CESCR/GC/15 CESCR_GC_15E.doc (English)	CESCR/GC/15 CESCR_GC_15C.doc (Chinese)
CESCR	CESCR
General comment No. 15:	第15号一般性意见：
The right to water (arts. 11 and 12 of the Covenant)	水权(《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第十一和第十二条)
Twenty-ninth session (2002)	第二十九届会议(2002年)
I. Introduction	一、导言
1. Water is a limited natural resource and a public good fundamental for life and health.	1. 水是一种有限的自然资源，是一种对维持生命和健康至关重要的公共消费品。
The human right to water is indispensable for leading a life in human dignity.	水权是一项不可缺少的人权，是人有尊严地生活的必要条件。
It is a prerequisite for the realization of other human rights.	水权也是实现其他人权的一个前提条件。
The Committee has been confronted continually with the widespread denial of the right to water in developing as well as developed countries.	委员会不断地发现，无论是在发展中国家还是在发达国家都存在着普遍剥夺水权的问题。
Over 1 billion persons lack access to a basic water supply, while several billion do not have access to adequate sanitation, which is the primary cause of water contamination and diseases linked to water.	目前，有10亿多人得不到基本供水，几十亿人没有适当的卫生设施，这是造成水污染和与水有关的疾病的主要原因。
The continuing contamination, depletion and unequal distribution of water is exacerbating existing poverty.	水的不断污染、枯竭和不平等分配正在加剧目前的贫困状况。
States parties have to adopt effective measures to realize, without discrimination, the right to water, as set out in this general comment.	各缔约国必须按本一般性意见所说采取有效措施，不带歧视地落实水权。
The legal bases of the right to water	水权的法律依据
2. The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses.	2. 水权保证人人能为个人和家庭生活得到充足、安全、可接受、便于汲取、价格合理的供水。
An adequate amount of safe water is necessary to prevent death from dehydration, to reduce the risk of water-related disease and to provide for consumption, cooking, personal and domestic hygienic requirements.	足够量的安全水是防止缺水死亡，减少与水有关的疾病，消费、做饭和满足个人与家庭卫生需要所必须。
3. Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Covenant specifies a number of rights emanating from, and indispensable for, the realization of the right to an adequate standard of living "including adequate food, clothing and housing".	3. 《公约》第十一条第一款列出了由相当的生活水准权利衍生而又是实现它所必不可少的一系列权利，“包括足够的食物、衣着和住房”。
The use of the word "including" indicates that this catalogue of rights was not intended to be exhaustive.	使用“包括”一词表明所提到的权利并非全部。
The right to water clearly falls within the category of guarantees essential for securing an adequate standard of living, particularly since it is one of the most fundamental conditions for survival.	水权明显属于实现相当生活水准的必要保障之一，特别因为它是生存的最根本条件之一。
Moreover, the Committee has previously recognized that water is a human right contained in article 11, paragraph 1, (see general comment No. 6 (1995)).	委员会以前曾经指出，水权是第十一条第一款体现的一项人权(见第6号一般性意见(1995))。
The right to water is also inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of health (art. 12, para. 1)and the rights to adequate housing and adequate food (art.	水权还与能达到的最高健康水准权(第十二条第一款)和足够住房及足够食物权(第十一条第一款)密不可分。
11, para. 1).The right should also be seen in conjunction with other rights enshrined in the International Bill of Human Rights, foremost amongst them the right to life and human dignity.	此外，还应结合《国际人权宪章》所载的其他权利来看待水权，其中首要的是生命权和人的尊严。
4. The right to water has been recognized in a wide range of international documents, including treaties, declarations and other standards.For instance, Article 14, paragraph 2, of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women stipulates that States parties shall ensure to women the right to "enjoy adequate living conditions, particularly in relation to […] water supply".	4. 各项国际文书，包括条约、宣言和其他标准都承认水权例如，《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十四条第2款规定，缔约国应保证妇女“享有适当的生活条件，特别是在[…]水供应方面”。
Article 24, paragraph 2, of the Convention on the Rights of the Child requires States parties to combat disease and malnutrition "through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking water".	《儿童权利公约》第二十四条第二款要求“通过提供充足的营养食品和清洁饮水”，消除疾病和营养不良。
5. The right to water has been consistently addressed by the Committee during its consideration of States parties' reports, in accordance with its revised general guidelines regarding the form and content of reports to be submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and its general comments.	5. 委员会在按照关于缔约国按《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第十六条和第十七条提交报告的形式和内容的修订一般准则审议缔约国报告时经常讨论水权的问题。
6. Water is required for a range of different purposes, besides personal and domestic uses, to realize many of the Covenant rights.	6. 除了个人和家庭用途外，实现多项《公约》权利的各种不同目的都离不开水。
For instance, water is necessary to produce food (right to adequate food) and ensure environmental hygiene (right to health).	例如，水被用来生产粮食(足够食物权)和确保环境卫生(健康权)。
Water is essential for securing livelihoods (right to gain a living by work) and enjoying certain cultural practices (right to take part in cultural life).	维持生计(通过劳动维持生活的权利)和享受某些文化活动(参与文化生活权)也需要水。
Nevertheless, priority in the allocation of water must be given to the right to water for personal and domestic uses. Priority should also be given to the water resources required to prevent starvation and disease, as well as water required to meet the core obligations of each of the Covenant rights.	然而，在水分配上，必须优先考虑个人和家庭使用，还必须优先考虑防止饥饿和疾病所需要的水资源，以及履行落实每项《公约》权利的核心义务所需要的水资源。
Water and Covenant rights	水与《公约》权利
7. The Committee notes the importance of ensuring sustainable access to water resources for agriculture to realize the right to adequate food (see general comment No. 12 (1999)).	7. 委员会指出，为实现足够食物权必须为农业提供可持续的水资源(见第12号一般性意见(1999))。
Attention should be given to ensuring that disadvantaged and marginalized farmers, including women farmers, have equitable access to water and water management systems, including sustainable rain harvesting and irrigation technology.	在这方面，应该优先确保贫困和边缘化农民包括妇女公平得到水和利用水管理系统，包括可持续的雨水汇集和灌溉技术。
Taking note of the duty in article 1, paragraph 2, of the Covenant, which provides that a people may not "be deprived of its means of subsistence", States parties should ensure that there is adequate access to water for subsistence farming and for securing the livelihoods of indigenous peoples.	《公约》第一条第二款规定“不得剥夺一个民族自己的生存手段”。 根据这项义务，缔约国应确保农民耕作和土著人维持生存所需要的足够的水。
8. Environmental hygiene, as an aspect of the right to health under article 12, paragraph 2 (b), of the Covenant, encompasses taking steps on a non-discriminatory basis to prevent threats to health from unsafe and toxic water conditions.	8. 环境卫生是《公约》第十二条第二款(乙)项所指健康权的一个方面，要求缔约国不加歧视地采取措施，防止不安全和有毒水况对健康的威胁。
For example, States parties should ensure that natural water resources are protected from contamination by harmful substances and pathogenic microbes.	例如，缔约国应保护自然水资源不受有毒物质或病源细菌的污染。
Likewise, States parties should monitor and combat situations where aquatic ecosystems serve as a habitat for vectors of diseases wherever they pose a risk to human living environments.	缔约国还应监督和消除水生态系统作为疾病媒体栖息地对人类生存环境造成的危险。
9. With a view to assisting States parties' implementation of the Covenant and the fulfilment of their reporting obligations, this general comment focuses in Part II on the normative content of the right to water in articles 11, paragraph 1, and 12, on States parties' obligations (Part III), on violations (Part IV) and on implementation at the national level (Part V), while the obligations of actors other than States parties are addressed in Part VI.	9. 为协助缔约国执行《公约》和履行它们的报告义务，本一般性意见集中阐述第十一条第一款和第十二条所述水权的规范性内容(第二部分)、缔约国义务(第三部分)、违反(第四部分)和国家一级的执行(第五部分)以及缔约国以外的其他行为者的义务(第六部分)。
II. Normative content of the right to water	二、水权的规范性内容
10. The right to water contains both freedoms and entitlements.	10. 水权包含自由和资格两项内容。
The freedoms include the right to maintain access to existing water supplies necessary for the right to water, and the right to be free from interference, such as the right to be free from arbitrary disconnections or contamination of water supplies.	自由是指获取享受水权所必需的现有供水的权利，也指不受干预如供水不被任意切断或污染的权利。
By contrast, the entitlements include the right to a system of water supply and management that provides equality of opportunity for people to enjoy the right to water.	对比而言，资格是指利用供水和管水系统的权利，它为人们享有水权提供了平等机会。
11. The elements of the right to water must be adequate for human dignity, life and health, in accordance with articles 11, paragraph 1, and 12. The adequacy of water should not be interpreted narrowly, by mere reference to volumetric quantities and technologies.	11. 根据第十一条第一款和第十二条，水权的内容必须足以维护人的尊严、生命和健康、水的足够不应被解释为仅仅指数量和技术。
Water should be treated as a social and cultural good, and not primarily as an economic good.	水还应被看作是一种社会和文化财富，而不单单是经济财富。
The manner of the realization of the right to water must also be sustainable, ensuring that the right can be realized for present and future generations.	实现水权的方式必须可以持续，保证现代和后代都能享受这一权利。
12. While the adequacy of water required for the right to water may vary according to different conditions, the following factors apply in all circumstances:	12. 享有水权所必需的足够数量因不同条件而异，但下列因素适用于所有情况：
(a) Availability.	(a)可提供性。
The water supply for each person must be sufficient and continuous for personal and domestic uses.	对每个人的供水必须足够和连续，满足个人和家庭使用。
These uses ordinarily include drinking, personal sanitation, washing of clothes, food preparation, personal and household hygiene.	这些用途通常包括饮用、个人卫生设施、洗衣、烹调食物、个人和家庭卫生。
The quantity of water available for each person should correspond to World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.	每个人可获得的水量应符合世界卫生组织的准则。
Some individuals and groups may also require additional water due to health, climate, and work conditions;	有些个人和群体因健康、气候或工作条件等原因可能需要更多的水；
(b) Quality. The water required for each personal or domestic use must be safe, therefore free from micro-organisms, chemical substances and radiological hazards that constitute a threat to a person's health.	(b)质量：个人和家庭用水必须安全，没有微生物、化学物质和威胁个人健康的放射性危险。
Furthermore, water should be of an acceptable colour, odour and taste for each personal or domestic use;	个人和家庭用水还应具有可接受的颜色和味道；
(c) Accessibility. Water and water facilities and services have to be accessible to everyone without discrimination, within the jurisdiction of the State party.	(c)可获取性：水、供水设施和供水设备必须不加歧视地对缔约国管辖范围内的所有人开放。
Accessibility has four overlapping dimensions:	可获取性具有以下四个相互重叠的层面：
(i) Physical accessibility: Water, and adequate water facilities and services, must be within safe physical reach for all sections of the population.	(一)物质条件上的可获取性：水、适当的水设施和水设备必须在所有阶层人口可及的安全距离之内。
Sufficient, safe and acceptable water must be accessible within, or in the immediate vicinity, of each household, educational institution and workplace.	每一家庭、教育机构和工作场所都必须能够在住所内或就近获取到足够、安全和可接受的水。
All water facilities and services must be of sufficient quality, culturally appropriate and sensitive to gender, life-cycle and privacy requirements.	所有的供水设施和供水设备必须具有良好的质量，在文化上适宜，注意男女平等、生命周期和隐私要求。
Physical security should not be threatened during access to water facilities and services;	在利用水设施和水设备时，人身安全不应受到威胁；
(ii) Economic accessibility: Water, and water facilities and services, must be affordable for all.	(二)经济上的可获取性：水、水设施和水设备在费用下必须为所有人承受得起。
The direct and indirect costs and charges associated with securing water must be affordable, and must not compromise or threaten the realization of other Covenant rights;	用水的直接和间接成本及费用必须适中，必须不损害或威胁其他《公约》权利的实现；
(iii) Non-discrimination: Water and water facilities and services must be accessible to all, including the most vulnerable or marginalized sections of the population, in law and in fact, without discrimination on any of the prohibited grounds; and	(三)不歧视：水、供水设施和供水设备必须在法律和实际上能够为所有人包括人口中的最弱势或最边缘化群体所利用，不因任何违禁理由而有所歧视；
(iv) Information accessibility: Accessibility includes the right to seek, receive and impart information concerning water issues.	(四)信息的可获取：可获取性包括寻求、接受和发送关于水的信息的权利。
Special topics of broad application	广泛适用的专项议题
Non-discrimination and equality	不歧视与平等
13. The obligation of States parties to guarantee that the right to water is enjoyed without discrimination (art. 2, para. 2), and equally between men and women (art. 3), pervades all of the Covenant obligations.	13. 缔约国保证人民不受歧视(第二条第二款)和男女平等(第三条)地享受水权的义务贯穿于《公约》规定的所有义务之中。
The Covenant thus proscribes any discrimination on the grounds of race, colour, sex, age, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, physical or mental disability, health status (including HIV/AIDS), sexual orientation and civil, political, social or other status, which has the intention or effect of nullifying or impairing the equal enjoyment or exercise of the right to water.	《公约》禁止基于任何理由的歧视，所涉理由可以是种族、肤色、性别、年龄、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、民族或社会出身、财产、出生、身心残疾、健康状况(包括艾滋病毒/艾滋病)、性倾向以及公民、政治、社会或其他地位，目的或结果在于剥夺或损害平等享受或行使水权。
The Committee recalls paragraph 12 of general comment No. 3 (1990), which states that even in times of severe resource constraints, the vulnerable members of society must be protected by the adoption of relatively low-cost targeted programmes.	委员会回顾第3号一般性意见(1990)第12段，其中指出，即使在资源严重短缺时，也必须有针对性地采取低费用方案，保护社会的弱势群体成员。
14. States parties should take steps to remove de facto discrimination on prohibited grounds, where individuals and groups are deprived of the means or entitlements necessary for achieving the right to water.	14. 缔约国应采取措施，消除基于违禁理由的歧视，保障个人和群体不被剥夺实现水权所必要的手段或权利。
States parties should ensure that the allocation of water resources, and investments in water, facilitate access to water for all members of society.	缔约国应确保水资源的分配和供水设施上的投资能够便利社会所有成员用水。
Inappropriate resource allocation can lead to discrimination that may not be overt.	资源的不合理配置可产生隐性歧视。
For example, investments should not disproportionately favour expensive water supply services and facilities that are often accessible only to a small, privileged fraction of the population, rather than investing in services and facilities that benefit a far larger part of the population.	例如，不应过大地在昂贵的、只面向少数特权阶层的供水设备和设施上投资，而应该在有益于广大人口的供水设备和设施上投资。
15. With respect to the right to water, States parties have a special obligation to provide those who do not have sufficient means with the necessary water and water facilities and to prevent any discrimination on internationally prohibited grounds in the provision of water and water services.	15. 关于水权，缔约国负有特别义务，向没有足够财力的人口提供必要的水和水设施，在供水和水设备上防止基于国际违禁理由的歧视。
16. Whereas the right to water applies to everyone, States parties should give special attention to those individuals and groups who have traditionally faced difficulties in exercising this right, including women, children, minority groups, indigenous peoples, refugees, asylum-seekers, internally displaced persons, migrant workers, prisoners and detainees.	16. 既然水权适用于所有人，缔约国应该特别重视在行使这一权利方面历来有困难的个人和群体，如妇女、儿童、少数群体、土著人民、难民、寻求庇护者、国内流离失所者、移徙工人、囚犯和被拘留者。
In particular, States parties should take steps to ensure that:	缔约国尤其应采取措施，确保：
(a) Women are not excluded from decision-making processes concerning water resources and entitlements.	(a)不将妇女排除在水资源和水权问题决策过程之外。
The disproportionate burden women bear in the collection of water should be alleviated;	减轻妇女过重的取水负担；
(b) Children are not prevented from enjoying their human rights due to the lack of adequate water in educational institutions and households or through the burden of collecting water.	(b)不因学校和家庭缺少足够的水，或因取水负担，使儿童无法享有人权。
Provision of adequate water to educational institutions currently without adequate drinking water should be addressed as a matter of urgency;	向目前缺少足够饮用水的学校提供足够的饮用水；
(c) Rural and deprived urban areas have access to properly maintained water facilities.	(c)农村和城市贫困地区拥有维护良好的供水设施。
Access to traditional water sources in rural areas should be protected from unlawful encroachment and pollution.	农村的传统水资源受到保护，不被非法侵蚀和污染。
Deprived urban areas, including informal human settlements, and homeless persons, should have access to properly maintained water facilities.	城市贫困地区，包括非正规居住区和无家可归者居住区，也具有维护良好的供水设施。
No household should be denied the right to water on the grounds of their housing or land status;	不以住房或土地状况为理由剥夺任何家庭的用水；
(d) Indigenous peoples' access to water resources on their ancestral lands is protected from encroachment and unlawful pollution.	(d)土著人民在其祖先土地上的水资源不受到侵蚀和非法污染。
States should provide resources for indigenous peoples to design, deliver and control their access to water;	国家土著人民提供资源，帮助他们设计、供应和管理水资源；
(e) Nomadic and traveller communities have access to adequate water at traditional and designated halting sites;	(e)游牧民族在传统或指定的栖息地有足够的用水；
(f) Refugees, asylum-seekers, internally displaced persons and returnees have access to adequate water whether they stay in camps or in urban and rural areas.	(f)难民、寻求庇护者、国内流离失所者和返回者无论在难民营还是在城市和农村，都有足够的用水。
Refugees and asylum-seekers should be granted the right to water on the same conditions as granted to nationals;	难民和寻求庇护者与其他公民一样以同等条件享受水权；
(g) Prisoners and detainees are provided with sufficient and safe water for their daily individual requirements, taking note of the requirements of international humanitarian law and the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners;	(g)按照国际人道主义法和联合国《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》，向囚犯和被拘留者提供足够的安全用水，满足他们的日常个人需求；
(h) Groups facing difficulties with physical access to water, such as older persons, persons with disabilities, victims of natural disasters, persons living in disaster-prone areas, and those living in arid and semi-arid areas, or on small islands are provided with safe and sufficient water.	(h)向取水有困难的群体，如老年人、残疾人、遭受自然灾害者、灾害易发区居民和干旱、半干旱地区人民或小岛屿居民，提供足够、安全的水。
III. States parties' obligations	三、缔约国的义务
General legal obligations	一般法律义务
17. While the Covenant provides for progressive realization and acknowledges the constraints due to the limits of available resources, it also imposes on States parties various obligations which are of immediate effect.	17. 《公约》规定逐步实现水权，承认因现有资源限制而存在困难，但它也提出了缔约国应该立即履行的义务。
States parties have immediate obligations in relation to the right to water, such as the guarantee that the right will be exercised without discrimination of any kind (art. 2, para. 2) and the obligation to take steps (art. 2, para. 1) towards the full realization of articles 11, paragraph 1, and 12.	缔约国在水权方面需要立即履行的义务有：保证人民不受任何歧视地行使这一权利(第二条第二款)；采取措施(第二条第一款)，充分实现第十一条第一款和第十二条的规定。
Such steps must be deliberate, concrete and targeted towards the full realization of the right to water.	这些措施必须是审慎的，具体的，力求充分实现水权。
18. States parties have a constant and continuing duty under the Covenant to move as expeditiously and effectively as possible towards the full realization of the right to water.	18. 根据《公约》，缔约国负有一贯、连续的义务，应该尽量迅速、有效地采取行动充分实现水权。
Realization of the right should be feasible and practicable, since all States parties exercise control over a broad range of resources, including water, technology, financial resources and international assistance, as with all other rights in the Covenant.	实现水权与实现《公约》其他权利一样，行动必须可行、实际，因为所有缔约国都掌握着大量资源，包括水、技术、资金和国际援助。
19. There is a strong presumption that retrogressive measures taken in relation to the right to water are prohibited under the Covenant.	19. 一般都认定，《公约》禁止在水权方面采取倒退措施。
If any deliberately retrogressive measures are taken, the State party has the burden of proving that they have been introduced after the most careful consideration of all alternatives and that they are duly justified by reference to the totality of the rights provided for in the Covenant in the context of the full use of the State party's maximum available resources.	如果采取倒退措施，缔约国必须证明这种措施是在对各种选择方案经过极认真考虑后采取的，而且是在充分利用缔约国所有现有资源的条件下，根据《公约》规定的所有权利，认定这样做是合理的。
Specific legal obligations	具体法律义务
20. The right to water, like any human right, imposes three types of obligations on States parties: obligations to respect, obligations to protect and obligations to fulfil.	20. 水权与其他人权一样，要求缔约国承担三项义务：尊重的义务、保护的义务和履行的义务。
(a) Obligations to respect	(a)尊重的义务
21. The obligation to respect requires that States parties refrain from interfering directly or indirectly with the enjoyment of the right to water.	21. 尊重的义务要求缔约国不直接或间接干涉水权的享有。
The obligation includes, inter alia, refraining from engaging in any practice or activity that denies or limits equal access to adequate water; arbitrarily interfering with customary or traditional arrangements for water allocation; unlawfully diminishing or polluting water, for example through waste from State-owned facilities or through use and testing of weapons; and limiting access to, or destroying, water services and infrastructure as a punitive measure, for example, during armed conflicts in violation of international humanitarian law.	这类义务包括：不参与任何剥夺或限制平等获取足够水的行动或活动；不任意干涉习惯或传统的水资源配置安排；不利用国有设施的废物或通过使用和试验武器，非法减少或污染水源；不在武装冲突期间违反国际人道主义法，限制使用或摧毁供水设备和基础设施。
22. The Committee notes that during armed conflicts, emergency situations and natural disasters, the right to water embraces those obligations by which States parties are bound under international humanitarian law.	22. 委员会注意到，在武装冲突、紧急状态和自然灾害期间，水权包含了国际人道主义法对缔约国施加的义务。
This includes protection of objects indispensable for survival of the civilian population, including drinking water installations and supplies and irrigation works, protection of the natural environment against widespread, long-term and severe damage and ensuring that civilians, internees and prisoners have access to adequate water.	这类义务有：保护平民人口赖以生存的物体，如饮水设施、供水管道和灌溉工程；保护自然环境不受广泛、长期和严重的破坏；确保公民、被拘留者和囚犯得到足够的水。
(b) Obligations to protect	(b)保护的义务
23. The obligation to protect requires States parties to prevent third parties from interfering in any way with the enjoyment of the right to water.	23. 这类义务要求缔约国防止第三方以任何方式干预水权的享有。
Third parties include individuals, groups, corporations and other entities as well as agents acting under their authority.	第三方可以是个人、群体、公司和其他实体以及在其授权下行事者。
The obligation includes, inter alia, adopting the necessary and effective legislative and other measures to restrain, for example, third parties from denying equal access to adequate water; and polluting and inequitably extracting from water resources, including natural sources, wells and other water distribution systems.	义务主要包括：采取必要、有效的立法和其他措施，防止第三方剥夺平等用水机会；污染和不公平地抽取水资源，包括自然水源、井和其他水分配系统。
24. Where water services (such as piped water networks, water tankers, access to rivers and wells) are operated or controlled by third parties, States parties must prevent them from compromising equal, affordable, and physical access to sufficient, safe and acceptable water.	24. 如果供水设备(如供水管网、储水罐、河和井的取水口)由第三方经营或控制，缔约国必须防止它们损害以平等、经济、便利的方式获取足够、安全和可接受的水的权利。
To prevent such abuses an effective regulatory system must be established, in conformity with the Covenant and this general comment, which includes independent monitoring, genuine public participation and imposition of penalties for non-compliance.	为防止此种滥用行为，必须按照《公约》和本一般性意见建立有效管理机制，包括独立监督、真正的公众参与和对违约的处罚等。
(c) Obligations to fulfil	(c)实现的义务
25. The obligation to fulfil can be disaggregated into the obligations to facilitate, promote and provide.	25. 实现的义务可分解成便利、促进和提供等项义务。
The obligation to facilitate requires the State to take positive measures to assist individuals and communities to enjoy the right.	便利的义务要求缔约国采取积极措施，协助个人和社区享有水权。
The obligation to promote obliges the State party to take steps to ensure that there is appropriate education concerning the hygienic use of water, protection of water sources and methods to minimize water wastage.	促进的义务要求缔约国采取措施，确保对人民进行适当的教育，使他们了解水的卫生使用、水源保护和将废水减少到最低限度的方法。
States parties are also obliged to fulfil (provide) the right when individuals or a group are unable, for reasons beyond their control, to realize that right themselves by the means at their disposal.	它还要求缔约国在个人和群体因自身不能控制的理由无法以自己可利用的手段行使这一权利时，保证他们享有这一权利。
26. The obligation to fulfil requires States parties to adopt the necessary measures directed towards the full realization of the right to water.	26. 实现的义务要求缔约国采取必要措施，充分实现水权。
The obligation includes, inter alia, according sufficient recognition of this right within the national political and legal systems, preferably by way of legislative implementation; adopting a national water strategy and plan of action to realize this right; ensuring that water is affordable for everyone; and facilitating improved and sustainable access to water, particularly in rural and deprived urban areas.	这类义务包括：最好通过法律实施细则，在国家政治和法律体制内充分承认这一权利；制定国家水战略和行动计划，以实现这一权利；确保人人用得起水；推广改进的和可持续的取水手段，特别是在农村和城市贫困地区。
27. To ensure that water is affordable, States parties must adopt the necessary measures that may include, inter alia: (a) use of a range of appropriate low-cost techniques and technologies; (b) appropriate pricing policies such as free or low-cost water; and (c) income supplements.	27. 为确保用水费用能承受，缔约国必须采取必要措施， 其中可以包括：(a) 采用各种适当的低成本技能和技术；(b) 采取合理的定价政策，如免费或低水价；(c) 收入补贴。
Any payment for water services has to be based on the principle of equity, ensuring that these services, whether privately or publicly provided, are affordable for all, including socially disadvantaged groups.	对供水设施的任何补贴都必须坚持公平原则，供水设施无论是私营还是公营组织经营，都应确保所有人包括社会的贫困群体能够负担得起水的费用。
Equity demands that poorer households should not be disproportionately burdened with water expenses as compared to richer households.	公平原则要求贫困家庭与富裕家庭相比不在水费上有过重负担。
28. States parties should adopt comprehensive and integrated strategies and programmes to ensure that there is sufficient and safe water for present and future generations.	28. 缔约国应采取全面和综合性战略和方案，确保现代和后代都有足够、安全的水。
Such strategies and programmes may include: (a) reducing depletion of water resources through unsustainable extraction, diversion and damming; (b) reducing and eliminating contamination of watersheds and water-related ecosystems by substances such as radiation, harmful chemicals and human excreta; (c) monitoring water reserves; (d) ensuring that proposed developments do not interfere with access to adequate water; (e) assessing the impacts of actions that may impinge upon water availability and natural-ecosystems watersheds, such as climate changes, desertification and increased soil salinity, deforestation and loss of biodiversity;(f) increasing the efficient use of water by end-users; (g) reducing water wastage in its distribution; (h) response mechanisms for emergency situations; (i) and establishing competent institutions and appropriate institutional arrangements to carry out the strategies and programmes.	这类战略和方案可包 括：(a) 减少因不可持续的抽取、河流改道和修筑堤坝而造成的水资源枯竭；(b) 减少和消除放射物、有毒化学品和人排泄物等物质对流域和水生态系统的污染；(c) 监测水的储备；(d) 确保拟议发展项目不影响获取足够水的权利；(e) 评估对供水和自然生态系统流域有影响的现象如气候变化、荒漠化、土壤碱化、砍伐森林和生物多样性损失的冲击；(f) 提高用户的用水效率；(g) 在分配时减少废水；(h) 建立紧急情况下的应急机制；(i) 建立执行战略和方案的主管机构和适当体制安排。
29. Ensuring that everyone has access to adequate sanitation is not only fundamental for human dignity and privacy, but is one of the principal mechanisms for protecting the quality of drinking water supplies and resources.	29. 确保人人拥有适当的卫生设施，不仅是维护人的尊严和隐私的根本条件，也是保护饮用水供给和来源质量的主要机制之一。
In accordance with the rights to health and adequate housing (see general comments Nos. 4 (1991) and 14 (2000)) States parties have an obligation to progressively extend safe sanitation services, particularly to rural and deprived urban areas, taking into account the needs of women and children.	根据健康权和适足住房权(见第4号一般性意见(1991)和第14号一般性意见(2000))，缔约国有义务考虑到妇女和儿童的需求，逐步推广安全的卫生设施，特别是在农村和贫困城市地区这样做。
International obligations	国际义务
30. Article 2, paragraph 1, and articles 11, paragraph 1, and 23 of the Covenant require that States parties recognize the essential role of international cooperation and assistance and take joint and separate action to achieve the full realization of the right to water.	30. 《公约》第二条第一款，第十一条第一款和第二十三条要求缔约国认识到国际合作和援助的重要作用，联合和单独采取行动充分实现水权。
31. To comply with their international obligations in relation to the right to water, States parties have to respect the enjoyment of the right in other countries.	31. 为履行水权方面的国际义务，缔约国必须尊重其他国家人民对这一权利的享有。
International cooperation requires States parties to refrain from actions that interfere, directly or indirectly, with the enjoyment of the right to water in other countries.	国际合作原则要求缔约国避免采取行动，直接或间接干预其他国家人民享有水权。
Any activities undertaken within the State party's jurisdiction should not deprive another country of the ability to realize the right to water for persons in its jurisdiction.	在缔约国管辖范围内采取的任何行动，不应使另一国家失去为其管辖下的人民实现水权的能力。
32. States parties should refrain at all times from imposing embargoes or similar measures, that prevent the supply of water, as well as goods and services essential for securing the right to water.	32. 缔约国任何时候都应避免采取禁运或类似措施阻碍水以及享受水权所必需的物资和服务的供给。
Water should never be used as an instrument of political and economic pressure.	任何时候都不应将水当作施加政治和经济压力的手段来使用。
In this regard, the Committee recalls its position, stated in its general comment No. 8 (1997), on the relationship between economic sanctions and respect for economic, social and cultural rights.	对此，委员会回顾它在第8号一般性意见(1997)中就经济制裁与尊重经济、社会、文化权利之间关系表明的立场。
33. Steps should be taken by States parties to prevent their own citizens and companies from violating the right to water of individuals and communities in other countries.	33. 缔约国应采取措施，禁止本国公民和公司侵犯其他国家个人和群体的水权。
Where States parties can take steps to influence other third parties to respect the right, through legal or political means, such steps should be taken in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and applicable international law.	当缔约国可以采取步骤通过法律或政治手段促使其他第三方尊重水权时，它们应该根据《联合国宪章》和适用的国际法采取这类步骤。
34. Depending on the availability of resources, States should facilitate realization of the right to water in other countries, for example through provision of water resources, financial and technical assistance, and provide the necessary aid when required.	34. 根据水资源供给情况，缔约国应该促进在其他国家实现水权，如提供水资源、资金和技术，或在需要时向它们提供援助。
In disaster relief and emergency assistance, including assistance to refugees and displaced persons, priority should be given to Covenant rights, including the provision of adequate water.	在减灾和紧急援助、包括对难民和流离失所者的援助时，应该优先考虑《公约》权利，包括提供足够的水。
International assistance should be provided in a manner that is consistent with the Covenant and other human rights standards, and sustainable and culturally appropriate.	应该按照《公约》和其他人权标准，并以可持续和在文化上适宜的方式提供国际援助。
The economically developed States parties have a special responsibility and interest to assist the poorer developing States in this regard.	经济发达国家负有特别责任和利益在这方面协助较贫困的发展中国家。
35. States parties should ensure that the right to water is given due attention in international agreements and, to that end, should consider the development of further legal instruments.	35. 缔约国应确保在国际协议中充分注意水权。 为此，应该进一步考虑制订法律文书。
With regard to the conclusion and implementation of other international and regional agreements, States parties should take steps to ensure that these instruments do not adversely impact upon the right to water.	在缔结和执行其他国际和区域协定时，缔约国应该采取措施，确保这些文书不侵犯水权。
Agreements concerning trade liberalization should not curtail or inhibit a country's capacity to ensure the full realization of the right to water.	有关贸易自由化的协定不应该减损或妨碍一国确保其人民充分享有水权的能力。
36. States parties should ensure that their actions as members of international organizations take due account of the right to water.	36. 缔约国应确保它们作为国际组织成员国采取的行动充分考虑到水权。
Accordingly, States parties that are members of international financial institutions, notably the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and regional development banks, should take steps to ensure that the right to water is taken into account in their lending policies, credit agreements and other international measures.	为此，作为国际金融机构、特别是国际货币基金组织、世界银行和区域开发银行成员国的缔约国，应该采取措施，在借款政策、信贷协议和其他国际措施中重视水权。
Core obligations	核心义务
37. In general comment No. 3 (1990), the Committee confirms that States parties have a core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of each of the rights enunciated in the Covenant.	37. 委员会在第3号一般性意见(1990)中认定，缔约国负有核心义务确保至少以最低的必要水平实现《公约》规定的每项权利。
In the Committee's view, at least a number of core obligations in relation to the right to water can be identified, which are of immediate effect:	委员会认为，在水权方面至少可以提出一些需要立即履行的核心义务：
(a) To ensure access to the minimum essential amount of water, that is sufficient and safe for personal and domestic uses to prevent disease;	(a)确保为个人和家庭用水及预防疾病提供最低必要数量的、足够和安全的水；
(b) To ensure the right of access to water and water facilities and services on a non-discriminatory basis, especially for disadvantaged or marginalized groups;	(b)确保所有人特别是贫困或边缘化群体不受歧视地享有获取水和利用供水设施及供水设备的权利；
(c) To ensure physical access to water facilities or services that provide sufficient, safe and regular water; that have a sufficient number of water outlets to avoid prohibitive waiting times; and that are at a reasonable distance from the household;	(c)确保实际利用提供充足、安全和经常供水的设施和设备；确保有足够数量的取水点，以避免过长的等待时间；确保离住所的距离合适；
(d) To ensure personal security is not threatened when having to physically access to water;	(d)确保取水时人身安全没有危险；
(e) To ensure equitable distribution of all available water facilities and services;	(e)确保所有供水设施和供水设备的公平分布；
(f) To adopt and implement a national water strategy and plan of action addressing the whole population; the strategy and plan of action should be devised, and periodically reviewed, on the basis of a participatory and transparent process; it should include methods, such as right to water indicators and benchmarks, by which progress can be closely monitored; the process by which the strategy and plan of action are devised, as well as their content, shall give particular attention to all disadvantaged or marginalized groups;	(f)采取和实施面向所有人口的国家水战略和水行动计划；以参与和透明的方式制订和定期审查水战略和水行动计划；水战略和水行动计划应该包含各种方法，如用以密切监测进展的水权指标和基准；制订水战略和水行动计划的进程及内容必须特别注意贫困或边缘化群体；
(g) To monitor the extent of the realization, or the non-realization, of the right to water;	(g)监督实现或未实现水权的程度；
(h) To adopt relatively low-cost targeted water programmes to protect vulnerable and marginalized groups;	(h)采取针对性的、低成本的水方案，以保护贫困和边缘化群体；
(i) To take measures to prevent, treat and control diseases linked to water, in particular ensuring access to adequate sanitation.	(i)采取措施，防止、治疗和控制与水有关的疾病，特别是确保有适当的卫生设施。
38. For the avoidance of any doubt, the Committee wishes to emphasize that it is particularly incumbent on States parties, and other actors in a position to assist, to provide international assistance and cooperation, especially economic and technical which enables developing countries to fulfil their core obligations indicated in paragraph 37 above.	38. 为避免任何疑问，委员会要强调，各缔约国和有能力提供援助的其他方面有义务提供国际合作和援助，特别是经济和技术合作及援助，使发展中国家能够履行上述第37条所述的核心义务。
IV. Violations	四、违反
39. When the normative content of the right to water (see Part II) is applied to the obligations of States parties (Part III), a process is set in motion, which facilitates identification of violations of the right to water.	39. 将水权的规范性内容(见第二部分)应用于缔约国的义务(第三部分)，就启动了一个进程，有助于确定侵犯水权的行为。
The following paragraphs provide illustrations of violations of the right to water.	以下各段列出侵犯水权行为的示例。
40. To demonstrate compliance with their general and specific obligations, States parties must establish that they have taken the necessary and feasible steps towards the realization of the right to water.	40. 为证明已履行一般义务和特别义务，缔约国必须确定采取必要、可行的措施实现水权。
In accordance with international law, a failure to act in good faith to take such steps amounts to a violation of the right.	根据国际法，未诚心诚意采取这种措施等于侵犯水权。
It should be stressed that a State party cannot justify its non-compliance with the core obligations set out in paragraph 37 above, which are non-derogable.	应该强调，以上第37所列的核心义务为不可减损的义务，缔约国不得以任何理由为不履行辩护。
41. In determining which actions or omissions amount to a violation of the right to water, it is important to distinguish the inability from the unwillingness of a State party to comply with its obligations in relation to the right to water.	41. 在确定哪些行为或不行为等于侵犯水权时，必须区分缔约国没有能力履行水权义务与不愿意履行水权义务。
This follows from articles 11, paragraph 1, and 12, which speak of the right to an adequate standard of living and the right to health, as well as from article 2, paragraph 1, of the Covenant, which obliges each State party to take the necessary steps to the maximum of its available resources.	相关规定可见于关于获得相当生活水准权和健康权的《公约》第十一条第一款和第十二条以及关于要求各缔约国采取必要步骤最大限度地利用资源的第二条第一款。
A State which is unwilling to use the maximum of its available resources for the realization of the right to water is in violation of its obligations under the Covenant.	缔约国不愿意最大限度地利用现有资源实现水权，即违反了根据《公约》承担的义务。
If resource constraints render it impossible for a State party to comply fully with its Covenant obligations, it has the burden of justifying that every effort has nevertheless been made to use all available resources at its disposal in order to satisfy, as a matter of priority, the obligations outlined above.	如果因资源限制而无法履行《公约》义务，则必须证明已尽一切努力利用现有资源优先履行上述义务。
42. Violations of the right to water can occur through acts of commission, the direct actions of States parties or other entities insufficiently regulated by States.	42. 委托行为，即缔约国或国家未加严格管理的其他实体的直接行动，也可能构成侵犯水权。
Violations include, for example, the adoption of retrogressive measures incompatible with the core obligations (outlined in paragraph 37 above), the formal repeal or suspension of legislation necessary for the continued enjoyment of the right to water, or the adoption of legislation or policies which are manifestly incompatible with pre-existing domestic or international legal obligations in relation to the right to water.	侵犯水权行为包括：采取违背核心义务的倒退措施(见以上第37段)；正式废除或中止执行持续享有水权所必须的立法；或采取与国内或国际现行水权义务不相符合的立法和政策。
43. Violations through acts of omission include the failure to take appropriate steps towards the full realization of everyone's right to water, the failure to have a national policy on water, and the failure to enforce relevant laws.	43. 委托不行为也可能构成侵犯水权，如没有采取适当措施充分实现每个人的水权，没有国家水政策和没有实施有关法律。
44. While it is not possible to specify a complete list of violations in advance, a number of typical examples relating to the levels of obligations, emanating from the Committee's work, may be identified:	44. 虽然无法事先列出全部侵犯水权行为，但通过委员会的工作可以明确违背不同层次义务的一些典型情况：
(a) Violations of the obligation to respect follow from the State party's interference with the right to water.	(a)缔约国对水权的干预可构成违背尊重的义务。
This includes, inter alia: (i) arbitrary or unjustified disconnection or exclusion from water services or facilities; (ii) discriminatory or unaffordable increases in the price of water; and (iii) pollution and diminution of water resources affecting human health;	这类干预主要包括：(一) 任意或没有任何理由地切断或禁止利用供水设备或供水设施；(二) 歧视性或过高地提高水价；(三) 污染和减少水资源，影响到人的健康；
(b) Violations of the obligation to protect follow from the failure of a State to take all necessary measures to safeguard persons within their jurisdiction from infringements of the right to water by third parties.	(b)缔约国没有采取一切必要措施，保护其管辖内的个人免受第三方侵犯水权行为的影响，可构成违背保护的义务。
This includes, inter alia: (i) failure to enact or enforce laws to prevent the contamination and inequitable extraction of water; (ii) failure to effectively regulate and control water services providers; (iii) failure to protect water distribution systems (e.g. piped networks and wells) from interference, damage and destruction; and	这类违约主要包括：(一) 没有颁布或实施有关法律，防止对水的污染和不公平抽取；(二) 未有效管理和控制供水设施；(三) 未保护供水系统(如供水管道和水井)不被干预、损害和破坏；
(c) Violations of the obligation to fulfil occur through the failure of States parties to take all necessary steps to ensure the realization of the right to water.	(c)缔约国没有采取一切必要措施，确保实现水权，可构成违背履行的义务。
Examples include, inter alia: (i) failure to adopt or implement a national water policy designed to ensure the right to water for everyone; (ii) insufficient expenditure or misallocation of public resources which results in the non-enjoyment of the right to water by individuals or groups, particularly the vulnerable or marginalized; (iii) failure to monitor the realization of the right to water at the national level, for example by identifying right-to-water indicators and benchmarks; (iv) failure to take measures to reduce the inequitable distribution of water facilities and services; (v) failure to adopt mechanisms for emergency relief; (vi) failure to ensure that the minimum essential level of the right is enjoyed by everyone; (vii) failure of a State to take into account its international legal obligations regarding the right to water when entering into agreements with other States or with international organizations.	这类例子有： (一) 没有采取或实施国家水政策，确保人人享有水权；(二) 公共拨款不足或不当，造成个人或群体特别是弱势或边缘化群体无法享有水权；(三) 没有通过水权指标和基准等办法监测国内水权实现情况；(四)没有采取措施减少水设施和水设备的不合理分配；(五) 没有设立紧急救助机制；(六) 没有确保人人享有最低基本水平的这一权利；(七) 与其他国家或国际组织缔结协议时，没有考虑它在水权方面的国际法律义务。
V. Implementation at the national level	五、国家一级的执行
45. In accordance with article 2, paragraph 1, of the Covenant, States parties are required to utilize "all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures" in the implementation of their Covenant obligations.	45. 根据《公约》第二条第二款，缔约国需要使用“一切适当方法，尤其包括用立法方法”，履行《公约》义务。
Every State party has a margin of discretion in assessing which measures are most suitable to meet its specific circumstances.	每一缔约国都可斟酌评估依据其具体国情最适合采取哪些措施。
The Covenant, however, clearly imposes a duty on each State party to take whatever steps are necessary to ensure that everyone enjoys the right to water, as soon as possible.	《公约》还明确要求每一缔约国尽速采取一切必要步骤，确保人人享有人权。
Any national measures designed to realize the right to water should not interfere with the enjoyment of other human rights.	国家为实现水权采取的任何措施，不应影响其他人权的享有。
Legislation, strategies and policies	立法、战略和政策
46. Existing legislation, strategies and policies should be reviewed to ensure that they are compatible with obligations arising from the right to water, and should be repealed, amended or changed if inconsistent with Covenant requirements.	46. 应该对现行立法、战略和政策进行审查，确保符合与水权有关的义务。 违背《公约》规定的，应予以废除、修正或修改。
47. The duty to take steps clearly imposes on States parties an obligation to adopt a national strategy or plan of action to realize the right to water.	47. 在责任采取步骤是指缔约国有义务制定实现水权的国家战略和行动计划。
The strategy must: (a) be based upon human rights law and principles; (b) cover all aspects of the right to water and the corresponding obligations of States parties; (c) define clear objectives; (d) set targets or goals to be achieved and the time frame for their achievement; (e) formulate adequate policies and corresponding benchmarks and indicators.	国家战略必须：(a) 以人权法和人权原则为基础；(b) 包括水权的所有方面和缔约国的相应义务；(c) 制定明确的目标；(d) 确定拟实现的目标和实现时间表；(e) 制订适当的政策及相应基准和指标。
The strategy should also establish institutional responsibility for the process; identify resources available to attain the objectives, targets and goals; allocate resources appropriately according to institutional responsibility; and establish accountability mechanisms to ensure the implementation of the strategy.	国家战略还应该：明确规定这一进程的负责机构；指定可用于实现目标和目的的资源；按机构责任调拨资源；为确保战略的实施建立问责制。
When formulating and implementing their right to water national strategies, States parties should avail themselves of technical assistance and cooperation of the United Nations specialized agencies (see Part VI below).	制定和执行水权国家战略时，缔约国应利用联合国专门机构的技术援助和合作(见以下第四部分)。
48. The formulation and implementation of national water strategies and plans of action should respect, inter alia, the principles of non-discrimination and people's participation.	48. 制定和实施国家水战略和水行动计划时，应该遵守不歧视和人民参与的原则。
The right of individuals and groups to participate in decision-making processes that may affect their exercise of the right to water must be an integral part of any policy, programme or strategy concerning water.	在涉及水的任何政策、方案和战略中，凡可能影响个人和群体行使水权的决策，都必须有他们参与。
Individuals and groups should be given full and equal access to information concerning water, water services and the environment, held by public authorities or third parties.	个人和群体应该能够充分和平等地获得公共当局或第三方掌握的有关水、供水设施和享有水权的信息。
49. The national water strategy and plan of action should also be based on the principles of accountability, transparency and independence of the judiciary, since good governance is essential to the effective implementation of all human rights, including the realization of the right to water.	49. 国家水战略和水行动计划还应该基于司法机构问责、透明和独立的原则，因为良好的治理是有效执行所有人权、包括水权的必要条件。
In order to create a favourable climate for the realization of the right, States parties should take appropriate steps to ensure that the private business sector and civil society are aware of, and consider the importance of, the right to water in pursuing their activities.	为了创造有利于实现水权的环境，缔约国应采取适当措施，确保私营部门和民间团体了解和认识水权对实施其活动的重要性。
50. States parties may find it advantageous to adopt framework legislation to operationalize their right to water strategy.	50. 缔约国可能发现制定框架法律有助于实行其水权战略。
Such legislation should include: (a) targets or goals to be attained and the time frame for their achievement; (b) the means by which the purpose could be achieved; (c) the intended collaboration with civil society, private sector and international organizations; (d) institutional responsibility for the process; (e) national mechanisms for its monitoring; and (f) remedies and recourse procedures.	这种框架法律包括：(a) 要实现的目标和实现时间表； (b) 达到目的的手段；(c)要和民间团体、私营部门和国际组织进行的合作；(d) 这一过程的负责机构；(e) 国家监督机制；(f) 补救措施和问题解决程序。
51. Steps should be taken to ensure there is sufficient coordination between the national ministries, regional and local authorities in order to reconcile water-related policies.	51. 缔约国应该采取措施，确保国家各部、地区和地方当局之间充分协调，统一它们的水政策。
Where implementation of the right to water has been delegated to regional or local authorities, the State party still retains the responsibility to comply with its Covenant obligations, and therefore should ensure that these authorities have at their disposal sufficient resources to maintain and extend the necessary water services and facilities.	即使将水权的实施下放到地区和地方当局，缔约国仍负有履行《公约》的义务，所以应该确保各级机构拥有足够资源，维护和扩展它们的供水设施和供水设备。
The States parties must further ensure that such authorities do not deny access to services on a discriminatory basis.	缔约国还应确保地区和地方当局不以歧视性方式剥夺利用供水设施的权利。
52. States parties are obliged to monitor effectively the realization of the right to water.	52. 缔约国必须有效地监督水权的落实。
In monitoring progress towards the realization of the right to water, States parties should identify the factors and difficulties affecting implementation of their obligations.	在监督水权落实情况进展时，缔约国应该明确影响其履行义务的因素和困难。
Indicators and benchmarks	指标和基准
53. To assist the monitoring process, right to water indicators should be identified in the national water strategies or plans of action.	53. 为便于监督，国家水战略和水行动计划应该提出水权指标。
The indicators should be designed to monitor, at the national and international levels, the State party's obligations under articles 11, paragraph 1, and 12.	水权指标可用于在国家和国际一级监督缔约国履行第十一条第一款和第十二条义务的情况。
Indicators should address the different components of adequate water (such as sufficiency, safety and acceptability, affordability and physical accessibility), be disaggregated by the prohibited grounds of discrimination, and cover all persons residing in the State party's territorial jurisdiction or under their control.	水权指标应该包含享有水权的不同内容(如足够、安全、可接受性、水价可承受程度和取水距离等)，并按违禁歧视理由分列各个项目和覆盖缔约国管辖内或其控制下的所有个人。
States parties may obtain guidance on appropriate indicators from the ongoing work of WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.	缔 约国可以从以下国际组织的经常性工作中获得有关指标的指导：卫生组织、联合国粮食和农业组织(粮农组织)、联合国人类住区中心(人居中心)、国际劳工组织 (劳工组织)、联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)、联合国环境规划署(环境规划署)、联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)和联合国人权委员会。
54. Having identified appropriate right to water indicators, States parties are invited to set appropriate national benchmarks in relation to each indicator.	54. 提出水权指标后，缔约国可以制订每项指标的国家基准。
During the periodic reporting procedure, the Committee will engage in a process of "scoping" with the State party. Scoping involves the joint consideration by the State party and the Committee of the indicators and national benchmarks which will then provide the targets to be achieved during the next reporting period.	在定期报告程序中，委员会将同缔约国一道讨论，共同审议这些指标和国家基准，然后拟订下个报告周期达到的目标。
In the following five years, the State party will use these national benchmarks to help monitor its implementation of the right to water.	在接下来的五年，缔约国将利用这些国家基准监督其落实水权的情况。
Thereafter, in the subsequent reporting process, the State party and the Committee will consider whether or not the benchmarks have been achieved, and the reasons for any difficulties that may have been encountered (see general comment No. 14 (2000), paragraph 58).	在下个报告程序中，缔约国和委员会将审议这些基准是否达到和其间遇到困难的原因(见第14号一般性意见(2000)，第58段)。
Further, when setting benchmarks and preparing their reports, States parties should utilize the extensive information and advisory services of specialized agencies with regard to data collection and disaggregation.	在制订基准和编写报告时，缔约国应利用各专门机构在数据收集和分类方面的广泛信息和咨询服务。
Remedies and accountability	补救与问责
55. Any persons or groups who have been denied their right to water should have access to effective judicial or other appropriate remedies at both national and international levels (see general comment No. 9 (1998), paragraph 4, and Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development).	55. 被剥夺水权的任何个人或群体都有权在国家和国际一级寻求有效司法或其他补救办法(见第9号一般性意见(1998年)第4段，《里约环境与发展宣言》原则10)。
The Committee notes that the right has been constitutionally entrenched by a number of States and has been subject to litigation before national courts.	委员会注意到一些国家已在宪法上承认水权，国家法院也开始受理侵犯水权案件。
All victims of violations of the right to water should be entitled to adequate reparation, including restitution, compensation, satisfaction or guarantees of non-repetition.	水权遭侵犯者应有权得到适当赔偿，包括恢复原状，赔偿、满足或保证不再发生。
National ombudsmen, human rights commissions, and similar institutions should be permitted to address violations of the right.	应允许国家监察员、人权委员会和类似机构处理侵犯水权的案件。
56. Before any action that interferes with an individual's right to water is carried out by the State party, or by any other third party, the relevant authorities must ensure that such actions are performed in a manner warranted by law, compatible with the Covenant, and that comprises: (a) opportunity for genuine consultation with those affected; (b) timely and full disclosure of information on the proposed measures; (c) reasonable notice of proposed actions; (d) legal recourse and remedies for those affected; and (e) legal assistance for obtaining legal remedies (see also general comments No. 4 (1991) and No. 7 (1997)).	56. 在缔约国或任何其他第三方采取任何干预水权的行动之前，有关当局必须确保这些行动是法律允许的、符合《公约》的，并：(a) 有机会与受影响者进行真正的协商；(b) 及时，充分地披露要采取措施的内容；(c) 合理地通报有关行动；(d) 允许受影响者诉诸法律和寻找补救办法；(e) 提供获得法律补救所需要的法律援助(见第4号(1991年)和第7号(1997年)一般性意见)。
Where such action is based on a person's failure to pay for water their capacity to pay must be taken into account.	如果是因用水人无力支付水费而采取上述行动的，则必须考虑其支付能力。
Under no circumstances shall an individual be deprived of the minimum essential level of water.	在任何情况下，都不应剥夺个人享受最低必要水量的权利。
57. The incorporation in the domestic legal order of international instruments recognizing the right to water can significantly enhance the scope and effectiveness of remedial measures and should be encouraged in all cases.	57. 将承认水权的国际文书纳入国内法可以大大增加补救措施的范围和效果，对此应该加以鼓励。
Incorporation enables courts to adjudicate violations of the right to water, or at least the core obligations, by direct reference to the Covenant.	将国际法纳入国内法后，国内法庭便可以参照《公约》有关规定审查侵犯水权案件，至少可以审理违背核心义务的行为。
58. Judges, adjudicators and members of the legal profession should be encouraged by States parties to pay greater attention to violations of the right to water in the exercise of their functions.	58. 缔约国应鼓励法律界律师、审判员和其他人员在履行职责时更多地注意侵犯水权的行为。
59. States parties should respect, protect, facilitate and promote the work of human rights advocates and other members of civil society with a view to assisting vulnerable or marginalized groups in the realization of their right to water.	59. 缔约国应该尊重、保护、推动和促进人权倡导者和民间团体其他成员的工作，以协助弱势或边缘化群体实现水权。
VI. Obligations of actors other than States	六、国家以外的其他行为者的义务
60. United Nations agencies and other international organizations concerned with water, such as WHO, FAO, UNICEF, UNEP, UN-Habitat, ILO, UNDP, the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), as well as international organizations concerned with trade such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), should cooperate effectively with States parties, building on their respective expertise, in relation to the implementation of the right to water at the national level.	60. 卫生组织、粮农组织、儿童基金会、环境规划署、联合国人居中心、劳工组织、开发计划署、国际农业发展基金(农发基金)等与水有关的联合国机构和其他国际组 织，以及世界贸易组织(世贸组织)等贸易问题国际组织，应该根据各自技术专长，在国家实现水权问题上与缔约国有效合作。
The international financial institutions, notably the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, should take into account the right to water in their lending policies, credit agreements, structural adjustment programmes and other development projects (see general comment No. 2 (1990)), so that the enjoyment of the right to water is promoted.	国际金融机构特别是国际货币基金和世界银行，应该在其借款政策、信贷协定、结构调整方案和其他发展项目中考虑水权(见第2号一般性意见(1990))，以促进水权的享有。
When examining the reports of States parties and their ability to meet the obligations to realize the right to water, the Committee will consider the effects of the assistance provided by all other actors.	在审查缔约国的报告及缔约国履行水权义务的能力时，委员会将考虑所有其他行为者所提供援助的效果。
The incorporation of human rights law and principles in the programmes and policies by international organizations will greatly facilitate implementation of the right to water.	将人权法和人权原则纳入国际组织的方案和政策，将大大推动水权的实现。
The role of the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, International Committee of the Red Cross, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), WHO and UNICEF, as well as non-governmental organizations and other associations, is of particular importance in relation to disaster relief and humanitarian assistance in times of emergencies.	红十字会与红新月会国际联合会、红十字会国际委员会、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)、卫生组织和儿童基金会以及非政府组织和其他协会，在紧急救灾和人道主义援助中起着十分重要的作用。
Priority in the provision of aid, distribution and management of water and water facilities should be given to the most vulnerable or marginalized groups of the population.	应该优先向人口中最弱势或最边缘化群体提供援助，优先考虑为他们分配和管理水及供水设施。
Notes	注
In 2000, the World Health Organization estimated that 1.1 billion persons did not have access to an improved water supply (80 per cent of them rural dwellers) able to provide at least 20 litres of safe water per person a day; 2.4 billion persons were estimated to be without sanitation. (See WHO, The Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000, Geneva, 2000, p. 1.	2000年，世界卫生组织估计，11亿人的供水没有改善，即达到每天至少有20公升的安全水(80%为农民)；24亿人没有卫生设施(见卫生组织，《2000年全球供水和卫生设施评估》，日内瓦，2000年，第1页)。
) Further, 2.3 billion persons each year suffer from diseases linked to water: see United Nations, Commission on Sustainable Development, Comprehensive Assessment of the Freshwater Resources of the World, New York, 1997, p. 39.	此外，每年有23亿人感染与水有关的疾病：见联合国可持续发展委员会，《世界淡水资源综合评估》，纽约，1997年，第39页。
See paragraphs 5 and 32 of the Committee's general comment No. 6 (1995) on the economic, social and cultural rights of older persons.	见委员会关于老年人经济、社会和文化权利的第6号一般性意见(1995)第5和32段。
See general comment No. 14 (2000) on the right to the highest attainable standard of health, paragraphs 11, 12 (a), (b) and (d), 15, 34, 36, 40, 43 and 51.	见委员会关于能达到的最高健康标准权利的第14号一般性意见(2000)，第11、12(a)、(b)和(d)、15、34、36、40、43和51段。
See paragraph 8 (b) of general comment No. 4 (1991).	见第4号一般性意见(1991)第8 (b)段。
See also the report by Commission on Human Rights' Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, Mr. Miloon Kothari (E/CN.4/2002/59), submitted in accordance with Commission resolution 2001/28 of 20 April 2001. In relation to the right to adequate food, see the report by the Special Rapporteur of the Commission on the right to food, Mr. Jean Ziegler (E/CN.4/2002/58), submitted in accordance with Commission resolution 2001/25 of 20 April 2001.	另见人权委员会适足生活水准权 所含适足住房问题特别报告员米隆·科塔里先生根据委员会2001年4月20日第2001/28号决议提交的报告(E/CN.4/2002/59)；关于足 够食物权，见委员会食物权问题特别报告员让·齐格勒先生按照人权委员会2001年4月20日第2001/25号决议提交的报告(E/CN.4/ 2002/58)。
See article 14, paragraph 2 (h), Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women; article 24, paragraph 2 (c), Convention on the Rights of the Child; articles 20, 26, 29 and 46 of the Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, of 1949; articles 85, 89 and 127 of the Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 1949; articles 54 and 55 of Additional Protocol I thereto of 1977; articles 5 and 14 of Additional Protocol II of 1977; preamble, Mar Del Plata Action Plan of the United Nations Water Conference; see paragraph 18.47 of Agenda 21, Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992 (A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1 (Vol. I and Vol. I/Corr.1, Vol. II, Vol. III and Vol. III/Corr.1)) (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8), vol. I: Resolutions adopted by the Conference, resolution 1, annex II; Principle No. 3, The Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development, International Conference on Water and the Environment (A/CONF.151/PC/112); Principle No. 2, Programme of Action, Report of the United Nations International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 5-13 September 1994 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.95.XIII.18), chap. I, resolution 1, annex; paragraphs 5 and 19, recommendation (2001) 14 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the European Charter on Water Resources; resolution 2002/6 of the United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights on the promotion of the realization of the right to drinking water.	见《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十四条第2款(h)项；《儿童权利公约》第24条第2款 (c)项；《1949年关于战俘待遇之日内瓦公约》第二十条、第二十六条、第二十九条和第四十六条；《1949年关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》第八十五 条、第八十九条和第一二七条；其1977年《第一号附加议定书》第五十四条和第五十五条；其1977年《第二号附加议定书》第五条和第十四条；联合国水会 议《马德普什塔行动计划》序言；见《二十一世纪议程》第18.47段，联合国环境与发展会议报告，里约热内卢，1992年6月3日至14日 (A/CONF.151/26/Rev.1(Vol.I和Vol.I/Corr.1, Vol.II、Vol.III和Vol.III/Corr.1)(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.93.I.8)，Vol.I：会议通过的决议，决议1, 附件二；《水与可持续发展问题都柏林声明》原则3, 国际水与环境会议(A/CONF.151/PC/112)；《行动纲领》原则2, 联合国人口与发展会议报告，开罗，1994年9月5日至13日，(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.95.XIII.18)，第一章，决议1, 附件；《欧洲水资源宪章》成员国部长委员会第14(2001)号建议，第5和19段；联合国增进和保护人权小组委员会关于促进实现饮水权的第2002/6 号决议。
See also the report on the relationship between the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights and the promotion of the realization of the right to drinking water supply and sanitation (E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/10) submitted by the Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on the right to drinking water supply and sanitation, Mr. El Hadji Guissé.	另见小组委员会饮水供应和卫生设施权问题特别报告员哈吉·吉塞先生提交的享受经济、社会和文化权利与实现饮水供应和卫生设施权之间关系的报告(E/CN.4/Sub.2/2002/10)。
See also World Summit on Sustainable Development, Plan of Implementation 2002, paragraph 25 (c).	见可持续发展问题世界首脑会议，《2002年执行计划》，第25(c)段。
This relates to both availability and to accessibility of the right to adequate food (see general comment No. 12 (1999), paragraphs 12 and 13).	涉及足够食物的可具备和可获取性(见第12号一般性意见(1999)，第12段和第13段。
See also the Statement of Understanding accompanying the United Nations Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of Watercourses (A/51/869 of 11 April 1997), which declared that, in determining vital human needs in the event of conflicts over the use of watercourses "special attention is to be paid to providing sufficient water to sustain human life, including both drinking water and water required for production of food in order to prevent starvation".	另见《联合国国际水道非航行使用法公约》附加详解声明(A/51/869, 1997年4月11日)，其中宣布，在水道使用问题上发生冲突期间确定人的必要需要时，“应特别注意提供维持人的生命所必需的足够的水，包括饮用水和生产粮食防止饥饿所需要的水。”
See also paragraph 15, general comment No. 14.	另见第14号一般性意见，第15段。
According to the WHO definition, vector-borne diseases include diseases transmitted by insects (malaria, filariasis, dengue, Japanese encephalitis and yellow fever), diseases for which aquatic snails serve as intermediate hosts (schistosomiasis) and zoonoses with vertebrates as reservoir hosts.	根据卫生组织定义，流行病包括昆虫传播的疾病(疟疾、丝虫病、登革热、日本脑炎和黄热病)、水生螺作为中间宿主的疾病(血吸虫病)和脊椎作为储存宿主的动物传染病。
For a definition of sustainability, see the Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992, Declaration on Environment and Development, principles 1, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 15; and Agenda 21, in particular principles 5.3, 7.27, 7.28, 7.35, 7.39, 7.41, 18.3, 18.8, 18.35, 18.40, 18.48, 18.50, 18.59 and 18.68.	关于可持续性的定义，见《联合国环境与发展 会议报告》，里约热内卢，1992年6月3日至14日，《环境与发展宣言》，原则1、8、9、10、12和15；《二十一世纪议程》，特别是原则5.3、 7.27、7.28、7.35、7.39、7.41、18.3、18.8、18.35、18.40、18.48、18.50、18.59和18.68。
"Continuous" means that the regularity of the water supply is sufficient for personal and domestic uses.	“连续”是指经常供水，足够个人和家庭使用。
In this context, "drinking" means water for consumption through beverages and foodstuffs. "Personal sanitation" means disposal of human excreta. Water is necessary for personal sanitation where water-based means are adopted.	“饮用”一词在这里是指饮料和食物消费需要的水：“个人卫生设施是指处理人排泄物；在用水处理时，水对个人卫生设施是必需的。
"Food preparation" includes food hygiene and preparation of foodstuffs, whether water is incorporated into, or comes into contact with, food.	“烹调食物”是指食物卫生和食物准备，无论水被纳入食物还是与食物接触。
"Personal and household hygiene" means personal cleanliness and hygiene of the household environment.	“个人和家庭卫生”是指个人清洁和家庭环境卫生。
See J. Bartram and G. Howard, "Domestic water quantity, service level and health: what should be the goal for water and health sectors", WHO, 2002. See also P.H. Gleick, (1996) "Basic water requirements for human activities: meeting basic needs", Water International, 21, pp. 83-92.	See J. Bartram and G. Howard, “Domestic water quantity, service level and health： what should be the goal for water and health sectors”， WHO, 2002. See also P.H. Gleick, (1996) “Basic water requirements for human activities： meeting basic needs”， Water International, 21, pp. 83-92.
The Committee refers States parties to WHO, Guidelines for drinking water quality, 2nd edition, vols. 1-3 (Geneva, 1993) that are "intended to be used as a basis for the development of national standards that, if properly implemented, will ensure the safety of drinking water supplies through the elimination of, or reduction to a minimum concentration, of constituents of water that are known to be hazardous to health".	委员会提请缔约国注意世界卫生组织《饮用水质量准则》第二版，第1-3卷(日内瓦，1993年)，“希望成为制定国家标准的基础，如何采用适当，可确保饮用水的安全，将水中有害健康的物质消除或减少到最低程度。 ”
See also general comment No. 4 (1991), paragraph 8 (b), general comment No. 13 (1999), paragraph 6 (a) and general comment No. 14 (2000), paragraphs 8 (a) and (b).	另见第4号一般性意见(1991)，第8段(b)小段、第13号一般性意见(1999)，第6段(a)小段，和第14号一般性意见(2000) ，第8段(a)和(b)小段。
Household includes a permanent or semi-permanent dwelling, or a temporary halting site.	家庭是指常住或临时栖息场所。
See paragraph 48 of this general comment.	见本一般性意见，第48段。
See articles 20, 26, 29 and 46 of the third Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949; articles 85, 89 and 127 of the fourth Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949; articles 15 and 20, paragraph 2, United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, in Human Rights: A Compilation of International Instruments (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.88.XIV.1).	见1949年8月12日第三项日内瓦公约，第二十、二十六、二十九和四十六条；1949年8月12日第四项日内瓦公约，第八十五、八十九和一二七条；联合国《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》，人权：国际文件汇编(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.88.XIV.1)。
See general comment No. 3 (1990), paragraph 9.	见第3号一般性意见(1990)，第9段。
For the interrelationship of human rights law and humanitarian law, the Committee notes the conclusions of the International Court of Justice in Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (Request by the General Assembly), ICJ Reports (1996) p. 226, paragraph 25.	关于人权法与人道主义法的关系，委员会提请注意国际法院在《核武器的威胁或使用的合法性》(应大会要求)一文的结论，国际法院报告(1996年)，第226页，第25段。
See articles 54 and 56, Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions (1977), article 54, Additional Protocol II (1977), articles 20 and 46 of the third Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949, and common article 3 of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949.	见日内瓦公约第一号附加议定书(1977年) ，第五十四条和第五十六条；第二号附加议定书(1977年)第五十四条；1949年8月12日第三项日内瓦公约，第二十条和第四十六条；1949年8月12日日内瓦四公约共同第三条。
See footnote 5 above, Agenda 21, chapters 5, 7 and 18; and the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Plan of Implementation (2002), paragraphs 6 (a), (l) and (m), 7, 36 and 38.	见以上脚注5,《二十一世纪议程》第5、7和18章；可持续发展世界首脑会议，《执行计划》(2002年)，第6(a)、(l)、(m)、7、36和38段。
See the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention to Combat Desertification, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and subsequent protocols.	见《生物多样性公约》、《防治荒漠化公约》和《联合国气候变化框架公约》以及后来的议定书。
Article 14, paragraph 2, of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women stipulates States parties shall ensure to women the right to "adequate living conditions, particularly in relation to […] sanitation".	《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十四条第2款规定，缔约国应确保妇女有权“享受适当的生活条件，特别是在[…]卫生[…]方面”。
Article 24, paragraph 2, of the Convention on the Rights of the Child requires States parties "To ensure that all segments of society […] have access to education and are supported in the use of basic knowledge of […] the advantages of […] hygiene and environmental sanitation."	《儿童权利公约》第二十四条第2款要求缔约国“确保向各社会各阶层[…]介绍有关[…]个人卫生和环境卫生[…]的基本知识，使他们得到这方面的教育[…]。 ”
The Committee notes that the United Nations Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of Watercourses requires that social and human needs be taken into account in determining the equitable utilization of watercourses, that States parties take measures to prevent significant harm being caused, and, in the event of conflict, special regard must be given to the requirements of vital human needs: see articles 5, 7 and 10 of the Convention.	委员会注意到《联合国国际水道非航行使用法公约》要求在确定公平利用水道时考虑到社会和人的需求，要求缔约国采取措施防止造成重大损害，在发生冲突时，必须特别注意人的必要需求：见《公约》第五条、第七条和第十条。
In general comment No. 8 (1997), the Committee noted the disruptive effect of sanctions upon sanitation supplies and clean drinking water, and that sanctions regimes should provide for repairs to infrastructure essential to provide clean water.	委员会在第8号一般性意见(1997)指出，制裁对卫生用品和清洁饮用水造成的破坏性影响，认为制裁措施应规定对清洁饮用水供给设施进行维修。
See paragraph 23 for a definition of "third parties".	关于“第三方”的定义，见第23段。
See E. Riedel, "New bearings to the State reporting procedure: practical ways to operationalize economic social and cultural rights - The example of the right to health", in S. von Schorlemer (ed.), Praxishandbuch UNO, 2002, pp. 345-358.	See E. Riedel, “New bearings to the State reporting procedure：practical ways to operationalize economic, social and cultural rights – The example of the right to health”，in S. von Schorlemer (ed.)，Praxishandbuch UNO, 2002, pp. 345-358。
The Committee notes, for example, the commitment in the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development Plan of Implementation to halve, by the year 2015, the proportion of people who are unable to reach or to afford safe drinking water (as outlined in the Millennium Declaration) and the proportion of people who do not have access to basic sanitation.	委员会注意到，《2002年可持续发展问题世界首脑会议行动计划》承诺在2015年将得不到或用不起安全饮用水的居民人数(另见《千年宣言》)和没有基本卫生设施的人口比例减少一半。
Principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, see footnote 5 above), states with respect to environmental issues that "effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including remedy and redress, shall be provided".	《里约环境与发展宣言》原则10(联合国环境与发展会议报告，见以上脚注5)就环境问题指出，“应该能够有效地诉诸司法和行政程序，包括补救和赔偿。 ”