计划和战略，如涉及医疗保健、教育、就业和社会保障的计划和战略，确保她们能够有效和直接地从经济和社会方案中受益。

C. Article 14, paragraph 1, read alongside articles 3, 4, paragraph 1, 5, paragraph (a), 6, 9, 15 and 16

C. 与第三条、第四条第1款、第五条(a)项、第六条、第九条、第十五条和第十六条一并解读的第十四条第1款

18. Article 3 provides that States parties shall take all appropriate measures, in all fields, including legislation, to ensure the full development and advancement of women.

18. 第三条规定，缔约国应在所有领域采取一切适当措施，包括制定法律，保证妇女得到充分发展和进步。

19. States parties should adopt effective laws, policies, regulations, programmes, administrative procedures and institutional structures to ensure the full development and advancement of rural women, for the purpose of guaranteeing them the exercise and enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms on a basis of equality with men.

19. 缔约国应通过有效的法律、政策、法规、方案、行政程序和体制结构，确保农村妇女的充分发展和进步，保障妇女在与男子平等的基础上，行使和享有人权和基本自由。

20. Article 4, paragraph 1, provides for the adoption of temporary special measures by States parties to accelerate substantive equality.

20. 第四条第1款规定，缔约国应采取暂行特别措施，以加速实现实质上的平等。

Such measures may include redistributing decision-making roles and resources.

此类措施可能包括重新分配决策角色和资源。

General recommendation No. 25 emphasizes that, where necessary, those measures should be directed at women subjected to multiple discrimination, including rural women.

第25号一般性建议强调，如有必要，应针对遭受多重歧视的妇女，包括农村妇女，采取此类措施。

21. States parties should develop and implement temporary special measures to accelerate the achievement of substantive equality for rural women in all areas in which they are underrepresented or disadvantaged, including in political and public life, education, health and employment.

21. 缔约国应制定和实施暂行特别措施，在农村妇女代表不足或处境不利的所有领域，包括政治和公共生活、教育、卫生和就业领域，加速实现其实质上的平等。

22. Article 5 (a) addresses the elimination of discriminatory stereotypes and practices, which are often more prevalent in rural areas.

22. 第五条(a)项规定消除歧视性陈规定型观念和做法，这些观念和做法在农村地区更为普遍。

Rural women and girls are often disadvantaged by harmful practices (see CEDAW/C/GC/31-CRC/C/GC/18, para. 9), such as child and/or forced marriage, polygamy and female genital mutilation, which endanger their health and well-being and may push them to migrate in order to escape such practices, potentially exposing them to other risks.

农村妇女和女童往往会因童婚和(或)强迫婚姻、一夫多妻制和切割女性生殖器官等有害做法而处于 不利地位(见CEDAW/C/GC/31-CRC/C/GC/18，第9段)，这些做法危及她们的健康和福祉，并可能驱使她们为了逃避这种做法而移徙，而 这又有可能让她们遭受其他风险。

They are also disadvantaged by practices such as the inheritance of ancestral debt, which perpetuates cycles of poverty, and by discriminatory stereotypes and related practices that prevent them from enjoying rights over land, water and natural resources, such as male primogeniture and property grabbing from widows.

继承祖先债务等做法以及男性长子继承权和抢夺寡妇财产等歧视性陈规定型观念和相关做法也会让她们陷入不利处境，前者使得贫穷的恶性循环永久化，后者使她们无法享有对土地、水和自然资源的权利。

23. In line with general recommendation No. 31 (2014) on harmful practices, States parties should eliminate harmful practices, including child and/or forced marriage, female genital mutilation and the inheritance of ancestral debt, which negatively affect the health, well-being and dignity of rural women and girls.

23. 根据关于有害做法的第31(2014)号一般性建议，缔约国应消除那些给农村妇女和女童的健康、福祉和尊严造成负面影响的有害做法，包括童婚和(或)强迫婚姻、切割女性生殖器官和继承祖先债务。

They should eliminate discriminatory stereotypes, including those that compromise the equal rights of rural women to land, water and other natural resources.

各国应消除歧视性陈规定型观念，包括那些妨碍农村妇女对土地、水和其他自然资源享有平等权利的歧视性陈规定型观念。

In this regard, States parties should adopt a range of measures, including outreach and support programmes, awareness-raising and media campaigns, in collaboration with traditional leaders and civil society, to eliminate harmful practices and stereotypes.

在这方面，缔约国应协同传统领袖和民间社会采取一系列措施，包括外联和支助方案、提高认识和媒体运动，以消除有害做法和陈规定型观念。

24. In general recommendation No. 19 (1992) on violence against women, it is stated that rural women are at risk of violence because of traditional attitudes regarding the subordinate role of women that persist in many rural communities.

24. 关于暴力侵害妇女行为的第19(1992)号一般性建议指出，农村妇女容易遭受暴力，因为在许多农村社区，有关妇女的从属作用的传统态度仍顽固存在。

Girls from rural communities are at special risk of violence, sexual exploitation and harassment when they leave the rural community to seek employment in towns.

农村社区的女童离开农村到城里找工作时特别容易遭受暴力、性剥削和性骚扰。

Rural women human rights defenders are often at risk of violence when working, for example, to protect victims, transform local customs or secure natural resource rights.

农村妇女人权捍卫者在开展工作时，如在保护受害者、移风易俗或争取自然资源权利时，往往面临遭受暴力的风险。

25. States parties should prevent and eliminate all forms of violence against rural women and girls, and, in line with general recommendations No. 19 and No. 33:

25. 缔约国应预防和消除对农村妇女和女童的一切形式暴力，并按照第19号和第33号一般性建议：

(a) Raise the awareness of rural women and men, girls and boys, as well as local, religious and community leaders, about the rights of rural women and girls, with the aim of eliminating discriminatory social attitudes and practices, in particular those that condone gender-based violence;

(a) 提高农村妇女和男子、女童和男童，以及地方、宗教和社区领袖对农村妇女和女童权利的认识，目的是消除歧视性社会态度和做法，特别是那些宽恕性别暴力的态度和做法；

(b) Take effective measures aimed at preventing, investigating, prosecuting and punishing acts of violence against rural women and girls, including migrant rural women and girls, whether perpetrated by the State, non-State actors or private persons;

(b) 采取有效措施，旨在预防、调查、起诉和惩治暴力侵害农村妇女和女童(包括移徙农村妇女和女童)的行为，不论施害者是国家还是非国家行为者或个人；

(c) Ensure that victims living in rural areas have effective access to justice, including legal aid, as well as compensation and other forms of redress or reparation, and that authorities at all levels in rural areas, including the judiciary, judicial administrators and civil servants, have the resources needed and the political will to respond to violence against rural women and girls and protect them against retaliation when reporting abuses;

(c) 确保生活在农村地区的受害者有效获得司法救助，包括法律援助，以及获得赔偿和其他形式矫正或赔偿，并确保农村地区各级当局(包括司法机关、司法行政人员和公务员)具备应对暴力侵害农村妇女和女童行为和保护举报暴行的农村妇女和女童免遭报复所需的资源和政治意愿；

(d) Ensure that integrated services for victims, including emergency shelters and comprehensive health services, are accessible to women and girls in rural areas.

(d) 确保农村妇女和女童获得受害者综合服务，包括应急收容所和综合保健服务。

Such services should avoid stigmatization and protect the victims’ privacy and dignity;

此种服务应避免污名化，并保护受害者的隐私和尊严；

(e) Implement measures to prevent and address threats and attacks against rural women human rights defenders, with particular attention to those engaged on issues relating to land and natural resources, women’s health, including sexual and reproductive rights, the elimination of discriminatory customs and practices, and gender-based violence.

(e) 采取措施，预防和应对农村妇女人权捍卫者受到的威胁和攻击，要特别关注那些致力于解决土地和自然资源、妇女健康(包括性权利和生殖权利)、消除歧视性习俗和做法及性别暴力相关问题的人权捍卫者。

26. Article 6 on the suppression of the traffic in women and of the exploitation of prostitution has special relevance for rural women and girls, including indigenous women and girls, who face specific risks because they live in remote areas.

26. 关于禁止贩运妇女及意图营利使妇女卖淫的第六条对于因生活在偏远地区而面临特定风险的农村妇女和女童(包括土著妇女和女童)尤其具有现实意义。

The economic hardships of rural life, alongside the lack of information on trafficking and how traffickers operate, can make them especially vulnerable, in particular in conflict-affected regions.

由于农村生活贫苦，加之缺乏有关贩运和贩运者如何运作的信息，她们特别容易遭受贩运，特别是在受冲突影响的地区。

27. States parties should address the root causes of the traffic in women by economically empowering rural women and raising awareness in rural areas of the risks of being lured by traffickers and the ways in which traffickers operate.

27. 缔约国应通过增强农村妇女的经济权能和提高农村居民对受贩运者引诱的风险和贩运者运作方式的认识，从根源上解决贩运妇女问题。

States parties should ensure that anti-trafficking legislation addresses the social and economic challenges faced by rural women and girls and provide gender-responsive training on prevention measures, protection and assistance for victims to the judiciary, the police, border guards, other law enforcement officials and social workers, especially in rural areas and indigenous communities.

缔约国应确保打击贩运人口的立法应对农村妇女和女童面临的社会和经济挑战，并就预防措施与受害者保护和援助向司法机关、警察、边境警卫队、其他执法人员和社会工作者开展促进性别平等的培训，特别是在农村地区和土著社区。

28. Article 9 provides that States parties shall grant women equal rights with men to acquire, change or retain their nationality.

28. 第九条规定，缔约国应给予妇女与男子有取得、改变或保留国籍的同等权利。

Rural women and their children may be deprived of their rights if not recognized as citizens of their countries.

农村妇女及其子女的公民身份，如得不到承认，即可能被剥夺其上述权利。

Their statelessness is often the consequences of discriminatory legislation whereby women cannot pass on their nationality to their children and foreign spouse or may risk losing their nationality through marriage with a foreigner or as a consequence of divorce.

他们的无国籍状态往往要归咎于那些妇女不能将国籍传给子女和外籍配偶或者规定一经与外国人结婚或一经离婚即有可能丧失国籍的歧视性法律。

In addition, identity documents may be more difficult to acquire in rural areas, owing in particular to the lack of birth registration or of marriage, divorce or death certificates.

此外，在农村地区，身份文件可能更难获得，特别是因为缺乏出生登记或者结婚、离婚或死亡证明。

29. In line with general recommendation No. 32 (2014) on the gender-related dimensions of refugee status, asylum, nationality and statelessness of women, States parties should ensure that rural women may acquire, change, retain or renounce their nationality, or transfer it to their children and foreign spouse under the same conditions as men, and that they are aware of their rights in this regard.

29. 根据关于妇女的难民地位、庇护、国籍和无国籍状态与性别相关方面的第32(2014)号一般性建议，缔约国应确保农村妇女可在与男子相同的条件下获得、改变、保留或放弃国籍，或者将之传给子女和外国配偶，并确保她们都知晓自己这方面的权利。

States parties should also provide rural women with access to personal identification documents (such as identity cards, passports and social security numbers) and ensure that civil registration procedures, including for birth, marriage, divorce and death, are accessible in rural areas.

缔约国还应为农村妇女提供获得个人身份证明文件(如身份证、护照和社会保障号)的渠道，并确保农村地区无障碍地办理公民登记程序，包括出生、结婚、离婚和死亡登记程序。

30. Article 15 provides for equality of women and men before the law and identical legal capacity in civil matters, so that, for example, rural women have the same legal capacity as men to conclude contracts and administer property independent of their husband or any male guardian.

30. 第十五条规定，男女在法律面前平等的地位，且在公民事务上有同等的法律行为能力，因此，农村妇女具有与男子同等的、不依赖丈夫或男性监护人签订合同和管理财产的同等法律行为能力。

31. States parties should ensure that rural women are equal before the law and have the same legal capacity as men in civil matters, including to conclude contracts and administer property independent of their husband or any male guardian.

31. 缔约国应确保农村妇女在法律面前享有平等地位，且在公民事务上有与男子相同的法律行为能力，包括不依赖丈夫或男性监护人签订合同和管理财产。

32. Article 16 provides for equality for women in marriage and family relations, which is something that many rural women do not enjoy owing to discriminatory social norms, practices and laws, plural justice systems where they exist, or the lack of enforcement of relevant laws.

32. 第十六条规定，妇女在婚姻和家庭关系中享有平等地位，而这却是许多农村妇女有时享受不到的，究其原因，不外乎存在歧视性社会规范、做法和法律、多元司法制度存在或相关法律得不到执行。

Girls from rural communities are at special risk of child and/or forced marriage and early pregnancy.

农村社区的女童尤其容易面临童婚和(或)强迫婚姻和早孕风险。

Rural women are also disproportionately affected by polygamy, which severely undermines equality in marriage and family relations.

农村妇女也倍受一夫多妻制之害，这严重损害了婚姻和家庭关系中的平等。

33. States parties should harmonize personal status and family laws with article 16, in line with general recommendations No. 21 (1994) on equality in marriage and family relations and No. 29 (2013) on the economic consequences of marriage, family relations and their dissolution, guarantee that rural women have equal rights in marriage, including to marital property upon divorce or death of their spouse and to maintenance or alimony, and raise awareness of women’s rights within marriage in rural areas.

33. 缔约国应按照关于婚姻和家庭关系中的平等的第21(1994)号一般性建议和关于婚姻、家庭关系及其解除的经济后果的第29(2013)号一般性建议，修 改个人状况和家庭法，使之符合第十六条，保障农村妇女在婚姻中的平等权利，包括在离婚时或配偶死亡后对婚姻财产的权利和获得生活费或赡养费的权利，以及提 高农村地区对妇女婚内权利的认识。

34. States parties should take steps to prevent and prohibit child and/or forced marriage among rural women and girls, including through the reform and enforcement of laws prohibiting such practices in rural areas, media campaigns, particularly aimed at raising the awareness of men, the provision of school-based prevention programmes, including comprehensive age-appropriate sexual and reproductive health education, as well as the provision of social and health services for rural married girls and girls at risk of child and/or forced marriage.

34. 缔约国应采取措施，防止和禁止农村妇女和女童中的童婚和(或)强迫婚姻，包括通过改革和执行禁止农村地区此类做法的法律、开展媒体运动(特别旨在提高男子 的认识)、制定以学校为基础的预防方案(包括与年龄相适的性健康和生殖健康综合教育)，以及向农村已婚女童和有童婚和(或)强迫婚姻风险的女童提供社会和 医疗保健服务。

In addition, States parties should discourage and prohibit the practice of polygamy, which may be more common in rural areas.

此外，缔约国应打压和禁止一夫多妻制，后者在农村地区可能更为常见。

IV. State party obligations in relation to specific dimensions of the rights of rural women

四. 缔约国在农村妇女权利具体方面的义务

A. Right to participate in and benefit from rural development (art. 14, para. 2 (a))

A. 参与农村发展并从中受益的权利(第十四条第2款(a)项)

35. Rural women must be regarded as drivers of sustainable development.

35. 农村妇女必须被视为可持续发展的助推力。

Notwithstanding the vital role of rural women in agriculture and rural development, policies and initiatives are often not gender-responsive and rural women often do not benefit from enabling frameworks.

农村妇女在农业和农村发展中起着至关重要的作用，但相关政策和举措常常不具有促进性别平等之效，且农村妇女常常不能从有利框架中受益。

The rights of rural women are also often not taken into consideration in disarmament, demobilization and reintegration efforts in conflict and post-conflict environments.

冲突和冲突后环境下解除武装、复员和重返社会的努力也常常不会考虑到农村妇女的权利。

36. States parties should establish enabling institutional, legal and policy frameworks to ensure that rural development, agricultural and water policies, including with respect to forestry, livestock, fisheries and aquaculture, are gender-responsive and have adequate budgets.

36. 缔约国应制定有利的体制、法律和政策框架，确保农村发展、农业和水务政策(包括林业、畜牧业、渔业和水产养殖政策)能够促进性别平等且预算充足。

States parties should ensure:

缔约国应确保：

(a) The integration and mainstreaming of a gender perspective in all agricultural and rural development policies, strategies, plans (including operational plans) and programmes, enabling rural women to act and be visible as stakeholders, decision makers and beneficiaries, in line with the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security, the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication, general recommendation No. 23 (1997) on political and public life and the Sustainable Development Goals.

(a) 根据《关于在国家粮食安全范围内对土地、渔场及林地保有权进行负责任治理的自愿准则》和《在粮食安全和消除贫困背景下保障可持续小规模渔业自愿准则》、关 于妇女参与政治和公共生活的第23(1997)号一般性建议和可持续发展目标，将性别平等观点纳入所有农业和农村发展政策、战略、计划(包括业务计划)和 方案并使其实现主流化，使农村妇女能够作为利益攸关方、决策者和受益者采取行动和受到关注。

States parties should ensure that those policies, strategies, plans and programmes have evidence-based monitoring and clear evaluation frameworks;

缔约国应确保这些政策、战略、计划和方案配有循证监测框架和明确的评价框架；

(b) The establishment of gender units with senior-level staff in ministries relevant to rural development, supported by adequate budgets, institutional procedures, accountability frameworks and effective coordination mechanisms;

(b) 在主管农村发展事务的部委内设立由高级别工作人员组成的性别平等单位，并辅之以充足的预算、体制程序、问责框架和有效的协调机制；

(c) The protection of the rights of rural women, specifically when planning rural development programmes linked to disarmament, demobilization and reintegration efforts in conflict and post-conflict environments, in line with general recommendation No. 30 (2013) on women in conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict situations.

(c) 按照关于妇女在冲突预防、冲突及冲突后局势中的作用的第30(2013)号一般性建议，保护农村妇女的权利，特别是在规划与冲突和冲突后环境下解除武装、复员和重返社会努力有关的农村发展方案时。

B. Health-care services (art. 14, para. 2 (b), read alongside art. 12)

B. 保健服务(与第十二条一并解读的第十四条第2款(b)项)

37. Access to health care, including sexual and reproductive health care, is often extremely limited for rural women, including older women and women with disabilities, owing to prevailing social norms and patriarchal attitudes, insufficient budget allocations to rural health services, the lack of infrastructure and trained personnel, the lack of information on modern methods of contraception, remoteness and the lack of transport.

37. 由于盛行的社会规范和重男轻女态度、农村卫生服务预算拨款不足、缺乏基础设施和训练有素的工作人员、关于现代避孕方法的信息匮乏、地处偏远和交通不便等原因，包括老年妇女和残疾妇女在内的农村妇女获得保健服务(包括性保健和生殖保健)的渠道常常极其有限。

The lack of access to adequate food and nutrition, safe drinking water, sanitation and waste management facilities results in increased health risks.

而无法获得充足的食物和营养、安全饮用水、卫生设施和废物管理设施又导致其健康风险增加。

Some conditions, such as obstetric fistula, are also more prevalent among rural women and result directly from the lack of access to emergency health services capable of performing caesarean sections, and indirectly from early pregnancy and malnutrition.

产科瘘等一些疾病在农村妇女中也更为普遍，其直接原因是无法获得有能力实施剖腹产的急诊服务，间接原因是早孕和营养不良。

38. Maternal mortality and morbidity are disproportionately high in many rural areas.

38. 许多农村地区的孕产妇死亡率和发病率过高。

Child marriage exposes rural girls to early pregnancy and significantly contributes to maternal mortality, in particular in developing countries.

童婚导致农村女童更易早孕，是推高孕产妇死亡的一个重要因素，特别是在发展中国家。

Globally, the presence of skilled birth attendants and medical personnel is lower in rural than urban areas and leads to poor prenatal, perinatal and postnatal care.

从全球来看，农村地区的熟练助产士和医务人员要少于城市地区，导致产前、围产期和产后服务欠佳。

There is a greater unmet need for family planning services and contraception owing to poverty, the lack of information and the limited availability and accessibility of services.

由于贫穷、信息匮乏和服务供应及获得性有限，农村地区的计划生育服务和避孕需求缺口更大。

Rural women are more likely to resort to unsafe abortion than their urban counterparts, a situation that puts their lives at risk and compromises their health.

较之城市妇女，农村妇女更有可能求助于不安全堕胎，这危及其健康，使其有性命之忧。

Even in countries in which abortion is legal, restrictive conditions, including unreasonable waiting periods, often impede access for rural women.

即便是在已将堕胎合法化的国家，等待时间不合理等限制条件往往会妨碍农村妇女获得堕胎服务。

When abortion is illegal, the health impact is even greater.

如果堕胎是非法的，其健康危害则更大。

39. States parties should safeguard the right of rural women and girls to adequate health care, and ensure:

39. 缔约国应保障农村妇女和女童获得适当保健的权利，并确保：

(a) That high-quality health-care services and facilities are physically accessible to and affordable for rural women, including older women, heads of household and women with disabilities (provided free of charge when necessary), culturally acceptable to them and staffed with trained medical personnel.

(a) 优质保健服务和设施对农村妇女(包括老年妇女、女户主和残疾妇女)而言切实可得且负担得起(必要时免费提供)、文化上可接受并配备了训练有素的医务人员。

Services should provide: primary health care, including family planning;

所提供的服务应包括：初级保健，包括计划生育；

access to contraception, including emergency contraception, and to safe abortion and high-quality post-abortion care, regardless of whether abortion is legal;

获得避孕(包括紧急避孕)与安全堕胎和优质堕胎后护理，不论堕胎合法与否；

prenatal, perinatal, postnatal and obstetric services;

产前、围产期、产后和产科服务；

HIV prevention and treatment services, including emergency intervention following rape;

艾滋病毒预防和治疗服务，包括遭到强奸后紧急干预；

mental health services;

心理健康服务；

counselling on nutrition, the feeding of infants and young children;

营养和婴幼儿喂养咨询；

mammography and other gynaecological examinations services;

乳房X光检查和其他妇科检查服务；

the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases, such as cancer;

癌症等非传染性疾病的预防和治疗；

access to essential medicines, including pain relief;

获得基本药物(包括止痛药)；

and palliative care;

以及姑息治疗；

(b) The adequate financing of health-care systems in rural areas, in particular with regard to sexual and reproductive health and rights;

(b) 农村地区医疗保健体系供资充足，特别是在性健康和生殖健康及权利方面；

(c) That laws and regulations that place obstacles to rural women’s access to health care, including to sexual and reproductive health services, are repealed, in particular laws that criminalize or require waiting periods or third-party consent for abortion;

(c) 废除对农村妇女获得保健(包括性健康和生殖健康服务)设置障碍的法律法规，特别是将堕胎定为刑事犯罪或规定堕胎等待时间或须经第三方同意的法律；

(d) The systematic and regular monitoring of the health and nutritional status of pregnant women and new mothers, especially adolescent mothers, and their infants.

(d) 系统地定期监测孕妇和产妇，特别是未成年母亲及其婴儿的健康和营养状况。

In case of malnutrition or lack of access to clean water, extra food rations and drinking water should be provided systematically throughout pregnancy and lactation;

如发现存在营养不良或无法获得清洁用水情况，应在整个妊娠期和哺乳期有系统地提供额外的口粮和饮用水；

(e) That rural health-care facilities have adequate water and sanitation services;

(e) 农村卫生保健机构配备了适当的水和卫生服务；

(f) That health-care information is widely disseminated in local languages and dialects through various media, including in writing, through illustrations and orally, and that it includes information on, inter alia: hygiene;

(f) 通过各种媒体用当地语言和方言广泛传播卫生保健信息，包括书面形式、通过插图和口头宣传，并确保包括以下等方面的信息：个人卫生；

preventing communicable, non-communicable and sexually transmitted diseases;

预防传染病、非传染病和性传播疾病；

healthy lifestyles and nutrition;

健康的生活方式和营养；

family planning and the benefits of delayed childbearing;

计划生育和晚育的好处；

health during pregnancy;

孕期健康；

breastfeeding and its impact on child and maternal health;

母乳喂养及其对儿童和孕产妇健康的影响；

and the need to eliminate violence against women, including sexual and domestic violence and harmful practices;

以及消除暴力侵害妇女行为(包括性暴力和家庭暴力以及有害做法)的必要性；

(g) The effective regulation of the marketing of breast-milk substitutes and the implementation and monitoring of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes;

(g) 有效监管母乳代用品的销售和《国际母乳代用品销售守则》的执行和监测；

(h) The gender-responsive and culturally responsive training of community health workers and traditional birth attendants, the provision of mobile clinics providing affordable health services in remote rural areas, and enhanced health education for rural communities, including education on the sexual and reproductive health and rights of both women and men;

(h) 对社区卫生工作者和传统助产人员进行促进性别平等且适应文化的培 训，在偏远农村地区设立可提供负担得起的保健服务的流动诊所，加强农村社区的卫生教育，包括关于性健康和生殖健康以及男女权利的教育；

(i) Investment in community and microhealth insurance schemes to support rural women, including caregivers, in meeting their health needs.

(i) 投资社区和微健康保险计划，支助农村妇女(包括护理人员)满足其健康需要。

C. Economic and social life (art. 14, para. 2 (c), read alongside art. 11, paras. 1 (e) and 2 (b), and art. 13 (a))

C. 经济和社会生活(与第十一条第1款(e)项及第2款(b)项和第十三条(a)项一并解读的第十四条第2款(c)项)

40. Article 14, paragraph 2 (c), provides that States parties shall ensure that rural women benefit directly from social security programmes.

40. 第十四条第2款(c)项规定，缔约国应确保农村妇女从社会保障方案中直接受益。

However, a majority of rural women have limited opportunities in the formal labour market and are more likely to be engaged in activities not regulated by labour codes and social security legislation linked with formal employment.

然而，大多数农村妇女在正规劳动力市场上机会有限，更可能从事不受与正规就业有关的劳动法和社会保障立法监管的活动。

They are therefore exposed to increased risks and need measures of social protection that take their situation into account.

这将其置于更大的风险之下，在采取社会保护措施时需考虑到她们的情况。

41. To eliminate discrimination against rural women in economic and social life, States parties should:

41. 为了消除经济和社会生活中对农村妇女的歧视，缔约国应：

(a) Ensure that rural women engaged in unpaid work or in the informal sector have access to non-contributory social protection in line with general recommendation No. 16 (1991) on unpaid women workers in rural and urban family enterprises, and that those employed in the formal sector have access to contributory social security benefits in their own right, irrespective of their marital status;

(a) 按照关于城乡家庭企业中无酬女工的第16(1991)号一般性建议，确保从事无报酬工作或在非正规部门就业的农村妇女获得不缴费的社会保护，并确保在正规部门就业的农村妇女有权获得缴费的社会保障金，不论其婚姻状况为何；

(b) Adopt gender-responsive social protection floors to ensure that all rural women have access to essential health care, childcare facilities and income security, in line with article 14, paragraphs 2 (b) and (h), and Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202) of the International Labour Organization.

(b) 按照第十四条第2款(b)项及(h)项和国际劳工组织2012年《社会保护最低标准建议书》(第202号)，制定促进性别平等的社会保护最低标准，确保所有农村妇女都能获得基本卫生保健、托儿设施和收入保障。

D. Education (art. 14, para. 2 (d), read alongside art. 10 (a))

D. 教育(与第十条(a)项一并解读的第十四条第2款(d)项)

42. Worldwide, rural women and girls have lower levels of literacy and are disadvantaged when it comes to access to education and training.

42. 从全世界范围来看，农村妇女和女童识字水平较低，在获得教育和培训方面处于不利地位。

Rural girls may be victims of child and/or forced marriage and experience sexual harassment and violence in and out of educational settings, which may force them to drop out of school.

农村女童可能会成为童婚和(或)强迫婚姻的受害者，并在教育场所内外遭受性骚扰和性暴力，这可能会迫使她们辍学。

Their school attendance is also often curtailed by chores, such as domestic and care work, including cooking, childcare, farm work and fetching water and firewood, the long distances to travel to school and the lack of adequate water, toilet facilities and sanitation in schools, which fail to meet the needs of menstruating girls.

她们的出勤率也往往因为以下原因而大打折扣：做家务和护理工作等琐事，包括做饭、照顾孩子、干农活和担水打柴； 上学路途遥远； 以及校内缺乏足够的水、厕所设施和卫生设备，不能满足已来月经女童的需要。

In some regions, students and teachers in girls’ schools face threats and attacks from opponents of girls’ education.

在一些地区，女校师生还面临来自反对女童教育者的威胁和攻击。

43. States parties should protect the right of rural girls and women to education, and ensure that:

43. 缔约国应保护农村女童和妇女的受教育权利，并确保：

(a) High-quality education is accessible to and affordable for all rural women and girls, including those with disabilities, by improving educational infrastructures in rural areas, increasing the number of qualified teachers, including women, and ensuring that primary education is compulsory and provided free of charge and that education is provided in local languages and in a culturally appropriate manner;

(a) 通过改善农村地区的教育基础设施、增加合格教师(包括女教师)的人数和确保推行小学免费义务教育，让优质教育对农村妇女和女童(包括残疾妇女和女童)而言切实可得且负担得起，并确保教学采用当地语言且与文化相适应；

(b) Systematic training is provided for teaching personnel at all levels of the education system on the rights of rural girls and women and on the need to combat discriminatory sex-based and gender-based, ethnic and other stereotypes that limit the educational opportunities of rural women and girls.

(b) 对教育系统各级教学人员开展系统培训，宣传农村女童和妇女的权利，以及打击那些限制农村妇女和女童受教育机会的基于性别、基于社会性别、种族及其他歧视性陈规定型观念的必要性。

Curricula should be reviewed to eliminate discriminatory stereotypes about the roles and responsibilities of women and men in the family and in society;

应对课程设置进行审查，以消除关于家庭和社会中男女角色和责任的歧视性陈规定型观念；

(c) Awareness-raising is implemented to change negative attitudes in rural areas towards girls’ education and incentives are provided to support rural girls and their parents in offsetting the direct and indirect costs of education, including through scholarships and financial support, loans and cash transfers, and transportation;

(c) 开展提高认识运动，改变农村地区对女童教育的负面态度，并出台激励措施，支助农村女童及其父母抵消教育的直接和间接费用，包括通过奖学金和财政支持、贷款和现金转让及交通补助；

(d) Programmes are in place, both inside and outside the school system, to reduce the engagement of rural girls in unpaid care work, which constitutes a barrier to school attendance, and to protect rural girls from labour exploitation, child and/or forced marriage and gender-based violence, including sexual violence and abuse;

(d) 在学校系统内外出台方案，让农村女童少参与妨碍其出勤的无报酬护理工作，并保护农村女童免遭劳动剥削、童婚和(或)强迫婚姻和性别暴力，包括性暴力和虐待；

(e) Where girls and teachers face attacks from opponents of girls’ education, the protection of educational institutions is a priority for security forces;

(e) 女童和教师如遇到来自反对女童教育者的攻击，保护教育机构便是安全部队的优先任务；

(f) Rural girls and women are encouraged to choose non-traditional fields of study and careers, such as mathematics, informatics, natural and agricultural sciences and technology, including through career guidance and academic counselling programmes that may also be applied to home-based or community-based micro-entrepreneurial activities;

(f) 鼓励农村女童和妇女选择非传统的学科和职业领域，如数学、信息学、自然科学和农业科学与技术，包括通过职业指导和学术咨询方案，这些方案可同样适用于家庭或社区微型创业活动；

(g) Pregnant girls in rural schools are not expelled during pregnancy and allowed to return to school following childbirth, and childcare facilities and breastfeeding rooms, as well as counselling on childcare and breastfeeding, are made available;

(g) 农村学校的怀孕少女在怀孕期间不被开除，并允许她们在分娩后重返校园，同时向她们提供托儿设施及哺乳室，以及儿童保育和哺乳咨询；

(h) Schools in rural areas have adequate water facilities and separate, safe, sheltered latrines for girls and offer hygiene education and resources for menstrual hygiene, with special focus on girls with disabilities;

(h) 农村地区的学校配备适当的水设施和女生专用的独立、安全、有遮蔽的厕所，并提供个人卫生教育和经期卫生资源，要特别关注残疾女童；

(i) Adult literacy programmes are provided for women in rural areas;

(i) 为农村妇女实施成人扫盲方案；

(j) On-the-job training is tailored and targeted to rural women’s professional needs, and rural women have equal access to technical and vocational education and skills training, such as on sustainable farming practices, animal health and improved husbandry.

(j) 根据农村妇女的职业需要有针对性地量身打造在职培训，并确保农村妇女平等获得可持续耕作方法、动物健康和改进畜牧业等技术和职业教育及培训。

44. In addition to training and education, article 14, paragraph 2 (d), also provides that rural women shall be able to benefit from community and extension services, which play an important role in education for farmers, farm productivity and women’s economic empowerment.

44. 除培训和教育外，第十四条第2款(d)项还规定，农村妇女应该能够从社区服务和推广服务中受益，这些服务在农民教育、提高农业生产力和增强妇女经济权能方面发挥着重要作用。

Those services often do not respond effectively to rural women’s priorities, capacities and needs, and insufficiently promote their access to technical knowledge.

这些服务常常不能有效响应农村妇女的优先事项、能力和需要，且不足以扩大她们获得技术知识的机会。

45. States parties should improve the design and delivery of high-quality agricultural extension and rural advisory services, recognizing women as farmers and clients.

45. 缔约国应完善优质农业技术推广和农村咨询服务的设计和交付，承认妇女作为农民和用户的双重身份。

Such services should ensure that male and female extension and rural advisory service staff have expertise in gender-responsive programme design and delivery and are regularly trained on women’s rights, gender equality, gender analysis and gender-responsive programming.

此种服务应确保男女推广人员和农村咨询服务工作人员掌握促进性别平等方案拟定和交付的专门知识，并定期接受关于妇女权利、性别平等、社会性别分析和促进性别平等方案规划的培训。

States parties should adopt, implement and regularly monitor and evaluate gender-responsive agricultural extension and rural advisory policies and programmes.

缔约国应通过、实施并定期监测和评估促进性别平等的农业技术推广和农村咨询政策和方案。

46. States parties should promote rural women’s representation in agricultural extension services by employing a greater number of women as extension and advisory staff, and ensure that organizational policies are supportive of the rights, needs and aspirations of women.

46. 缔约国应通过雇用更多妇女担任推广和咨询人员，提高农村妇女在农业技术推广服务中的代表性，并确保组织政策有助于实现妇女的权利、需要和愿望。

States parties should also increase the proportion of educational content provided through extension services that is relevant to rural women by employing additional female scientists in agricultural research.

缔约国还应通过聘用更多的女科学家从事农业研究，提高推广服务中与农村妇女有关的教育内容的比例。

47. States parties should specifically promote rural women’s access to technical knowledge on food harvesting techniques, preservation, storage, processing, packaging, marketing and entrepreneurship.

47. 缔约国应着力促进农村妇女获得关于粮食收获技术、保鲜、贮藏、加工、包装、营销和创业的技术知识。

E. Employment (art. 14, para. 2 (e), read alongside art. 11)

E. 就业(与第十一条一并解读的第十四条第2款(e)项)

48. Rural women have limited paid employment opportunities and tend to work extremely long hours in low-skilled, part-time, seasonal, low-paid or unpaid jobs, home-based activities and subsistence farming.

48. 农村妇女获得有酬就业的机会有限，往往要在低技能、非全日制、季节性、低薪或无报酬工作、家庭活动和自给农业上超长时间劳作。

They are disproportionately represented in the informal sector, uncovered by social protection.

她们在非正规部门就业的人数过多，且享受不到社会保护。

Unequal access to income diversification opportunities often results in rural women being poorer than rural men.

农村妇女不能与农村男子一样平等获得收入多元化的机会，因此常常更加贫穷。

49. Rural women are overrepresented among agricultural workers in many regions, exposing them to increased health risks linked to the improper and extensive use of fertilizers and pesticides by various actors, resulting in illnesses, early deaths, pregnancy complications, fetal disorders and physical and developmental disorders in infants and children.

49. 在许多地区，农村妇女在农业劳动者中所占比例过高，她们会因各种行为体不当和大量使用化肥与农药遭受更大的健康风险，从而导致生病、早逝、妊娠并发症、胎儿异常和婴幼儿身体和发育障碍。

Those risks are compounded by their underrepresentation in agricultural cooperatives, farmers’ and producers’ organizations, land administration and rural workers’ organizations, and their limited access to extension services.

这些风险又因她们在农业合作社、农民和生产者组织、土地管理和农村工人组织中的代表性不足以及获得推广服务的机会有限而加剧。

50. States parties should fully incorporate the right to decent conditions of work and the principle of equal pay for work of equal value into their legal and policy frameworks, paying special attention to the situation and labour force representation of rural women, in line with general recommendations No. 13 (1989) on equal remuneration for work of equal value and No. 23.

50. 缔约国应按照关于同等价值工作同等报酬的第13(1989)号一般性建议和第23号一般性建议，将享有体面工作条件的权利和同等价值工作同等报酬原则充分纳入本国法律和政策框架，并特别关注农村妇女的状况和劳动力代表情况。

51. States parties should strengthen local rural economies, including through the promotion of social and solidarity economies, and create local employment opportunities and livelihoods for rural women in the context of sustainable development.

51. 缔约国应加强地方农村经济，包括通过促进社会经济和团结经济，并在可持续发展的背景下为农村妇女创造当地就业机会和开拓生计门路。

They should review relevant laws, regulations and policies that limit rural women’s access to decent employment and eliminate practices that discriminate against women in rural labour markets, such as not hiring women for certain jobs.

各国应审查那些限制农村妇女获得体面就业的相关法律、法规和政策，并消除农村劳动力市场中歧视妇女的做法，如不雇用妇女从事某些工作。

52. States parties should further ensure rural women’s rights to employment by:

52. 缔约国应通过下列举措进一步确保农村妇女的就业权利：

(a) Facilitating the transition of rural women from the informal to the formal economy, including in the agricultural sector, through the implementation of Transition from the Informal to the Formal Economy Recommendation, 2015 (No. 204) of the International Labour Organization, ensuring opportunities for income security and improved livelihoods;

(a) 通过实施国际劳工组织2015年《关于从非正规经济向正规经济转型的建议书》(第204号)，促进农村妇女从非正规经济向正规经济转型，包括在农业部门，以确保她们的收入保障和改善生计机会；

(b) Expanding opportunities for rural women to run businesses and other enterprises, including through microcredit facilities;

(b) 扩大农村妇女经营工厂及其他企业的机会，包括通过小额信贷机制；

(c) Improving rural working conditions, including by providing paid maternity leave;

(c) 改善农村工作条件，包括通过提供带薪产假；

setting living wages, with urgent attention to the informal sector, and taking steps to prevent sexual harassment, exploitation and other forms of abuse in the workplace;

设定生活工资，其中，非正规部门亟待关注； 以及采取措施，预防工作场所性骚扰、剥削和其他形式的虐待；

(d) Protecting the rights of rural women workers to bargain collectively to ensure decent working conditions;

(d) 保护农村妇女工人进行集体谈判以确保体面工作条件的权利；

(e) Protecting the occupational health and safety of rural women by taking legislative and other measures to protect them against exposure to harmful chemicals.

(e) 通过采取立法和其他措施，保护农村妇女免受有害化学品之害，保护其职业健康与安全。

They should receive information about the health and environmental effects of the use of and exposure to chemicals, in particular hazardous chemicals, pesticides and other products used in agriculture and in extractive and other industries.

应该让她们了解使用和接触化学品特别是农业、采掘业及其他行业所用危险化学品、农药及其他产品对健康和环境的影响。

States parties should develop and implement public awareness programmes on those effects and on alternatives and ensure that no use, storage or disposal of hazardous materials or substances takes place without the explicit consent of rural women and their communities;

缔约国应制定和实施关于这些影响和替代办法的公共认识方案，并确保不经农村妇女及所在社区明确同意不得使用、储存或处置危险材料或物质；

(f) Providing social security to rural women, including in cases of sickness or invalidity;

(f) 向农村妇女提供社会保障，包括疾病或残废情况下的保障；

(g) Promoting rural women’s active and effective engagement as producers, entrepreneurs, suppliers, workers and consumers in local and global value chains and markets, including by promoting capacity development on quality assurance and standards and public procurement;

(g) 促进农村妇女作为生产者、企业家、供应商、工人和消费者积极有效地加入当地和全球价值链与市场，包括通过促进质量保证和标准以及公共采购方面的能力发展；

(h) Providing childcare and other care services in rural areas, including through solidarity and community-based care services, in order to alleviate rural women’s burden of unpaid care work, facilitating their engagement in paid work, and allowing them to breastfeed during working hours;

(h) 在农村地区提供托儿及其他护理服务，包括通过团结和社区护理服务，以减轻农村妇女的无报酬护理工作负担，同时，促进她们从事有报酬工作，并允许她们在工作时间内哺乳；

(i) Designing and implementing targeted measures to promote the employment of rural women in their localities, in particular through the creation of income-generating activities.

(i) 拟定和实施定向措施，促进农村妇女在当地就业，尤其是通过开展创收活动。

F. Political and public life (art. 14, paras. 2 (a) and 2 (f), read alongside art. 7)

F. 政治和公共生活(与第七条一并解读的第十四条第2款(a)项和第2款(f)项)

53. Rural women have a right to participate in decision-making at all levels and in community-level discussions with high authorities, yet they are inadequately represented as elected officials, as civil servants, in rural extension and water, forestry or fishery services, in cooperatives and in community or elders’ councils.

53. 农村妇女有权参与各级决策并与高层主管当局开展社区一级的讨论，但她们在农村推广和水、林、渔业服务部门、合作社和社区或长老理事会中担任民选官员、公务员的人数不够充足。

Their limited participation may be due to a lack of education, language and literacy constraints, limited mobility and transport, conflict and security concerns, discriminatory gender norms and stereotypes and a lack of time owing to childcare, the task of fetching water and other responsibilities.

她们参与之所以有限，可能是由于缺乏教育、语言和识字限制、流动性和交通有限、冲突和安全问题、歧视性性别规范和陈规定型观念，以及因育儿、取水等职责而没有时间。

Limited knowledge of relevant legal, political and institutional procedures may also limit their effective participation in decision-making processes.

对相关法律、政治和体制程序认知有限，也可能限制她们有效参与决策进程。

54. To ensure the active, free, effective, meaningful and informed participation of rural women in political and public life, and at all levels of decision-making, States parties should implement general recommendations Nos. 23 and 25, and specifically:

54. 为了确保农村妇女积极、自由、有效、切实和知情参与政治和公共生活以及各级决策，缔约国应执行第23号和第25号一般性建议，特别是：

(a) Establish quotas and targets for rural women’s representation in decision-making positions, specifically in parliaments and governance bodies at all levels, including in land, forestry, fishery and water governance bodies, as well as natural resource management.

(a) 确定农村妇女担任决策职位的配额和指标，特别是在各级议会和管理机构中，包括在土地、林业、渔业和水务管理机构中，以及在自然资源管理部门。

In this regard, clear objectives and time frames should be in place to reach substantive equality of women and men;

在这方面，应出台明确的目标和时限，以实现男女实质上的平等；

(b) Ensure that rural women and their organizations can influence policy formulation, implementation and monitoring at all levels and in all areas that affect them, including through participation in political parties and in local and self-governing bodies, such as community and village councils.

(b) 确保农村妇女和妇女组织能够影响所有关乎其权益的领域的各级政策制定、实施和监测，包括通过加入政党以及进入地方和自治机构，如社区委员会和村委会。

States parties should design and implement tools to monitor rural women’s participation in all public entities in order to eradicate discrimination;

缔约国应制定和执行相关工具，以监测农村妇女在所有公共实体的参与情况，以消除歧视；

(c) Address unequal power relations between women and men, including in decision-making and political processes at the community level, and remove barriers to rural women’s participation in community life through the establishment of effective and gender-responsive rural decision-making structures.

(c) 解决男女之间不平等的权力关系，包括在社区一级的决策和政治进程中，并通过建立有效的和促进性别平等的农村决策结构，扫清农村妇女参与社区生活的障碍。

States parties should develop action plans that address practical barriers to rural women’s participation in community life and implement campaigns to raise awareness about the importance of their participation in community decision-making;

缔约国应制定行动计划，解决农村妇女在参与社区生活方面的实际障碍，并开展运动，大力宣传她们参与社区决策的重要性；

(d) Ensure the participation of rural women in the development and implementation of all agricultural and rural development strategies, and that they are able to participate effectively in planning and decision-making relating to rural infrastructure and services, including water, sanitation, transportation and energy, as well as in agricultural cooperatives, farmers’ producer organizations, rural workers’ organizations, self-help groups and agro-processing entities.

(d) 确保农村妇女参与所有农业和农村发展战略的制定和实施，并确保她们能够有效参与关于水、卫生、交通和决策能源等农村基础设施和服务的规划和决策，以及参加农业合作社、农民生产组织、农村工人组织、自助团体和农产品加工实体。

Rural women and their representatives should be able to participate directly in the assessment, analysis, planning, design, budgeting, financing, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of all agricultural and rural development strategies;

农村妇女及其代表应能够直接参与所有农业和农村发展战略的评估、分析、规划、拟定、预算编制、筹资、实施、监测和评价；

(e) Ensure that rural development projects are implemented only after participatory gender and environmental impact assessments have been conducted with the full participation of rural women, and after obtaining their free, prior and informed consent.

(e) 确保在实施农村发展项目之前，务必先开展参与性性别和环境影响评估，让农村妇女充分参与其中，并征得她们自由、事先和知情同意。

The results of participatory assessments shall be considered to be fundamental criteria for taking any decision regarding the implementation of such projects.

在就此类项目的实施做出任何决定时，应以参与性评估的结果为根本准绳。

Effective measures should be taken to mitigate possible adverse environmental and gender impacts;

应采取有效措施，减轻可能造成的不良环境和性别影响；

(f) In the case of States parties in conflict or post-conflict situations, ensure the participation of rural women as decision makers in peacebuilding efforts and processes, in line with general recommendation No. 30.

(f) 处于冲突和冲突后局势的缔约国应按照第30号一般性建议，确保农村妇女作为决策者参与建设和平努力和进程。

G. Land and natural resources (art. 14, para. 2 (g), read alongside art. 13)

G. 土地和自然资源(与第十三条一并解读的第十四条第2款(g)项)

55. Rural women often have only limited rights over land and natural resources.

55. 农村妇女的土地和自然资源权利常常有限。

In many regions, they suffer from discrimination in relation to land rights, including with respect to communal lands, which are controlled largely by men.

在许多地区，她们在土地权利方面受到歧视，包括在很大程度上由男子控制的公共土地。

1. Land and natural resources

1. 土地和自然资源

56. The Committee considers rural women’s rights to land, natural resources, including water, seeds and forests, and fisheries as fundamental human rights.

56. 委员会认为，农村妇女对土地、水等自然资源、种子和森林以及渔业的权利是基本人权。

Barriers that prevent them from enjoying these rights often include discriminatory laws, the lack of harmonization of laws and their ineffective implementation at the national and local levels, and discriminatory cultural attitudes and practices.

阻止她们享受这些权利的障碍通常包括歧视性法律、法律不统一且在国家和地方层面执行不力以及歧视性文化态度和做法。

57. States parties should take all measures, including temporary special measures, necessary to achieve the substantive equality of rural women in relation to land and natural resources, and design and implement a comprehensive strategy to address discriminatory stereotypes, attitudes and practices that impede their rights to land and natural resources.

57. 缔约国应采取一切措施，包括必要的暂行特别措施，以实现农村妇女在土地和自然资源方面的实质性平等，并拟定和实施一项综合战略，以解决阻碍其享有土地和自然资源权利的歧视性陈规定型观念、态度和做法。

58. States parties should pay special attention to customary systems, which often govern land management, administration and transfer, in particular in rural areas, and ensure that they do not discriminate against rural women.

58. 缔约国应特别注意习惯制度，这种制度往往支配着土地的管理、行政和转让，特别是在农村地区，并确保它们不歧视农村妇女。

They should raise awareness about rural women’s rights to land, water and other natural resources among traditional, religious and customary leaders, lawmakers, the judiciary, lawyers, law enforcement authorities, land administrators, the media and other relevant actors.

各国应该提高传统、宗教和习俗领袖、立法者、司法人员、律师、执法当局、土地管理人员、媒体和其他相关行为体对农村妇女对土地、水及其他自然资源的权利的认识。

59. States parties should ensure that legislation guarantees rural women’s rights to land, water and other natural resources on an equal basis with men, irrespective of their civil and marital status or of a male guardian or guarantor, and that they have full legal capacity.

59. 缔约国应确保立法保障农村妇女在与男子平等的基础上对土地、水和其他自然资源的权利，不论其民事和婚姻状况为何以及有无男性监护人或担保人，并确保她们有充分的法律行为能力。

They should ensure that indigenous women in rural areas have equal access with indigenous men to ownership and possession of and control over land, water, forests, fisheries, aquaculture and other resources that they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired, including by protecting them against discrimination and dispossession.

各国应该确保农村地区的土著妇女在与土著男子平等的基础上获得对土地、水、森林、渔业、水产养殖及其传统上拥有、占有或以其他方式使用或获得的资源的所有权、占有权和控制权，包括通过保护她们免受歧视和剥夺。

In addition, States parties should:

此外，缔约国还应当：

(a) Promote rural women’s access to and meaningful participation in agricultural cooperatives, in which women may be members or the sole members;

(a) 促进农村妇女进入并切实参加仅妇女参加或男女都参加的农业合作社；

(b) Enhance rural women’s role in fisheries and aquaculture, as well as their knowledge of the sustainable use of fishery resources, and promote their access to forests and sustainable forest resources, including safe access to fuelwood and non-wood forest resources;

(b) 增强农村妇女在渔业和水产养殖方面的作用，以及她们对渔业资源可持续利用的知识，并促进她们获得森林和可持续森林资源，包括安全获得薪材和非木质森林资源；

(c) Strengthen customary and statutory institutions and mechanisms for defending or protecting women’s rights to land, water and other natural resources, including community paralegal services.

(c) 加强保卫或保护妇女对土地、水和其他自然资源的权利的习惯和法定体制和机制，包括社区法务助理服务。

2. Agricultural and land policies and organic farming

2. 农业和土地政策与有机农作

60. The consequences of industrial agriculture have often been detrimental to rural women farmers and have included soil degradation and erosion, water depletion and the use of cash crops to the detriment of local food crops.

60. 产业化农业给农村女农民带来的后果多有不利，包括土壤退化和水土流失、水源枯竭和使用有害于当地粮食作物的经济作物。

The controversial use of genetically modified organisms and the patenting of genetically altered crops are also linked to increased agricultural industrialization.

充满争议的转基因生物使用和基因改良作物的专利登记也与农业产业化程度的提升有关。

Rural women, however, are more often engaged in organic and sustainable farming practices.

但是，农村妇女所采用的往往是有机和可持续耕作方法。

61. Global food, energy, financial and environmental crises have led to the increased sale and leasing of land owned by the State or other actors to local, national and foreign investors.

61. 受全球粮食、能源、金融和环境危机的影响，国家或其他行为体越来越多地将拥有的土地出售和租赁给当地、本国和外国投资者。

Such agreements, often accompanied by expropriations, have put rural women at risk of forced eviction and increased poverty and have further diminished their access to and control over land, territories and natural resources, such as water, fuelwood and medicinal plants.

此类协议常常伴随着征用，导致农村妇女面临被强行驱逐和贫困加剧的风险，并进一步削弱了她们对土地、领地和水等自然资源、薪材和药用植物的获得和控制权。

Displacement negatively affects rural women in multiple ways, and they often suffer gender-based violence in that context.

流离失所给农村妇女带来多方面的负面影响，在此背景下，她们常常会遭受性别暴力。

62. States parties should implement agricultural policies that support rural women farmers, recognize and protect the natural commons, promote organic farming and protect rural women from harmful pesticides and fertilizers.

62. 缔约国应执行相关的农业政策，为农村女农民提供支助，承认和保护自然共有资源，促进有机农作并保护农村妇女免受有害农药和化肥之害。

They should ensure that rural women have effective access to agricultural resources, including high-quality seeds, tools, knowledge and information, as well as equipment and resources for organic farming.

各国应确保农村妇女能够有效地获得农业资源，包括优质的种子、工具、知识和信息，以及进行有机农作所需的设备和资源。

In addition, States parties should:

此外，缔约国还应当：

(a) Respect and protect rural women’s traditional and eco-friendly agricultural knowledge, in particular the right of women to preserve, use and exchange traditional and native seeds;

(a) 尊重和保护农村妇女的传统和生态友好型农业知识，特别是妇女养护、使用和交换传统和本土种子的权利；

(b) Protect and conserve native and endemic plant species and varieties that are a source of food and medicine, and prevent patenting by national and transnational companies to the extent that it threatens the rights of rural women.

(b) 保护和保存可提供食品和药品来源的当地特有植物物种和品种，并防止本国和跨国公司的专利登记威胁到农村妇女的权利。

States parties should prohibit contractual requirements on the mandatory purchase of seeds producing plants whose seeds are sterile (“terminator seeds”), which prevent rural women from saving fertile seeds;

缔约国应禁止关于妨碍农村妇女保存能育种子的强制采购种子生产企业所产不育种子(“终结者种子”)的合同要求；

(c) Ensure that land acquisitions, including land lease contracts, do not violate the rights of rural women or result in forced eviction, and protect rural women from the negative impacts of the acquisition of land by national and transnational companies, development projects, extractive industries and megaprojects;

(c) 确保土地收购(包括土地租赁合同)不会侵犯农村妇女的权利或导致强制驱逐，并保护农村妇女不受本国和跨国公司土地收购、开发项目、采掘业和大型项目带来的负面影响；

(d) Obtain the free and informed consent of rural women before the approval of any acquisitions or project affecting rural lands or territories and resources, including those relating to the lease and sale of land, land expropriation and resettlement.

(d) 在批准任何影响农村土地或领地及资源的收购或项目(包括那些与土地租赁和出售、土地征用和重新安置有关的收购或项目)之前，征得农村妇女的自由和知情同意。

When such land acquisitions do occur, they should be in line with international standards, and rural women should be adequately compensated;

如确要进行此种土地收购，缔约国应按照国际标准行事，且农村妇女应获得适当赔偿；

(e) Adopt and effectively implement laws and policies that limit the quantity and quality of rural land offered for sale or lease to third States or companies.

(e) 通过并有效执行相关法律和政策，限制可出售或租赁给第三国或公司的农村土地数量和质量。

3. Food and nutrition

3. 粮食和营养

63. Rural women are critical to achieving food security, reducing poverty, malnutrition and hunger and promoting rural development, yet their contribution is often unpaid, unacknowledged and poorly supported.

63. 农村妇女对于实现粮食安全、减少贫困、营养不良和饥饿及促进农村发展至关重要，但她们的贡献往往是无报酬的、得不到承认且甚少得到支持。

Rural women are among those most affected by food insecurity, exposed to food price volatility, malnutrition and hunger, and likely to suffer when food prices escalate (see A/HRC/22/50).

农村妇女是受粮食不安全影响最严重的群体之一，易受粮价波动、营养不良和饥饿的影响，且可能因粮价攀升而苦不堪言(见A/HRC/22/50)。

64. States parties should ensure the realization of the right to food and nutrition of rural women within the framework of food sovereignty and ensure that they have the authority to manage and control their natural resources.

64. 缔约国应确保在粮食主权框架内实现农村妇女的食物权和营养权，并确保她们拥有管理和控制其自然资源的权利。

65. States parties should pay particular attention to the nutritional needs of rural women, in particular pregnant and lactating women, putting in place effective policies ensuring that rural women have access to adequate food and nutrition, taking into account the Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security.

65. 缔约国应特别注意农村妇女，特别是孕妇和哺乳期妇女的营养需要，出台有效的政策，确保农村妇女获得足够的食物和营养，同时考虑到《支持在国家粮食安全范围内逐步实现充足食物权的自愿准则》。

66. States parties should adopt laws, policies and measures to promote and protect the diverse local agricultural methods and products of rural women and their access to markets.

66. 缔约国应通过法律、政策和措施，促进和保护农村妇女多样化的当地农业方法和产品及它们进入市场。

They should ensure the diversity of crops and medicinal resources to improve rural women’s food security and health, as well as access to livestock.

各国应确保农作物和药材资源的多样性，以增强农村妇女的粮食安全和健康并扩大其畜牧机会。

4. Financial services, including agricultural credits, loans and insurance

4. 金融服务，包括农业信贷、贷款和保险

67. Access to financial services on fair terms is crucial for the development of rural women’s enterprises and for their income-generating and livelihood strategies as producers and entrepreneurs.

67. 以公平条件获得金融服务是农村妇女企业发展和妇女作为生产者和企业家的创收和生计战略的关键。

Constraints on women’s access to financial services include: legal and policy barriers, which may not allow women to apply for credit in their own right;

限制妇女获得金融服务的因素包括：法律和政策障碍，妇女本身可能因此无权申请信贷；

discriminatory attitudes that prevent women from holding bank accounts or entering into contracts without the consent of a male relative;

歧视态度，即未经男性亲属同意，妇女无法开立银行账户或订立合同；

and requests for collaterals that rural women may lack.

以及抵押品要求，农村妇女可能无可抵押资产。

68. States parties should promote the transition to formal financial services and ensure rural women’s access to credit, loans, matrimonial savings, insurance and domestic payment services, on the basis of equality with rural men, and promote their economic, financial and business skills.

68. 缔约国应推动向正规金融服务转型，并确保农村妇女在与农村男子平等的基础上获得信贷、贷款、婚姻储蓄、保险和国内支付服务，并促进提升其经济、金融和商业技能。

States parties should ensure that rural women have equal access to:

缔约国应确保农村妇女平等获得：

(a) Community-managed and mobile financial services, which should address rural women’s needs, for example by lending to women who may lack collaterals, employ simplified, low-cost banking practices and facilitate rural women’s access to formal financial service providers;

(a) 社区管理和移动金融服务，这些服务应通过向缺乏抵押物的妇女发放贷款等手段，解决农村妇女的需要，采用简化、低成本的银行业务做法，并促进农村妇女获得正规金融服务提供商的服务；

(b) Information on financial services and facilities;

(b) 关于金融服务和机构的信息；

(c) Financial skills-building programmes using innovative methods that take into account concerns of illiteracy.

(c) 使用考虑到文盲问题的创新方法的财务能力建设方案。

69. States parties should ensure that financial services, including credit and loans, include gender-responsive mechanisms and are not withheld from rural women because they lack a male guarantor.

69. 缔约国应确保金融服务(包括信贷和贷款)中包含促进性别平等的机制，且不因农村妇女缺乏男性担保人而拒不提供。

Registration procedures should be adapted to the time and mobility challenges faced by many rural women.

登记程序应根据许多农村妇女面临的时间和行动挑战进行调整。

Agricultural credit and loans should allow for the untenured nature of the smallholdings held by many women farmers, so that rural women who may lack formal tenure rights are still able to gain access to them.

农业信贷和贷款应该考虑到许多女农民对所持小农场并无保有权，以便那些可能无正式保有权的农村妇女仍然能够获得信贷和贷款。

5. Markets and marketing facilities

5. 市场和销售设施

70. For rural women farmers and producers to sell their goods and produce successfully, they must have access to markets and marketing facilities and develop effective marketing skills.

70. 农村女农民和生产者要想成功出售其商品和产品，就必须进入市场和销售设施，并培养有效的销售技能。

However, public and private discrimination, as well as limitations on mobility and time, may serve to exclude rural women from the use of marketing facilities and supply chains.

但是，公共和私人歧视以及行动和时间方面的限制可能会阻止农村妇女使用销售设施和供应链。

Rural women also tend to be underrepresented on market committees and often have little input into the design, creation, use and upgrading of local marketing facilities.

农村妇女在市场委员会中往往代表性不足，且对于当地销售设施的设计、建造、使用和升级往往无多少献益。

71. States parties should ensure that rural women have access to markets and marketing facilities and that, as farmers and producers, they are explicitly consulted on their problems regarding access to and the effective use of markets, so that marketing facilities may better address their needs.

71. 缔约国应确保农村妇女进入市场和销售设施，并确保就她们进入和有效利用市场的问题明确征询她们作为农民和生产者的意见，以便销售设施能够更好地满足她们的需要。

States parties should also seek to improve their marketing skills and their skills to add value to their products, including through targeted outreach activities.

缔约国还应设法提高她们的销售技能及其提升自身产品附加值的技能，包括通过开展有针对性的推广活动。

72. States should also develop specific support and agricultural extension programmes and advisory services to promote the economic and entrepreneurial skills of rural women and to improve their capacity to gain access to markets and value chains.

72. 各国还应制定专门的扶持和农业技术推广方案和咨询服务，以提升农村妇女的经济和创业技能，并提高她们获得市场和价值链准入的能力。

6. Technology

6. 技术

73. Reducing rural women’s labour time and effort through infrastructure and technological innovation is particularly vital.

73. 通过基础设施建设和技术创新减少农村妇女的劳动时间和精力特别重要。

In this regard, they are in need of agricultural, irrigation and water-harvesting technology and labour-saving agricultural equipment.

在这方面，她们需要农业、灌溉和集水技术以及节省劳力的农业设备。

Furthermore, the access of rural women to information and communications technology (ICT) and mobile networks is as important as improving their marketing and other skills.

此外，农村妇女获得信息和通信技术(信通技术)和接入移动网络与提高其销售及其他技能同等重要。

74. States parties should ensure that labour-saving and environmentally sound technology, including agricultural, irrigation and water-harvesting technology, and technology to reduce the burden of unpaid domestic and productive work are available and accessible to rural women and create enabling environments that improve their access to technology, including ICT, in rural areas.

74. 缔约国应确保农村妇女有节省劳力和无害环境的技术(包括农业、灌溉和集水技术)和可减轻无报酬家务和生产工作负担的技术可用且能够获得此类技术，并在农村地区创造有利环境，使她们更好地获取技术，包括信通技术。

Rural women should be consulted in the development of such technology and their access to such innovative technological solutions should be promoted.

在开发此类技术时，应征询农村妇女的意见，并应扩大她们获得此类创新技术解决方案的机会。

7. Information and communications technology

7. 信息和通信技术

75. ICT (including radio, television, mobile phones, computers and the Internet) plays an important role in empowering rural women and girls by connecting them to the broader world and providing easy access to information and education.

75. 信通技术(包括广播、电视、移动电话、计算机和互联网)可将妇女和女童与更广阔的世界连接起来，并方便她们获得信息和教育，这种技术在增强其权能方面发挥着重要作用。

Various forms of technology can meet a diversity of needs, from joining online communities to taking advantage of distance learning.

各种形式的技术能够让从加入在线社区到利用远程学习等多样化需要都得到满足。

However, rural women and girls are disproportionately affected by gender gaps in access to ICT, which is an important dimension of the digital divide.

但是，农村妇女和女童受信通技术获取性别差距影响异常严重，这一差距是数字鸿沟的一个重要方面。

For rural women and girls, poverty, geographic isolation, language barriers, a lack of computer literacy and discriminatory gender stereotypes can all hamper access to ICT.

对于农村妇女和女童而言，贫穷、地理隔绝、语言障碍、计算机知识匮乏和歧视性性别陈规定型观念都会阻碍她们获得信通技术。

76. States parties should adopt measures to promote gender equality in the ICT sector and improve the access of rural women and girls to ICT, as well as develop or expand initiatives to increase their ICT skills, for example, through the development of village-based or community-based knowledge centres.

76. 缔约国应采取措施，促进信通技术部门的性别平等并扩大农村妇女和女童获得信通技术，以及发展或扩大相关举措，以提高其信通技术技能，例如通过开办乡村或社区知识中心。

States parties should also explore public awareness-raising and training through mobile phone technology, which has the potential to reach rural women and girls.

缔约国还应通过有可能普及到农村妇女和女童的移动电话技术，探索提高公众认识和开展培训。

8. Land and agrarian reform, land acquisition and resettlement

8. 土地改革、土地收购与重新安置

77. Land and agrarian reform often exclude rural women and are not implemented in a gender-responsive manner.

77. 土地改革经常将农村妇女排斥在外，且实施方式不能促进性别平等。

Land reform policies sometimes have a male bias, such as registering land only in men’s names, making compensation payments mostly in their name or compensating for land use restrictions (resulting in the loss of land, the loss of use and the loss of land value) based only on men’s activities.

土地改革政策有时会带有男性偏见，如土地只能登记在男子名下、赔偿金大多转至男子名下或仅以男子的活动作为土地使用限制(导致土地丧失、用途丧失和土地价值丧失)赔偿的依据。

78. States parties should give priority to rural women’s equal rights to land when undertaking land and agrarian reforms and consider it a specific and central objective of land reform.

78. 缔约国在开展土地改革时应优先注重农村妇女的平等权利，并视之为土地改革的一个具体和核心目标。

They should:

各国应该：

(a) Ensure that land and agrarian reform programmes integrate gender-specific goals, targets and measures, and advance both formal and substantive equality, for example through joint titling, and require the wife’s consent for the sale or mortgage of jointly owned land or for engaging in financial transactions linked to the land;

(a) 确保土地改革方案纳入了有性别区分的目标、具体目标和措施，且通过发放共同所有权等方式推进形式上和实质上的平等，还规定男子如欲出售或抵押共同拥有的土地或进行与土地有关的财务交易，须经妻子同意；

(b) Recognize and include rural women’s equal rights to land in any land distribution, registration and titling or certification schemes;

(b) 承认农村妇女对土地的平等权利，并将其纳入土地分配、登记、所有权发放或认证计划；

(c) Formally recognize and review indigenous women’s laws, traditions, customs and land tenure systems, with the aim of eliminating discriminatory provisions;

(c) 正式承认并审查土著妇女的法律、传统、习俗和土地所有权制度，目的是消除歧视性条款；

(d) Develop and implement measures, including temporary special measures, to enable rural women to benefit from the public distribution, lease or use of land, water bodies, fisheries and forests, and from agrarian reform policies, rural investments and the management of natural resources in rural areas.

(d) 制定和实施措施，包括暂行特别措施，使农村妇女能够从土地、水体、渔业和森林的公共分配、租赁或使用中以及从土地改革政策、农村投资和农村地区自然资源管理中受益。

Landless rural women should be given priority in the allocation of public lands, fisheries and forests.

在分配公共土地、渔业和森林时，应优先照顾失地农村妇女。

H. Adequate living conditions (art. 14, para. 2 (h))

H. 适当的生活条件(第十四条第二款(h)项)

1. Housing

1. 住房

79. The right to adequate housing is of particular concern in rural areas, where basic infrastructure and services are often inaccessible or of poor quality.

79. 在农村地区，基本基础设施和服务常常无处可得或质量堪忧，适足住房权尤为引人关切。

Many of the measures that protect rural women’s rights to land (for example, the recognition of women’s legal capacity, the recognition of the security of tenure and the elimination of discrimination against women in registration and titling) can be applied to protect their right to adequate housing (see A/HRC/19/53).

许多保护农村妇女土地权的措施(例如，承认妇女的法律行为能力、承认使用权保障以及在登记和所有权发放中消除对妇女的歧视)可适用于保护其适足住房权(见A/HRC/19/53)。

However, additional measures can also be taken to improve the conditions of rural housing from a gender-responsive perspective.

但是，也可以采取其他措施，从促进性别平等的角度改善农村住房条件。

80. States parties should address housing as part of overall rural development and ensure that measures are developed in consultation with rural women.

80. 缔约国应将住房问题作为农村整体发展的一部分加以解决，并确保在制定措施时征询农村妇女的意见。

States parties should improve the quality of rural housing through the design and implementation of targeted policies and programmes that take into account the specific needs of rural women.

缔约国应通过拟定和实施考虑到农村妇女特殊需要的有针对性的政策和方案来提高农村住房质量。

Such efforts should be made in line with international housing rights standards, including the basic principles and guidelines on development-based evictions and displacement (A/HRC/4/18, annex I), and should contain strong measures to protect rural women effectively from forced eviction by State and non-State actors.

在做出这类努力时，应遵守国际住房权标准，包括《关于出于发展目的的搬迁和迁离问题的基本原则和准则》(A/HRC/4/18，附件一)，并应采取强有力的措施，以有效保护农村妇女免遭国家和非国家行为体强行驱逐。

2. Water, sanitation and energy

2. 水、卫生和能源

81. The rights of rural women and girls to water and sanitation are not only essential rights in themselves but also key to the realization of a wide range of other rights, including rights to health, food, education and participation.

81. 农村妇女和女童的水和卫生设施权利本身不仅是基本权利，也是实现健康权、食物权、受教育权和参与权等一系列其他权利的关键。

82. Rural women and girls are among those most affected by water scarcity;

82. 农村妇女和女童是受缺水影响最严重的群体之一；

a situation that is aggravated by unequal access to natural resources and the lack of infrastructure and services.

这种状况又因获得自然资源不平等和缺乏基础设施及服务而恶化。

Rural women and girls are frequently obliged to walk long distances to fetch water, sometimes exposing them to a heightened risk of sexual violence and attacks.

农村妇女和女童经常不得不长途跋涉去取水，这有时会让她们遭受性暴力和攻击的风险大大增加。

Owing to poor rural infrastructure and services in many regions, rural women often spend four to five hours per day (or more) collecting water from sometimes poor-quality sources, carrying heavy containers and suffering acute physical problems, as well as facing illnesses caused by the use of unsafe water.

在许多地区，由于农村基础设施和服务薄弱，农村妇女经常每天要花四五个小时(甚至更久)来集水，而部分水源的水质很差，她们要背着沉重的容器，易突发急性生理问题，而且易因使用不安全的水而染病。

Various forms of low-cost and effective technology exist that could ease the burden, including well-drilling technology, water extraction systems, wastewater reuse technology, labour-saving irrigation technology, rain-harvesting and household water treatment and purification systems.

现有各种形式的低成本且有效的技术可以减轻其负担，包括钻井技术、取水系统、废水回用技术、节省劳力的灌溉技术、雨水收集和家庭用水处理和净化系统。

83. In the absence of toilets or latrines, rural women and girls must also walk long distances in search of privacy.

83. 如果没有厕所或坑厕，农村妇女和女童还必须走很远的路寻找隐蔽之所。

The lack of adequate sanitation also increases their risk of ill health.

缺乏适当的卫生设施也加大了她们健康状况不佳的风险。

To remedy this situation, rural women and girls must have physical and economic access to sanitation that is safe, hygienic, secure and socially and culturally acceptable.

要改变这种情况，就必须让农村妇女和女童以经济实惠方式切实获得安全、卫生、私密且社会和文化上可接受的卫生设施。

84. Rural women’s access to electricity and other forms of energy is often limited.

84. 农村妇女用电和获得其他形式能源的机会往往有限。

The responsibility for biomass collection and use for energy production, and the associated health and safety risks, falls primarily on women and girls.

收集和使用生物质用以生产能源的责任以及与此相关的健康和安全风险主要由妇女和女童承担。

They are traditionally responsible for meeting household energy requirements and, as the principal consumers of energy at the household level, are also likely to be more directly affected by cost increases or resource scarcity.

她们传统上负责满足家庭能源需求，而且作为家庭层面的主要能源消费者，她们也更易受到费用上涨或资源稀缺的直接影响。

While a specific reference to electricity is made in article 14, paragraph 2 (h), it is important to recognize that rural women may also have other energy needs, for example for cooking, heating, cooling and transportation.

虽然第十四条第2款(h)项特别提到电，但务必要认识到，农村妇女还可能有其他能源需要，如做饭、取暖、制冷和交通。

85. States parties should ensure that rural women have access to essential services and public goods, including:

85. 缔约国应确保农村妇女获得基本服务和公共产品，其中包括：

(a) Sufficient, safe, acceptable and physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses and irrigation;

(a) 充足、安全、可接受和切实可得且负担得起的水，以供个人和家庭使用及灌溉；

(b) Adequate sanitation and hygiene, enabling women and girls to manage their menstrual hygiene and have access to sanitary pads;

(b) 适当的环境卫生和个人卫生，使妇女和女童能够应对经期卫生，并获得卫生巾；

(c) Sustainable and renewable sources of energy, extending on-grid services to rural areas and developing solar energy and other sustainable energy sources with low-cost technology.

(c) 可持续和可再生能源来源、将网格服务拓展至农村地区，并开发太阳能等技术成本低的可持续能源来源。

3. Transportation

3. 交通运输

86. Transport and road access pose significant challenges for rural women and have an impact on their enjoyment of various rights, including access to education, livelihood opportunities and health care.

86. 交通运输和道路通行给农村妇女造成严峻挑战，并影响她们对各项权利的享受，包括获得教育、谋生机会和医疗保健。

Geographical distance, inhospitable terrain, a lack of infrastructure and access to public transportation can all limit day-to-day mobility.

地理距离远、地形恶劣、缺乏基础设施和公共交通接入都会限制日常行动。

Even when transportation alternatives are available in rural areas, the associated costs of travel or risks of sexual harassment and violence can serve as strong disincentives for rural women to use them.

即便农村地区有替代交通运输手段可用，出行相关费用之高或遭受性骚扰和暴力的风险也会让农村妇女使用它们的意愿大打折扣。

Consequently, they often spend long hours travelling by foot, creating other problems for them in terms of increased time poverty and risks to health and safety.

因此，她们往往要长时间步行，而这又给她们带来其他问题，如时间更加紧张、贫困以及健康和安全风险。

87. States parties should analyse the sex-differentiated demands for transport services in rural areas, ensure that transportation sector policies and programmes reflect the mobility needs of rural women and provide them with safe, affordable and accessible means of transport.

87. 缔约国应分析农村地区不同性别对交通运输服务的需求，确保交通运输部门的政策和方案反映农村妇女的行动需要，并为她们提供安全、经济和便利的交通手段。

I. Rural women in developed countries

I. 发达国家的农村妇女

88. Rural women in developed and developing countries often face similar challenges in terms of poverty and exclusion and may have similar needs in terms of accessible services, social protection and economic empowerment.

88. 发达国家和发展中国家的农村妇女在遭受贫穷和排斥方面面临类似挑战，在可获得服务、社会保护和增强经济权能方面同样可能有相似的需要。

As in many developing countries, rural economies in developed countries tend to favour men, and rural development policies in developed countries may also at times pay scant attention to women’s needs and rights.

同许多发展中国家一样，发达国家的农村经济也往往对男子有利，其农村发展政策可能偶尔也会忽视妇女的需要和权利。

Rural women in developed countries (and in developing countries) continue to need targeted policies and programmes that promote and guarantee the enjoyment of their rights.

发达国家(和发展中国家)仍然需要采取促进和保障其权利享受的定向政策和方案。

Many of the recommendations made in the preceding sections will be relevant to the situation of rural women living in developed countries.

上文各节所提建议多与发达国家农村妇女的状况紧密相关。

Nonetheless, there are unique issues that merit special attention.

尽管如此，也有一些独有的问题值得特别注意。

89. For example, many migrant women workers in developed countries are employed in agriculture and often face serious violations of their human rights, including violence, exploitation and denial of access to services, including health care.

89. 例如，在发达国家，许多移徙女工在农业领域工作，其人权常常遭到严重侵犯，包括暴力、剥削和得不到保健等服务。

In addition, the move to industrial farming in many developed countries has tended to marginalize small farmers, having a disproportionate impact on rural women.

此外，许多发达国家在向产业化农业迈进的过程中往往将小农户边缘化，这对农村妇女影响异常严重。

There is therefore a need to facilitate and support alternative and gender-responsive agricultural development programmes that enable small-scale women producers to participate in and benefit from agriculture and rural development.

因此，必须促进和扶持替代的、促进性别平等的农业发展方案，使小规模妇女生产者能够参与农业和农村发展并从中受益。

In addition, while rural communities in developed countries may often be well connected to social services and have access to transportation infrastructure, water, sanitation, technology, education and health-care systems, among others, the situation is not equal across all rural communities.

此外，虽然发达国家的农村社区往往可能社会服务配套良好且交通运输基础设施、水、卫生、技术、教育和卫生保健系统等方便易得，但并非所有农村社区的情况尽是相同。

In many places, such access is noticeably lacking, and women living within those rural communities experience not only the deprivation of such rights but also an increased burden of care work as a result.

在许多地方，此类服务明显缺乏，生活在这些农村社区中的妇女不仅权利惨遭剥夺，其护理负担也因此加重。

This holds particularly true in peripheral or remote rural communities, including indigenous ones, which are isolated and tend to have higher levels of poverty.

外围或偏远农村社区更是如此，包括土著社区，它们地处偏远，贫困程度往往更高。

90. States parties should ensure the implementation of general recommendation No. 26 (2008) on women migrant workers, paying special attention to rural women working as seasonal migrant farmworkers.

90. 缔约国应确保落实关于移徙女工问题的第26(2008)号一般性建议，其中特别注意作为季节性移徙农场工人的农村妇女。

They should in this regard ensure legal protection for the rights of rural women migrant workers and access to remedies, protecting both documented and undocumented rural women migrant workers from discrimination or sex-based exploitation and abuse.

在这方面，各国应该确保依法保护农村移徙女工的权利和获得救济，同时保护持证和无证农村妇女不受歧视或基于性别的剥削和虐待。

91. States parties should facilitate and support alternative and gender-responsive agricultural development programmes that enable small-scale women producers to participate in and benefit from agriculture and rural development.

91. 缔约国应该促进和扶持促进性别平等的替代性农业发展方案，使小规模妇女生产者能够参与农业和农村发展并从中受益。

Such programmes should support women-led farms and women as farmers and promote women’s traditional farming practices.

这些方案应支助妇女领导的农场和女农民，并促进妇女的传统耕作方式。

92. States parties should improve the living situation of rural women, in particular indigenous ones, who reside in peripheral regions, which tend to be poorer, more isolated and less connected to social services.

92. 缔约国应改善农村妇女的生活状况，特别是土著妇女的生活状况，她们住在外围地区，往往更加贫穷、更加孤立且可获得的社会服务更少。

They should accord priority to the development of those rural communities, engaging local women in the design and implementation of rural development plans.

各国应该优先注重那些农村社区的发展，让当地妇女参与农村发展计划的制定和实施。

V. Data on the situation of rural women

五. 关于农村妇女状况的数据

93. A fundamental challenge to the implementation of article 14 is a general lack of disaggregated data about the situation of rural women, which prevents the adequate monitoring and enforcement of their rights under the Convention.

93. 实施第十四条面临的一项根本挑战是普遍缺乏关于农村妇女状况的分类数据，这阻止了充分监测和实现《公约》规定的农村妇女权利。

94. States parties should collect, analyse, use and disseminate data on the situation of rural women, disaggregated by sex, age, geographical location, disability and socioeconomic, minority or other status.

94. 缔约国应收集、分析、使用和传播关于农村妇女状况的且按性别、年龄、地理位置、残疾和社会经济状况、少数民族或其他状况分类的数据。

Such data, including for Sustainable Development Goal indicators, should be used to inform and design measures, including temporary special measures, aimed at achieving substantive equality for rural women in all spheres of life.

各国应根据此类数据(包括可持续发展目标的指标相关数据)来拟定措施，包括暂行特别措施，旨在在生活的各个方面实现农村妇女实质上的平等。

Those data should also include information on the situation of rural women, including on specific groups of rural women who face intersecting forms of discrimination and specific barriers in gaining access to their rights.

这些数据还应该包括关于农村妇女(包括面临交叉形式歧视且在获享其权利方面遇到具体障碍的特定农村妇女群体)状况的信息。

VI. Reservations and declarations

六. 保留和声明

95. Reservations to any article of the Convention, and in particular articles 2 (f), 5 (a), 7, 9 and 14 to 16, may have a disproportionate impact on rural women.

95. 对《公约》任何条款，特别是第二条(f)项、第五条(a)项、第七条、第九条和第十四条至第十六条提具的保留可能对农村妇女产生重大影响。

Examples include reservations limiting or otherwise adversely affecting their ability to enjoy rights to housing, land and property, such as those relating to succession and inheritance, as well as reservations limiting their right to political participation.

此种保留包括限制或以其他方式对她们享受住房权、土地权和财产权(例如，关于继任和继承的权利)的能力产生不利影响的保留，以及限制其政治参与权利的保留。

96. States parties that have entered reservations should provide information in their periodic reports to the Committee on the specific effects of such reservations on the enjoyment by rural women of their rights, as set out in the Convention, and indicate the steps taken to keep those reservations under review, with a view to withdrawing them as soon as possible.

96. 业已提具保留的缔约国应按照《公约》规定，在其定期报告中向委员会说明此种保留对农村妇女享受其权利的具体影响，并指明现已采取哪些步骤来审查这些保留，以期尽快予以撤回。

VII. Dissemination and reporting

七. 传播和报告

97. The Committee encourages States parties to translate the present general recommendation into national and local languages, including indigenous and minority languages, and to disseminate it widely to all branches of government, civil society, the media, academic institutions and women’s organizations, including rural women’s organizations.

97. 委员会鼓励缔约国将本一般性建议译为国家和地方语言，包括土著和少数民族语言，并向所有政府部门、民间社会、媒体、学术机构和妇女组织(包括农村妇女组织)广泛传播。

The Committee recommends that, when preparing their periodic reports, especially as regards article 14, States parties consult rural women’s groups, including women farmers’ organizations, producer collectives and rural cooperatives.

委员会建议缔约国在编写定期报告时，特别是第十四条相关部分时，征询农村妇女团体(包括女农民组织)、生产者联合会和农村合作社的意见。

15 October has been designated the International Day of Rural Women.

已将10月15日定为“国际农村妇女日”。

The priority theme of the fifty-sixth session of the Commission on the Status of Women was also the empowerment of rural women and their role in poverty and hunger eradication, development and current challenges.

妇女地位委员会第五十六届会议的优先主题也是“增强农村妇女权能以及农村妇女在消除贫穷和饥饿、谋求发展和应对当前挑战方面的作用”。

See The World’s Women 2010: Trends and statistics (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.XVII.11).

见：《2010年世界妇女：趋势与统计》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.10.XVII.11)。

Available from unstats.un.org/unsd.

可查阅：unstats.un.org/unsd。