United Nations

联合国

CEDAW/C/GC/35

CEDAW/C/GC/35

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约

26 July 2017

26 July 2017

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women

消除对妇女歧视委员会

General recommendation No. 35 on gender-based violence against women, updating general recommendation No. 19

关于基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的第35号一般性建议，更新第19号一般性建议

I.

一.

Introduction

导言

Acknowledgements

鸣谢

The Committee acknowledges the valuable contributions of the more than 100 civil society and women’s organizations, States parties to the Convention, representatives of academia, United Nations entities and other stakeholders that provided their views and comments during the elaboration of the present general recommendation.

委员会感谢100多个民间社会和妇女组织、《公约》缔约方、学术界代表、联合国实体和其他利益攸关方在编写本一般性建议的过程中做出了宝贵贡献，提出了看法和意见。

The Committee also acknowledges with gratitude the work of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences in the implementation of her mandate and her contribution to the present general recommendation.

委员会还衷心感谢暴力侵害妇女及其原因和后果问题特别报告员在执行其任务授权方面的工作及其为本一般性建议做出的贡献。

1.

1.

In its general recommendation No. 19 (1992) on violence against women, adopted at its eleventh session, the Committee clarified that discrimination against women, as defined in article 1 of the Convention, included gender-based violence, that is “violence which is directed against a woman because she is a woman or that affects women disproportionately”, and that it constituted a violation of their human rights.

在其第十一届会议通过的关于暴力侵害妇女行为的第19(1992)号一般性建议中， 委员会明确，《公约》第一条所界定的对妇女的歧视包括基于性别的暴力，即“因为妇女的性别而对之施加的暴力或不成比例地影响妇女的暴力”，且其构成对人权的侵犯。

2.

2.

For more than 25 years, in their practice, States parties have endorsed the Committee’s interpretation.

25年以来，缔约国在各自的实践中认可了委员会的解释。

The opinio juris and State practice suggest that the prohibition of gender-based violence against women has evolved into a principle of customary international law.

法律确信和国家实践表明，禁止基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为已成为习惯国际法的一项准则。

General recommendation No. 19 has been a key catalyst for that process.

第19号一般性建议 是加快这一进程的关键推动力。

3.

3.

Acknowledging those developments, and the work of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, and of the human rights treaty bodies and the special procedures mandate holders of the Human Rights Council, the Committee has decided to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the adoption of general recommendation No. 19 by providing States parties with further guidance aimed at accelerating the elimination of gender-based violence against women.

委员会承认这些进展，并承认暴力侵害妇女及其原因和后果问题特别报告员、人权条约机构和人权理事会特别程序任务负责人的工作，决定通过向缔约国提供旨在加快消除基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的进一步指导来纪念第19号一般性建议通过二十五周年。

4.

4.

The Committee acknowledges that civil society groups, especially women’s non-governmental organizations, have prioritized the elimination of gender-based violence against women;

委员会承认，民间社会团体，特别是妇女非政府组织，已将消除基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为作为优先事项；

their activities have had a profound social and political impact, contributing to the recognition of gender-based violence against women as a human rights violation and to the adoption of laws and policies to address it.

它们的活动产生了深刻的社会和政治影响，有助于促进对基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为系侵犯人权行为的承认，并有助于通过涉及这一问题的法律和政策。

5.

5.

In its concluding observations on the periodic reports of States parties under the Convention and the related follow-up procedures, general recommendations, statements, and views and recommendations issued in response to communications and inquiries under the Optional Protocol to the Convention, the Committee condemns gender-based violence against women, in all its forms, wherever it occurs.

在其关于缔约国根据《公约》提交的定期报告的结论性意见中以及针对根据《公约任择议定书》提交的来文和询问提出的相关后续程序、一般性建议、陈述、意见和建议中，委员会谴责了在任何地方发生的一切形式的基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为。

Through those mechanisms, the Committee has also clarified standards for eliminating such violence and the obligations of States parties in that regard.

通过这些机制，委员会还澄清了消除这类暴力行为的标准以及缔约国在这方面的义务。

6.

6.

Despite those advances, gender-based violence against women, whether committed by States, intergovernmental organizations or non-State actors, including private persons and armed groups, remains pervasive in all countries, with high levels of impunity.

尽管取得了这些进展，各国仍普遍存在基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为，无论其施害者是缔约国、政府间组织，还是个人和武装团体等非国家行为体，且有罪不罚的现象尤为严重。

It manifests itself on a continuum of multiple, interrelated and recurring forms, in a range of settings, from private to public, including technology-mediated settings and in the contemporary globalized world it transcends national boundaries.

它不断以多重的、互相关联的形式表现出来，反反复复，出现在从个人到公共的各种环境中，包括以技术为媒介的环境，并且在当下的全球化世界中超越了国界。

7.

7.

In many States, legislation addressing gender-based violence against women is non-existent, inadequate or poorly implemented.

在许多国家，涉及基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的立法几乎不存在，不充足，或执行不力。

An erosion of the legal and policy frameworks that aim to eliminate gender-based discrimination or violence, often justified in the name of tradition, culture, religion or fundamentalist ideology, and significant reductions in public spending, often as part of so-called “austerity measures” following economic and financial crises, further weaken States responses.

因传统、文化、宗教或原教主义意识形态的名义而合理化的对旨在消除基于性别的歧视或暴力行为的法律和政策框架的腐蚀，以及经济金融危机后作为所谓的“紧缩措施”的一种手段大力削减公共开支的行为进一步削弱了国家的应对措施。

In the context of shrinking democratic spaces and the consequent deterioration of the rule of law, all of those factors contribute to the pervasiveness of gender-based violence against women and lead to a culture of impunity.

在民主空间缩小以及随之而来的法治恶化的背景下，所有上述因素将助长基于性别的暴力侵害妇女现象的蔓延，并导致形成有罪不罚的文化。

II.

二.

Scope

范围

8.

8.

The present general recommendation complements and updates the guidance to States parties set out in general recommendation No. 19 and should be read in conjunction with it.

本一般性建议补充并更新了第19号一般性建议中规定的为缔约国提供的指导，且应与之一并参阅。

9.

9.

The concept of “violence against women”, as defined in general recommendation No. 19 and other international instruments and documents, has places an emphasis on the fact that such violence is gender-based.

第19号一般性建议以及其他国际文书和文件中定义的“暴力侵害妇女行为”的概念强调了此种暴力系基于性别的事实。

Accordingly, in the present recommendation, the term “gender-based violence against women” is used as a more precise term that makes explicit the gendered causes and impacts of the violence.

因此，本建议使用了更精确的“基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为”一语，以明示性别造成的原因和对暴力的影响。

The term further strengthens the understanding of the violence as a social rather than an individual problem, requiring comprehensive responses, beyond those to specific events, individual perpetrators and victims/survivors.

该术语进一步强化了对暴力系社会问题而非个人问题的理解，要求采取不局限于针对具体事件、个别施害者和受害人/幸存者的全面的应对措施。

10.

10.

The Committee considers that gender-based violence against women is one of the fundamental social, political and economic means by which the subordinate position of women with respect to men and their stereotyped roles are perpetuated.

委员会认为基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为是一种将女性在地位上从属于男性及其陈规定型角色加以固化的根本性社会、政治和经济手段。

Throughout its work, the Committee has made clear that such violence is a critical obstacle to the achievement of substantive equality between women and men and to the enjoyment by women of their human rights and fundamental freedoms, as enshrined in the Convention.

在其整个工作中，委员会表明，此种暴力对实现男女平等以及妇女享有《公约》所规定的人权和基本自由构成了严重阻碍。

11.

11.

In general recommendation No. 28 (2010) on the core obligations of States parties under article 2 of the Convention, it is indicated that the obligations of States are to respect, protect and fulfil women’s rights to non-discrimination and the enjoyment of de jure and de facto equality.

关于缔约国在《公约》第二条之下的核心义务的第28(2010)号一般性建议指出，缔约国的义务是尊重、保护和落实妇女不受歧视的权利并享有法律上和事实上的平等。

The scope of those obligations in relation to gender-based violence against women occurring in particular contexts is addressed in general recommendation No. 28 and other general recommendations, including general recommendation No. 26 (2008) on women migrant workers;

对于这些与在特定情况下实施的基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为有关的义务的范围，第28号一般性建议及其他一般性建议均有所涉及，包括关于移民女工的第26(2008)号一般性建议；

general recommendation No. 27 (2010) on older women and the protection of their human rights;

关于老年妇女以及保护其人权的第27(2010)号一般性建议；

general recommendation No. 30 (2013) on women in conflict prevention, conflict and post-conflict situations;

关于妇女在预防冲突、冲突及冲突后局势中的作用的第30(2013)号一般性建议；

joint general recommendation No. 31 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women/general comment No. 18 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2014) on harmful practices;

消除对妇女歧视委员会第31号以及儿童权利委员会有关有害做法的第18号联合一般性建议/意见(2004年)；

general recommendation No. 32 (2014) on the gender-related dimensions of refugee status, asylum, nationality and statelessness of women;

关于妇女的难民地位、庇护、国籍和无国籍状态与性别相关方面的第32(2014)号一般性建议；

general recommendation No. 33 (2015) on women’s access to justice;

关于妇女获得司法救助的第33(2015)号一般性建议；

and general recommendation No. 34 (2016) on the rights of rural women.

以及关于农村妇女权利的第34(2016)号一般性建议。

Further details on the relevant elements of the general recommendations referred to herein may be found in those recommendations.

此处提到的一般性建议中的相关要素的更多细节，可在这些建议原文中找到。

12.

12.

In general recommendation No. 28 and general recommendation No. 33, the Committee confirmed that discrimination against women was inextricably linked to other factors that affected their lives.

在第28号一般性建议和第33号一般性建议中，委员会确认，歧视妇女与影响其生活的其他因素密不可分。

The Committee, in its jurisprudence, has highlighted the fact that such factors include women’s ethnicity/race, indigenous or minority status, colour, socioeconomic status and/or caste, language, religion or belief, political opinion, national origin, marital status, maternity, parental status, age, urban or rural location, health status, disability, property ownership, being lesbian, bisexual, transgender or intersex, illiteracy, seeking asylum, being a refugee, internally displaced or stateless, widowhood, migration status, heading households, living with HIV/AIDS, being deprived of liberty, and being in prostitution, as well as trafficking in women, situations of armed conflict, geographical remoteness and the stigmatization of women who fight for their rights, including human rights defenders.

委 员会在其判例中曾经强调，这些因素包括：妇女的族裔/种族、土著或少数民族身份、肤色、社会经济地位和/或种姓、语言、宗教或信仰、政治意见、民族血统、 婚姻状况、生育、父母身份、年龄、城乡位置、健康状况、残疾、财产所有权、女同性恋、双性恋、变性人或双性人、文盲、寻求庇护、难民、境内流离失所者或无 国籍者、寡妇、移民身份、户主、艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者、被剥夺自由和卖淫，以及贩运妇女、武装冲突局势、地理位置偏远和侮辱包括人权维护者在内的争取自身 权利的妇女。

Accordingly, because women experience varying and intersecting forms of discrimination, which have an aggravating negative impact, the Committee acknowledges that gender-based violence may affect some women to different degrees, or in different ways, meaning that appropriate legal and policy responses are needed.

因此，由于妇女蒙受着各种交叉出现的歧视，产生了严重的负面影响，委员会承认基于性别的暴力可能在一定程度上，或以不同的方式影响着某些妇女，这意味着需要采取适当的法律和政策对策。

13.

13.

The Committee recalls article 23 of the Convention, in which it is indicated that any provisions in national legislation or international treaties other than the Convention that are more conducive to the achievement of equality between women and men will prevail over the obligations in the Convention and, accordingly, the recommendations in the present general recommendation.

委员会回顾《公约》第二十三条，其中指出《公约》以外的更有助于实现男女平等的任何国家立法或国际条约中的规定将优先于《公约》中的义务，相应地，也优先于本一般性建议中的建议。

The Committee notes that States parties’ action to address gender-based violence against women is affected by reservations that they maintain to the Convention.

委员会注意到，缔约国解决基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的行动受其对《公约》所持保留的影响。

It also notes that, as a human rights treaty body, the Committee may assess the permissibility of reservations formulated by States parties, and reiterates its view that reservations, especially to article 2 or article 16, the compliance with which is particularly crucial in efforts to eliminate gender-based violence against women, are incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention and thus impermissible under article 28 (2).

它还指出，作为人权条约机构，委员会可评估缔约国所提保留的可允许性，并重申其意见，尽管遵循这些保留，特别是就第二条或第十六条提出的保留对消除基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为尤为关键，但因它们不符合《公约》的目标和宗旨，因此，根据第二十八条第2款的规定是不被允许的。

14.

14.

Gender-based violence affects women throughout their life cycle and, accordingly, references to women in the present document include girls.

基于性别的暴力影响妇女的整个生命周期，因此本文件对妇女的提法还包括了女童。

Such violence takes multiple forms, including acts or omissions intended or likely to cause or result in death or physical, sexual, psychological or economic harm or suffering to women, threats of such acts, harassment, coercion and arbitrary deprivation of liberty.

这种暴力行为有多种形式，包括蓄意或可能造成或导致死亡的行为或不作为，或对妇女施加的人身、性、心理或经济损害或损失，威胁实施此类行为，骚扰、胁迫和任意剥夺自由。

Gender-based violence against women is affected and often exacerbated by cultural, economic, ideological, technological, political, religious, social and environmental factors, as evidenced, among other things, in the contexts of displacement, migration, the increased globalization of economic activities, including global supply chains, the extractive and offshoring industry, militarization, foreign occupation, armed conflict, violent extremism and terrorism.

如 证实的那样，除其他外，在流离失所、移民、全球供应链、采掘业和离岸外包业等经济活动日益国际化、军事化、外国入侵、武装冲突、极端暴力和恐怖主义的背景 下，基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为受到文化、经济、意识形态、技术、政治、宗教、社会和环境因素的影响，并往往因此更加严重。

Gender-based violence against women is also affected by political, economic and social crises, civil unrest, humanitarian emergencies, natural disasters and the destruction or degradation of natural resources.

基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为也受到政治、经济和社会危机、民间动乱、人道主义紧急情况、自然灾害、自然资源破坏或退化的影响。

Harmful practices and crimes against women human rights defenders, politicians, activists or journalists are also forms of gender-based violence against women affected by such cultural, ideological and political factors.

对妇女人权捍卫者、政治家、活动人士或记者实施的有害做法或犯罪也属于受此类文化、意识形态和政治因素影响的基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为。

15.

15.

Women’s right to a life free from gender-based violence is indivisible from and interdependent on other human rights, including the rights to life, health, liberty and security of the person, equality and equal protection within the family, freedom from torture, cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment, and freedom of expression, movement, participation, assembly and association.

妇女免遭基于性别的暴力的生命权与其他人权不可分割，相互依存，其中包括生命权，健康权，人身自由和安全权，家庭内部的平等和平等保护权，免遭酷刑、残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇的权利，以及表达、行动、参与、集会和结社自由权。

16.

16.

Gender-based violence against women may amount to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment in certain circumstances, including in cases of rape, domestic violence or harmful practices.

在某些情况下，包括在强奸、家庭暴力或有害做法的情形下，基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为可能相当于酷刑、残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇。

In certain cases, some forms of gender-based violence against women may also constitute international crimes.

在某些情况下，某些形式的基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为也构成国际犯罪。

17.

17.

The Committee endorses the view of other human rights treaty bodies and special procedures mandate holders that, in determining when acts of gender-based violence against women amount to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, a gender-sensitive approach is required to understand the level of pain and suffering experienced by women, and that the purpose and intent requirements for classifying such acts as torture are satisfied when acts or omissions are gender-specific or perpetrated against a person on the basis of sex.

委 员会赞同其他人权条约机构和特别程序任务负责人持有的看法，即在决定基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为是否相当于酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇时，需要采 取基于性别的办法，以理解妇女承受的痛苦程度，并且当认定行为或不作为具有性别针对性，或系基于性别施害时，便满足了将此行为归为酷刑的用意标准。

18.

18.

Violations of women’s sexual and reproductive health and rights, such as forced sterilization, forced abortion, forced pregnancy, criminalization of abortion, denial or delay of safe abortion and/or post-abortion care, forced continuation of pregnancy, and abuse and mistreatment of women and girls seeking sexual and reproductive health information, goods and services, are forms of gender-based violence that, depending on the circumstances, may amount to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.

侵犯妇女性和生殖健康权利 的行为，比如强迫绝育、强迫堕胎、强迫怀孕、将堕胎定为刑事罪、拒绝或拖延安全堕胎和/或堕胎后护理、强迫继续怀孕，以及蹂躏虐待寻求性和生殖健康信息、 产品和服务的妇女和女童等行为均属于基于性别的暴力行为，取决于具体情节，可构成酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇。

19.

19.

The Committee regards gender-based violence against women as being rooted in gender-related factors, such as the ideology of men’s entitlement and privilege over women, social norms regarding masculinity, and the need to assert male control or power, enforce gender roles or prevent, discourage or punish what is considered to be unacceptable female behaviour.

委员会认为基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为根植于与性别有关的其他因素，例如男性的应享权利和特权高于女性的意识形态，有关男性身份的社会规范，以及维护男性统治或权力、指定性别角色或制止、劝阻或惩罚所认定的不可接受的女性行为的需要。

Those factors also contribute to the explicit or implicit social acceptance of gender-based violence against women, often still considered a private matter, and to the widespread impunity in that regard.

这些因素也有助于社会公开或隐含地接纳基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为，这种行为往往仍被视为私人问题，并且在这方面普遍存在有罪不罚的现象。

20.

20.

Gender-based violence against women occurs in all spaces and spheres of human interaction, whether public or private, including in the contexts of the family, the community, public spaces, the workplace, leisure, politics, sport, health services and educational settings, and the redefinition of public and private through technology-mediated environments, such as contemporary forms of violence occurring online and in other digital environments.

基 于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为存在于人际接触的所有空间和领域，无论是公共场所还是私人场所，包括家庭、社区、公共空间、工作场所、娱乐、政治、体育、健康服 务和教育环境，以及根据以技术为媒介的环境重新界定的公共和私人场所，例如当下在网络或其他数码环境中发生的暴力行为。

In all those settings, gender-based violence against women can result from acts or omissions of State or non-State actors, acting territorially or extraterritorially, including extraterritorial military actions of States, individually or as members of international or intergovernmental organizations or coalitions, or extraterritorial operations of private corporations.

在所有这些环境中，基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为可由国家或非国家行为体的行为或不作为引发，分为域内行为或域外行为，包括国家以个人身份或作为国际或政府间组织或联盟采取的域外军事行动，或私人公司的域外业务活动。

III.

三.

State party obligations in relation to gender-based violence against women

缔约国在基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为方面的义务

21.

21.

Gender-based violence against women constitutes discrimination against women under article 1 and therefore engages all obligations under the Convention.

基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为构成《公约》第一条对妇女的歧视，因此涉及《公约》所规定的所有义务。

Article 2 provides that the overarching obligation of States parties is to pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a policy of eliminating discrimination against women, including gender-based violence against women. That is an obligation of an immediate nature;

第二条规定，缔约国的全面义务是以一切适当手段尽快采取政策消除对妇女的歧视行为，包括基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为，该义务须立即履行；

delays cannot be justified on any grounds, including economic, cultural or religious grounds.

不得以任何理由，包括经济、文化或宗教理由为由拖延执行。

In general recommendation No. 19, it is indicated that, with regard to gender-based violence against women, the obligation comprises two aspects of State responsibility for such violence, that which results from the acts or omissions of both the State party or its actors, on the one hand, and non-State actors, on the other.

第19号一般性建议指出，在基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为方面的义务包括国家为此种暴力承担的两方面责任，一方面是为缔约国或其行为体的行为或不作为承担的义务，一方面是为非国家行为体承担的义务。

A.

A.

Responsibility for acts or omissions of State actors

为国家行为体的行为或不作为承担的责任

22.

22.

Under the Convention and general international law, a State party is responsible for acts or omissions of its organs and agents that constitute gender-based violence against women, which include the acts or omissions of officials in its executive, legislative and judicial branches.

根据《公约》和一般国际法，缔约国负责为其机关和国家人员构成基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的行为或不作为承担责任，包括行政、立法和司法部门的官员的行为或不作为。

Article 2 (d) of the Convention provides that States parties, and their organs and agents, are to refrain from engaging in any act or practice of direct or indirect discrimination against women and ensure that public authorities and institutions act in conformity with that obligation.

《公约》第二条(d)项规定，缔约国及其机关和国家人员不参与直接或间接歧视妇女的任何行为或做法，并保证政府当局和公共机构都不违背这项义务。

Besides ensuring that laws, policies, programmes and procedures do not discriminate against women, in accordance with articles 2 (c) and (g), States parties must have an effective and accessible legal and legal services framework in place to address all forms of gender-based violence against women committed by State agents, whether on their territory or extraterritorially.

根据第二条(c)项和(g)项，除确保法律、政策、方案和程序不歧视妇女以外，缔约国必须建立有效且可获取的法律和法律服务框架，以解决国家人员在域内或域外犯下的一切形式的基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为。

23.

23.

States parties are responsible for preventing such acts or omissions by their own organs and agents, including through training and the adoption, implementation and monitoring of legal provisions, administrative regulations and codes of conduct, and for investigating, prosecuting and applying appropriate legal or disciplinary sanctions, as well as providing reparation, in all cases of gender-based violence against women, including those constituting international crimes, and in cases of failure, negligence or omission on the part of public authorities.

缔约国负责防范本国的机关和国家人员产 生此类作为或不作为，包括利用培训以及通过、执行和监测法律规定、行政条例和行为守则，负责调查、起诉和适用适当的法律或纪律制裁，并负责为基于性别的暴 力侵害妇女的所有案件，包括那些构成国际犯罪的案件，以及公共当局过失、忽视或不作为案件提供赔偿。

In so doing, the diversity of women and the risks of intersecting forms of discrimination should be taken into consideration.

在这样做时，应该将妇女的多样性以及交叉形式的歧视行为的风险考虑在内。

B.

B.

Responsibility for acts or omissions of non-State actors

为非国家行为体的行为或不作为承担的责任

24.

24.

Under general international law, as well as under international treaties, acts or omissions of a private actor may engage the international responsibility of the State in certain cases, which include the following:

根据一般国际法以及国际条约，私人行为体的行为或不作为可能使国家在某些情况下承担国际责任，包括如下责任：

1.

1.

Acts or omissions by non-State actors attributable to the State

归于国家的非国家行为体的行为或不作为

(a)

(a)

The acts or omissions of private actors empowered by the law of that State to exercise elements of governmental authority, including private bodies providing public services, such as health care or education, or operating places of detention, are considered acts attributable to the State itself, as are the acts or omissions of private agents acting on the instruction or under the direction or control of that State, including when operating abroad;

私人行为体在该国法律授权下行使政府权力要素的行为或不作为，包括私人机构提供保健或护理等公共服务的行为，或运行拘留所的行为，以及私人代理人根据国家的指示，或在国家的指示或掌控下的行为或不作为均被认作归于国家自身的行为；

2.

2.

Due diligence obligations for acts or omissions of non-State actors

为非国家行为体的行为或不作为所承担的应尽职责义务

(b)

(b)

Article 2 (e) of the Convention explicitly provides that States parties are to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women by any person, organization or enterprise.

《公约》第二条(e)项明确规定，缔约国必须采取一切适当措施，消除任何个人、组织或企业对妇女的歧视。

That obligation, frequently referred to as an obligation of due diligence, underpins the Convention as a whole and accordingly States parties will be held responsible should they fail to take all appropriate measures to prevent, as well as to investigate, prosecute, punish and provide reparations for, acts or omissions by non-State actors that result in gender-based violence against women, including actions taken by corporations operating extraterritorially.

这项频繁提及的应尽职责的义务是整个《公约》的支撑，因此，如果缔约国未能采取一切适当措施防范，并调查、起诉、惩罚和赔偿导致基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的非国家行为体的行为或不作为，包括公司在域外实施的行为，则须为此负责。

In particular, States parties are required to take the steps necessary to prevent human rights violations perpetrated abroad by corporations over which they may exercise influence, whether through regulatory means or the use of incentives, including economic incentives.

特别是，缔约国需要采取必要措施，防范公司在其可能施加影响的国家实施侵犯人权的行为，无论是通过监督手段，还是利用经济激励等措施。

Under the obligation of due diligence, States parties must adopt and implement diverse measures to tackle gender-based violence against women committed by non-State actors, including having laws, institutions and a system in place to address such violence and ensuring that they function effectively in practice and are supported by all State agents and bodies who diligently enforce the laws.

根据应尽职责的义务，缔约国必须通过并执行不同的措施，解决非国家行为体犯下的基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为，包括颁布法律、建立机构和推出系统，以解决此类暴力问题，并确保它们在实践中发挥有效作用，并得到竭力执行法律的所有国家人员和机构的支持。

The failure of a State party to take all appropriate measures to prevent acts of gender-based violence against women in cases in which its authorities are aware or should be aware of the risk of such violence, or the failure to investigate, to prosecute and punish perpetrators and to provide reparations to victims/survivors of such acts, provides tacit permission or encouragement to perpetrate acts of gender-based violence against women.

缔约国如未能在其当局认识到或应该认识到此类暴力的风险的情况下采取一切适当措施防范基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为，或未能调查、起诉和惩罚施害者并为遭受此类行为的受害人/幸存者提供赔偿，则为实施基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为提供了默许或鼓励。

Such failures or omissions constitute human rights violations.

这种不尽职或不作为构成了对人权的侵犯。

25.

25.

In addition, both international humanitarian law and human rights law have recognized the direct obligations of non-State actors in specific circumstances, including as parties to an armed conflict.

此外，国际人道主义法和国际人权法均承认非国家行为体在特定情况下的直接义务，包括作为武装冲突当事方的直接义务。

Those obligations include the prohibition of torture, which is part of customary international law and has become a peremptory norm (jus cogens).

这些义务包括禁止酷刑，这是习惯国际法的一部分，并成为了强制性规范(强行法)。

26.

26.

The general obligations described above encompass all areas of State action, including in the legislative, executive and judicial branches and at the federal, national, subnational, local and decentralized levels, as well as action under governmental authority by privatized governmental services.

上述一般性义务囊括国家行动的所有领域，包括立法、行政和司法部门的行动和在联邦、国家、国家以下、地方和社区各级采取的行动，以及私人化的政府服务供应方在政府当局的授权下采取的行动。

They require the formulation of legal norms, including at the constitutional level, and the design of public policies, programmes, institutional frameworks and monitoring mechanisms aimed at eliminating all forms of gender-based violence against women, whether perpetrated by State or non-State actors.

它们要求拟订法律规范，包括宪法层面的法律规范，并设计旨在消除国家或非国家行为体实施的一切形式的基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的公共政策、方案、体制框架和监测机制。

They also require, in accordance with articles 2 (f) and 5 (a) of the Convention, the adoption and implementation of measures to eradicate prejudices, stereotypes and practices that are the root causes of gender-based violence against women.

它们还要求按照《公约》第二条(f)项和第五条(a)项采取并执行措施，消除从根本上导致基于暴力的侵害妇女行为的偏见、成见和做法。

In general terms, and without prejudice to the specific recommendations provided in the following section, the obligations include the following:

总体而言，且以不妨碍下节规定的具体建议为限，包含以下义务：

Legislative level

立法层面

(a)

(a)

According to articles 2 (b), (c), (e), (f) and (g) and 5 (a), States are required to adopt legislation prohibiting all forms of gender-based violence against women and girls, harmonizing national law with the Convention.

根据第二条(b)、(c)、(e)、(f)和(g)项以及第五条(a)项，要求缔约国通过禁止一切形式的基于性别的暴力侵害妇女和女童的立法，使国家法与《公约》保持一致。

In the legislation, women who are victims/survivors of such violence should be considered to be right holders.

在立法中，作为此类暴力受害人/幸存者的妇女应被视为权利持有人。

It should contain age-sensitive and gender-sensitive provisions and effective legal protection, including sanctions on perpetrators and reparations to victims/survivors.

它应该包含顾及年龄和对性别敏感的条款以及有效的法律保护，包括对施害者的制裁以及为受害人/幸存者提供的赔偿。

The Convention provides that any existing norms of religious, customary, indigenous and community justice systems are to be harmonized with its standards and that all laws that constitute discrimination against women, including those which cause, promote or justify gender-based violence or perpetuate impunity for such acts, are to be repealed.

《公约》规定，任何现行的宗教、习俗、土著和社区系统规范必须与它的标准保持一致，必须废止构成对妇女歧视的一切法律，包括导致、推动或合理化基于性别的暴力行为的法律或对此类行为有罪不罚加以固化的法律。

Such norms may be part of statutory, customary, religious, indigenous or common law, constitutional, civil, family, criminal or administrative law or evidentiary and procedural law, such as provisions based on discriminatory or stereotypical attitudes or practices that allow for gender-based violence against women or mitigate sentences in that context;

此类规范可能是规约、习俗、教规、土著规范或普通法、宪法、民法、家庭法、刑事法或行政法或证据法或程序法的一部分，比如基于歧视性或陈规定型观念或做法的允许基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为或减轻此方面刑罚的条款；

Executive level

行政层面

(b)

(b)

Articles 2 (c), (d) and (f) and 5 (a) provide that States parties are to adopt and adequately provide budgetary resources for diverse institutional measures, in coordination with the relevant State branches.

第二条(c)、(d)和(f)项和第五条(a)项规定，缔约国应与相关国家部门协作，通过并为各项制度措施适当提供预算资源。

Such measures include the design of focused public policies, the development and implementation of monitoring mechanisms and the establishment and/or funding of competent national tribunals.

此类措施包括制定有侧重点的公共政策，制定和执行监测机制，以及建立和/或资助国家主管法庭。

States parties should provide accessible, affordable and adequate services to protect women from gender-based violence, prevent its reoccurrence and provide or ensure funding for reparations to all victims/survivors.

缔约国应提供可获取的、可负担的和适足的服务，以保护妇女免遭基于性别的暴力，防范其反复发生，并提供或确保资助为所有受害人/幸存者提供的赔偿。

States parties must also eliminate the institutional practices and individual conduct and behaviour of public officials that constitute gender-based violence against women, or tolerate such violence, and that provide a context for lack of a response or for a negligent response.

缔约国还必须消除构成基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为或容忍此种暴力，以及为缺乏响应或有意疏忽提供环境的制度性做法、个人行为和公职人员行为。

This includes adequate investigation of and sanctions for inefficiency, complicity and negligence by public authorities responsible for the registration, prevention or investigation of such violence or for providing services to victims/survivors.

这包括就负责这方面登记的公共当局办事效率低、共谋作案和有意疏忽开展适当调查并予以制裁，防范或调查此类暴力行为或为受害人/幸存者提供服务。

Appropriate measures to modify or eradicate customs and practices that constitute discrimination against women, including those that justify or promote gender-based violence against women, must also be taken at the executive level;

在行政层面，还必须采取适当措施，修改或消除构成对妇女歧视的习俗和惯例，包括那些推动基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为或使其合理化的习俗和惯例；

Judicial level

立法层面

(c)

(c)

According to articles 2 (d) and (f) and 5 (a), all judicial bodies are required to refrain from engaging in any act or practice of discrimination or gender-based violence against women and to strictly apply all criminal law provisions punishing such violence, ensuring that all legal procedures in cases involving allegations of gender-based violence against women are impartial, fair and unaffected by gender stereotypes or the discriminatory interpretation of legal provisions, including international law.

根据第二条(d)项和 (f)项以及第五条(a)项，要求所有立法机关不得采取任何歧视或基于性别的暴力侵害妇女的行为或做法，并严格适用规定了对此类暴力行为惩罚的所有刑法条 款，确保涉及指控基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的案件中的所有法律程序的公正、公平，且不受性别陈规定型观念或对国际法等法律条款的歧视性解读的影响。

The application of preconceived and stereotypical notions of what constitutes gender-based violence against women, what women’s responses to such violence should be and the standard of proof required to substantiate its occurrence can affect women’s rights to equality before the law, a fair trial and effective remedy, as established in articles 2 and 15 of the Convention.

如《公约》第二条和第十五条所规定的，适用关于何以构成基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为、妇女对此类暴力作出何种反应以及证实发生此种行为的证据要求的先见和成见可影响妇女在法律面前平等权、公平审判权和有效补救权所需的证据和证据标准。

IV.

四.

Recommendations

建议

27.

27.

Building on general recommendation No. 19 and the Committee’s work since its adoption, the Committee urges States parties to strengthen the implementation of their obligations in relation to gender-based violence against women, whether within their territory or extraterritorially.

在第19号一般性建议以及委员会自通过建议后所开展工作的基础上，委员会敦促缔约国加强执行其与基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为有关的义务，无论此行为发生在域内还是域外。

The Committee reiterates its call upon States parties to ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention and examine all remaining reservations to the Convention with a view to their withdrawal.

委员会再次重申其呼吁缔约国批准《公约》的《任择议定书》，并审查就《公约》提出的其余保留，以期予以撤回。

28.

28.

The Committee also recommends that States parties take the following measures in the areas of prevention, protection, prosecution and punishment, redress, data collection and monitoring and international cooperation in order to accelerate elimination of gender-based violence against women.

委员会还建议缔约国在预防、保护、起诉和惩罚、补救、数据收集与监测和国际合作领域采取以下措施，以加快消除基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为。

All measures should be implemented with an approach centred around the victim/survivor, acknowledging women as right holders and promoting their agency and autonomy, including the evolving capacity of girls, from childhood to adolescence.

所有措施应围绕受害人/幸存者执行，承认妇女作为权利持有人的地位，并增强她们的能动作用和自主性，包括女童在童年到少年阶段不断发展的能力。

In addition, the measures should be designed and implemented with the participation of women, taking into account the particular situation of women affected by intersecting forms of discrimination.

此外，这些措施应在妇女参与的情况下来制定和执行，考虑到妇女受交叉形式歧视影响的特定情况。

A.

A.

General legislative measures

一般性立法措施

29.

29.

The Committee recommends that States parties implement the following legislative measures:

委员会建议缔约国实施下列立法措施：

(a)

(a)

Ensure that all forms of gender-based violence against women in all spheres, which amount to a violation of their physical, sexual or psychological integrity, are criminalized and introduce, without delay, or strengthen, legal sanctions commensurate with the gravity of the offence, as well as civil remedies;

确保将构成对妇女身体、性或心理完整权侵犯的所有领域的一切形式基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为定为刑事罪，并从速引入或加强与罪行严重程度相当的法律制裁以及民事补救措施；

(b)

(b)

Ensure that all legal systems, including plural legal systems, protect victims/survivors of gender-based violence against women and ensure that they have access to justice and to an effective remedy, in line with the guidance provided in general recommendation No. 33;

确保所有法律制度，包括多元法律制度保护遭受基于性别的暴力侵害的妇女受害人/幸存者，并确保她们可根据第33号一般性建议规定的指导获得司法救助和有效补救。

(c)

(c)

Repeal, including in customary, religious and indigenous laws, all legal provisions that are discriminatory against women and thereby enshrine, encourage, facilitate, justify or tolerate any form of gender-based violence.

废止包括习惯法、宗教法和土著法在内的所有歧视妇女和藉以保护、鼓励、促进、合法化或容忍任何形式的基于性别的暴力的法律条款。

In particular, repeal the following:

特别是，废止以下条款：

(i)

(一)

Provisions that allow, tolerate or condone forms of gender-based violence against women, including child or forced marriage and other harmful practices, provisions allowing medical procedures to be performed on women with disabilities without their informed consent and provisions that criminalize abortion, being lesbian, bisexual or transgender, women in prostitution and adultery, or any other criminal provisions that affect women disproportionally, including those resulting in the discriminatory application of the death penalty to women;

允许、容忍或宽恕童婚或强迫婚姻和其他有害习俗等各种形式的基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的条 款，允许在未争得残疾妇女知情同意的情况下对其施以医疗程序的条款，将堕胎，身为同性恋、双性恋或跨性别者，妇女卖淫和通奸定为刑事罪的条款，或使妇女不 成比例地受到影响的任何其他刑事条款，包括那些导致有歧视地对妇女施以死刑的刑事条款；

(ii)

(二)

Discriminatory evidentiary rules and procedures, including procedures allowing for the deprivation of women’s liberty to protect them from violence, practices focused on “virginity” and legal defences or mitigating factors based on culture, religion or male privilege, such as the defence of so-called “honour”, traditional apologies, pardons from the families of victims/survivors or the subsequent marriage of the victim/survivor of sexual assault to the perpetrator, procedures that result in the harshest penalties, including stoning, lashing and death, often being reserved for women and judicial practices that disregard a history of gender-based violence to the detriment of women defendants;

歧视性的证据规则和程序，包括允许剥夺妇女 的自由以保护其免遭暴力的程序，即基于文化、宗教或男性特权的侧重于“处女”和法律维护或减免因素的做法，例如对所谓的“荣誉”的维护、对传统赔罪的捍 卫、确保受害人/幸存者家庭提出宽恕或对遭受性侵犯的受害人/幸存者的后续婚姻的维护，导致施以石刑、鞭刑和死刑等最严厉惩罚的程序，以及无视基于性别的 暴力史而损害妇女被告的司法做法往往单为女性保留；

(iii)

(三)

All laws that prevent or deter women from reporting gender-based violence, such as guardianship laws that deprive women of legal capacity or restrict the ability of women with disabilities to testify in court, the practice of so-called “protective custody”, restrictive immigration laws that discourage women, including migrant domestic workers, from reporting such violence, and laws allowing for dual arrests in cases of domestic violence or for the prosecution of women when the perpetrator is acquitted;

阻止或阻碍妇女报告基 于性别的暴力行为的所有法律，包括剥夺妇女法律能力，或限制残疾妇女向法庭作证(即所谓的“保护性拘押”做法)的监护法，阻止妇女，包括移民家政女工，报 告此类暴力行为的限制性移民法，以及允许在家庭暴力的情况下实施双重逮捕或在犯罪者无罪获释的情况下起诉妇女的法律。

(d)

(d)

Examine gender-neutral laws and policies to ensure that they do not create or perpetuate existing inequalities and repeal or modify them if they do so;

审查性别中立的法律和政策，确保它们不会造成或固化现有的不平等，并废除和修改存在此种做法的法律和政策；

(e)

(e)

Ensure that sexual assault, including rape, is characterized as a crime against the right to personal security and physical, sexual and psychological integrity and that the definition of sexual crimes, including marital and acquaintance or date rape, is based on the lack of freely given consent and takes into account coercive circumstances.

确保将包括强奸在内的性侵犯定为侵犯人身安全及身体、性和心理完整权的犯罪，并确保对包括婚内强奸和熟人强奸或约会强奸等性犯罪的界定以缺少自愿同意为基础并将胁迫情形考虑在内。

Any time limitations, where they exist, should prioritize the interests of the victims/survivors and give consideration to circumstances hindering their capacity to report the violence suffered to the competent services or authorities.

任何时效，只要存在，应优先照顾受害人/幸存者的利益，并考虑阻碍其向主管机关或当局报告其所受侵害的情形。

B.

B.

Prevention

预防

30.

30.

The Committee recommends that States parties implement the following preventive measures:

委员会建议缔约国实施下列预防措施：

(a)

(a)

Adopt and implement effective legislative and other appropriate preventive measures to address the underlying causes of gender-based violence against women, including patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes, inequality in the family and the neglect or denial of women’s civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, and to promote the empowerment, agency and voices of women;

通过并执行有效的法律和其他适当的预防措施，解决导致基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的根本原因，包括家长观念和成见，家庭内部的不平等，以及对妇女公民、政治、经济、社会及文化权利的忽视或否定，并增强妇女的权能、能动性和声音。

(b)

(b)

Develop and implement effective measures, with the active participation of all relevant stakeholders, such as representatives of women’s organizations and of marginalized groups of women and girls, to address and eradicate the stereotypes, prejudices, customs and practices set out in article 5 of the Convention, which condone or promote gender-based violence against women and underpin the structural inequality of women with men.

在妇女组织和边缘化的妇女和女童群体的代表等所有相关攸关方的积极参与下，制定并执行有效的措施，解决和消除《公约》第五条规定的对基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为予以宽恕或推崇以及对男女结构性不平等加以巩固的成见、偏见、习俗和惯例。

Such measures should include the following:

此类措施应包括以下几点：

(i)

(一)

Integration of content on gender equality into curricula at all levels of education, both public and private, from early childhood onwards and into education programmes with a human rights approach.

将关于性别平等的内容纳入公立和私立学校的各级教学大纲(从儿童早期教育开始)，并纳入基于人权办法的教育方案。

The content should target stereotyped gender roles and promote the values of gender equality and non-discrimination, including non-violent masculinities, and ensure age-appropriate, evidence-based and scientifically accurate comprehensive sexuality education for girls and boys;

内容应针对陈规定型的性别角色并推崇性别平等和不歧视的价值观，包括非暴力的男性气概，并确保为女童和男童提供合乎年龄、有据可依、科学精准的全方位教育；

(ii)

(二)

Awareness-raising programmes that promote an understanding of gender-based violence against women as unacceptable and harmful, provide information about available legal recourses against it and encourage the reporting of such violence and the intervention of bystanders;

制定提高认识的方案，提高对基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为不可接受且有害无利观点的认识，提供禁止性暴力侵害的可用法律渠道，并鼓励旁观者报告此类暴力并加以干预；

address the stigma experienced by victims/survivors of such violence;

化解遭受此类暴力行为的受害人/幸存者所蒙受的耻辱；

and dismantle the commonly held victim-blaming beliefs under which women are responsible for their own safety and for the violence that they suffer.

以及瓦解普遍持有的归咎受害人的信条，即女性应为其自身安全以及所遭受的暴力承担责任。

The programmes should target women and men at all levels of society;

这些方案应针对社会各阶层的妇女和男子；

education, health, social services and law enforcement personnel and other professionals and agencies, including at the local level, involved in prevention and protection responses;

包括地方一级在内的参与预防和防范的教育、保健、社会服务和执法人员以及其他专业人员和机构；

traditional and religious leaders;

传统和宗教领袖；

and perpetrators of any form of gender-based violence, so as to prevent repeat offending;

以及犯下任何形式的基于性别的暴力的施害者，以避免累犯；

(c)

(c)

Develop and implement effective measures to make public spaces safe for and accessible to all women and girls, including by promoting and supporting community-based measures adopted with the participation of women’s groups.

制定并执行有效的措施，为所有妇女和女童提供安全的公共空间并使之可获取，包括推广和支持在妇女群体的参与下通过的措施。

Measures should include ensuring adequate physical infrastructure, including lighting, in urban and rural settings, in particular in and around schools;

这些措施应包括确保提供足够的有形基础设施，包括城市和农村环境的照明设施，尤其是校内和学校周围的照明设施；

(d)

(d)

Adopt and implement effective measures to encourage the media to eliminate discrimination against women, including the harmful and stereotypical portrayal of women or specific groups of women, such as women human rights defenders, from their activities, practices and output, including in advertising, online and in other digital environments.

制定并执行有效的措施，鼓励媒体消除对妇女的歧视，包括在广告、网络和其他数字环境中在其活动、做法和产出中消除对妇女或妇女人权维护者等特定妇女群体做出的恶意的、有成见的描述。

Measures should include the following:

此类措施应包括以下几点：

(i)

(一)

Encouraging the creation or strengthening of self-regulatory mechanisms by media organizations, including online or social media organizations, aimed at the elimination of gender stereotypes relating to women and men, or to specific groups of women, and addressing gender-based violence against women that takes place through their services and platforms;

鼓励制定或加强在线或社交媒体组织等媒体组织的自律机制，旨在消除与妇女和男子或特定妇女群体有关的性别陈规定型观念，解决利用它们的服务和平台实施的基于性别的暴力侵犯妇女的行为；

(ii)

(二)

Guidelines for the appropriate coverage by the media of cases of gender-based violence against women;

媒体恰当报道基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的准则；

(iii)

(三)

Establishing or strengthening the capacity of national human rights institutions to monitor or consider complaints regarding any media that portray gender-discriminatory images or content that objectify or demean women or promote violent masculinities;

建设或加强国家人权机构的能力，以监测或审查就刻画性别歧视形象的任何媒体或物化或贬低妇女或推崇暴力男子气概的任何内容提出的指控；

(e)

(e)

Provide mandatory, recurrent and effective capacity-building, education and training for members of the judiciary, lawyers and law enforcement officers, including forensic medical personnel, legislators and health-care professionals, including in the area of sexual and reproductive health, in particular sexually transmitted infections and HIV prevention and treatment services, and all education, social and welfare personnel, including those working with women in institutions, such as residential care homes, asylum centres and prisons, to equip them to adequately prevent and address gender-based violence against women.

为司法机构成员、律师和执法人 员，包括法医人员、立法人员和保健专业人员，以及所有教育、社会和福利人员，包括那些在寄宿制护理院、庇护中心和监狱与妇女共事的人员，提供强制性、定期 的、有效的能力建设、教育和培训，包括性和生殖健康领域，特别是性传播感染和艾滋病毒预防和治疗服务领域的教育和培训，以使他们能够适当预防和应对基于性 别的暴力侵害妇女行为的能力。

Such education and training should promote understanding of the following:

这种教育和培训应促进对以下几点的了解：

(i)

(一)

How gender stereotypes and bias lead to gender-based violence against women and inadequate responses to it;

性别陈规定型观念和偏见如何导致基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为以及不充分作为；

(ii)

(二)

Trauma and its effects, the power dynamics that characterize intimate partner violence and the varying situations of women experiencing diverse forms of gender-based violence, which should include the intersecting forms of discrimination affecting specific groups of women and adequate ways of interacting with women in the context of their work and eliminating factors that lead to their revictimization and weaken their confidence in State institutions and agents;

创伤及其后遗影响，即表现亲密伴侣间暴力的权力动态以及影响遭受不同形式的性别暴力的妇女的不断变化的情况，这应该包括交叉形式的歧视，既影响特定的妇女群体，还影响在其工作环境中与之适当相处的方式，并抹杀导致其再次受害或国家机构和机关对其失去信心的因素；

(iii)

(三)

National legal provisions and national institutions on gender-based violence against women, the legal rights of victims/survivors, international standards and associated mechanisms and their responsibilities in that context, which should include due coordination and referrals among diverse bodies and the adequate documentation of such violence, giving due respect for women’s privacy and right to confidentiality and with the free and informed consent of the victims/survivors;

关于基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的国家法律条款和国家机构、受害人/幸存者的合法权利、国际标准和相关机制及其在此方面的责任，应包括不同机构之间的妥善协调和转介以及对此类暴力行为的适足记录，适当尊重妇女的隐私权和保密权，并得到受害人/幸存者自愿的知情同意。

(f)

(f)

Encourage, through the use of incentives and corporate responsibility models and other mechanisms, the engagement of the private sector, including businesses and transnational corporations, in efforts to eradicate all forms of gender-based violence against women and in enhancing its responsibility for such violence in the scope of its action, which should entail protocols and procedures addressing all forms of gender-based violence that may occur in the workplace or affect women workers, including effective and accessible internal complaints procedures, the use of which should not exclude recourse to law enforcement authorities, and should also address workplace entitlements for victims/survivors.

鼓励通过利用奖励和企业责任示范 及其他机制让企业和跨国公司等私人部门参与进来，努力消除一切形式的基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为，并加强其为此种暴力行为的行动范围承担的责任，这有必要 使用涉及在工作场所发生的或影响工作妇女的一切形式的基于性别的暴力侵害妇女的议定书和程序，包括有效、可获取的内部申诉程序，对它们的使用不应排除诉诸 执法当局，且应涉及受害人/幸存者在工作场所的应享权利。

C.

C.

Protection

保护

31.

31.

The Committee recommends that States parties implement the following protective measures:

委员会建议缔约国实施下列保护措施：

(a)

(a)

Adopt and implement effective measures to protect and assist women complainants of and witnesses to gender-based violence before, during and after legal proceedings, including by:

通过和执行有效的措施，在提起法律诉讼前后及过程中保护并协助投诉基于性别的暴力的妇女起诉者及为此作证的证人，包括：

(i)

(一)

Protecting their privacy and safety, in line with general recommendation No. 33, including through gender-sensitive court procedures and measures, bearing in mind the due process rights of victims/survivors, witnesses and defendants;

按照第33号一般性建议保护其隐私和安全，包括利用对性别敏感的法庭程序和措施，铭记受害人/幸存者、证人和被告的正当程序权。

(ii)

(二)

Providing appropriate and accessible protective mechanisms to prevent further or potential violence, without the precondition that victims/survivors initiate legal action, including through removal of communication barriers for victims with disabilities.

在无需受害人/幸存者提起法律诉讼的情况下提供适当、可获取的保护机制，以防范进一步暴力或潜在暴力，包括为残疾受害人消除交流障碍。

Mechanisms should include immediate risk assessment and protection comprising a wide range of effective measures and, where appropriate, the issuance and monitoring of eviction, protection, restraining or emergency barring orders against alleged perpetrators, including adequate sanctions for non-compliance.

这方面的机制应当包括由一系列有效措施构成的即时风险评估和保护，以及在适当时下达并监测驱逐、防范、限制或紧急禁止被指控施害者的命令，包括对违法行为予以适当制裁。

Protective measures should avoid imposing an undue financial, bureaucratic or personal burden on women who are victims/survivors.

保护措施应避免向妇女受害人/幸存者强加不必要的经济、官僚主义或个人负担。

The rights or claims of perpetrators or alleged perpetrators during and after judicial proceedings, including with respect to property, privacy, child custody, access, contact and visitation, should be determined in the light of women’s and children’s human rights to life and physical, sexual and psychological integrity and guided by the principle of the best interests of the child;

施害者或被指控施害者在诉讼程序中及诉讼之后的权利或权利主张，包括在财产、隐私、儿童监护、获得机会、联络和探访方面的权利或权利主张应由妇女和儿童享有的生命及身体、性和心理完整的人权决定，并受儿童最高利益的原则指导；

(iii)

(三)

Ensuring access to financial assistance, gratis or low-cost, high-quality legal aid, medical, psychosocial and counselling services, education, affordable housing, land, childcare, training and employment opportunities for women who are victims/survivors and their family members.

确保妇女受害人/幸存者及其家庭成员无偿获得经济援助，或低价获得高质量的法律援助，医疗、社会心理和咨询服务，教育，可负担得起的住房、土地、儿童保育、培训和就业机会。

Health-care services should be responsive to trauma and include timely and comprehensive mental, sexual and reproductive health services, including emergency contraception and post-exposure prophylaxis against HIV.

保健服务应针对创伤提供，并包括及时和全面的心理、性和生殖健康服务，包括紧急避孕和艾滋病毒的接触后防御。

States should provide specialized women’s support services, such as gratis helplines operating around the clock and sufficient numbers of safe and adequately equipped crisis, support and referral centres and adequate shelters for women, their children and other family members, as required;

缔约国应提供专业化的妇女支助服务，例如，提供全天候的免费救助热线，足够数量的安全、配备齐全的危机、支助和转诊中心，并视需要为妇女及其子女和其他家庭成员提供适当住所；

(iv)

(四)

Providing women in institutions, including residential care homes, asylum centres and places of deprivation of liberty, with protective and support measures in relation to gender-based violence;

为居住在寄宿式护理院、庇护营和剥夺自由场所等公共机构的妇女提供与基于性别的暴力有关的保护和支助措施；

(v)

(五)

Establishing and implementing appropriate multisectoral referral mechanisms to ensure effective access to comprehensive services for survivors of such violence, ensuring the full participation of and cooperation with non-governmental women’s organizations;

建立并实施适当的多部门转介机制，确保此类行为的幸存者有效获得全面的服务，确保非政府妇女组织充分参与并与之开展合作；

(b)

(b)

Ensure that all legal proceedings, protective and support measures and services concerning victims/survivors respect and strengthen their autonomy.

确保关乎受害人/幸存者的所有法律程序、保护和支持措施以及服务尊重并加强她们的自主性。

They should be accessible to all women, in particular those affected by intersecting forms of discrimination, take into account any specific needs of their children and other dependants, be available throughout the State party and be provided irrespective of residency status or ability or willingness to cooperate in legal proceedings against the alleged perpetrator.

缔约国应将它们提供给所有妇女，特别是那些受交叉形式的歧视影响的妇女，考虑其子女及其他受抚养人的具体需求，使之可在全国范围内获取，且不论居民身份如何、或能力如何，或提供给愿意配合对被指控的施害者提起法律诉讼的人。

States should also respect the principle of non-refoulement;

缔约国还应尊重不驳回原则；

(c)

(c)

Address factors that heighten the risk to women of exposure to serious forms of gender-based violence, such as the ready accessibility and availability of firearms, including their export, a high crime rate and pervasive impunity, which may increase in situations of armed conflict or heightened insecurity.

消除增大妇女遭受严重形式的性别暴力风险的因素，例如可随时获取和使用的火器，包括其出口，降低高犯罪率和有罪不罚的现象，这可能会加剧武装冲突的局势或提高不安全性。

Efforts should be undertaken to control the availability and accessibility of acid and other substances used to attack women;

应当努力控制用于攻击妇女的酸和其他物质的可用性和可获取性；

(d)

(d)

Develop and disseminate accessible information, through diverse and accessible media and community dialogue, aimed at women, in particular those affected by intersecting forms of discrimination, such as those with disabilities, those who are illiterate or those who have no or limited knowledge of the official languages of a country, on the legal and social resources available to victims/survivors, including reparations.

通过不同的、可行的媒体和社区对话，针对妇女，特别是那些受相互交叉的歧视影响的妇女，例如残疾妇女，文盲妇女或不会或不熟悉国家正式语文的妇女提供有关受害人/幸存者可利用的包括赔偿在内的法律和社会资源的可获取信息。

D.

D.

Prosecution and punishment

起诉和惩罚

32.

32.

The Committee recommends that States parties implement the following measures with regard to prosecution and punishment for gender-based violence against women:

委员会建议缔约国采取下列有关起诉和惩罚基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的措施：

(a)

(a)

Ensure effective access for victims to courts and tribunals and that the authorities adequately respond to all cases of gender-based violence against women, including by applying criminal law and, as appropriate, ex officio prosecution to bring alleged perpetrators to trial in a fair, impartial, timely and expeditious manner and imposing adequate penalties.

确保受害人可有效诉诸法院和法庭，相关当局对基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的所有案件做出有效应对，包括适用刑事法，并视情况以公平、公正、及时、高效的方式正式起诉被控施害者，并施以适当惩罚。

Fees or court charges should not be imposed on victims/survivors;

不应将费用或法院收费强加给受害人/幸存者；

(b)

(b)

Ensure that gender-based violence against women is not mandatorily referred to alternative dispute resolution procedures, including mediation and conciliation.

确保不对基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为强制适用非诉讼纠纷解决程序，包括调解与和解。

The use of those procedures should be strictly regulated and allowed only when a previous evaluation by a specialized team ensures the free and informed consent of victims/survivors and that there are no indicators of further risks to the victims/survivors or their family members.

这些程序应仅在专业小组在以往的评价中确保征得受害人自愿、知情的同意且无迹象表明对受害人/幸存者或其家庭成员造成进一步风险时使用，并且在使用时应予以严格规范。

Procedures should empower the victims/survivors and be provided by professionals specially trained to understand and adequately intervene in cases of gender-based violence against women, ensuring adequate protection of the rights of women and children and that interventions are conducted with no stereotyping or revictimization of women.

这些程序应增强受害人/幸存者的权能，并由经过专门训练了解并适当干预基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的案件的专家提供，确保充分保护妇女和儿童的权利，并以不带成见或不再使妇女受害的方式进行干预。

Alternative dispute resolution procedures should not constitute an obstacle to women’s access to formal justice.

非诉讼纠纷解决程序不应妨碍妇女诉诸正式司法。

E.

E.

Reparations

赔偿

33.

33.

The Committee recommends that States parties implement the following measures with regard to reparations:

委员会建议缔约国在赔偿方面实施以下措施：

(a)

(a)

Provide effective reparations to victims/survivors of gender-based violence against women.

为遭受基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的受害人/幸存者提供有效赔偿。

Reparations should include different measures, such as monetary compensation, the provision of legal, social and health services, including sexual, reproductive and mental health services for a complete recovery, and satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition, in line with general recommendation No. 28, general recommendation No. 30 and general recommendation No. 33.

按照第28号一般性建议、第30号一般性建议和第33号一般性建议，这些补偿应包括不同的措施，例如金钱补偿，提供法律、社会和保健服务，包括有助于全面康复的性、生殖和心理健康服务，以及抵偿和保证不再发生。

Such reparations should be adequate, promptly attributed, holistic and proportionate to the gravity of the harm suffered;

这样的补救措施应适足、从速归责、全面、与所受伤害严重程度相称；

(b)

(b)

Establish specific funds for reparations or include allocations in the budgets of existing funds, including under transitional justice mechanisms, for reparations to victims of gender-based violence against women.

设立赔偿专项基金，或将拨款纳入现有基金的预算中，包括纳入过渡司法机制下，用以赔偿遭受基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的受害人。

States parties should implement administrative reparations schemes without prejudice to the rights of victims/survivors to seek judicial remedies, design transformative reparations programmes that help to address the underlying discrimination or disadvantaged position that caused or significantly contributed to the violation, taking into account the individual, institutional and structural aspects.

缔约国应执行不妨碍受害人/幸存者寻求司法补救的行政性赔偿权利的计划，制定转型式赔偿方案，帮助解决导致或极大推动侵犯行为的歧视根源或不利处境，同时考虑到个人、制度和架构各方面。

Priority should be given to the agency, wishes, decisions, safety, dignity and integrity of victims/survivors.

应优先考虑受害人/幸存者的能动性、愿望、决定、安全、尊严和完整性。

F.

F.

Coordination, monitoring and data collection

协调、监测和数据收集

34. The Committee recommends that States parties implement the following measures with regard to coordination and monitoring and the collection of data regarding gender-based violence against women:

34. 委员会建议缔约国在协调、监测和收集与基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为有关的数据方面实施以下措施：

(a)

(a)

Develop and evaluate all legislation, policies and programmes in consultation with civil society organizations, in particular women’s organizations, including those that represent women affected by intersecting forms of discrimination.

与民间社会组织，特别是妇女组织，包括那些代表受交叉形式歧视影响的妇女组织磋商，制定并评估所有立法、政策和方案。

States parties should encourage cooperation among all levels and branches of the justice system and the organizations that work to protect and support victims/survivors of gender-based violence against women, taking into account their views and expertise.

缔约国应鼓励司法系统各级和各分支以及致力于保护和支助遭受基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的组织之间开展合作，同时考虑它们的看法和经验。

States parties should encourage the work of human rights organizations and women’s non-governmental organizations;

缔约国应鼓励人权组织和妇女非政府组织的工作；

(b)

(b)

Establish a system to regularly collect, analyse and publish statistical data on the number of complaints about all forms of gender-based violence against women, including technology-mediated violence, the number and type of orders of protection issued, the rates of dismissal and withdrawal of complaints, prosecution and conviction and the amount of time taken for the disposal of cases.

建立一项制度，以定期收集、分析和公布有关各种形式的基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的申诉数量的统计数据，包括以技术为媒介的暴力，颁发的保护令的数量和类型，驳回和撤回申诉、起诉和定罪的比例，以及处理案件所用的时间。

The system should include information on the sentences imposed on perpetrators and the reparations, including compensation, provided to victims/survivors.

该制度应包含关于对犯罪者判刑以及为受害人/幸存者提供的包括补偿在内的赔偿的信息。

All data should be disaggregated by type of violence, relationship between the victim/survivor and the perpetrator, and in relation to intersecting forms of discrimination against women and other relevant sociodemographic characteristics, including the age of the victim/survivor.

所有的数据应按照犯罪类型、受害人/幸存者之间的关系、以及与交叉形式的歧视妇女行为及受害人/幸存者年龄等其他相关社会人口特征的关联分列。

The analysis of the data should enable the identification of failures in protection and serve to improve and further develop preventive measures, which should, if necessary, include the establishment or designation of observatories for the collection of administrative data on the gender-based killings of women, also referred to as “femicide” or “feminicide”, and attempted killings of women;

对数据的分析应能够认定在保护方面的过失，并有助于改进和进一步制定预防措施，如有必要，应包括建立或指定观察站，以收集关于基于性别的杀害妇女(亦称作“杀害妇女”或“杀戮妇女”)和企图杀害妇女的行政数据；

(c)

(c)

Undertake or support surveys, research programmes and studies on gender-based violence against women in order to, among other things, assess the prevalence of gender-based violence against women and the social or cultural beliefs exacerbating such violence and shaping gender relations.

开展或支持关于基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的调查、研究方案和研究，以便，除其他外，对基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的普遍性以及加重这一暴力和影响两性关系的社会或文化信仰予以评估。

Studies and surveys should take into account intersecting forms of discrimination, on the basis of the principle of self-identification;

研究和调查应考虑到交叉形式的歧视，以自我认同原则为基础；

(d)

(d)

Ensure that the process of collecting and maintaining data on gender-based violence against women complies with established international standards and safeguards, including legislation on data protection.

确保收集和维护基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为数据的过程符合既定的国际标准和保障，包括关于数据保护的立法。

The collection and use of data and statistics should conform to internationally accepted norms for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms and ethical principles;

对数据及统计数据的收集和利用应符合保护人权、基本自由和伦理原则的国际公认标准；

(e)

(e)

Set up a mechanism or body, or mandate an existing mechanism or body, to regularly coordinate, monitor and assess the national, regional and local implementation and effectiveness of the measures, including those recommended in the present recommendation and other relevant regional and international standards and guidelines, to prevent and eliminate all forms of gender-based violence against women;

建立机制或机构，或授权现行机制或机构定期协调、监测和评估国家、区域和地方实施措施的情况以及措施的有效性，包括本建议和其他相关的区域和国际标准和准则中建议的措施，以防范和消除各种形式的基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为；

(f)

(f)

Allocate appropriate human and financial resources at the national, regional and local levels to effectively implement laws and policies for the prevention of all forms of gender-based violence against women, provision of protection and support to victims/survivors, investigation of cases, prosecution of perpetrators and provision of reparations to victims/survivors, including support to women’s organizations.

在国家、区域和地方各级划拨适当的人力和财政资源，以有效实施防范各种形式的基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的法律和政策，为受害人/幸存者提供保护和支持，开展案件调查，起诉施害者，并为受害人/幸存者提供赔偿，包括为妇女组织提供支持。

G.

G.

International cooperation

国际合作组织

35.

35.

The Committee recommends that States parties implement the following measures with regard to international cooperation to combat gender-based violence against women:

委员会建议缔约国在开展国际合作打击基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为方面实施下列措施：

(a)

(a)

Seek support, where necessary, from external sources, such as the specialized agencies of the United Nations system, the international community and civil society, in order to meet human rights obligations by designing and implementing all appropriate measures required to eliminate and respond to gender-based violence against women, taking into consideration, in particular, the evolving global contexts and the increasingly transnational nature of such violence, including in technology-mediated settings and other extraterritorial operations of domestic non-State actors.

在必要时寻求联合国系 统的专门机构、国际社会和民间社会等外部来源支助，以便通过制定和实施消除和应对基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为所需的所有适当措施履行人权义务，特别是考虑 到不断变化的全球背景以及此类暴力不断具备的跨国性质，包括以技术为媒介的环境以及国内的非国家行为体从事的其他域外业务活动。

States parties should urge business actors whose conduct they are in a position to influence to assist the States in which they operate in their efforts to fully realize women’s right to freedom from violence;

缔约国应敦促其有能力施加影响力的企业行为体协助其开展业务活动的国家努力全面实现妇女免遭暴力的权利；

(b)

(b)

Prioritize the implementation of the relevant Sustainable Development Goals, in particular Goals 5, to achieve gender equality and empowerment of all women and girls, and Goal 16, to promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels;

优先实施相关的可持续发展目标，特别是关于实现性别平等，增强所有妇女和女童的权能的目标5，以及关于创建和平、包容的社会以促进可持续发展，让所有人都能诉诸司法，在各级建立有效、负责和包容的机构的目标16；

and support national plans to implement all the Goals in a gender-responsive manner, in accordance with the agreed conclusions of the sixtieth session of the Commission on the Status of Women on women’s empowerment and the link to sustainable development, enabling meaningful participation of civil society and women’s organizations in the implementation of the Goals and the follow-up processes, and enhance international support and cooperation for knowledge-sharing and effective and targeted capacity-building.

支 持制定国家计划，以根据妇女地位委员会第六十届会议通过的关于增强妇女权能和与可持续发展的联系的商定结论，以促进性别平等的方式落实所有的可持续发展目 标，促进民间社会和妇女组织有效参与落实可持续发展目标和后续行动的进程，并加强国际支持与合作，以实现知识共享和有效、有针对性地进行能力建设。

Although first addressed through its general recommendation No. 12 (1989) on violence against women, it was in general recommendation No. 19 that the Committee provided a detailed and comprehensive review of violence against women and a basis for its subsequent work on the issue.

尽管在其关于暴力侵害妇女行为的第12(1989)号一般性建议中就首次提到，但委员会在其第19号一般性建议中才提供了关于暴力侵害妇女行为的详细和全面的概述，并提供了其后续就该问题开展工作的依据。

In the decades since the adoption of general recommendation No. 19, most States parties have improved their legal and policy measures to address diverse forms of gender-based violence against women.

在通过第19号一般性建议的几十年来，大部分缔约国完善了本国涉及不同形式的基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的法律和政策措施。

See the report of the Secretary-General on the review and appraisal of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly (E/CN.6/2015/3), paras. 120-139.

见秘书长关于审查和评价《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》以及大会第二十三届特别会议成果文件的执行情况的报告(E/CN.6/2015/3)，第120至139段。

In addition, evidence in the practice of non-parties, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Palau, Somalia, the Sudan, Tonga and the United States of America, includes the following: adoption of national legislation on violence against women (United States, in 1994;

此外，在非缔约国(伊朗伊斯兰共和国、帕劳、索马里、苏丹、汤加和美利坚合众国)的做法方面，包括以下证据：通过关于暴力侵害妇女的国家立法(美国，1994年；

Somalia, in 2012), invitations extended to and accepted by the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences (visits to the United States, in 1998 and 2011;

索马里，2012年)，向暴力侵害妇女及其原因和后果问题特别报告员发出邀请并获其接受(于1998年和2011年访问美国；

Somalia, in 2011;

于2011年访问索马里；

and the Sudan, in 2015);

并于2015年访问苏丹)；

acceptance of the diverse recommendations on strengthening the protection of women from violence made in the context of the universal periodic review mechanism of the Human Rights Council;

接受人权理事会普遍定期审议机制框架内提出的关于加强保护妇女免遭暴力的各项建议；

and endorsement of key resolutions of the Human Rights Council on eliminating violence against women, including resolution 32/19 of 1 July 2016.

赞同人权理事会关于消除暴力侵害妇女行为的关键决议，包括2016年7月1日的第32/19号决议。

State practice to address gender-based violence against women is also reflected in landmark political documents and regional treaties adopted in multilateral forums, such as the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, in 1993;

各国解决基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的做法还体现在各多边论坛通过的里程碑性政治文件和区域条约中，例如1993年通过的《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》；

the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, in 1993;

1993年的《消除对妇女的暴力行为宣言》；

and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, in 1995, and its five-year reviews;

以及1995年的《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》及其五年审查；

and regional conventions and action plans, such as the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women, in 1994;

以及区域公约和行动计划，例如1994年的《美洲防范、惩罚和根除对妇女暴力行为公约》；

the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa, in 2003;

2003年的《非洲人权和人民权利宪章关于非洲妇女权利的议定书》；

and the Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, in 2011.

以及2011年的《欧洲委员会预防和打击暴力侵害妇女行为及家庭暴力公约》。

Other relevant international instruments are the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women and Elimination of Violence against Children in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations;

其他相关的国际文书还包括《东南亚国家联盟关于消除暴力侵害妇女行为和消除暴力侵害儿童行为的宣言》；

the Arab Strategy for Combating Violence against Women, 2011-2030;

《阿拉伯打击暴力侵害妇女行为战略》(2011-2030年)；

and the agreed conclusions of the fifty-seventh session of the Commission on the Status of Women on the elimination and prevention of all forms of violence against women and girls (E/2013/27, chap. I, sect. A).

以及妇女地位委员会第五十七届会议关于消除和防范消除对妇女和女孩的一切形式暴力的商定结论(E/2013/27，第一章，A节)。

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) and subsequent resolutions on women and peace and security, as well as many resolutions of the Human Rights Council, including resolution 32/19 of 1 July 2016, contain specific provisions on gender-based violence against women.

《国际刑事法院罗马规约》，安理会第1325(2000)号决议和关于妇女、和平与安全的后续决议，以及人权理事会的许多决议，包括2016年7月1日的第32/19号决议，载有关于基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为的具体条款。

Judicial decisions of international courts, which are a subsidiary means for the determination of customary international law, also demonstrate such development (see A/71/10, chap. V, sect. C, conclusion 13).

作为决定习惯国际法辅助手段的国际法院的司法决定也体现了这种发展(见A/71/10，第五章，C节，结论13)。

Examples include European Court of Human Rights, Opuz v. Turkey (application No 33401/02), judgment of 9 June 2009, in which the Court was influenced by what it referred to as “the evolution of norms and principles in international law” (para. 164) through a range of international and comparative materials on violence against women;

例如，在欧洲人权法院2009年6月9日的奥普兹诉土耳其(第33401/02号申请)的判决中，法院通过一系列关于暴力侵害妇女的国际和比较材料受到了其称之为“国际法之规范和原则演化”(第164段)的影响；

and Inter-American Court of Human Rights, González et al. (“Cotton Field”) v. Mexico, judgment of 16 November 2009.

以及美洲人权法院2009年11月16日的冈萨雷斯等人(“棉花田”)诉墨西哥的判决。

See, for example, Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 28 (2000) on the equality of rights between men and women;

例如见，人权事务委员会关于男女权利平等的第28(2000)号一般性意见；

Committee against Torture, general comment No. 2 (2007) on the implementation of article 2 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment;

禁止酷刑委员会关于执行《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》第二条的第2(2007)号一般性意见；

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 22 (2016) on the right to sexual and reproductive health;

经济、社会及文化权利委员会关于性和生殖健康权利的第22(2016)号一般性意见；

and Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, general comment No. 3 (2016) on women and girls with disabilities.

以及残疾人权利委员会关于残疾妇女和女童的第3(2016)号一般性意见。

In particular, the Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and practice and the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

特别是，法律和实践中的歧视妇女问题工作组以及酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员。

Almost 600 concluding observations have been adopted by the Committee since the adoption of general recommendation No. 19, most of which contain explicit references to gender-based violence against women.

自通过第19号一般性建议以来，委员会几乎通过了600项结论性意见，其中大部分明确提及了基于性别的暴力侵害妇女行为。

In particular, communications No. 2/2003, A.T. v. Hungary, views adopted on 26 January 2005;

特别是，第2/2003号来文，A.T.诉匈牙利，2005年1月26日通过的意见；

No. 4/2004, A.S. v. Hungary, views adopted on 14 August 2006;

第4/2004号来文，A.S.诉匈牙利，2006年8月14日通过的意见；

No. 6/2005, Yildirim (deceased) v. Austria, views adopted on 6 August 2007;

第6/2005号来文，伊尔迪里姆(已故)诉奥地利，2007年8月6日通过的意见；

No. 5/2005, Goekce (deceased) v. Austria, views adopted on 6 August 2007;

第5/2005号来文，格斯(已故)诉奥地利，2007年8月6日通过的意见；

No. 18/2008, Vertido v. Philippines, views adopted on 16 July 2010;

第18/2008号来文，韦尔蒂奥诉菲律宾，2010年7月16日通过的意见；

No. 20/2008, V.K. v. Bulgaria, views adopted on 25 July 2011;

第20/2008号来文，V.K.诉保加利亚，2011年7月25日通过的意见；

No. 23/2009, Abramova v. Belarus, views adopted on 25 July 2011;

第23/2009号来文，阿布拉莫娃诉白俄罗斯，2011年7月25日通过的意见；

No. 19/2008, Kell v. Canada, views adopted on 28 February 2012;

第19/2008号来文，凯尔诉加拿大，2012年2月28日通过的意见；

No. 32/2011, Jallow v. Bulgaria, views adopted on 23 July 2012;

第32/2011号来文，贾洛诉保加利亚，2012年7月23日通过的意见；

No. 31/2011, S.V.P. v. Bulgaria, views adopted on 12 October 2012;

第31/2011号来文，S.V.P.诉保加利亚，2012年10月12日通过的意见；

No. 34/2011, R.P.B. v. Philippines, views adopted on 21 February 2014;

第34/2011号来文，R.P.B.诉菲律宾，2014年2月21日通过的意见；

No. 47/2012, González Carreño v. Spain, views adopted on 16 July 2014;

第47/2012号来文，冈萨雷斯·卡雷尼奥诉西班牙，2014年7月16日通过的意见；

No. 24/2009, X. and Y. v. Georgia, views adopted on 13 July 2015;

第24/2009号来文，X和Y诉格鲁吉亚，2015年7月13日通过的意见；

No. 45/2012, Belousova v. Kazakhstan, views adopted on 13 July 2015;

第45/2012号来文，别洛乌索娃诉哈萨克斯坦，2015年7月13日通过的意见；

No. 46/2012, M.W. v. Denmark, views adopted on 22 February 2016;

第46/2012号来文，M.W.诉丹麦，2016年2月22日通过的意见；

and No. 58/2013, L.R. v. Republic of Moldova, views adopted on 28 February 2017.

第58/2013号来文，L.R.诉摩尔多瓦共和国，2017年2月28日通过的意见。

See the report on Mexico produced by the Committee under article 8 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention and the reply from the Government of Mexico.

见委员会根据《任择议定书》第8条编写的关于墨西哥的报告以及墨西哥政府的答复。

Available from http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno= CEDAW%2fC%2f2005%2fOP.8%2fMEXICO&Lang=en;

可查阅http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CEDAW%2fC%2f2005%2fOP.8%2fMEXICO&Lang=en；

report of the inquiry concerning Canada (CEDAW/C/OP.8/CAN/1);

关于加拿大的调查报告(CEDAW/C/OP.8/CAN/1)；

and the summary of the inquiry concerning the Philippines (CEDAW/C/OP.8/PHL/1).

关于菲律宾的调查摘要(CEDAW/C/OP.8/PHL/1)。

This includes all types of armed groups, such as rebel forces, gangs and paramilitary groups.

这包括所有类型的武装团体，例如叛军、帮派和准军事部队。

See General Assembly resolution 68/181, entitled “Promotion of the Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms: protecting women human rights defenders”;

见大会第68/181号决定，题为“关于个人、群体和社会机构在促进和保护普遍公认的人权和基本自由方面的权利和责任宣言：保护妇女人权维护者”；

report of the Working Group for Broadband and Gender of the Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development, co-chaired by the United Nations Development Programme-United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), entitled “Cyber violence against women and girls: a worldwide wake-up call”, October 2015;

联合国开发计划署-联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)共同主持的宽带数字发展委员会宽带与性别平等工作组2015年10月的报告，题为“网络暴力侵害妇女和女童行为：为全世界敲响警钟”；

and agreed conclusions of the fifty-seventh session of the Commission on the Status of Women (E/2013/27, chap. I, sect. A).

以及妇女地位委员会第五十七届会议的商定结论(E/2013/27，第一章，A节)。

General recommendation No. 28, para. 9.

第28号一般性建议，第9段。

Other human rights treaty bodies also use that typology, including the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in its general comment No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food.

其他人权条约机构，包括经济、社会及文化权利委员会在其关于取得足够食物权利问题的第12(1999)号一般性意见中也使用这种分类法。

General recommendation No. 33, paras. 8 and 9.

第33号一般性建议，第8段和第9段。

Other general recommendations relevant to intersecting forms of discrimination are general recommendation No. 15 (1990) on the avoidance of discrimination against women in national strategies for the prevention and control of AIDS, general recommendation No. 18 (1991) on disabled women, general recommendation No. 21 (1994) on equality in marriage and family relations, general recommendation No. 24 (1999) on women and health, general recommendation No. 26 (2008) on women migrant workers, general recommendation No. 27 (2010) on older women and protection of their human rights, general recommendation No. 30, joint general recommendation No. 31/general comment No. 18, general recommendation No. 32 and general recommendation No. 34.

与交叉形式的歧视有关的其他一般性建议包括关于在各国防治艾滋病战略中避免对妇女的歧视的 第15(1990)号一般性建议，关于残疾妇女的第18(1991)号一般性建议，关于婚姻和家庭关系中的平等的第21(1994)号一般性建议，关于妇 女与健康的第24(1999)号一般性建议，关于移徙女工问题的第26(2008)号一般性建议，关于老年妇女及保护其人权的第27(2010)号一般性 建议，第30号一般性建议，第31号以及第18号联合一般性建议/意见，第32号一般性建议和第34号一般性建议。

The Committee has also addressed intersecting forms of discrimination in its views on Jallow v. Bulgaria, S.V.P. v. Bulgaria, Kell v. Canada, A.S. v. Hungary, R.P.B. v. Philippines and M.W. v. Denmark, among others, and inquiries, in particular those concerning Mexico, of 2005, and Canada, of 2015 (see footnote 7 above).

委 员会还在其关于贾洛诉保加利亚、S.V.P.诉保加利亚、凯尔诉加拿大、A.S.诉匈牙利、R.P.B.诉菲律宾以及M.W.诉丹麦等意见以及询问中，特 别是在那些涉及墨西哥的询问(2005年)和涉及加拿大的询问(2015年)中提到了交叉出现的歧视问题(见上文脚注7)。

General recommendation No. 28, para. 18;

第28号一般性建议，第18段；

and report of the inquiry concerning Canada (CEDAW/C/OP.8/CAN/1), para. 197.

涉及加拿大的调查报告(CEDAW/C/OP.8/CAN/1)，第197段。

International Law Commission, Guide to practice on reservations to treaties (A/65/10/Add.1, chap. IV, sect. F, para. 3.2).

国际法委员会，《对条约的保留实践指南》(A/65/10/Add.1，第四章，F节，第3.2段)。

Statement of the Committee on reservations (A/53/38/Rev.1, part II, chap. I, sect. A, para. 12);

委员会关于保留的声明(A/53/38/Rev.1，第二部分，第一章，A节，第12段)；

see also general recommendation No. 29 (2013) on the economic consequences of marriage, family relations and their dissolution, para. 54-55.

另见关于婚姻、家庭关系及其解除的经济后果的第29(2013)号一般性建议，第54至55段。

In its concluding observations on the reports of States parties under the Convention, the Committee has also indicated that reservations to articles 2, 7, 9 and 16, as well as to general reservations, are incompatible with the object and purpose of the Convention.

在其关于缔约国根据《公约》提交的报告的结论性意见中，委员会还指出就第二、第七、第九和第十六条提出的保留以及一般性保留不符合《公约》的目标和宗旨。

General recommendation No. 28, paras. 41-42.

第28号一般性建议，第41至42段。

See general recommendation No. 27 and joint general recommendation No. 31/general comment No. 18.

见第27号一般性建议和第31号以及第18号联合一般性建议/意见。

Deaths resulting from gender-based violence include murders, killings in the name of so-called “honour” and forced suicides.

因基于性别的暴力致死包括谋杀、以所谓的“荣誉”为名义的杀人和强迫自杀。

See the report on the inquiry concerning Mexico;

见关于墨西哥的调查报告；

and the report of the inquiry concerning Canada (CEDAW/C/OP.8/CAN/1);

关于加拿大的调查报告(CEDAW/C/OP.8/CAN/1)；

as well as the concluding observations of the Committee on the following periodic reports of States parties: Chile (CEDAW/C/CHL/CO/5-6 and Corr.1);

以及委员会关于缔约国下一次定期报告的结论性意见：智利(CEDAW/C/CHL/CO/5-6和Corr.1)；

Finland (CEDAW/C/FIN/CO/7);

芬兰(CEDAW/C/FIN/CO/7)；

Guatemala (CEDAW/C/GUA/CO/7);

危地马拉(CEDAW/C/GUA/CO/7)；

Honduras (CEDAW/C/HND/CO/7-8);

洪都拉斯(CEDAW/C/HND/CO/7-8)；

Iraq (CEDAW/C/IRQ/CO/4-6);

伊拉克(CEDAW/C/IRQ/CO/4-6)；

Mexico (CEDAW/C/MEX/CO/7-8);

墨西哥(CEDAW/C/MEX/CO/7-8)；

Namibia (CEDAW/C/NAM/CO/4-5);

纳米比亚(CEDAW/C/NAM/CO/4-5)；

Pakistan (CEDAW/C/PAK/CO/4);

巴基斯坦(CEDAW/C/PAK/CO/4)；

South Africa (CEDAW/C/ZAF/CO/4);

南非(CEDAW/C/ZAF/CO/4)；

Turkey (CEDAW/C/TUR/CO/7);

土耳其(CEDAW/C/TUR/CO/7)；

and United Republic of Tanzania (CEDAW/C/TZA/CO/7-8), among others.

坦桑尼亚联合共和国(CEDAW/C/TZA/CO/7-8)等。

General recommendation No. 19, para. 6, and general recommendation No. 28, para. 19.

第19号一般性建议，第6段，以及第28号一般性建议，第19段。

Joint general recommendation No. 31/general comment No. 18. See the Inter-Parliamentary Union issues brief entitled “Sexism, harassment and violence against women parliamentarians” (October 2016).

见各国议会联盟题为“对女性议员的性别歧视、骚扰和暴力行为”的问题简报(2016年10月)。 第31号以及第18号联合一般性建议/意见。

Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (A/HRC/31/57);

酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员报告(A/HRC/31/57)；

report of the Special Rapporteur (A/HRC/7/3), para. 36;

特别报告员报告(A/HRC/7/3)，第36段；

concluding observations of the Committee against Torture on the following periodic reports of States parties under the Convention against Torture: Burundi (CAT/C/BDI/CO/1);

禁止酷刑委员会关于缔约国根据《禁止酷刑公约》提交下一次报告的结论性意见：布隆迪(CAT/C/BDI/CO/1)；

Guyana (CAT/C/GUY/CO/1);

圭亚那(CAT/C/GUY/CO/1)；

Mexico (CAT/C/MEX/CO/4);

墨西哥(CAT/C/MEX/CO/4)；

Peru (CAT/C/PER/CO/5-6);

秘鲁(CAT/C/PER/CO/5-6)；

Senegal (CAT/C/SEN/CO/3);

塞内加尔(CAT/C/SEN/CO/3)；

Tajikistan (CAT/C/TJK/CO/2);

塔吉克斯坦(CAT/C/TJK/CO/2)；

and Togo (CAT/C/TGO/CO/1);

以及多哥(CAT/C/TGO/CO/1)；

Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 28 (2000) on the equality of rights between men and women;

人权事务委员会关于男女权利平等的第28(2000)号一般性意见；

concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee on the following periodic reports of States parties under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Slovakia (CCPR/CO/78/SVK);

人权事务委员会关于缔约国根据《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》提交下一次定期报告的结论性意见：斯洛伐克(CCPR/CO/78/SVK)；

Japan (CCPR/C/79/Add.102);

日本(CCPR/C/79/Add.102)；

and Peru (CCPR/CO/70/PER), among others.

以及秘鲁(CCPR/CO/70/PER)等。

Including such crimes against humanity and war crimes as rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, enforced sterilization or any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity, according to articles 7 (1) (g), 8 (2) (b) (xxii) and 8 (2) (e) (vi) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.

根据《国际刑事法院罗马规约》第七条第(一)款第7项，第八条第(二)款第2项第(22)目以及第八条第(二)款第5项第(6)目，这包括诸如强奸、性奴役、强迫卖淫、强迫绝育或严重程度相当的任何其他形式的性暴力等危害人类罪和战争罪。

Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (A/HRC/31/57), para. 11.

酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员报告(A/HRC/31/57)，第11段。

For example, to understand that “severe suffering of the victim is inherent in rape, even when there is no evidence of physical injuries or disease. …

例如，以理解“即使在没有证据证明身体受伤或患疾的情况下，受害人在遭受强奸时也会本质上承受严重的痛苦。

Women victims of rape also experience complex consequences of a psychological and social nature.

…遭受强奸的女性受害人还会承受复杂的心理和社会性后果。

” Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Fernández Ortega et al. v. Mexico, judgment of 30 August 2010, para. 124.

”美洲人权法院，费尔南德斯·奥尔特加等人诉墨西哥，2010年8月30日判决，第124段。

See also the reports of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (A/HRC/31/57), para. 8, and (A/HRC/7/3), para. 36.

另见酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员报告(A/HRC/31/57)，第8段，以及(A/HRC/7/3)，第36段。

Committee against Torture, communication No. 262/2005, V.L. v. Switzerland, views adopted on 20 November 2006;

禁止酷刑委员会，第262/2005号来文，V.L.诉瑞士，2006年11月20日通过的意见；

reports of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (A/HRC/31/57), para. 8, and (A/HRC/7/3).

酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员报告(A/HRC/31/57)，第8段，以及(A/HRC/7/3)。

Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (A/HRC/31/57);

酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员报告(A/HRC/31/57)；

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, communication No. 22/2009, L.C. v. Peru, views adopted on 17 October 2011, para. 8.18;

消除对妇女歧视委员会，第22/2009号来文，L.C.诉秘鲁，2011年10月17日通过的意见，第8.18段；

and Human Rights Committee, communications No. 2324/2013, Mellet v. Ireland, views adopted on 31 March 2016, para. 7.4, and No. 2425/2014, Whelan v. Ireland, views adopted on 17 March 2017.

人权事务委员会，第2324/2013号来文，Mellet诉爱尔兰，2016年3月31日通过的意见，第7.4段，以及第2425/2014号来文，Whelan诉爱尔兰，2017年3月17日通过的意见。

See the report of the Secretary-General entitled “In-depth study on all forms of violence against women” (A/61/122/Add.1 and Corr.1).

见秘书长题为“深入研究一切形式的暴力侵害妇女行为”的报告(A/61/122/Add.1和Corr.1)。

For example, as part of an international peacekeeping force.

例如，作为国际维持和平部队的组成部分。

See general recommendation No. 30, para. 9.

见第30号一般性建议，第9段。

Concluding observations of the Committee on the periodic reports of Switzerland (CEDAW/C/CHE/CO/4-5) and Germany (CEDAW/C/DEU/CO/7-8).

委员会关于瑞士(CEDAW/C/CHE/CO/4-5)和德国(CEDAW/C/DEU/CO/7-8)定期报告的结论性意见。

See International Law Commission, articles on responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, article 4, Conduct of organs of a State.

见国际法委员会，《国家对国际不法行为的责任条款》，第四条，“国家机关的行为”。

See also Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the protection of victims of international armed conflicts, article 91.

另见《1949年8月12日日内瓦四公约关于保护国际性武装冲突受难者的附加议定书》，第91条。

See footnote 6 above and general recommendation No. 33.

见上文脚注6和第33号一般性建议。

See International Law Commission, articles on responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, article 5, Conduct of persons or entities exercising elements of governmental authority.

见国际法委员会，《国家对国际不法行为的责任条款》，第5条，“行使政府权力要素的个人或实体的行为”。

Ibid., article 8, Conduct directed or controlled by a State.

同上，第8条，“受到国家指挥或控制的行为”。

General recommendation No. 28, para. 36.

第28号一般性建议，第36段。

Ibid., para. 13.

同上，第13段。

General recommendation No. 19, para. 9.

第19号一般性建议，第9段。

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 16 (2013) on State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children’s rights, paras. 43-44, and the Maastricht Principles on the Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

见儿童权利委员会，关于商业部门对儿童权利的影响方面国家义务的第16(2013)号一般性意见，第43至44段，以及《关于国家在经济、社会和文化权利领域的域外义务的马斯特里赫特原则》。

See, for example, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 14 (2000) on the right to the highest attainable standard of health, para. 39.

例如见经济、社会及文化权利文员会，关于享有能达到的最高标准健康的权利问题的第14(2000)号一般性意见，第39段。

Goekce (deceased) v. Austria, para. 12.1.2, and V.K. v. Bulgaria, para. 9.4.

格斯(已故)诉奥地利，第12.1.2段，以及V.K.诉保加利亚，第9.4段

General recommendation No. 19, para. 9.

第19号一般性建议，第9段。

General recommendation No. 30.

第30号一般性建议。

See footnote 5 above and general recommendation No. 33.

见上文脚注5和第33号一般性建议。

See joint general recommendation No. 31/general comment No. 18.

第31号以及第18号联合一般性建议/意见。

Vertido v. Philippines, para. 8.9 (b);

韦尔蒂奥诉菲律宾，第8.9(b)段；

R.P.B. v. Philippines, para. 8.3;

R.P.B.诉菲律宾，第8.3段；

and general recommendation No. 33, paras. 18 (e), 26 and 29.

以及第33号一般性建议，第18(e)段、26段和29段。

See general recommendation No. 33.

见第33号一般性建议。

See footnote 5 above.

见上文注脚5。

Following the guidance provided in general recommendation No. 33.

依照第33号一般性建议规定的指导。

Article 16 (2) of the Convention;

《公约》第十六条第2款；

and joint general recommendation No. 31/general comment No. 18, para. 42 and para. 55 (f), regarding the conditions under which marriage at an earlier age than 18 years is allowed, in exceptional circumstances.

以及第31号以及第18号联合一般性建议/意见，第42段和第55(f)段，关于在特殊情况下允许在18岁以前结婚的条件。

See the summary of the inquiry concerning the Philippines (CEDAW/C/OP.8/PHL/1);

见关于菲律宾的调查摘要(CEDAW/C/OP.8/PHL/1)；

communication No. 22/2009, T.P.F. v. Peru, views adopted on 17 October 2011;

第22/2009号来文，T.P.F.诉秘鲁，2011年10月17日通过的意见；

and Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 22.

以及经济、社会及文化权利委员会第22号一般性意见。

The Committee recalls General Assembly resolutions 62/149, 63/168, 65/206, 67/176, 69/186 and 71/187, in which the Assembly called upon all States that still maintained the death penalty to establish a moratorium on executions with a view to abolishing it.

委员会回顾大会第62/149号、63/168号、65/206号、67/176号、69/186号和71/187号决议，其中大会呼吁仍保留死刑的国家暂停执行处决，以期加以废除。

See, among others, the concluding observations of the Committee on the following periodic reports of States parties: Afghanistan (CEDAW/C/AFG/CO/1-2);

除其他外，见委员会关于缔约国下一次定期报告的结论性意见：阿富汗(CEDAW/C/AFG/CO/1-2)；

Jordan (CEDAW/C/JOR/CO/6);

约旦(CEDAW/C/JOR/CO/6)；

Papua New Guinea (CEDAW/C/PNG/CO/3);

巴布亚新几内亚(CEDAW/C/PNG/CO/3)；

and South Africa (CEDAW/C/ZAF/CO/4);

和南非(CEDAW/C/ZAF/CO/4)；

and the report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions (A/HRC/35/23).

以及法外处决、即决处决或任意处决问题特别报告员报告(A/HRC/35/23)。

General recommendation No. 28, para. 16.

第28号一般性建议，第16段。

See Vertido v. Philippines.

见韦尔蒂奥诉菲律宾。

See Vertido v. Philippines and R.P.B. v. Philippines.

见韦尔蒂奥诉菲律宾和R.P.B.诉菲律宾。

See L.R. v. Republic of Moldova and general recommendation No. 33, para. 51 (b).

见L.R.诉摩尔多瓦共和国以及第33号一般性建议第51(b)段。

Consideration should be given, in particular, to the situation of girls who are victims/survivors of sexual violence.

特别是，应考虑作为性暴力受害人/幸存者的女童的处境。

Concluding observations of the Committee on the combined periodic reports of Croatia (CEDAW/C/HRV/CO/4-5).

委员会关于克罗地亚合并定期报告的结论性意见(CEDAW/C/HRV/CO/4-5)。

See footnote 5 above and the World Health Organization clinical and policy guidelines on responding to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women (2013).

见上文脚注5以及世界卫生组织关于应对亲密伴侣间暴力和对妇女实施性暴力的临床和政策准则(2013年)。

See Abramova v. Belarus;

见阿布拉莫娃诉白俄罗斯；

communication No. 53/2013, A. v. Denmark, views adopted on 19 November 2015;

第53/2013号来文，A.诉丹麦，2015年11月19日通过的意见；

and General Assembly resolution 65/229 on the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules).

以及大会关于《联合国女性囚犯待遇和女性罪犯非拘禁措施规则》(《曼谷规则》)的第65/229号决议。

See, among others, Belousova v. Kazakhstan, R.P.B. v. Philippines, Jallow v. Bulgaria and L.R. v. Republic of Moldova.

除其他外，见别洛乌索娃诉哈萨克斯坦、R.P.B.诉菲律宾、贾洛诉保加利亚，以及L.R.诉摩尔多瓦共和国。

See M.W. v. Denmark, R.P.B. v. Philippines, Jallow v. Bulgaria and Kell v. Canada.

见M.W.诉丹麦、R.P.B.诉菲律宾、贾洛诉保加利亚，以及凯尔诉加拿大。

General recommendation No. 28, para. 28.

见第28号一般性建议，第28段。

See the “Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations ‘Protect, Respect and Remedy’ Framework” (A/HRC/17/31).

见“工商企业与人权：实施联合国‘保护、尊重和补救’框架指导原则”(A/HRC/17/31)。

For example, protective orders in some countries allow for the banning of travel of people who are believed to be at risk of female genital mutilation.

例如，一些国家下达的保护令允许对据认为面临残割女性生殖器危险的人实施旅行禁令。

Yildirim v. Austria, Goekce v. Austria, González Carreño v. Spain, M.W. v. Denmark and Jallow v. Bulgaria.

伊尔迪里姆诉奥地利、格斯诉奥地利、冈萨雷斯·卡雷尼奥诉西班牙、M.W.诉丹麦以及贾洛诉保加利亚。

General recommendation No. 33, para. 37, and general recommendation No. 28, para. 34;

第33号一般性建议，第37段，以及第28号一般性建议，第34段；

see also Kell v. Canada, Vertido v. Philippines, S.V.P. v. Bulgaria and L.R. v. Republic of Moldova, among others.

另见凯尔诉加拿大、韦尔蒂奥诉菲律宾、S.V.P.诉保加利亚，以及L.R.诉摩尔多瓦共和国等。

General recommendation No. 33, para. 16.

第33号一般性建议，第16段。

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 22.

经济、社会及文化权利委员会，第22号一般性意见。

See joint general recommendation No. 31/general comment No. 18.

见第31号以及第18号联合一般性建议/意见。

See footnote 54 above.

见上文脚注54。

R.P.B. v. Philippines, Jallow v. Bulgaria and V.K. v. Bulgaria.

R.P.B.诉菲律宾、贾洛诉保加利亚，以及V.K.诉保加利亚。

General recommendation No. 33, para. 10.

第33号一般性建议，第10段。

In accordance with the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, of 1951, and the Convention against Torture.

根据1951年《关于难民地位的公约》和《禁止酷刑公约》。

See also general recommendation No. 32 and A. v. Denmark.

另见第32号一般性建议以及A.诉丹麦。

See article 7 (4) of the Arms Trade Treaty.

见《武器贸易条约》第7条第4款。

See also the concluding observations of the Committee on the following periodic reports of States parties: Pakistan (CEDAW/C/PAK/CO/4);

另见委员会关于缔约国下一次定期报告的结论性意见：巴基斯坦(CEDAW/C/PAK/CO/4)；

to Democratic Republic of the Congo (CEDAW/C/COD/CO/6-7);

刚果民主共和国(CEDAW/C/COD/CO/6-7)；

France (CEDAW/C/FRA/CO/7-8);

法国(CEDAW/C/FRA/CO/7-8))；

Switzerland (CEDAW/C/CHE/CO/4-5);

瑞士(CEDAW/C/CHE/CO/4-5)；

and Germany (CEDAW/C/DEU/CO/7-8);

德国(CEDAW/C/DEU/CO/7-8)；

and Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 35 (2014) on liberty and security of person, para. 9.

以及人权事务委员会，关于人身自由和安全的第35(2014)号一般性意见，第9段。

General recommendation No. 30.

第30号一般性建议

See, among others, Vertido v. Philippines, S. V. P. v. Bulgaria and L.R. v. Republic of Moldova.

除其他外，见韦尔蒂奥诉菲律宾、S.V.P.诉保加利亚，以及L.R.诉摩尔多瓦共和国。

General recommendation No. 33, para. 17 (a).

第33号一般性建议，第17(a)段。

As indicated in general recommendation No. 33, para. 58 (c).

如第33号一般性建议第58(c)段所示。

See footnote 5 above and general recommendation No. 33, para. 19.

见上文脚注5和第33号一般性建议，第19段。

Yildirim v. Austria and Goekce (deceased) v. Austria.

伊尔迪里姆诉奥地利和格斯(已故)诉奥地利。

General recommendation No. 28, para. 36.

第28号一般性建议，第36段。

General Assembly resolution 68/261 on the Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics.

大会关于官方统计基本原则的第68/261号决议。

General recommendation No. 28, para. 29, and general recommendation No. 33, paras. 38 and 39.

第28号一般性建议，第29段，以及第33号一般性建议，第38段和第39段。

General recommendation No. 34, para. 13.

第34号一般性建议，第13段。

General Assembly resolution 70/1, entitled “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”.

大会第70/1号决议，题为“变革我们的世界：2030年可持续发展议程”。