CESCR/GC/17 CESCR_GC_17E.doc (English)	CESCR/GC/17 CESCR_GC_17C.doc (Chinese)
CESCR	CESCR
General comment No. 17:	第17号一般性意见：
The right of everyone to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he or she is the author (art. 15)	人人有权享受对其本人的任何科学、文学和艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的保护(第十五条)
Thirty-fifth session (2005)	第三十五届会议(2005年)
I. Introduction and basic premises	一、导言和基本前提
1. The right of everyone to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he or she is the author is a human right, which derives from the inherent dignity and worth of all persons.	1. 人人有权享受对其本人的任何科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的保护，这项权利是一项人权，产生于每个人所固有的尊严和价值。
This fact distinguishes article 15, paragraph 1 (c), and other human rights from most legal entitlements recognized in intellectual property systems.	这一事实使得第十五条第一款(丙)项以及其他人权有别于知识产权制度中所承认的大多数法定权利。
Human rights are fundamental, inalienable and universal entitlements belonging to individuals and, under certain circumstances, groups of individuals and communities.	人权是属于个人以及在某些情况下属于集体和社区的基本、不可剥夺和普遍性的权利。
Human rights are fundamental as they are inherent to the human person as such, whereas intellectual property rights are first and foremost means by which States seek to provide incentives for inventiveness and creativity, encourage the dissemination of creative and innovative productions, as well as the development of cultural identities, and preserve the integrity of scientific, literary and artistic productions for the benefit of society as a whole.	人权之所以说是基本的，是因为相对于人类个体而言是固有的权利，而知识产权首先是各国用来达成下列目的的手段：鼓励发明和创造，鼓励创造性和革新产品的传播，鼓励文化特性的发展，维护科学、文学和艺术作品的完整，使之服务于全体社会。
2. In contrast to human rights, intellectual property rights are generally of a temporary nature, and can be revoked, licensed or assigned to someone else.	2. 相对于人权，知识产权通常是暂时性的，可以被取消、以许可证方式转让或配给他人使用。
While under most intellectual property systems, intellectual property rights, often with the exception of moral rights, may be allocated, limited in time and scope, traded, amended and even forfeited, human rights are timeless expressions of fundamental entitlements of the human person.	在大多数知识产权制度中，知识产权(通常精神权利除外)有可能被分配、在时间和范围上受限、被交易、被修改甚至丧失，而人权是对人类基本权利的永恒的表达。
Whereas the human right to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from one's scientific, literary and artistic productions safeguards the personal link between authors and their creations and between peoples, communities, or other groups and their collective cultural heritage, as well as their basic material interests which are necessary to enable authors to enjoy an adequate standard of living, intellectual property regimes primarily protect business and corporate interests and investments.	从人权的角度讲，人人有权享受对其科学、文学和艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的 保护，这保障了作者与其作品之间的个人联系，保障了民族、社区或其他群体与其集体的文化遗产之间的联系，也保障了能够使作者享受适足的生活水准而需要的基 本物质利益，而知识产权制度基本上是保护工商业和公司利益及其投资。
Moreover, the scope of protection of the moral and material interests of the author provided for by article 15, paragraph 1 (c), does not necessarily coincide with what is referred to as intellectual property rights under national legislation or international agreements.	另外，第十五条第一款(丙)项所规定的对作者的精神和物质利益保护的范围不一定与各国立法或国际协定所规定的知识产权范围一致。
3. It is therefore important not to equate intellectual property rights with the human right recognized in article 15, paragraph 1 (c).	3. 因此，绝不能将知识产权与第十五条第一款(丙)项所承认的人权视为一体。
The human right to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests of the author is recognized in a number of international instruments.	享受作者的精神和物质利益的保护――这一人权在若干国际文书里得到承认。
In identical language, article 27, paragraph 2, of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides: "Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. "	例如《世界人权宣言》第二十七条第二款以相同的语言规定：“人人对由于他所创作的任何科学、文学或美术作品而产生的精神的和物质的利益，有享受保护的权利。”
Similarly, this right is recognized in regional human rights instruments, such as article 13, paragraph 2, of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man of 1948, article 14, paragraph 1 (c), of the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1988 ("Protocol of San Salvador") and, albeit not explicitly, in article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1952 (European Convention on Human Rights).	同样，这一权利也在区域性人权文书中得到承认，例如1948年的《美洲人的权利和义务宣 言》第13条第2款，1988年《美洲人权公约经济、社会、文化权利领域附加议定书》(“圣萨尔瓦多议定书”)，以及虽然未明确地规定，但另见于1952 年《保护人权和基本自由公约》(欧洲人权公约)第一号议定书第1条。
4. The right to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from one's scientific, literary and artistic productions seeks to encourage the active contribution of creators to the arts and sciences and to the progress of society as a whole.	4. 人人有权享受对其科学、文学和艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的保护，这是为了鼓励创造者为艺术和科学的发展以及整个社会的进步积极作出贡献。
As such, it is intrinsically linked to the other rights recognized in article 15 of the Covenant, i.e. the right to take part in cultural life (art. 15, para. 1 (a)), the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications (art. 15, para. 1 (b)), and the freedom indispensable for scientific research and creative activity (art. 15, para. 3).	因此，这一权利与《公约》第十五条所承认的其他权利密切相关，例如参加文化生活的权利(第十五条第1款(甲)项)，享受科学进步及其应用所产生的效益的权利(第十五条第一款(乙)项)，享受进行科学研究和创造性活动所不可缺少的自由(第十五条第三款)。
The relationship between these rights and article 15, paragraph 1 (c), is at the same time mutually reinforcing and reciprocally limitative.	这些权利与第十五条第一款(丙)项的关系是相互加强的关系，同时也是相互制约的。
The limitations imposed on the right of authors to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from their scientific, literary and artistic productions by virtue of these rights will partly be explored in this general comment, partly in separate general comments on article 15, paragraphs 1 (a) and (b) and 3, of the Covenant.	关于对于作者有权享受其科学、文学和艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的保护将受到什么限制，一部分将在本一般性意见中加以探讨，一部分将在关于第十五条第1款(甲)项和(乙)项以及第三款的单独的一般性意见中加以探讨。
As a material safeguard for the freedom of scientific research and creative activity, guaranteed under article 15, paragraph 3 and article 15, paragraph 1 (c), also has an economic dimension and is, therefore, closely linked to the rights to the opportunity to gain one's living by work which one freely chooses (art. 6, para. 1) and to adequate remuneration (art. 7 (a)), and to the human right to an adequate standard of living (art. 11, para. 1).	第十五 条第一款(丙)项是对第十五条第3款所保障的科学研究和创造性活动自由的实质性保护，同时也具有经济方面的意义，因此它与下列权利密切相关：有机会凭其自 由选择的工作来谋生的权利(第六条第一款)获得适足报酬的权利(第七条(甲)项)，以及获得适足生活水准的人权(第十一条第一款)。
Moreover, the realization of article 15, paragraph 1 (c), is dependent on the enjoyment of other human rights guaranteed in the International Bill of Human Rights and other international and regional instruments, such as the right to own property alone as well as in association with others,the freedom of expression including the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds,the right to the full development of the human personality,and rights of cultural participation,including cultural rights of specific groups.	此外，实现第十五条第一款(丙)项也取决于享受《国际人权宪章》和其他国际和区域性文书所保 障的其他人权，例如单独拥有以及与其他人共有财产的权利，言论自由包括寻求、获得和传播信息及各种思想的自由，充分发展人的个性的权利，以及文化参与的权 利，包括特别群体的文化权利。
5. With a view to assisting States parties' implementation of the Covenant and fulfilment of their reporting obligations, this general comment focuses on the normative content of article 15, paragraph 1 (c) (Part I), States parties' obligations (Part II), violations (Part III) and implementation at the national level (Part IV), while the obligations of actors other than States parties are addressed in Part V.	5. 为了帮助各国实施公约并履行其报告义务，本一般性意见着重讨论第十五条第一款(丙)项的规范性内容(第一部分)、缔约国的义务(第二部分)、违反(第三部分)以及国家一级的执行(第四部分)，第五部分则讨论缔约国以外的其他行为者的义务。
II. Normative content of article 15, paragraph 1 (c)	二、第十五条第一款(丙)项的规范性内容
6. Article 15, paragraph 1, enumerates, in three paragraphs, three rights covering different aspects of cultural participation, including the right of everyone to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he or she is the author (art. 15, para. 1 (c)), without explicitly defining the content and scope of this right.	6. 第十五条第一款用三段列举了三项权利，涉及文化参与的各个方面，包括人人有权享受其本人作为作者的任何科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的保护(第十五条第一款(丙)项)，而没有明确地界定这一权利的内容和范围。
Therefore, each of the elements of article 15, paragraph 1 (c), requires interpretation.	因此第十五条第一款(丙)项的每一项要素都需要加以解释。
Elements of article 15, paragraph 1 (c)	第十五条第一款(丙)项的各个要素
"Author"	“作者”
7. The Committee considers that only the "author", namely the creator, whether man or woman, individual or group of individuals,of scientific, literary or artistic productions, such as, inter alia, writers and artists, can be the beneficiary of the protection of article 15, paragraph 1 (c).	7. 委员会认为，只有科学、文学或艺术作品的“作者”，即创造者――不论是男性还是女性，不论是个人还是个人组成的群体――才能成为第十五条第一款(丙)项的保护的受益者，例如作家和艺术家，等等。
This follows from the words "everyone", "he" and "author", which indicate that the drafters of that article seemed to have believed authors of scientific, literary or artistic productions to be natural persons,without at that time realizing that they could also be groups of individuals.	这一点源于这一条款所用的“人人”、“其”和“作者”，这就表明，这一条的起草者似乎认为科学、文学或艺术作品的作者应是自然人，但在当时并没有认识到作者也可能是由个人组成的群体。
Under the existing international treaty protection regimes, legal entities are included among the holders of intellectual property rights.	按照现有国际条约保护制度，法律实体也是知识产权的所有人。
However, as noted above, their entitlements, because of their different nature, are not protected at the level of human rights.	然而，如上所述，由于他们所具有的不同性质，这些权利不是作为人权来保护的。
8. Although the wording of article 15, paragraph 1 (c), generally refers to the individual creator ("everyone", "he", "author"), the right to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from one's scientific, literary or artistic productions can, under certain circumstances, also be enjoyed by groups of individuals or by communities.	8. 虽然第十五条第一款(丙)项的措词通常提到个体创造者(“人人”、“其”、“作者”)，但在某些情况下，由个人组成的群体或社区也可以享受科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的保护。
"Any scientific, literary or artistic production"	“任何科学、文学或艺术作品”
9. The Committee considers that "any scientific, literary or artistic production", within the meaning of article 15, paragraph 1 (c), refers to creations of the human mind, that is to "scientific productions", such as scientific publications and innovations, including knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities, and "literary and artistic productions", such as, inter alia, poems, novels, paintings, sculptures, musical compositions, theatrical and cinematographic works, performances and oral traditions.	9. 委员会认为，在第十五条第一款(丙)项的含义内，“任何科学、文学或艺术作品”是指人类智力的创造物，也就是说是，“科学作品”是指诸如科学出版物和创 新，包括知识、创新以及土著和当地社区的传统做法，而“文学和艺术作品”就是指诗歌、小说、会话、雕塑、音乐创作、戏剧和电影作品、表演以及口头传统等 等。
"Benefit from the protection"	“享受保护”
10. The Committee considers that article 15, paragraph 1 (c), recognizes the right of authors to benefit from some kind of protection of the moral and material interests resulting from their scientific, literary or artistic productions, without specifying the modalities of such protection.	10. 委员会认为，第十五条第一款(丙)项承认作者有权享受其科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的某种保护，但没有具体说明这种保护的形式。
In order not to render this provision devoid of any meaning, the protection afforded needs to be effective in securing for authors the moral and material interests resulting from their productions.	为了不使这项规定失去任何意义，所提供的保护需要具有有效性，应确保作者享受到其作品所产生的精神和物质利益。
However, the protection under article 15, paragraph 1 (c), need not necessarily reflect the level and means of protection found in present copyright, patent and other intellectual property regimes, as long as the protection available is suited to secure for authors the moral and material interests resulting from their productions, as defined in paragraphs 12 to 16 below.	然而，第十五条第一款(丙)项所指的保护不一定需要反映目前的版权、专利以及其他知识产权制度所规定的保护水平和手段。 只要所提供的保护足以确保作者能享受到其作品所产生的精神和物质利益即可，正如以下第12至第16段所详细叙述的。
11. The Committee observes that, by recognizing the right of everyone to "benefit from the protection" of the moral and material interests resulting from one's scientific, literary or artistic productions, article 15, paragraph 1 (c), by no means prevents States parties from adopting higher protection standards in international treaties on the protection of the moral and material interests of authors or in their domestic laws,provided that these standards do not unjustifiably limit the enjoyment by others of their rights under the Covenant.	11. 委员会指出，第十五条第一款(丙)项承认人人有权“享受”对其科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的保护，这一点丝毫不意味着各缔约国不能在关于 保护作者的精神和物质利益的国际条约中或在其国内立法中通过更高的保护标准，但条件是这些标准不能不当地限制其他人依照公约所享有的权利。
"Moral interests"	精神利益
12. The protection of the "moral interests" of authors was one of the main concerns of the drafters of article 27, paragraph 2, of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: "Authors of all artistic, literary, scientific works and inventors shall retain, in addition to just remuneration of their labour, a moral right on their work and/or discovery which shall not disappear, even after such a work shall have become the common property of mankind."	12. 保护作者的“精神利益”是《世界人权宣言》第二十七条第二款的起草者们的主要关注之一：“人人对由于他所创作的任何科学、文学或美术作品而产生的精神和物质的利益，有享受保护的权利。”
Their intention was to proclaim the intrinsically personal character of every creation of the human mind and the ensuing durable link between creators and their creations.	他们的想法是公开宣布，人类智力所创造的每一件作品都具有不可分离的个人特点，因而创造者与其作品之间具有持久的联系。
13. In line with the drafting history of article 27, paragraph 2, of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 15, paragraph 1 (c), of the Covenant, the Committee considers that "moral interests" in article 15, paragraph 1 (c), include the right of authors to be recognized as the creators of their scientific, literary and artistic productions and to object to any distortion, mutilation or other modification of, or other derogatory action in relation to, such productions, which would be prejudicial to their honour and reputation.	13. 与《世界人权宣言》第二十七条第二款以及《公约》第十五条第一款(丙)项的起草历史相一致，委员会认为，第十五条第一款(丙)项所述的“精神利益”包括作 者有权被承认为是其科学、文学和艺术作品的创作者，反对对这类作品进行任何歪曲、割裂或其他修改，或其他贬损的行为，因为这样做有害于作者的名誉和声誉。
14. The Committee stresses the importance of recognizing the value of scientific, literary and artistic productions as expressions of the personality of their creator, and notes that protection of moral interests can be found, although to a varying extent, in most States, regardless of the legal system in force.	14. 委员会强调，必须承认科学、文学和艺术作品作为表达创造者个性而具有的价值，并指出对精神利益的保护见于大多数国家，不论其现行法律制度为何，虽然在保护的程度上可能有差别。
"Material interests"	物质利益
15. The protection of "material interests" of authors in article 15, paragraph 1 (c), reflects the close linkage of this provision with the right to own property, as recognized in article 17 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in regional human rights instruments, as well as with the right of any worker to adequate remuneration (art. 7 (a)).	15. 第十五条第一款(丙)项所说的保护作者的“物质利益”，反映了这一规定与《世界人权宣言》第十七条和各区域人权文书所承认的拥有财产的权利的密切联系，以及与劳动者获得充足报酬的权利(第七条(甲)项)项的密切联系。
Unlike other human rights, the material interests of authors are not directly linked to the personality of the creator, but contribute to the enjoyment of the right to an adequate standard of living (art. 11, para. 1).	与其他人权不一样，作者的物质利益与创造者的个性没有直接联系，而是有助于享受获得适足生活水准的权利(第十一条第一款)。
16. The term of protection of material interests under article 15, paragraph 1 (c), need not extend over the entire lifespan of an author.	16. 第十五条第1款(丙)所说的保护物质利益，不一定需要贯穿于作者的整个寿命。
Rather, the purpose of enabling authors to enjoy an adequate standard of living can also be achieved through one-time payments or by vesting an author, for a limited period of time, with the exclusive right to exploit his scientific, literary or artistic production.	相反，使作者能享受到适足生活水准的目的也可以通过其他方式实现，例如通过一次性支付，或者使作者在一段有限的时间内享有利用其科学、文学或艺术作品的独有权利。
"Resulting"	“产生”
17. The word "resulting" stresses that authors only benefit from the protection of such moral and material interests which are directly generated by their scientific, literary or artistic productions.	17. “产生”一词强调，作者只享受那些由其科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的保护。
Conditions for States parties' compliance with article 15, paragraph 1 (c)	缔约国遵守第十五条第一款(丙)项的条件
18. The right to the protection of the moral and material interests of authors contains the following essential and interrelated elements, the precise application of which will depend on the economic, social and cultural conditions prevailing in a particular State party:	18. 享受作者的精神和物质利益保护的权利包含着下列基本的相互关联的要素，这些要素的具体适用取决于具体的缔约国所存在的经济、社会和文化条件：
(a) Availability.	(a)可提供性。
Adequate legislation and regulations, as well as effective administrative, judicial or other appropriate remedies, for the protection of the moral and material interests of authors must be available within the jurisdiction of the States parties;	在缔约国的管辖范围内，必须有充分的立法和条例，以及有效的行政、司法或其他适当的补救手段，用来保护作者的精神和物质利益；
(b) Accessibility.	(b)可获取性。
Administrative, judicial or other appropriate remedies for the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from scientific, literary or artistic productions must be accessible to all authors.	用于保护科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的行政、司法或其他适当补救手段必须能够为所有作者所使用。
Accessibility has four overlapping dimensions:	可获取性具有相互重叠的四个方面：
(i) Physical accessibility: national courts and agencies responsible for the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from the scientific, literary or artistic productions of authors must be at the disposal of all segments of society, including authors with disabilities;	(一)物质条件上的可获取性：负责保护科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的各国的法院和机构必须能够为社会的各个阶层所使用，其中包括残疾作者；
(ii) Economic accessibility (affordability): access to such remedies must be affordable for all, including disadvantaged and marginalized groups.	(二)经济上的可获取性(可承受)：使用这些补救办法必须对所有人来说是能用得起的，包括处境不利的群体和边缘化群体。
For example, where a State party decides to meet the requirements of article 15, paragraph 1 (c), through traditional forms of intellectual property protection, related administrative and legal costs must be based on the principle of equity, ensuring that these remedies are affordable for all;	例如，如果一缔约国决定通过传统形式的知识产权保护来达到第十五条第一款(丙)项的要求，那么有关的行政和法律费用必须建立在公平原则基础上，确保这些补救办法能够被所有的人用得起；
(iii) Accessibility of information: accessibility includes the right to seek, receive and impart information on the structure and functioning of the legal or policy regime to protect the moral and material interests of authors resulting from their scientific, literary and artistic productions, including information on relevant legislation and procedures.	(三)信息的可获取性：可获取性包括有权寻求、获得并传播关于保护作者因其科学、文学和艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的法律或政策制度的信息，包括有关立法和程序的信息。
Such information should be understandable to everyone and should be published also in the languages of linguistic minorities and indigenous peoples;	这些信息应该使人人能够理解的信息，也应该以少数民族语言和土著居民的语言公布；
(c) Quality of protection. Procedures for the protection of the moral and material interests of authors should be administered competently and expeditiously by judges and other relevant authorities.	(c)保护的质量：关于保护作者精神和物质利益的程序应该由法官和其他有关当局以有效和快速的方式加以执行。
Special topics of broad application	广泛适用的专项议题
Non-discrimination and equal treatment	不歧视与平等待遇
19. Article 2, paragraph 2, and article 3 of the Covenant prohibit any discrimination in the access to an effective protection of the moral and material interests of authors, including administrative, judicial and other remedies, on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, which has the intention or effect of nullifying or impairing the equal enjoyment or exercise of the right as recognized in article 15, paragraph 1 (c).	19. 《公约》第二条第二款和第三条禁止在作者精神和物质利益享受有效保护方面，禁止实行任何基于种族肤色、性别语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍或社会出身、 财产、出生或其他身份等的歧视，这种歧视其用意在于或其后果是取消或妨碍平等地享受或行使第十五条第一款(丙)项所承认的权利。
20. The Committee stresses that the elimination of discrimination to ensure equal access to an effective protection of the moral and material interests of authors can often be achieved with limited resources through the adoption or amendment or abrogation of legislation or through the dissemination of information.	20. 委员会强调，使用有限的资源，例如通过或修订立法或废除立法，并且通过传播信息，并往往可以消除在作者精神和物质利益得到有效保护方面存在的歧视或确保平等权利。
The Committee recalls general comment No. 3 (1990) on the nature of States parties' obligations, paragraph 12, which states that even in times of severe resource constraints, the disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups of society must be protected by the adoption of relatively low-cost targeted programmes.	委员会提到关于缔约国义务的性质的第3号一般性意见(1990)第12段，该段说，即使在资源严重紧张的情况下，也必须通过费用相对较低的针对性的方案，来保护处境不利或边缘化的个人和群体。
21. The adoption of temporary special measures taken for the sole purpose of securing de facto equality for disadvantaged or marginalized individuals or groups, as well as those subjected to discrimination is not a violation of the right to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests of the author, provided that such measures do not perpetuate unequal or separate protection standards for different individuals or groups and are discontinued once the objectives for which they were adopted are achieved.	21. 只是为了让处境不利或边缘化个人或群体以及那些遭受歧视的群体获得事实上的平等而采取暂行特别措施，这样做不等于违反作者精神和物质利益享受保护的权利， 但条件是这些措施为不同的个人或群体所采取的特殊或单独保护标准不会永久化，一旦这些措施的目标已经达到，则应停止。
Limitations	限制
22. The right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from one's scientific, literary and artistic productions is subject to limitations and must be balanced with the other rights recognized in the Covenant.	22. 作者的科学、文学和艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益享受保护的权利也受到一些限制，这些权利必须与公约所承认的其他权利相平衡。
However, limitations on the rights protected under article 15, paragraph 1 (c), must be determined by law in a manner compatible with the nature of these rights, must pursue a legitimate aim, and must be strictly necessary for the promotion of the general welfare in a democratic society, in accordance with article 4 of the Covenant.	但对于第十五条第一款(丙)项所保护的权利加以限制，必须依法并根据这些权利的性质来确定，必须追求正当的目的，必须按照《公约》第四条规定，是对于促进民主社会的普遍福利来说严格必要的。
23. Limitations must therefore be proportionate, meaning that the least restrictive measures must be adopted when several types of limitations may be imposed.	23. 因此，限制必须是适度的，即如果可能规定好几种限制，则应采取限制性最小的那种措施。
Limitations must be compatible with the very nature of the rights protected in article 15, paragraph 1 (c), which lies in the protection of the personal link between the author and his/her creation and of the means which are necessary to enable authors to enjoy an adequate standard of living.	限制必须与第十五条第一款(丙)项所保护的权利的性质相一致，即在于保护作者与其作品之间的个人联系，保护使作者能够享受适足生活水准所需要的手段。
24. The imposition of limitations may, under certain circumstances, require compensatory measures, such as payment of adequate compensationfor the use of scientific, literary or artistic productions in the public interest.	24. 在某些情况下，规定限制可能需要采取一些补偿性措施，例如，由于为了公共利益而使用科学、文学或艺术作品，而支付充分的赔偿。
III. States parties' obligations	三、缔约国的义务
General legal obligations	一般法律义务
25. While the Covenant provides for progressive realization and acknowledges constraints based on limits of available resources (art. 2, para. 1), it also imposes on States parties various obligations that are of an immediate effect, including core obligations.	25. 虽然《公约》规定了由逐步实现这一权利，并提到资源有限所带来的困难(第二条第一款)，但《公约》也规定缔约国负有各种应立即履行的义务，包括核心义务。
Steps taken to fulfil obligations must be deliberate, concrete and targeted towards the full realization of the right of everyone to benefit from the protection of the moral and material benefits resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he or she is the author.	为履行义务而采取的步骤必须是有意采取的具体的有针对性的步骤，以充分实现人人有权享受其本人的科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的保护。
26. The progressive realization of that right over a period of time means that States parties have a specific and continuing obligation to move as expeditiously and effectively as possible towards the full realization of article 15, paragraph 1 (c). {19}	26. 在一定时间内逐步实现这一权利意味着缔约国负有具体的持续性义务，需尽快地、尽可能有效地充分实现第十五条第一款(丙)项。
27. As in the case of all other rights contained in the Covenant, there is a strong presumption that retrogressive measures taken in relation to the right to the protection of the moral and material interests of authors are not permissible.	27. 与《公约》所规定的其余所有其他权利的情况一样，有一项明显的假设是，与实现作者的精神和物质利益的保护有关的追溯性措施是不允许的。
If any deliberately retrogressive measures are taken, the State party has the burden of proving that they have been introduced after careful consideration of all alternatives and that they are duly justified in the light of the totality of the rights recognized in the Covenant.	如果采取任何有意执行的追溯性措施，缔约国需证明在采取这些措施之前对所有替代方案进行了认真的考虑，而且是在充分考虑到《公约》所承认的所有权利之后而有充分的理由这样做。
28. The right of everyone to benefit from the protection of the moral and material benefits resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he or she is the author, like all human rights, imposes three types or levels of obligations on States parties: the obligations to respect, protect and fulfil.	28. 与所有人权一样，人人有权享受对其任何科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的保护，这意味着缔约国承担着三种类型或级别的义务：即尊重、保护和履行的义务。
The obligation to respect requires States parties to refrain from interfering directly or indirectly with the enjoyment of the right to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests of the author.	尊重义务要求缔约国不直接或间接干涉作者享受其物质和精神利益的保护。
The obligation to protect requires States parties to take measures that prevent third parties from interfering with the moral and material interests of authors.	保护义务意味着要求缔约国采取措施，防止第三方干涉作者的物质和精神利益。
Finally, the obligation to fulfil requires States parties to adopt appropriate legislative, administrative, budgetary, judicial, promotional and other measures towards the full realization of article 15, paragraph 1 (c).	最后，履行义务要求缔约国为充分实现第十五条第一款(丙)项而采取适当的立法、行政、预算、司法、宣传和其他措施。
29. The full realization of article 15, paragraph 1 (c), requires measures necessary for the conservation, development and diffusion of science and culture.	29. 为充分实现第十五条第一款(丙)项，要求采取必要措施，维护、发展和传播科学和文化。
This follows from article 15, paragraph 2, of the Covenant, which defines obligations that apply to each aspect of the rights recognized in article 15, paragraph 1, including the right of authors to benefit from the protection of their moral and material interests.	这一点源于《公约》第十五条第二款，这一款界定了适用于第十五条第一款所承认的权利的每一方面，包括作者有权享受对其精神和物质利益的保护。
Specific legal obligations	具体法律义务
30. States parties are under an obligation to respect the human right to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests of authors by, inter alia, abstaining from infringing the right of authors to be recognized as the creators of their scientific, literary or artistic productions and to object to any distortion, mutilation or other modification of, or other derogatory action in relation to, their productions that would be prejudicial to their honour or reputation.	30. 缔约国有义务尊重作者有权享受对其精神利益和物质利益的保护这一人权，为此，除其他外，缔约国应不干涉作者有权被承认为其科学、文学或艺术作品的创作者，并反对任何有害于作者荣誉或声誉的对其作品的任何歪曲、割裂或其他修改，或对其作品采取的任何贬损性行动。
States parties must abstain from unjustifiably interfering with the material interests of authors, which are necessary to enable those authors to enjoy an adequate standard of living.	缔约国不得不正当地干涉作者的物质利益，这些利益是使作者享受适足生活水准所必要的。
31. Obligations to protect include the duty of States parties to ensure the effective protection of the moral and material interests of authors against infringement by third parties.	31. 保护的义务包括缔约国有义务确保作者的精神利益和物质利益得到有效保护，不会受到第三方的侵犯。
In particular, States parties must prevent third parties from infringing the right of authors to claim authorship of their scientific, literary or artistic productions, and from distorting, mutilating or otherwise modifying, or taking any derogatory action in relation to such productions in a manner that would be prejudicial to the author's honour or reputation.	具体地说，缔约国必须防止第三方妨碍作者对其科学、文学或艺术作品要求作者权，不得对其作品进行歪曲、割裂或其他修改，或采取任何贬损性行动，从而有害于作者的名誉或声誉。
Similarly, States parties are obliged to prevent third parties from infringing the material interests of authors resulting from their productions.	同样，缔约国必须防止第三方侵犯作者的作品为作者产生的物质利益。
To that effect, States parties must prevent the unauthorized use of scientific, literary and artistic productions that are easily accessible or reproducible through modern communication and reproduction technologies, e.g. by establishing systems of collective administration of authors' rights or by adopting legislation requiring users to inform authors of any use made of their productions and to remunerate them adequately.	为此，缔约国必须防止未经授权而使用通过现代通信技术和复制技术可容易得到或复制的科学、文学和艺术作品，为此缔约国需通过立法，建立作者权集体管理制度，要求使用者将对其作品的任何使用告知作者，并给予充分的报酬。
States parties must ensure that third parties adequately compensate authors for any unreasonable prejudice suffered as a consequence of the unauthorized use of their productions.	缔约国必须确保第三方由于非法使用其作品而使作者遭受的任何不合理损害对其给予充分的赔偿。
32. With regard to the right to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of indigenous peoples, States parties should adopt measures to ensure the effective protection of the interests of indigenous peoples relating to their productions, which are often expressions of their cultural heritage and traditional knowledge.	32. 对于作者任何科学、文学和艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益得到保护的权利，缔约国还应采取措施，确保土著人民与其作品有关的利益得到保护，他们的作品往往表现为其文化遗产和传统知识。
In adopting measures to protect scientific, literary and artistic productions of indigenous peoples, States parties should take into account their preferences.	在采取措施保护土著人民的科学、文学和艺术作品时，缔约国应考虑到他们的喜好。
Such protection might include the adoption of measures to recognize, register and protect the individual or collective authorship of indigenous peoples under national intellectual property rights regimes and should prevent the unauthorized use of scientific, literary and artistic productions of indigenous peoples by third parties.	这种保护可以包括按照本国知识产权保护制度而采取措施承认、登记并保护土著人民的个体或集体创作权，并应防止第三方在未获授权的情况下使用土著人民的科学、文学和艺术作品。
In implementing these protection measures, States parties should respect the principle of free, prior and informed consent of the indigenous authors concerned and the oral or other customary forms of transmission of scientific, literary or artistic production; where appropriate, they should provide for the collective administration by indigenous peoples of the benefits derived from their productions.	在执行这些保护措施时，缔约国应该尊重有关土著作者自由、事先和知情的同意的原则，并尊重其科学、文学和艺术作品口头或其他习惯性传播方式。 在必要时，缔约国应作出规定，由土著人民集体管理其作品所产生的利益。
33. States parties in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist are under an obligation to protect the moral and material interests of authors belonging to these minorities through special measures to preserve the distinctive character of minority cultures.	33. 缔约国境内如果有族裔、宗教或语言上属于少数的民族，则有义务通过采取特别措施保护属于少数群体的作者的精神和物质利益，以维护少数民族文化的独特性。
34. The obligation to fulfil (provide) requires States parties to provide administrative, judicial or other appropriate remedies in order to enable authors to claim the moral and material interests resulting from their scientific, literary or artistic productions and to seek and obtain effective redress in cases of violation of these interests.	34. 履行义务要求缔约国提供行政、司法或其他适当的补救办法，以便使作者能够要求对其科学、文学和艺术作品拥有精神和物质利益，并在这些利益遭受侵犯时寻求并获得有效的补救。
States parties are also required to fulfil (facilitate) the right in article 15, paragraph 1 (c), e.g. by taking financial and other positive measures which facilitate the formation of professional and other associations representing the moral and material interests of authors, including disadvantaged and marginalized authors, in line with article 8, paragraph 1 (a), of the Covenant.	缔约国还有义务按照《公约》第八条第一款(甲)项，履行(便利)第十五条第一款(丙)项规定的权利，例如采取财政和其他积极措施，方便代表作者包括处境不利和边缘化作者的精神和物质利益的专业和其他协会的成立。
The obligation to fulfil (promote) requires States parties to ensure the right of authors of scientific, literary and artistic productions to take part in the conduct of public affairs and in any significant decision-making processes that have an impact on their rights and legitimate interests, and to consult these individuals or groups or their elected representatives prior to the adoption of any significant decisions affecting their rights under article 15, paragraph 1 (c).	履行(促进)义务要求缔约国确保科学、文学和艺术作品的作者有权参与公共事务的管理以及可能对其权利和正当利益产生影响的重要的决策过程，应该在采取任何重要决定从而影响第十五条第一款(丙)项所规定的权利之前，征求这些个人或团体或其选出的代表的意见。
Related obligations	有关的义务
35. The right of authors to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from their scientific, literary and artistic productions cannot be isolated from the other rights recognized in the Covenant.	35. 作者享受其科学、文学和艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益得到保护的权利不能与《公约》所承认的其他权利分割开来。
States parties are therefore obliged to strike an adequate balance between their obligations under article 15, paragraph 1 (c), on one hand, and under the other provisions of the Covenant, on the other hand, with a view to promoting and protecting the full range of rights guaranteed in the Covenant.	因此缔约国有义务使其按照第十五条第一款(丙)项所承担的义务与按照《公约》其他规定所承担的义务保持适当平衡，以便促进并保护《公约》所保障的一系列权利。
In striking this balance, the private interests of authors should not be unduly favoured and the public interest in enjoying broad access to their productions should be given due consideration.	在达成这种平衡时，不应过于袒护作者的私人利益，公众广泛地享受其作品的利益也应该得到充分的考虑。
States parties should therefore ensure that their legal or other regimes for the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from one's scientific, literary or artistic productions constitute no impediment to their ability to comply with their core obligations in relation to the rights to food, health and education, as well as to take part in cultural life and to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications, or any other right enshrined in the Covenant.	缔约国因此应确保在保护作者的科学、文学和艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益方面所建立的法律和其他制度并不影响缔约国遵守与食物权、健康权和教育权以及参加文化生活，享受科学进步及其应用的好处，或《公约》所规定的其他任何权利有关的核心义务。
Ultimately, intellectual property is a social product and has a social function.	最终来讲，知识产权是一种社会产品，它具有社会功能。
States parties thus have a duty to prevent unreasonably high costs for access to essential medicines, plant seeds or other means of food production, or for schoolbooks and learning materials, from undermining the rights of large segments of the population to health, food and education.	因此缔约国有义务防止基本药物、植物种子或其他粮食生产手段或学校课本和其他学习材料价格过高，从而影响到相当多的人口享受健康、食物和教育权。
Moreover, States parties should prevent the use of scientific and technical progress for purposes contrary to human rights and dignity, including the rights to life, health and privacy, e.g. by excluding inventions from patentability whenever their commercialization would jeopardize the full realization of these rights.	另外，缔约国应防止科学和技术进步被用于违反人权和人类尊严，包括违反生命权、健康权和隐私权的目的，一旦技术发明的商业化会危害到这些权利的充分享用时，应使这些发明不在专利保护范围内。
States parties should, in particular, consider to what extent the patenting of the human body and its parts would affect their obligations under the Covenant or under other relevant international human rights instruments.	缔约国尤其应考虑在多大程度上人体及其器官的专利化会在多大程度上影响其根据《公约》或其他有关国际人权文书所承担的义务。
States parties should also consider undertaking human rights impact assessments prior to the adoption and after a period of implementation of legislation for the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from one's scientific, literary or artistic productions.	缔约国还应考虑，在通过关于保护作者科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的法律之前以及在实行一段时间之后，应对人权所受到的影响进行评估。
International obligations	国际义务
36. In its general comment No. 3 (1990), the Committee drew attention to the obligation of all States parties to take steps, individually and through international assistance and cooperation, especially economic and technical, towards the full realization of the rights recognized in the Covenant. In the spirit of Article 56 of the Charter of the United Nations, as well as the specific provisions of the Covenant (arts.	36. 在其一般性意见第3号(1990年)里，委员会提请注意所有缔约国都有义务单独以及通过国际援助和合作采取措施，特别是经济和技术性措施，以充分实现《公约》所承认的权利。
2, para. 1, 15, para. 44 and 23), States parties should recognize the essential role of international cooperation for the achievement of the rights recognized in the Covenant, including the right to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from one's scientific, literary and artistic productions, and should comply with their commitment to take joint and separate action to that effect.	缔约国用本着《联合国宪章》第五十六条以及《公约》中具体规定(第二条第一 款、第十五条第44款和第二十三条)的精神，承认国际合作对于实现《公约》所承认的权利，包括享受科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的保护的权 利，所起的根本作用，并应按照其承诺采取这方面的联合和单独的行动。
International cultural and scientific cooperation should be carried out in the common interest of all peoples.	所开展的国际文化和科学合作应服务于全人类的共同利益。
37. The Committee recalls that, in accordance with Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter of the United Nations, well-established principles of international law, and the provisions of the Covenant itself, international cooperation for development and thus for the realization of economic, social and cultural rights is an obligation of all States parties and, in particular, of States which are in a position to assist.	37. 委员会提到，按照《联合国宪章》第55条和第五十六条、公认的国际法原则、以及《公约》本身的规定，促进发展以及促进实现经济、社会和文化权利的实现的国际合作是所有缔约国的义务，尤其是那些有能力提供援助的国家的义务。
38. Bearing in mind the different levels of development of States parties, it is essential that any system for the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from one's scientific, literary and artistic productions facilitates and promotes development cooperation, technology transfer, and scientific and cultural cooperation,while at the same time taking due account of the need to preserve biological diversity.	38. 在牢记各缔约国发展水平不同这一情况下，有一点重要的是，任何为保护作者科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益而建立的制度应便利并促进发展合作、技术转让、以及科学和文化合作，与此同时应充分考虑到保护生物多样性的必要。
Core obligations	核心义务
39. In general comment No. 3 (1990), the Committee confirmed that States parties have a core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of minimum essential levels of each of the rights enunciated in the Covenant. In conformity with other human rights instruments, as well as international agreements on the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from one's scientific, literary or artistic productions, the Committee considers that article 15, paragraph 1 (c), of the Covenant entails at least the following core obligations, which are of immediate effect:	39. 在第3号一般性意见(1990)中，委员会证实，缔约国有这样一项核心义务，即必须确保《公约》所宣布的各项权利得到最低限度的实现，按照其他人权文书以 及关于保护作者科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的国际协定，委员会认为，第十五条第一款(丙)项至少为缔约国立即带来下列核心义务：
(a) To take legislative and other necessary steps to ensure the effective protection of the moral and material interests of authors;	(a)采取立法和其他必要措施，确保作者的精神和物质利益得到有效保护；
(b) To protect the rights of authors to be recognized as the creators of their scientific, literary and artistic productions and to object to any distortion, mutilation or other modification of, or other derogatory action in relation to, their productions that would be prejudicial to their honour or reputation;	(b)保护作者和权被承认为其科学、文学和艺术作品的创作者，并反对对这些作品进行有害于其荣誉或声誉的任何歪曲、割裂或其他修改，或其他损害性行动；
(c) To respect and protect the basic material interests of authors resulting from their scientific, literary or artistic productions, which are necessary to enable those authors to enjoy an adequate standard of living;	(c)尊重并保护作者科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的基本的物质利益，这些物质利益对于确保作者享受适足的生活水准十分必要；
(d) To ensure equal access, particularly for authors belonging to disadvantaged and marginalized groups, to administrative, judicial or other appropriate remedies enabling authors to seek and obtain redress in case their moral and material interests have been infringed;	(d)应确保各个群体的作者，特别是属于弱势群体和边缘化群体的作者，平等地获得使用行政、司法或其他适当补救办法的机会，使作者能够在其精神和物质利益收到侵犯时寻求并获得补救；
(e) To strike an adequate balance between the effective protection of the moral and material interests of authors and States parties' obligations in relation to the rights to food, health and education, as well as the rights to take part in cultural life and to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications, or any other right recognized in the Covenant.	(e)在下列两者之间保持适当平衡：一是有效地保护作者的精神或物质利益，一是缔约国在食物、健康和教育权以及在参加文化生活和享受科学进步及其应用成果权或《公约》所承认的其他权利方面承担的义务。
40. The Committee wishes to emphasize that it is particularly incumbent on States parties and other actors in a position to assist, to provide "international assistance and cooperation, especially economic and technical", which enable developing countries to fulfil their obligations indicated in paragraph 36 above.	40. 委员会需要强调，有能力提供援助的缔约国和其他行为者尤其应提供“国际援助和合作，特别是经济和技术方面的援助和合作”，使发展中国家能够履行以上第36段所述的义务。
IV. Violations	四、违反
41. In determining which actions or omissions by States parties amount to a violation of the right to the protection of the moral and material interests of authors, it is important to distinguish the inability from the unwillingness of a State party to comply with its obligations under article 15, paragraph 1 (c).	41. 在确定缔约国的哪些行为或不行为构成对保护作者的精神和物质利益权利的违反时，必须区分缔约国无力遵守第十五条第一款(丙)项所规定的义务与不愿意遵守这种义务两种情况。
This follows from article 2, paragraph 1, of the Covenant, which obliges each State party to take the necessary steps to the maximum of its available resources.	这一点源于《公约》第二十条第1款，该款规定每个缔约国有义务采取必要步骤，最大限度地调动其现有资源。
A State which is unwilling to use the maximum of its available resources for the realization of the right of authors to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from their scientific, literary and artistic productions is in violation of its obligations under article 15, paragraph 1 (c).	如果一国不愿意最大限度地调动现有资源，促进作者享受其科学、文学和艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益得到保护的权利，则违反了第十五条第一款(丙)项的义务。
If resource constraints render it impossible for a State to comply fully with its obligations under the Covenant, it has the burden of justifying that every effort has been made to use all available resources at its disposal to satisfy, as a matter of priority, the core obligations outlined above.	如果因资源有限，一国无法充分遵守《公约》规定的义务，则它有责任说明它为了优先履行上述核心义务而尽的一切努力来调动它所掌握的一切资源。
42. Violations of the right to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests of authors can occur through the direct action of States parties or of other entities insufficiently regulated by States parties.	42. 侵犯作者精神和物质利益得到保护的权利的情况，既可由缔约国的直接行为引起，也可由缔约国未加充分制约的其他实体引起。
The adoption of any retrogressive measures incompatible with the core obligations under article 15, paragraph 1 (c), outlined in paragraph 39 above, constitutes a violation of that right.	通过以上第39段所述的与第十五条第一款(丙)项的核心义务不符的任何追溯性措施，都是对这一权利的侵犯。
Violations through acts of commission include the formal repeal or unjustifiable suspension of legislation protecting the moral and material interests resulting from one's scientific, literary and artistic productions.	通过行为而进行侵犯的情况还包括正式废除或不正当地暂停实行保护作者科学、文学和艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的法律。
43. Violations of article 15, paragraph 1 (c), can also occur through the omission or failure of States parties to take necessary measures to comply with its legal obligations under that provision.	43. 违反第十五条第一款(丙)项的情况也可在下列情况下发生：缔约国未能采取必要措施履行其按照这一条款所承担的法律义务。
Violations through omission include the failure to take appropriate steps towards the full realization of the right of authors to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from their scientific, literary or artistic productions and the failure to enforce relevant laws or to provide administrative, judicial or other appropriate remedies enabling authors to assert their rights under article 15, paragraph 1 (c).	由于不行为而发生的侵犯也包括未能采取适当措施充分地实现作者享受对其科学、文学和艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的保护的权利，未能实施有关法律或提供行政、司法或其他适当补救，使作者能够按照第十五条第一款(丙)项要求其权利。
Violations of the obligation to respect	违反尊重的义务
44. Violations of the obligation to respect include State actions, policies or laws which have the effect of infringing the right of authors to be recognized as the creators of their scientific, literary and artistic productions and to object to any distortion, mutilation or other modification of, or other derogatory action in relation to, their productions that would be prejudicial to their honour or reputation; unjustifiably interfering with the material interests of authors, which are necessary to enable those authors to enjoy an adequate standard of living; denying authors access to administrative, judicial or other appropriate remedies to seek redress in case their moral and material interests have been violated; and discriminating against individual authors in relation to the protection of their moral and material interests.	44. 对尊重义务的违反包括缔约国所采取的行动、政策或法律其结果是侵犯了作者被承认为其科学、文学和艺术作品的创作者的权利，以及反对对其作品进行任何有害于 其声誉或荣誉的歪曲、割裂或其他修改，或采取其他损害性行动；不当地干涉作者的物质利益，这对于使作者享受充足的生活水准是必要的；使作者无法使用行政、 司法或其他适当补救办法，以在其精神和物质利益受到侵犯时寻求补救；在保护精神和物质利益方面对个别作者实行歧视。
Violations of the obligation to protect	违反保护的义务
45. Violations of the obligation to protect follow from the failure of a State to take all necessary measures to safeguard authors within their jurisdiction from infringements of their moral and material interests by third parties.	45. 违反保护义务属于这种情况：缔约国未能采取必要措施，在其司法管辖范围内保护作者，使其免受第三方对其精神或物质利益的侵犯。
This category includes such omissions as the failure to enact and/or enforce legislation prohibiting any use of scientific, literary or artistic productions that is incompatible with the right of authors to be recognized as the creator of their productions or that distorts, mutilates or otherwise modifies, or is derogatory towards, such productions in a manner that would be prejudicial to their honour or reputation or that unjustifiably interferes with those material interests that are necessary to enable authors to enjoy an adequate standard of living; and the failure to ensure that third parties adequately compensate authors, including indigenous authors, for any unreasonable prejudice suffered as a consequence of the unauthorized use of their scientific, literary and artistic productions.	这 一类行为也包括不作为，例如未能通过或实施立法，禁止对科学、文学和艺术作品的不当使用，这种使用不符合作者被承认为其作品创作者的权利，或者会歪曲、割 裂或以其他方式修改或损害这种作品，从而有害于作者的名誉或声誉，或者不当地干涉作者的享受适足生活水准所需要的物质利益；未能确保第三方被作者包括土著 作者因第三方不当地使用其科学、文学和艺术作品而使作者遭受的不合理伤害给予充分的赔偿。
Violations of the obligation to fulfil	违反实现的义务
46. Violations of the obligation to fulfil occur when States parties fail to take all necessary steps within their available resources to promote the realization of the right to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from one's scientific, literary or artistic productions.	46. 在下列情况下出现违反实现的义务：缔约国未能在其现有资源范围内采取一切必要措施，促进作者科学、文学和艺术作品所产生的物质和精神利益受保护的权利。
Examples include the failure to provide administrative, judicial or other appropriate remedies enabling authors, especially those belonging to disadvantaged and marginalized groups, to seek and obtain redress in case their moral and material interests have been infringed, or the failure to provide adequate opportunities for the active and informed participation of authors and groups of authors in any decision-making process that has an impact on their right to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from their scientific, literary or artistic productions.	例 如这样的情况：缔约国未能提供行政、司法或其他适当补救办法，使作者，特别是属于弱势群体和边缘群体的作者在其精神和物质利益受到侵犯时寻求并获得补救， 或未能提供充分的机会，让作者或作者群体在了解情况的条件下积极地参与对其享受科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的物质利益和精神利益的保护权利产生影响的任何 决策过程。
V. Implementation at the national level	五、国家一级的执行
National legislation	国家立法
47. The most appropriate measures to implement the right to the protection of the moral and material interests of the author will vary significantly from one State to another.	47. 各国采取什么措施来实施作者物质和精神利益受到保护的权利最为恰当，各国情况可能不同。
Every State has a considerable margin of discretion in assessing which measures are most suitable to meet its specific needs and circumstances.	在评估哪些措施最适于符合其需要和情况方面，每个国家都有一定程度的自由裁量权。
The Covenant, however, clearly imposes a duty on each State to take whatever steps are necessary to ensure that everyone has equal access to effective mechanisms for the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he or she is the author.	然而《公约》给各国规定了明确的义务，必须采取任何必要措施，以确保每个人都能平等地使用有效的制度，使其科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神物质利益得到保护。
48. National laws and regulations for the protection of the moral and material interests of the author should be based on the principles of accountability, transparency and independence of the judiciary, since these principles are essential to the effective implementation of all human rights, including article 15, paragraph 1 (c).	48. 由于保护作者的精神和物质利益的国家法律和规章应该以司法机构问责、透明和独立原则为基础，因为这些原则对于有效实施第十五条第一款(丙)项所规定的所有人权必不可少。
In order to create a favourable climate for the realization of that right, States parties should take appropriate steps to ensure that the private business sector and civil society are aware of, and consider the effects on the enjoyment of other human rights of the right to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from one's scientific, literary and artistic productions.	为了创造有利于实现这一权利的环境，缔约国应采取适当措施，确保私人工商部门和民间团体意识到作者科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的物质和精神利益得到保护的权利以及这种权利对于享受其他人权所产生和影响。
In monitoring progress towards the realization of article 15, paragraph 1 (c), States parties should identify the factors and difficulties affecting implementation of their obligations.	在监督第十五条第一款(丙)项的实施方面，缔约国应找出影响其义务得到实施的因素和困难。
Indicators and benchmarks	指标和基准
49. States parties should identify appropriate indicators and benchmarks designed to monitor, at the national and international levels, States parties' obligations under article 15, paragraph 1 (c).	49. 缔约国应找出适当的指标和基准，以便在国家和国际两级监督缔约国按照第十五条第一款(丙)项所承担的义务。
States parties may obtain guidance on appropriate indicators, which should address different aspects of the right to the protection of the moral and material interests of the author, from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and other specialized agencies and programmes within the United Nations system that are concerned with the protection of scientific, literary and artistic productions.	缔约国可就适当的指标从世界知识产权组织、联合国教育、科学和文化组织以及联合国系统内负责保护科学、文学和艺术作品的其他专门机构和方案获得指导性意见，这些指标应涉及作者精神和物质利益的保护权利的各个方面。
Such indicators must be disaggregated on the basis of the prohibited grounds of discrimination, and cover a specified time frame.	这些指标应该在所禁止的各种歧视行为上详细地列出，应涉及具体的一段时间。
50. Having identified appropriate indicators in relation to article 15, paragraph 1 (c), States parties are invited to set appropriate national benchmarks in relation to each indicator.	50. 在查出与第十五条第一款(丙)项有关的适当指标之后，缔约国应就每一指标确立适当的国家基准。
During the periodic reporting procedure, the Committee will engage in a process of scoping with the State party.	在定期报告程序期间，委员会将与缔约国一起开展审评工作。
Scoping involves the joint consideration by the State party and the Committee of the indicators and national benchmarks, which will then provide the targets to be achieved by the State party during the next reporting cycle.	审评是由缔约国和委员会联合审议指标和国家基准，这些指标和基准然后确定为缔约国在下个报告周期须完成的目标。
During that period, the State party will use these national benchmarks to monitor its implementation of article 15, paragraph 1 (c).	在下个周期，缔约国将使用这些国家基准来监测对第十五条第一款(丙)项的实施。
Thereafter, in the subsequent reporting process, the State party and the Committee will consider whether or not the benchmarks have been achieved, and any difficulties that may have been encountered.	在此之后的报告周期，缔约国和委员会将审议国家基准是否应达到，以及可能遇到的任何困难。
Remedies and accountability	补救与问责
51. The human right of everyone to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he or she is the author should be adjudicated by competent judicial and administrative bodies.	51. 人人有权对其科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益的保护这一人权应该由适当的司法和行政机构来裁决。
Indeed, effective protection of the moral and material interests of authors resulting from their scientific, literary and artistic productions would be hardly conceivable without the possibility of availing oneself of administrative, judicial or other appropriate remedies.	实际上，如果不可能利用行政、司法或其他适当补救办法，那么要有效地保护作者科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益，是不可想象的。
52. All authors who are victims of a violation of the protected moral and material interests resulting from their scientific, literary or artistic productions should, consequently, have access to effective administrative, judicial or other appropriate remedies at the national level.	52. 因此，任何作者，如果其科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益受到侵犯，都应该能够在本国有效地使用行政、司法或其他适当补救办法。
Such remedies should not be unreasonably complicated or costly, or entail unreasonable time limits or unwarranted delays.	这种补救办法不应该过于复杂或费用昂贵，或规定不合理的时间限制或不应有的拖延。
Parties to legal proceedings should have the right to have these proceedings reviewed by a judicial or other competent authority.	参加这种诉讼的当事方应有权请司法当局或其他有关当局对诉讼进行审查。
53. All victims of violations of the rights protected under article 15, paragraph 1 (c), should be entitled to adequate compensation or satisfaction.	53. 第十五条第一款(丙)项所保护的权利受到侵犯的任何受害者应有权获得充分的赔偿或补救。
54. National ombudsmen, human rights commissions, where they exist, and professional associations of authors or similar institutions should address violations of article 15, paragraph 1 (c).	54. 各国的民情督察官、如果有的话人权委员会以及作者的专业协会或类似机构应该处理第十五条第一款(丙)项受到违反的案件。
VI. Obligations of actors other than States parties	六、缔约国以外的其他行为者的义务
55. While only States parties to the Covenant are held accountable for compliance with its provisions, they are nevertheless urged to consider regulating the responsibility resting on the private business sector, private research institutions and other non-State actors to respect the rights recognized in article 15, paragraph 1 (c), of the Covenant.	55. 虽然只有国家才能是《公约》的缔约国，从而对遵守《公约》负有最终责任，但是各缔约国还是应考虑关于私人部门、私人研究机构以及其他非国家行为者在尊重《公约》第十五条第一款(丙)项所确认的权利方面的责任。
56. The Committee notes that, as members of international organizations such as WIPO, UNESCO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), States parties have an obligation to take whatever measures they can to ensure that the policies and decisions of those organizations are in conformity with their obligations under the Covenant, in particular the obligations contained in articles 2, paragraph 1, 15, paragraph 4, 22 and 23 concerning international assistance and cooperation.	56. 委员会指出，各缔约国作为产权组织、教科文组织、联合国粮农组织、世界卫生组织以及世界贸易组织等国际组织的成员国，有义务采取所能采取的一切措施，确保 这些组织的政策和决定与按照《公约》所承担义务保持一致，特别是与涉及国际援助和合作的第二条第一款、第十五条第四款、第二十二条以及第二十三条所包含的 义务。
57. United Nations organs, as well as specialized agencies, should, within their fields of competence and in accordance with articles 22 and 23 of the Covenant, take international measures likely to contribute to the effective implementation of article 15, paragraph 1 (c).	57. 联合国各机构以及各专门机构应该在各自职责范围内并按照《公约》第22和第二十三条，采取必要措施，促进第十五条第一款(丙)项的有效实施。
In particular, WIPO, UNESCO, FAO, WHO and other relevant agencies, organs and mechanisms of the United Nations are called upon to intensify their efforts to take into account human rights principles and obligations in their work concerning the protection of the moral and material benefits resulting from one's scientific, literary and artistic productions, in cooperation with the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.	具体来说，产权组织、教科文组织、粮农组织、卫生组织以及联合国系统内其他有关机构、部门和机制，应加强努力，在其保护作者科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益方面的工作中，与人权事务高级专员办事处一道，考虑到人权原则和义务。
Notes	注
Relevant international instruments include, inter alia, the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, as last revised in 1967; the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, as last revised in 1979; the International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations (Rome Convention); the WIPO Copyright Treaty; the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (which, inter alia, provides international protection for performers of "expressions of folklore"), the Convention on Biological Diversity; the Universal Copyright Convention, as last revised in 1971; and the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) of WTO.	有关国际文书除其他外包括：《关于保护工业产权的巴黎公约》，最近一次修订是在1967年； 《关于保护文学和艺术作品的伯尔尼公约》，最近一次修订是在1979年；《保护表演者、录音制品制作者和广播组织的国际公约》(《罗马公约》)；《知识产 权版权条约》；《知识产权表演和录音制品条约》(该条约除其他外规定的需对民歌表演者加以保护)；《生物多样性公约》；《世界版权公约》，最近一次修订是 1971年；世贸组织的《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》。
See article 17 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; article 5 (d) (v) of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights); article 21 of the American Convention on Human Rights; and article 4 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter).	见《世界人权宣言》第十七条；《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第五条(卯)项(5)目；《保护人权和基本自由公约》(《欧洲人权公约》)第1号议定书第1条；《美洲人权公约》第21条；《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》(《班珠尔宪章》)第4条。
See article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; article 19, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights; article 13 of the American Declaration on Human Rights and article 9 of the African Charter on Human and People's Rights.	见《世界人权宣言》第十九条；《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十九条第2款；《欧洲人权公约》第5条；《美洲人权宣言》第13条；《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第9条。
See article 26, paragraph 2, of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.	见《世界人权宣言》第二十六条第二款。
See also article 13, paragraph 1, of the Covenant.	另见《公约》第十三条第一款。
See article 5 (e) (vi) of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; article 14 of the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador) and article 17, paragraph 2, of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.	见《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第五条(辰)项(6)目；《美洲人权公约》关于经济、社会、文化权利领域人权的附加议定书(《圣萨尔瓦多议定书》)第14条。
See article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; article 13 (c) of the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women; article 31 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and article 31 of the International Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families.	见《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二十七条；《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十三条(c)项；《儿童权利公约》第31条；《所有移徙工人及其家属权利国际公约》第31条。
See also paragraph 32 below.	另见以下注32。
See Maria Green, International Anti-Poverty Law Centre, "Drafting history of article 15 (1) (c) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights", E/C.12/2000/15, paragraph 45.	见Maria Green, 国际反贫困法律中心，“《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第十五条第一款(丙)项的起草历史”，E/C.12/2000/15,第45段。
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, twenty-seventh session (2001), "Human Rights and Intellectual Property", Statement by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 29 November 2001, E/C.12/2001/15, at paragraph 6.	经济、社会、文化权利委员会，第二十七届会议(2001年)，“人权与知识产权”，经济、社会、文化权利委员会的声明，2001年11月29日， E/C.12/2001/15,第6段。
See also paragraph 32 below.	另见以下注32。
See article 5, paragraph 2 of the Covenant.	见《公约》第五条第2款。
See below, at paragraphs 22, 23 and 35.	见以下注22、23和35。
See also articles 4 and 5 of the Covenant.	另见《公约》第四条和第五条。
Commission on Human Rights, second session, Report of the Working Group on the Declaration on Human Rights, E/CN.4/57, 10 December 1947, page 15.	人权委员会第二届会议，人权宣言工作组的报告， E/CN.4/57,1947年12月10日，第15页。
See article 6 bis of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.	见《关于保护文学和艺术作品的伯尔尼公约》第六条之二。
This prohibition, to some extent, duplicates the national treatment provisions contained in international conventions for the protection of intellectual property, the main difference being that articles 2, paragraph 2 and 3 of the Covenant apply not only to foreigners but also to a State party's own nationals (see articles 6 to 15 of the Covenant: "everyone").	这一项禁止规定在一定程度上与关于保护知识产权的国际公约所包含的国民待遇规定相重叠，主要区别于，《公约》第二条第二款和第三款不仅适用于外国人，而且适用于缔约国本国国民(见《公约》第六条至第十五条：“人人”)。
See also Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, thirty-fourth session, general comment No. 16 (2005) on the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights, 13 May 2005.	另见经济、社会、文化权利委员会第三十四届会议，第16号一般性意见(2005年)涉及男女平等享受一切经济、社会、文化权利的权利，2005年5月13日。
See paragraph 35 below.	见以下注35。
The need to strike an adequate balance between article 15, paragraph 1 (c), and other rights under the Covenant applies, in particular, to the rights to take part in cultural life (art. 15, para. 1 (a)) and to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications (art. 15, para. 1 (b)), as well as the rights to food (art. 11), health (art. 12) and education (art. 13).	需要在第十五条第一款(丙)项和《公约》规定的其他权利之间达成充分的平衡，这一点尤其适用于参加文化生活的权利(第十五条第一款(甲)项)，享受科学进一步运用的利益的权利(第十五条第一款(乙)项)，以及食物权(第十一条、健康权(第十二条)以及教育权(第十三条)。
See article 17, paragraph 2, of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights; article 21, paragraph 2, of the American Convention on Human Rights and article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.	见《世界人权宣言》第十七条第二款；《美洲人权公约》第21条第2款和关于保护人权和基本自由的公约第1号议定书第1条。
See general comment No. 3 (1990), at paragraph 9; general comment No. 13 (1999) on the right to education, at paragraph 43 and general comment No. 14 (2000) on the right to the highest attainable standard of health, at paragraph 30.	见第3号一般性意见(1990)，第9段；关于教育权的第13号一般性意见(1999)，第43段，关于享受能够获得的最高健康水准的权利的第14号一般性意见(2000)，第30段。
See also the Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Limburg Principles), at paragraphs 16 and 22, Maastricht, 2-6 June 1986.	另见关于执行经济、社会、文化权利国际公约的林堡原则(林堡原则)，第16和第22段，马斯特里斯特，1986年6月2日至6日。
See general comment No. 3 (1990), paragraph 9; general comment No. 13 (1999), paragraph 44; general comment No. 14 (2000), paragraph 31.	见第3号一般性意见(1990)，第9段；第13号一般性意见(1999)，第44段；第14号一般性意见(2000)，第31段。
See also Limburg Principles, paragraph 21.	另见林堡原则，第21段。
See general comment No. 3 (1990), at paragraph 9; general comment No. 13 (1999), at paragraph 45 and general comment No. 14 (2000), at paragraph 32.	见第3号一般性意见(1990)，第9段；第13号一般性意见(1999)，第45段，第14号一般性意见(2000)，第32段。
See general comment No. 13 (1999), at paragraphs 46 and 47, and general comment No. 14 (2000), at paragraph 33.	见第3号一般性意见(1990)，第46和第47段，第14号一般性意见(2000)，第33段。
See also Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Maastricht Guidelines), paragraph 6, Maastricht, 22-26 January 1997.	另见关于违反经济、社会、文化权利的问题的马斯特里斯特准则(马斯特里斯特准则)，第6段，马斯特里斯特，1997年1月22日至26日。
See article 15, paragraph 1 (c), of the Covenant, read in conjunction with article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.	见《公约》第十五条第一款(丙)项，与《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二十七条一并阅读。
See also UNESCO, General Conference, nineteenth session, Recommendation on Participation by the People at Large in Cultural Life and Their Contribution to It, adopted on 26 November 1976, at paragraph I (2) (f).	另见教科文组织大会，第十九届会议，关于普通民众参加文化生活及其对文化生活的贡献的建议，1976年11月26日通过，第1段(2)(f)小段。
See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, nineteenth session, general comment No. 9 (1998) on the domestic application of the Covenant, at paragraph 9.	见经济、社会、文化权利委员会，第十九届会议，第9号一般性意见(1998年)，涉及《公约》在国内的适用第9段。
See also article 8 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 2, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.	另见《世界人权宣言》第八条，以及《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二条第3款。
See also article 22, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.	另见《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二十二条第1款。
See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, twenty-seventh session (2001), "Human Rights and Intellectual Property", Statement by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 29 November 2001, E/C.12/2001/15, at paragraph 9.	见经济、社会、文化权利委员会，第二十七届会议(2001年)，“人权与知识产权”，经济、社会、文化权利委员会的声明，2001年11月29日，E/C.12/2001/15,第9段。
Ibid., at paragraph 17.	同上，第17段。
Ibid., at paragraph 12.	同上，第12段。
Ibid., at paragraph 4.	同上，第4段。
Cf. article 27, paragraph 2, of the WTO TRIPS Agreement.	参见世贸组织与贸易有关的知识产权协定第27条第2款。
See article 4 of the UNESCO Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights, although this instrument is not as such legally binding.	见教科文组织关于人类基因组和人权的普遍宣言，虽然这一文书不具有法律约束力。
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, fifth session, general comment No. 3 (1990), at paragraph 14.	经济、社会、文化权利委员会，第五届会议，第3号一般性意见(1990)，第14段。
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, twenty-seventh session, Human Rights and Intellectual Property, Statement by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 29 November 2001, E/C.12/2001/15, at paragraph 15.	经济、社会、文化权利委员会第二十七届会议，人权与知识产权，经济、社会、文化权利委员会的声明，2001年11月29日，E/C.12/2001/15,第15段。
See article 8 (j) of the Convention on Biological Diversity.	见《生物多样性公约》第8条(j)项。
See also Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 26th meeting, Resolution 2001/21, E/CN.4/Sub.2/Res/2001/21.	另见促进和保护人权小组委员会，第二十六届会议，第2001/21号决议，E/CN.4/Sub.2/Res/2001/21。
Cf. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 8; general comment No. 9 (1998), at paragraphs 3 and 9; Limburg Principles, at paragraph 19; Maastricht Guidelines, at paragraph 22.	参见《世界人权宣言》第八条；第9号一般性意见(1998)，第3和第9段；林堡原则，第19段； 马斯特里斯特准则，第22段。
See general comment No. 9 (1998), at paragraph 9 (with regard to administrative remedies).	见第9号一般性意见(1998)，第9段(涉及行政补救办法)。
See further article 14 (1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.	另见《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十四条第1款。
See general comment No. 9, at paragraph 9.	见第9号一般性意见，第9段。
Cf. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, eighteenth session, Globalization and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Statement by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 11 May 1998, at paragraph 5.	参见经济、社会、文化权利委员会，第十八届会议，全球化与经济、社会、文化权利，经济、社会、文化权利委员会的声明，1998年5月11日，第5段。