CERD/GC/21 CERD_GR_21E.docx (English)	CERD/GC/21 CERD_GR_21C.docx (Chinese)
CERD	CERD
General recommendation XXI on the right to self-determination	第二十一号一般性建议：自决权
Forty-eighth session (1996)	第四十八届会议(1996年)
1. The Committee notes that ethnic or religious groups or minorities frequently refer to the right to self-determination as a basis for an alleged right to secession.	1. 委员会注意到，种族或宗教团体或少数群体经常提到自决权，视之为主张分离权利的基础。
In this connection the Committee wishes to express the following views.	在这方面，委员会希望提出下列意见。
2. The right to self-determination of peoples is a fundamental principle of international law.	2. 人民自决权是国际法的一项基本原则。
It is enshrined in Article 1 of the Charter of the United Nations, in article 1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and article 1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as well as in other international human rights instruments.	这项权利明确载于《联合国宪章》第一条、《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第一条和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第一条以及其他国际人权文书。
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides for the rights of peoples to self-determination besides the right of ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise their own religion or to use their own language.	《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》除了规定种族、宗教或语言少数群体享有自己的文化、信仰和实践自己的宗教或使用自己的语言的权利外，还规定了人民自决权。
3. The Committee emphasizes that in accordance with the Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, approved by the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 2625 (XXV) of 24 October 1970, it is the duty of States to promote the right to self-determination of peoples.	3. 委员会强调，根据联合国大会1970年10月24日第2625(XXV)号决议核准的《关于各国按照联合国宪章建立友好关系及合作国际法原则的宣言》，缔约国有义务促进人民自决权。
But the implementation of the principle of self-determination requires every State to promote, through joint and separate action, universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.	但是，自决原则的落实需要每个国家按照《联合国宪章》的规定，通过共同和单独行动促进对人权和基本自由的普遍尊重和遵守。
In this context the Committee draws the attention of Governments to the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 47/135 of 18 December 1992.	在这方面，委员会提请各国政府注意大会1992年12月18日第47/135号决议通过的《在民族或族裔、宗教和语言上属于少数群体的人的权利宣言》。
4. In respect of the self-determination of peoples two aspects have to be distinguished.	4. 关于人民自决权，必须对两个方面加以区别。
The right to self-determination of peoples has an internal aspect, that is to say, the rights of all peoples to pursue freely their economic, social and cultural development without outside interference.	人民自决权具有内在方面，即所有人民有权在不受外来干预的情况下自由实现其经济、社会和文化发展。
In that respect there exists a link with the right of every citizen to take part in the conduct of public affairs at any level, as referred to in article 5 (c) of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.	在这方面，与《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第五条(寅)项提到的每个公民参加各级公共事务管理的权利是相联系的。
In consequence, Governments are to represent the whole population without distinction as to race, colour, descent or national or ethnic origin.	因此，政府应代表全体人民，而不分种族、肤色、出身或民族或族裔。
The external aspect of self-determination implies that all peoples have the right to determine freely their political status and their place in the international community based upon the principle of equal rights and exemplified by the liberation of peoples from colonialism and by the prohibition to subject peoples to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation.	自决的外在方面意味着所有人民有权根据权利平等的原则自由决定其政治地位和其在国际社会中的地位。 体现这一方面的具体实例是人民摆脱殖民主义而获得解放和禁止将人民置于外国征服、统治和剥削之下。
5. In order to respect fully the rights of all peoples within a State, Governments are again called upon to adhere to and implement fully the international human rights instruments and in particular the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.	5. 为了充分尊重一国之内各民族的权利，委员会再次呼吁各国政府遵守和充分执行国际人权文书，特别是《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》。
Concern for the protection of individual rights without discrimination on racial, ethnic, tribal, religious or other grounds must guide the policies of Governments.	各国政府的政策必须以关心对个人权利的保护为指导原则，不得有基于种族、族裔、部落、宗教或其他理由的歧视。
In accordance with article 2 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and other relevant international documents, Governments should be sensitive towards the rights of persons belonging to ethnic groups, particularly their right to lead lives of dignity, to preserve their culture, to share equitably in the fruits of national growth and to play their part in the Government of the country of which they are citizens.	根据《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第二条和其他有关国际文书，各国政府应该高度关心属于种族群体的人的权利，特别是他们保持尊严、保护其文化、公平分享国民生产增长的成果和在他们是其公民的国家政府中发挥作用的权利。
Also, Governments should consider, within their respective constitutional frameworks, vesting persons belonging to ethnic or linguistic groups comprised of their citizens, where appropriate, with the right to engage in activities which are particularly relevant to the preservation of the identity of such persons or groups.	各国政府也应该根据各自的宪法酌情赋予作为其公民一份子的属于种族或语言群体的人从事与维护这种人或群体的特征特别有关的活动的权利。
6. The Committee emphasizes that, in accordance with the Declaration on Friendly Relations, none of the Committee’s actions shall be construed as authorizing or encouraging any action which would dismember or impair, totally or in part, the territorial integrity or political unity of sovereign and independent States conducting themselves in compliance with the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples and possessing a Government representing the whole people belonging to the territory, without distinction as to race, creed or colour. In the view of the Committee, international law has not recognized a general right of peoples unilaterally to declare secession from a State.	6. 委员会强调，根据《友好关系宣言》，不得将委员会的任何行动理解为同意或鼓励完全或部分肢解或破坏独立主权国家的领土完整或政治团结，只要这些国家按照权 利平等和人民自决的原则管理国家事务并有一个代表领土上全体人民的政府，而不分种族、信仰或肤色、委员会认为，国际法并未承认各民族单方面宣布脱离一个国 家的一般权利。
In this respect, the Committee follows the views expressed in An Agenda for Peace (paragraphs 17 and following), namely, that a fragmentation of States may be detrimental to the protection of human rights, as well as to the preservation of peace and security.	在这方面，委员会同意《和平议程》中表示的意见(第17段及以后各段)，即国家分裂可能对保护人权以及对维护和平与安全有害。
This does not, however, exclude the possibility of arrangements reached by free agreements of all parties concerned.	但是，这并不排除有关各方有可能经自由协议达成的安排。
Contained in document A/51/18.	载于A/51/18号文件。