CESCR/GC/18 CESCR_GC_18E.doc (English)	CESCR/GC/18 CESCR_GC_18C.doc (Chinese)
CESCR	CESCR
General comment No. 18:	第18号一般性意见：
The right to work (art. 6)	工作权利(第六条)
Thirty-fifth session (2005)	第三十五届会议(2005年)
I. INTRODUCTION AND BASIC PREMISES	一、导言和基本前提
1. The right to work is a fundamental right, recognized in several international legal instruments.	1. 工作权利是一项受若干国际法律文书承认的基本权利。
The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), as laid down in article 6, deals more comprehensively than any other instrument with this right.	《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第六条作出的规定比其他文书更全面论述了这项权利。
The right to work is essential for realizing other human rights and forms an inseparable and inherent part of human dignity.	工作权利是实现其他人权的根本所在，并构成人的尊严的不可分割和固有的一部分。
Every individual has the right to be able to work, allowing him/her to live in dignity.	每一个人均有工作的权利，使其生活的有尊严。
The right to work contributes at the same time to the survival of the individual and to that of his/her family, and insofar as work is freely chosen or accepted, to his/her development and recognition within the community.	工作权利同时有助于个人及其家庭的生存，从能够自由选择和接受工作的角度出发，这一权利有助于个人的发展和获得所在社区的承认。
2. The ICESCR proclaims the right to work in a general sense in its article 6 and explicitly develops the individual dimension of the right to work through the recognition in article 7 of the right of everyone to the enjoyment of just and favourable conditions of work, in particular the right to safe working conditions.	2. 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第六条从总的方面阐述了工作权利，并在第七条中通过承认人人有权享受公正和良好的工作条件，尤其是有权享有安全的工作条件，明确引申了工作权利的个人内涵。
The collective dimension of the right to work is addressed in article 8, which enunciates the right of everyone to form trade unions and join the trade union of his/her choice as well as the right of trade unions to function freely.	第八条阐述了工作权利的集体内涵，它阐明人人有权组织工会和参加所选择的工会，并有权使工会自由运作。
When drafting article 6 of the Covenant, the Commission on Human Rights affirmed the need to recognize the right to work in a broad sense by laying down specific legal obligations rather than a simple philosophical principle.	在起草该公约第六条时，人权委员会确认需要从广义上确认工作权利，规定具体法律义务，而不只是一种简单的哲学原则。
Article 6 defines the right to work in a general and non-exhaustive manner.	第六条以一种总的和并非穷尽的方式对工作权利作出了界定。
In article 6, paragraph 1, States parties recognize "the right to work, which includes the right of everyone to the opportunity to gain his living by work which he freely chooses or accepts, and will take appropriate steps to safeguard this right".	缔约国在第六条第一款中承认“工作权，包括人人应有机会凭其自由选择和接受的工作来谋生的权利，并将采取恰当步骤来保障这一权利”。
In paragraph 2, States parties recognize that "to achieve the full realization of this right" the steps to be taken "shall include technical and vocational guidance and training programmes, policies and techniques to achieve steady economic, social and cultural development and full and productive employment, under conditions safeguarding fundamental political and economic freedoms to the individual".	缔约国在第二款中承认“为充分实现这一权利而采取的步骤应包括技术的和职业的指导和训练，以及在保障个人基本政治和经济自由的条件下达到稳定的经济、社会和文化的发展和充分的生产就业的计划、政策和技术”。
3. These objectives reflect the fundamental purposes and principles of the United Nations as defined in article 1, paragraph 3, of the Charter of the United Nations.	3. 这些目标体现了由《联合国宪章》第一条第三款所界定的联合国的宗旨和原则。
The essence of these objectives is also reflected in article 23, paragraph 1, of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.	这些目标的精髓也体现在《世界人权宣言》第二十三条第一款中。
Since the adoption of the Covenant by the General Assembly in 1966, several universal and regional human rights instruments have recognized the right to work.	自联大1996年通过本公约以来，一些全球和区域人权文书都对工作权利作出了承认。
At the universal level, the right to work is contained in article 8, paragraph 3 (a), of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Civil Rights (ICCPR); in article 5, paragraph (e) (i), of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; in article 11, paragraph 1 (a), of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; in article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child; and in articles 11, 25, 26, 40, 52 and 54 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.	在全球一级，以下公约载有工作权：《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第八条第 3款(甲)项；《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第五条(辰)项(1)目；《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十一条第1款(甲)项；《儿童权利公约》第 32条；和《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第11、第25、第26、第40、第52和第54条。
Several regional instruments recognize the right to work in its general dimension, including the European Social Charter of 1961 and the Revised European Social Charter of 1996 (Part II, art. 1), the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (art. 15) and the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (art. 6),	一些区域文书对工作权利作出总的承认，其中包括1961年《欧洲社会宪章》和1996年经修订的《欧洲社会宪章》(第二部分第1条)，《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》(第15条)和《美洲经济、社会和文化权利领域人权公约附加议定书》(第6条)。
and affirm the principle that respect for the right to work imposes on States parties an obligation to take measures aimed at the realization of full employment.	它们都确认尊重工作权利的原则使缔约国有义务采取旨在实现充分就业的措施。
Similarly, the right to work has been proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in the Declaration on Social Progress and Development, in its resolution 2542 (XXIV) of 11 December 1969 (art. 6).	同样，联合国大会在1969年12月11日第2542(XXIV)号决议所载的《社会进步和发展宣言》(第六条)中也阐述了工作权利。
4. The right to work, as guaranteed in the ICESCR, affirms the obligation of States parties to assure individuals their right to freely chosen or accepted work, including the right not to be deprived of work unfairly.	4. 由《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》保障的工作权利，确认缔约国有义务确保个人有自由选择或接受工作的权利，其中包括有权不被不合理的剥夺工作。
This definition underlines the fact that respect for the individual and his dignity is expressed through the freedom of the individual regarding the choice to work, while emphasizing the importance of work for personal development as well as for social and economic inclusion.	这一定义强调了一个事实，尊重个人及其尊严是通过个人有选择工作的自由而体现的，同时强调了工作对于个人发展以及对于社会和经济包容的重要性。
International Labour Organization Convention No. 122 concerning Employment Policy (1964) speaks of "full, productive and freely chosen employment", linking the obligation of States parties to create the conditions for full employment with the obligation to ensure the absence of forced labour.	国际劳工组织关于就业政策的第122号公约(1964)提到“充分、生产性和自由选择的就业”，将缔约国为充分就业创造条件的义务与确保没有强迫劳动的义务联系在一起。
Nevertheless, for millions of human beings throughout the world, full enjoyment of the right to freely chosen or accepted work remains a remote prospect.	然而，对于全世界成千上万的人来说，充分享有自由选择或可接受的工作权仍然是一种遥远的前景。
The Committee recognizes the existence of structural and other obstacles arising from international factors beyond the control of States which hinder the full enjoyment of article 6 in many States parties.	委员会承认存在非缔约国所能控制的结构障碍和其他由国际因素产生的障碍，在许多缔约国中这些都妨碍了充分享有第六条规定的权利。
5. With the aim of helping States parties to implement the Covenant and discharge their reporting obligations, this general comment deals with the normative content of article 6 (chap. II), the obligations of States parties (chap. III), violations (chap. IV), and implementation at the national level (chap. V), while the obligations of actors other than States parties are covered in chapter VI.	5. 为了协助缔约国执行《公约》并履行它们的报告义务，本一般性意见阐述第六条中的规范性内容(第二章)、缔约国的义务(第三章)、违反(第四章)和国家一级的执行(第五章)、第六章阐述缔约国以外其他行为者的义务。
The general comment is based on the experience gained by the Committee over many years in its consideration of reports of States parties.	委员会多年来审议缔约国报告取得的经验构成本一般性意见的基础。
II. NORMATIVE CONTENT OF THE RIGHT TO WORK	二、工作权利的规范性内容
6. The right to work is an individual right that belongs to each person and is at the same time a collective right.	6. 工作权利是一项属于每一个人的单独权利，同时也是一项集体权利。
It encompasses all forms of work, whether independent work or dependent wage-paid work.	它包含所有形式的工作，无论是独立工作还是依赖性的领薪工作。
The right to work should not be understood as an absolute and unconditional right to obtain employment.	工作权利不应当理解为一项获得就业的绝对和无条件权利。
Article 6, paragraph 1, contains a definition of the right to work and paragraph 2 cites, by way of illustration and in a non-exhaustive manner, examples of obligations incumbent upon States parties.	第六条第一款载有工作权利的定义，第二款以一种说明和非穷尽的方式举例说明了缔约国所负有的义务。
It includes the right of every human being to decide freely to accept or choose work.	它包括每个人有权自由决定接受或选择工作。
This implies not being forced in any way whatsoever to exercise or engage in employment and the right of access to a system of protection guaranteeing each worker access to employment.	这意味着不以任何方式被强迫作出或从事就业，并有权加入一种保障每个工人就业的制度。
It also implies the right not to be unfairly deprived of employment.	它还意味着不被不公平地剥夺就业的权利。
7. Work as specified in article 6 of the Covenant must be decent work.	7. 《公约》第六条规定的工作必须是体面的工作。
This is work that respects the fundamental rights of the human person as well as the rights of workers in terms of conditions of work safety and remuneration.	这种工作尊重人的基本人权以及工人在工作安全和报酬条件方面的权利。
It also provides an income allowing workers to support themselves and their families as highlighted in article 7 of the Covenant.	它所提供的收入能够使工人按照《公约》第七条强调的那样，养活自己和家庭。
These fundamental rights also include respect for the physical and mental integrity of the worker in the exercise of his/her employment.	这些基本权利还包括尊重工人在从事就业时的身体和心理健康。
8. Articles 6, 7 and 8 of the Covenant are interdependent.	8. 《公约》的第六、第七和第八条是互为依存的。
The characterization of work as decent presupposes that it respects the fundamental rights of the worker.	将工作定性为体面的工作预示它尊重工人的基本权利。
Although articles 7 and 8 are closely linked to article 6, they will be dealt with in separate general comments.	尽管第七和第八条与第六条密切联系在一起，但它们将在单独的一般性意见中加以论述。
Reference to articles 7 and 8 will therefore only be made whenever the indivisibility of these rights so requires.	因此，只有在这三条不可分割时才提到第七和第八条。
9. The International Labour Organization defines forced labour as "all work or service which is exacted from any person under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered himself voluntarily".	9. 国际劳工组织将强迫劳动界定为“在所述个人本身并未主动要求而是在威胁施以某种惩罚的条件下，逼迫个人的所有工作或服务”。
The Committee reaffirms the need for States parties to abolish, forbid and counter all forms of forced labour as enunciated in article 4 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 5 of the Slavery Convention and article 8 of the ICCPR.	委员会重申缔约国需要按照《世界人权宣言》第四条，《废止奴隶制公约》第五条和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第八条明确阐述的内容，废除、禁止并打击各种形式的强迫劳动。
10. High unemployment and the lack of secure employment are causes that induce workers to seek employment in the informal sector of the economy.	10. 失业率高和缺乏有保障的就业是引发工人到经济中的非正规部门谋求就业的原因。
States parties must take the requisite measures, legislative or otherwise, to reduce to the fullest extent possible the number of workers outside the formal economy, workers who as a result of that situation have no protection.	缔约国必须采取必要的措施，无论是立法或其他措施，尽最大可能减少正规经济以外的工人人数，因为这些工人在这种状况下没有受到保护。
These measures would compel employers to respect labour legislation and declare their employees, thus enabling the latter to enjoy all the rights of workers, in particular those provided for in articles 6, 7 and 8 of the Covenant.	这些措施将迫使雇主遵守劳务立法，申报其雇员人数，从而使后者能够享有工人的所有权利，特别是《公约》第六、第七和第八条规定的权利。
These measures must reflect the fact that people living in an informal economy do so for the most part because of the need to survive, rather than as a matter of choice.	这些措施必须体现靠非正规经济谋生的人大部分是出于生存的需要，而不是某种选择。
Moreover, domestic and agricultural work must be properly regulated by national legislation so that domestic and agricultural workers enjoy the same level of protection as other workers.	此外，必须由国家立法对家庭和农业工作加以恰当管理，以便使家庭帮工和农业工人像其他工人那样，享有同种水平的保护。
11. ILO Convention No. 158 concerning Termination of Employment (1982) defines the lawfulness of dismissal in its article 4 and in particular imposes the requirement to provide valid grounds for dismissal as well as the right to legal and other redress in the case of unjustified dismissal.	11. 劳工组织关于终止雇用的第158号公约(1982)在第4条中对辞退的合法性作出了界定，并特别要求提供关于辞退的说得过去的理由以及遇有不公正辞退的情况，有权诉诸法律或其他补救。
12. The exercise of work in all its forms and at all levels requires the existence of the following interdependent and essential elements, implementation of which will depend on the conditions present in each State party:	12. 从事各种形式和各种水平的工作要求存在下列相互依存和必不可少的要素，其执行取决于每一缔约国目前的条件：
(a) Availability. States parties must have specialized services to assist and support individuals in order to enable them to identify and find available employment;	(a)可提供性 缔约国必须具备专门的服务，以协助和支持个人，使他们能够找出并找到现存的就业；
(b) Accessibility. The labour market must be open to everyone under the jurisdiction of States parties.	(b)可获取性 劳务市场必须向缔约国管辖下的所有人开放。
Accessibility comprises three dimensions:	可获取性包含三个层面：
(i) Under its article 2, paragraph 2, and article 3, the Covenant prohibits any discrimination in access to and maintenance of employment on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, physical or mental disability, health status (including HIV/AIDS), sexual orientation, or civil, political, social or other status, which has the intention or effect of impairing or nullifying exercise of the right to work on a basis of equality.	(一)《公约》第二条第二款 和第三条禁止在取得和保持就业方面，以种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、民族或社会出身、财产、出生、身体和精神障碍、健康状况(包括艾滋 病毒/艾滋病)、性取向，或公民、政治、社会或其他地位为理由，实行旨在或具有妨碍或破坏以公平为基础的行使工作权效果的歧视。
According to article 2 of ILO Convention No. 111, States parties should "declare and pursue a national policy designed to promote, by methods appropriate to national conditions and practice, equality of opportunity and treatment in respect of employment and occupation, with a view to eliminating any discrimination in respect thereof".	根据劳工组织第111号公约第2条，缔约国应“宣布并奉行旨在通过与国家状况和习惯相辅的做法，促进再就业和职业方面机会和待遇平等，以便消除其中的任何歧视”。
Many measures, such as most strategies and programmes designed to eliminate employment-related discrimination, as emphasized in paragraph 18 of general comment No. 14 (2000) on the right to the highest attainable standard of health, can be pursued with minimum resource implications through the adoption, modification or abrogation of legislation or the dissemination of information.	许多措施，例如“享有能达到的最高健康标准的权利”第14号一般性意见(2000)第18段中所强调的，旨在消除与就业有关的歧视的大部分策略和方案，可通过采纳、修改或废除法律或传播信息，在不涉及财力的情况下加以执行。
The Committee recalls that, even in times of severe resource constraints, disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups must be protected by the adoption of relatively low-cost targeted programmes;	委员会回顾，即便在财力最短缺的时候，也必须通过费用较低的有针对性的方案，保护弱势和被边缘化的个人和群体；
(ii) Physical accessibility is one dimension of accessibility to employment as explained in paragraph 22 of general comment No. 5 on persons with disabilities;	(二)物质条件上的可获取性是就业可能性的一个方面，恰如关于“残疾人”的一般性意见第5号第22段所作出的解释那样；
(iii) Accessibility includes the right to seek, obtain and impart information on the means of gaining access to employment through the establishment of data networks on the employment market at the local, regional, national and international levels;	(三)可获取性包括通过在当地、区域、国家和国际各级建立数据网络，寻求、获得和传播关于取得就业途径的权利；
(c) Acceptability and quality. Protection of the right to work has several components, notably the right of the worker to just and favourable conditions of work, in particular to safe working conditions, the right to form trade unions and the right freely to choose and accept work.	(c)可接受性和平等性 保护工作权利有若干个组成部分，尤其是工人有享有正当和有利的工作条件，特别是安全工作条件的权利，组织工会的权利和自由选择和接受工作的权利。
Special topics of broad application	广泛适用的专项议题
Women and the right to work	妇女与工作权利
13. Article 3 of the Covenant prescribes that States parties undertake to "ensure the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights".	13. 《公约》第三条规定，缔约国承担“保证男子和妇女在一切经济、社会及文化权利方面享有平等的权利”。
The Committee underlines the need for a comprehensive system of protection to combat gender discrimination and to ensure equal opportunities and treatment between men and women in relation to their right to work by ensuring equal pay for work of equal value.	委员会强调，需要有一种全面的保护制度遏制性别歧视，并通过保证同工同酬，确保男女在工作权利方面的机会和待遇平等。
In particular, pregnancies must not constitute an obstacle to employment and should not constitute justification for loss of employment.	具体而言，怀孕绝不能成为就业的障碍，而且不应成为丧失就业的理由。
Lastly, emphasis should be placed on the link between the fact that women often have less access to education than men and certain traditional cultures which compromise the opportunities for the employment and advancement of women.	最后，应当强调与下列事实方面的联系：妇女所受的教育常常低于男子，在某些传统文化中，妇女就业和提升的机会常常受到损害。
Young persons and the right to work	年轻人与工作权利
14. Access to a first job constitutes an opportunity for economic self-reliance and in many cases a means to escape poverty.	14. 获得人生第一个工作就有了经济自立的机会，它在许多情况下成为摆脱贫困的手段。
Young persons, particularly young women, generally have great difficulties in finding initial employment.	年轻人，尤其是年轻妇女，通常在最初就业方面面临巨大困难。
National policies relating to adequate education and vocational training should be adopted and implemented to promote and support access to employment opportunities for young persons, in particular young women.	国家应当通过并落实有关充分教育和职业培训的国家政策，促进并支持年轻人，尤其是年轻妇女的就业机会。
Child labour and the right to work	童工与工作权利
15. The protection of children is covered by article 10 of the Covenant.	15. 《公约》第十条载有对儿童的保护。
The Committee recalls its general comment No. 14 (2000) and in particular paragraphs 22 and 23 on children's right to health, and emphasizes the need to protect children from all forms of work that are likely to interfere with their development or physical or mental health.	委员会回顾其第14号一般性意见(2000)，尤其是关于儿童健康的第22和23段，并强调需要保护儿童免于各种有可能妨碍其发育或身心健康的工作方式。
The Committee reaffirms the need to protect children from economic exploitation, to enable them to pursue their full development and acquire technical and vocational education as indicated in article 6, paragraph 2.	委员会重申，需要保护儿童免遭经济剥削，使儿童能够像第六条第二款所说明的那样，全面发育并获得技术和职业教育。
The Committee also recalls its general comment No. 13 (1999), in particular the definition of technical and vocational education (paras. 15 and 16) as a component of general education.	委员会还回顾其第13号一般性意见(1999)，尤其是作为普及教育一部分的技术和职业教育定义(第15和16段)。
Several international human rights instruments adopted after the ICESCR, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child, expressly recognize the need to protect children and young people against any form of economic exploitation or forced labour.	在《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》之后通过的一些国际人权文书，例如《儿童权利公约》，明确承认需要保护儿童和年轻人免遭任何形式的经济剥削或强迫劳动。
Older persons and the right to work	老年人与工作权利
16. The Committee recalls its general comment No. 6 (1995) on the economic, social and cultural rights of older persons and in particular the need to take measures to prevent discrimination on grounds of age in employment and occupation.	16. 委员会回顾其关于“老年人的经济、社会和文化权利”的第6号一般性意见(1995)，尤其是需要采取措施防止以年龄为理由在就业和职业方面实行歧视。
Persons with disabilities and the right to work	残疾人与工作权利
17. The Committee recalls the principle of non-discrimination in access to employment by persons with disabilities enunciated in its general comment No. 5 (1994) on persons with disabilities.	17. 委员会回顾关于“残疾人”的第5号一般性意见(1994)中所阐述的在残疾人就业方面的无歧视原则。
"The 'right of everyone to the opportunity to gain his living by work which he freely chooses or accepts' is not realized where the only real opportunity open to disabled workers is to work in so-called 'sheltered' facilities under substandard conditions. "	“只要为残疾工人提供的真正就业机会是在所谓‘庇护’设施中不符合标准下的工作，人人有机会通过自由选择或接受的工作谋生的权利就无法实现。”
States parties must take measures enabling persons with disabilities to secure and retain appropriate employment and to progress in their occupational field, thus facilitating their integration or reintegration into society.	缔约国必须采取措施确保残疾人能够获得和保持恰当的就业，并在其专业领域中不断进步，从而促进他们融入或重新融入社会。
Migrant workers and the right to work	移徙工人与工作权利
18. The principle of non-discrimination as set out in article 2.2 of the Covenant and in article 7 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families should apply in relation to employment opportunities for migrant workers and their families.	18. 《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员的权利国际公约》第2条第2款和第7条阐明的无歧视原则，应当在移徙工人及其家庭的就业机会方面得到应用。
In this regard the Committee underlines the need for national plans of action to be devised to respect and promote such principles by all appropriate measures, legislative or otherwise.	在这方面委员会强调，需要制定国家行动计划，通过所有恰当的措施、立法或其他措施，尊重和促进这类原则。
III. STATES PARTIES' OBLIGATIONS	三、缔约国的义务
General legal obligations	一般法律义务
19. The principal obligation of States parties is to ensure the progressive realization of the exercise of the right to work.	19. 缔约国的主要义务是确保行使工作权利的逐步实现。
States parties must therefore adopt, as quickly as possible, measures aiming at achieving full employment.	因此，缔约国必须尽快通过旨在实现充分就业的措施。
While the Covenant provides for progressive realization and acknowledges the constraints due to the limits of available resources, it also imposes on States parties various obligations which are of immediate effect.	而《公约》对逐步实现作出规定，并承认由资源有限造成的制约，它还为缔约国规定了立即生效的各种义务。
States parties have immediate obligations in relation to the right to work, such as the obligation to "guarantee" that it will be exercised "without discrimination of any kind" (art. 2, para. 2) and the obligation "to take steps" (art. 2, para. 1) towards the full realization of article 6.	缔约国在工作权利方面有立即生效的义务，例如“保证”行使工作权利“而无任何歧视”(第二条第二款)和“采取步骤”(第二条第一款)充分实现第六条的义务。
Such steps must be deliberate, concrete and targeted towards the full realization of the right to work.	这类步骤必须意图明确、具体和以充分实现工作权利为目标。
20. The fact that realization of the right to work is progressive and takes place over a period of time should not be interpreted as depriving States parties' obligations of all meaningful content.	20. 实现工作权利是逐步的，并要花一定的时间，这一事实不应解释为取消缔约国义务中有意义的内涵。
It means that States parties have a specific and continuing obligation "to move as expeditiously and effectively as possible" towards the full realization of article 6.	它意味着缔约国具有“尽可能迅速和有效”全面实现第六条的具体和持续不断的义务。
21. As with all other rights in the Covenant, retrogressive measures should in principle not be taken in relation to the right to work.	21. 关于《公约》中的所有其他权利，就工作权利而言，原则上不应采取倒退措施。
If any deliberately retrogressive steps are taken, States parties have the burden of proving that they have been introduced after consideration of all alternatives and that they are duly justified by reference to the totality of the rights provided for in the Covenant in the context of the full use of the States parties' maximum available resources.	如果采取任何故意的倒退步骤，缔约国有举证的责任，证明它们是在考虑了所有替代措施之后采取的，而且在最大限度充分利用了缔约国拥有的资源条件下，权衡《公约》规定的所有权利之后，属于合情合理的。
22. Like all human rights, the right to work imposes three types or levels of obligations on States parties: the obligations to respect, protect and fulfil.	22. 如同所有人权一样，工作权利给缔约国规定了三种类型或三种层次的义务；尊重、保护和实现的义务。
The obligation to respect the right to work requires States parties to refrain from interfering directly or indirectly with the enjoyment of that right.	工作权利的尊重的义务要求缔约国避免直接或间接妨碍享有这种权利。
The obligation to protect requires States parties to take measures that prevent third parties from interfering with the enjoyment of the right to work.	保护的义务要求缔约国采取措施，防止第三方妨碍享有工作权利。
The obligation to fulfil includes the obligations to provide, facilitate and promote that right.	实现的义务包含提供、便利和促进这种权利的义务。
It implies that States parties should adopt appropriate legislative, administrative, budgetary, judicial and other measures to ensure its full realization.	它意味着，缔约国应当采取恰当的立法、行政、预算、司法和其他措施，确保全面实现。
Specific legal obligations	具体法律义务
23. States parties are under the obligation to respect the right to work by, inter alia, prohibiting forced or compulsory labour and refraining from denying or limiting equal access to decent work for all persons, especially disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups, including prisoners or detainees,members of minorities and migrant workers.	23. 缔约国有义务尊重工作权利，尤其是通过禁止强迫或强加劳动和避免拒绝或限制所有人平等获得体面的工作，尤其是弱势和遭边缘化的个人和群体，其中包括囚犯或在押犯，少数群体成员和移徙工人。
In particular, States parties are bound by the obligation to respect the right of women and young persons to have access to decent work and thus to take measures to combat discrimination and to promote equal access and opportunities.	尤其是，缔约国有义务必须尊重妇女和年轻人获得体面工作的权利，进而采取措施，减少歧视并促进平等获得机会。
24. With regard to the obligations of States parties relating to child labour as set out in article 10 of the Covenant, States parties must take effective measures, in particular legislative measures, to prohibit labour of children under the age of 16. Further, they have to prohibit all forms of economic exploitation and forced labour of children.	24. 关于缔约国按照《公约》第十条的规定对童工的义务，缔约国必须采取有效的措施，尤其是立法措施，禁止16岁以下的童工，此外，缔约国必须禁止对儿童的各种形式的经济剥削和强迫劳动。
States parties must adopt effective measures to ensure that the prohibition of child labour will be fully respected.	缔约国必须采取有效措施，确保禁止童工规定得到充分尊重。
25. Obligations to protect the right to work include, inter alia, the duties of States parties to adopt legislation or to take other measures ensuring equal access to work and training and to ensure that privatization measures do not undermine workers' rights.	25. 保护工作权利的义务，除其他外，包括缔约国有责任通过立法或采取其他措施，确保平等获得工作和培训，确保私有化措施不损害工人的权利。
Specific measures to increase the flexibility of labour markets must not render work less stable or reduce the social protection of the worker.	扩大劳务市场灵活性的具体措施绝不能使工作稳定性减少，或降低对工人的社会保护。
The obligation to protect the right to work includes the responsibility of States parties to prohibit forced or compulsory labour by non-State actors.	保护工作权利的义务包括缔约国有责任禁止非国家角色的强迫或强制劳动。
26. States parties are obliged to fulfil (provide) the right to work when individuals or groups are unable, for reasons beyond their control, to realize that right themselves by the means at their disposal.	26. 缔约国有义务，当个人或群体不可能或由于无法控制的原因靠他们所拥有的手段无法实现工作权利的时候，为之实现(提供)工作权利。
This obligation includes, inter alia, the obligation to recognize the right to work in national legal systems and to adopt a national policy on the right to work as well as a detailed plan for its realization.	这一义务除其他外，包括由本国法律系统承认工作权利，采取一项有关工作权利的国家政策，以及实现这一权利的详细计划。
The right to work requires formulation and implementation by States parties of an employment policy with a view to "stimulating economic growth and development, raising levels of living, meeting manpower requirements and overcoming unemployment and underemployment".	工作权利要求缔约国制定和执行一项政策，以便“刺激经济增长和发展，提高生活水平，满足人力需要，并克服失业和就业不足”。
It is in this context that effective measures to increase the resources allocated to reducing the unemployment rate, in particular among women, the disadvantaged and marginalized, should be taken by States parties.	正是在这种情况下，缔约国应当采取有效措施，增加为减少失业率拨出的财政资源，尤其是减少妇女、弱势和遭排斥群体的失业率。
The Committee emphasizes the need to establish a compensation mechanism in the event of loss of employment, as well as the obligation to take appropriate measures for the establishment of employment services (public or private) at the national and local levels.	委员会强调，需要建立一种在丧失就业情况下的补偿机制，以及有义务采取恰当措施，在国家和当地一级开办就业服务(公共或私营)。
Further, the obligation to fulfil (provide) the right to work includes the implementation by States parties of plans to counter unemployment.	另外，实现(提供)工作权利的义务包括缔约国执行对付失业问题的计划。
27. The obligation to fulfil (facilitate) the right to work requires States parties, inter alia, to take positive measures to enable and assist individuals to enjoy the right to work and to implement technical and vocational education plans to facilitate access to employment.	27. 实现(便利)工作权利的义务，要求缔约国除其他外，采取积极措施，使个人并帮助个人享有工作权利，并实施技术和职业教育计划，促进获得就业。
28. The obligation to fulfil (promote) the right to work requires States parties to undertake, for example, educational and informational programmes to instil public awareness on the right to work.	28. 实现(促进)工作权利的义务，要求缔约国承办例如教育和信息方案，使公众提高对工作权利的认识。
International obligations	国际义务
29. In its general comment No. 3 (1990) the Committee draws attention to the obligation of all States parties to take steps individually and through international assistance and cooperation, especially economic and technical, towards the full realization of the rights recognized in the Covenant.	29. 委员会在第3号一般性意见(1990)中提醒所有缔约国注意单独采取步骤和通过国际援助和合作，特别是经济和技术合作，全面实现《公约》承认的权利的义务。
In the spirit of Article 56 of the Charter of the United Nations and specific provisions of the Covenant (arts. 2.1, 6, 22 and 23), States parties should recognize the essential role of international cooperation and comply with their commitment to take joint and separate action to achieve the full realization of the right to work.	本着《联合国宪章》第五十六条和《公约》的具体规定(第二条第一款、第六条、第二十二条和第二十三条)的精神，缔约国应当承认国际合作的重要作用，并尊重采取共同和单独行动争取全面实现工作权利。
States parties should, through international agreements where appropriate, ensure that the right to work as set forth in articles 6, 7 and 8 of the Covenant is given due attention.	缔约国应酌情通过国际协议，确保《公约》第六、第七和第八条规定的工作权利受到应有的重视。
30. To comply with their international obligations in relation to article 6, States parties should endeavour to promote the right to work in other countries as well as in bilateral and multilateral negotiations.	30. 缔约国为遵守与第六条有关的国际义务，应在其他国家以及双边和多边谈判中促进工作权利。
In negotiations with international financial institutions, States parties should ensure protection of the right to work of their population.	缔约国在与国际金融机构谈判时，应当确保保护其人口的工作权利。
States parties that are members of international financial institutions, in particular the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and regional development banks, should pay greater attention to the protection of the right to work in influencing the lending policies, credit agreements, structural adjustment programmes and international measures of these institutions.	作为国际金融机构，尤其是国际货币基金、世界银行和区域发展银行成员的缔约国，应当在影响到这些机构的借贷政策、信贷协议、结构调整方案和国际措施方面，更多地重视对工作权利的保护。
The strategies, programmes and policies adopted by States parties under structural adjustment programmes should not interfere with their core obligations in relation to the right to work and impact negatively on the right to work of women, young persons and the disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups.	因此，缔约国根据结构调整方案采用的战略、方案和政策，不应当妨碍其涉及工作权利的核心义务，并对妇女、青年人和弱势及遭到排斥的个人和群体的工作权利产生消极影响。
Core obligations	核心义务
31. In general comment No. 3 (1990) the Committee confirms that States parties have a core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of minimum essential levels of each of the rights covered by the Covenant.	31. 委员会在第3号一般性意见(1990)中确认缔约国的核心义务是确保达到《公约》所涵盖的每一项权利的最起码基本水平。
In the context of article 6, this "core obligation" encompasses the obligation to ensure non-discrimination and equal protection of employment.	就第六条而言，这一“核心义务”包含确保无歧视和平等保护就业的义务。
Discrimination in the field of employment comprises a broad cluster of violations affecting all stages of life, from basic education to retirement, and can have a considerable impact on the work situation of individuals and groups.	就业领域中的歧视包含范围广泛的侵权行为，它们影响到生活的各个阶段，从基本教育到退休，并且对个人和群体的工作状况产生相当大的影响。
Accordingly, these core obligations include at least the following requirements:	因此，这些核心义务至少包括下列要求：
(a) To ensure the right of access to employment, especially for disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups, permitting them to live a life of dignity;	(a)保证获得就业的权利，尤其是对于弱势和遭边缘化的个人和群体来说更是如此，使他们能够过一种有尊严的生活；
(b) To avoid any measure that results in discrimination and unequal treatment in the private and public sectors of disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups or in weakening mechanisms for the protection of such individuals and groups;	(b)避免任何措施在私营和公共部门对弱势和遭排斥的个人和群体造成歧视和不平等待遇，削弱对这类个人和群体的保护机制；
(c) To adopt and implement a national employment strategy and plan of action based on and addressing the concerns of all workers on the basis of a participatory and transparent process that includes employers' and workers' organizations.	(c)以一种包含雇主和工人组织在内的参与和透明进程，根据全体工人关注的问题，通过并执行一项解决这类关切的国家就业战略和行动计划。
Such an employment strategy and plan of action should target disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups in particular and include indicators and benchmarks by which progress in relation to the right to work can be measured and periodically reviewed.	这种就业战略和行动计划应当以弱势和遭排斥的个人和群体为对象，并特别应当包括能够衡量和定期审查就工作权利取得进展的指标和基准。
IV. VIOLATIONS	四、违反
32. A distinction should be drawn between the inability and the unwillingness of States parties to comply with their obligations under article 6.	32. 应当明确区分缔约国没有能力与缺乏意愿遵守第六条义务的情况。
This follows from article 6, paragraph 1, which guarantees the right of everyone to the opportunity to gain his living by work that he freely chooses or accepts, and article 2, paragraph 1, which places an obligation on each State party to undertake the necessary measures "to the maximum of its available resources".	它源于第六条第一款，该款保证人人应有机会凭自由选择和接受的工作来谋生的权利；和第二条第一款，根据该款，每一缔约国承担“尽最大能力”采取必要措施。
The obligations of States parties must be interpreted in the light of these two articles.	应根据这两条对缔约国的义务作出解释。
States parties that are unwilling to use the maximum of their available resources for the realization of the right to work are in violation of their obligations under article 6.	不愿意尽最大能力实现工作权利的缔约国违反了第六条的义务。
Nevertheless, resource constraints may explain the difficulties a State party may encounter in fully guaranteeing the right to work, to the extent that the State party demonstrates that it has used all available resources at its disposal in order to fulfil, as a matter of priority, the obligations outlined above.	然而，能力方面受到的限制可解释一缔约国在充分保障工作权利方面遇到的困难，其程度在于，缔约国显示已使用了所拥有的最大能力，以便作为优先事项履行以上概述的义务。
Violations of the right to work can occur through the direct action of States or State entities, or through the lack of adequate measures to promote employment.	违反工作权利可在以下情况下发生：国家或国家实体采取这些行动，或缺乏充分措施促进就业。
Violations through acts of omission occur, for example, when States parties do not regulate the activities of individuals or groups to prevent them from impeding the right of others to work.	表现为不作为的违反行为包括，例如，缔约国不对个人或群体的活动作出规定，以防止他们妨碍其他人的工作权利。
Violations through acts of commission include forced labour; the formal repeal or suspension of legislation necessary for continued enjoyment of the right to work; denial of access to work to particular individuals or groups, whether such discrimination is based on legislation or practice; and the adoption of legislation or policies which are manifestly incompatible with international obligations in relation to the right to work.	表现为作为的违反行为包括强迫劳动；正式废除或终止持续享有工作权利所必备的立法；剥夺某些个人或群体获得工作，而无论这种歧视所基于的是立法还是惯例；采用明显违背与工作权利有关的国际义务的立法或政策。
Violations of the obligation to respect	违反尊重的义务
33. Violations of the obligation to respect the right to work include laws, policies and actions that contravene the standards laid down in article 6 of the Covenant.	33. 违反尊重工作权利义务的行为包括与《公约》第六条规定的标准相抵触的法律、政策和行动。
In particular, any discrimination in access to the labour market or to means and entitlements for obtaining employment on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, age, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or any other situation with the aim of impairing the equal enjoyment or exercise of economic, social and cultural rights constitutes a violation of the Covenant.	具体而言，任何基于种族、肤色、性别、语言、年龄、宗教、政治或其他见解、民族或社会出身、财产、出生，或以妨碍平等享有或行使经济、社会和文化权利为目的的其他情况，在进入劳务市场或获得就业途径和权利方面的歧视，均构成对《公约》的违反。
The principle of non-discrimination mentioned in article 2, paragraph 2, of the Covenant is immediately applicable and is neither subject to progressive implementation nor dependent on available resources.	《公约》第二条第二款中提到的无歧视原则应当立即适用，它既不受逐步实施的限制，也不依赖所拥有的资源。
It is directly applicable to all aspects of the right to work.	它直接适用于工作权利的所有方面。
The failure of States parties to take into account their legal obligations regarding the right to work when entering into bilateral or multilateral agreements with other States, international organizations and other entities such as multinational entities constitutes a violation of their obligation to respect the right to work.	缔约国在与其他国家、国际组织和其他实体，例如，多边实体达成双边或多边协议时不考虑其关于工作权利的法律义务，构成对尊重工作权利义务的违反。
34. As for all other rights in the Covenant, there is a strong presumption that retrogressive measures taken in relation to the right to work are not permissible.	34. 至于《公约》中的所有其他权利，一般都认定，就工作权利采取倒退措施是不能允许的。
Such retrogressive measures include, inter alia, denial of access to employment to particular individuals or groups, whether such discrimination is based on legislation or practice, abrogation or suspension of the legislation necessary for the exercise of the right to work or the adoption of laws or policies that are manifestly incompatible with international legal obligations relating to the right to work.	这类倒退措施除其他外，包括拒绝某些个人或群体获得工作，而无论这种歧视基于的是立法还是习惯，废除或终止行使工作权利所必要的立法，或通过明显与工作权利方面的国际法律义务相违背的法律或政策。
An example would be the institution of forced labour or the abrogation of legislation protecting the employee against unlawful dismissal.	一个例子是规定强迫劳动，或废除保护员工免遭非法解雇的立法。
Such measures would constitute a violation of States parties' obligation to respect the right to work.	这类措施构成对缔约国尊重工作权利的违反。
Violations of the obligation to protect	违反保护的义务
35. Violations of the obligation to protect follow from the failure of States parties to take all necessary measures to safeguard persons within their jurisdiction from infringements of the right to work by third parties.	35. 缔约国未能采取一切必要措施保障其管辖内的个人的工作权利不受第三方的损害，即造成违反保护义务。
They include omissions such as the failure to regulate the activities of individuals, groups or corporations so as to prevent them from violating the right to work of others; or the failure to protect workers against unlawful dismissal.	违反包括如下不作为，例如未能对个人、群体或公司的活动作出约束，从而防止他们侵犯其他人的工作权利；或未能保护工人免遭非法解雇。
Violations of the obligation to fulfil	违反实现的义务
36. Violations of the obligation to fulfil occur through the failure of States parties to take all necessary steps to ensure the realization of the right to work.	36. 缔约国未能采取一切必要步骤保证实现工作权利，即造成违反实现的义务。
Examples include the failure to adopt or implement a national employment policy designed to ensure the right to work for everyone; insufficient expenditure or misallocation of public funds which results in the non-enjoyment of the right to work by individuals or groups, particularly the disadvantaged and marginalized; the failure to monitor the realization of the right to work at the national level, for example, by identifying right-to-work indicators and benchmarks; and the failure to implement technical and vocational training programmes.	例子包括：未能采用或执行旨在确保所有人工作权利的国家就业政策；支出不足或滥用公共基金造成个人或群体，尤其是弱势和遭排斥群体不能享受工作权利；未能在国家一级监督实现工作权利，例如找出工作权利的指标和基准；未能执行技术和职业培训方案。
V. IMPLEMENTATION AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL	五、国家一级的执行
37. In accordance with article 2, paragraph 1, of the Covenant, States parties are required to utilize "all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures" for the implementation of their Covenant obligations.	37. 根据《公约》第二条第一款，要求缔约国“尽最大能力，尤其包括用立法方式”落实其《公约》义务。
Every State party has a margin of discretion in assessing which measures are most suitable to meet its specific circumstances.	每一缔约国在评估哪些措施最适宜满足其具体情况方面有一定的酌处余地。
The Covenant, however, clearly imposes a duty on each State party to take whatever steps are necessary to ensure that everyone is protected from unemployment and insecurity in employment and can enjoy the right to work as soon as possible.	然而，《公约》明确规定每一缔约国有义务采取一切必要步骤，确保在就业方面人人受到失业或就业无保障方面的保护，并尽快享有工作权利。
Legislation, strategies and policies	立法、战略和政策
38. States parties should consider the adoption of specific legislative measures for the implementation of the right to work.	38. 缔约国应考虑采取具体立法措施落实工作权利。
Those measures should (a) establish national mechanisms to monitor implementation of employment strategies and national plans of action and (b) contain provisions on numerical targets and a time frame for implementation.	这些措施包括：(a) 建立国家机制，监督就业政策和国家行动计划的执行；(b) 就数量指标和执行的期限作出规定。
They should also provide (c) means of ensuring compliance with the benchmarks established at the national level and (d) the involvement of civil society, including experts on labour issues, the private sector and international organizations.	缔约国还应当提供(c) 确保遵守国家一级定立的基准的手段；(d) 吸收公民社会，包括劳务问题专家在内，私营部门和国际组织的参与。
In monitoring progress on realization of the right to work, States parties should identify the factors and difficulties affecting the fulfilment of their obligations.	在监督实现工作权利进展方面，缔约国应当找出影响履行上述义务的因素和困难。
39. Collective bargaining is a tool of fundamental importance in the formulation of employment policies.	39. 集体谈判在制定就业政策方面具有根本的重要性。
40. United Nations agencies and programmes should, upon States parties' request, assist in drafting and reviewing relevant legislation.	40. 联合国各机构和方案应当根据缔约国的要求，协助起草和审评相关的立法。
The ILO, for example, has considerable expertise and accumulated knowledge concerning legislation in the field of employment.	例如，国际劳工组织在就业立法方面具有相当好的技能和累积的知识。
41. States parties should adopt a national strategy, based on human rights principles aimed at progressively ensuring full employment for all.	41. 缔约国应当基于旨在逐步确保所有人充分就业的人权原则，通过一项国家战略。
Such a national strategy also imposes a requirement to identify the resources available to States parties for achieving their objectives as well as the most cost-effective ways of using them.	这种国家战略还应当规定缔约国查明其所拥有的实现目标的资源以及利用这些资源的最具成本效益的途径。
42. The formulation and implementation of a national employment strategy should involve full respect for the principles of accountability, transparency, and participation by interested groups.	42. 制定和执行国家就业战略应当包括全面遵守问责、透明、利益相当方参与等原则。
The right of individuals and groups to participate in decision-making should be an integral part of all policies, programmes and strategies intended to implement the obligations of States parties under article 6.	个人和群体参与决策的权利应当成为目的在于落实缔约国第六条义务的所有政策、方案和战略的一部分。
The promotion of employment also requires effective involvement of the community and, more specifically, of associations for the protection and promotion of the rights of workers and trade unions in the definition of priorities, decision-making, planning, implementation and evaluation of the strategy to promote employment.	促进就业也应当要求社区的有效参与，更具体说，各种协会保护和促进工人的权利，以及工会确定优先任务、决策、规划、执行和评估促进就业战略。
43. To create conditions favourable to the enjoyment of the right to work, States parties must also take appropriate measures to ensure that both the private and public sectors reflect an awareness of the right to work in their activities.	43. 为了创造有利于享有工作权利的条件，缔约国还必须采取适当措施，确保私营和公共部门在其活动中体现对工作权利的认识。
44. The national employment strategy must take particular account of the need to eliminate discrimination in access to employment.	44. 国家就业战略必须特别考虑到在获得就业方面消除歧视的必要。
It must ensure equal access to economic resources and to technical and vocational training, particularly for women, disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups, and should respect and protect self-employment as well as employment with remuneration that enables workers and their families to enjoy an adequate standard of living as stipulated in article 7 (a) (ii) of the Covenant.	它必须确保尤其是妇女、弱势和被边缘化的个人和群体，平等获得经济资源以及技术和职业培训，应当尊重和保护自食其力的就业以及就业的薪水能够使工人及其家庭享有《公约》第七条(甲)项(2)目规定的适足生活标准。
45. States parties should develop and maintain mechanisms to monitor progress towards the realization of the right to freely chosen or accepted employment, to identify the factors and difficulties affecting the degree of compliance with their obligations and to facilitate the adoption of corrective legislative and administrative measures, including measures to implement their obligations under articles 2.1 and 23 of the Covenant.	45. 缔约国应当发展和保持监督朝着实现自由选择或可接受的就业方向取得进展的机制，找出影响其尊重义务的因素和困难，并推动通过纠正性立法和行动措施，包括落实《公约》第二条第一款和第二十三条义务的措施。
Indicators and benchmarks	指标和基准
46. A national employment strategy must define indicators on the right to work.	46. 国家就业政策必须对工作权利的指标作出界定。
The indicators should be designed to monitor effectively, at the national level, the compliance by States parties with their obligations under article 6 and should be based on ILO indicators such as the rate of unemployment, underemployment and the ratio of formal to informal work. Indicators developed by the ILO that apply to the preparation of labour statistics may be useful in the preparation of a national employment plan.	指标的设计应当有效在国家一级有效监督缔约国遵守第六条的情况，并应当与国际劳工组织的指标为基础，例如失业率、失业与正规和非正规工作的比率，国际劳工组织由于编制劳工统计数据所定的指标可能对编制国家就业计划有用。
47. Having identified appropriate right to work indicators, States parties are invited to set appropriate national benchmarks in relation to each indicator.	47. 缔约国在确定了恰当的工作权利指标之后，应订立与每一指标相对应的恰当国家基准。
During the periodic reporting procedure the Committee will engage in a process of "scoping" with the State party.	在定期报告程序中，委员会将与缔约国开展“认真研究”工作。
Scoping involves the joint consideration by the State party and the Committee of the indicators and national benchmarks which will then provide the targets to be achieved during the next reporting period.	认真研究包括缔约国和委员会共同审议指标和国家基准，它们界时将成为在下一个报告期内实现的目标。
During the following five years the State party will use these national benchmarks to help monitor its implementation of the right to work.	在随后的5年中，缔约国将使用这类国家基准帮助监督工作权利的落实。
Thereafter, in the subsequent reporting process, the State party and the Committee will consider whether or not the benchmarks have been achieved and the reasons for any difficulties that may have been encountered.	此后，缔约国和委员会在随后的报告观察中，将审议是否达到了基准，以及所遇到的任何困难的原因。
Further, when setting benchmarks and preparing their reports States parties should utilize the extensive information and advisory services of specialized agencies with regard to data collection and disaggregation.	而且，缔约国在确定基准和编写报告时，应当就数据搜集和细分，利用专门机构的广泛信息和咨询服务。
Remedies and accountability	补救与问责
48. Any person or group who is a victim of a violation of the right to work should have access to effective judicial or other appropriate remedies at the national level.	48. 作为违反工作权利受害者的任何个人或群体，应能在国家一级利用有效的司法或其他恰当补救。
At the national level trade unions and human rights commissions should play an important role in defending the right to work.	在国家一级，工会和人权委员会应当在捍卫工作权利方面发挥重要的作用。
All victims of such violations are entitled to adequate reparation, which may take the form of restitution, compensation, satisfaction or a guarantee of non-repetition.	这类侵权行为的所有受害者有权获得充分赔偿，所采取的形式可包括恢复原状、赔偿、补偿或保证不再发生。
49. Incorporation of international instruments setting forth the right to work into the domestic legal order, in particular the relevant ILO conventions, should strengthen the effectiveness of measures taken to guarantee the right to work and is encouraged.	49. 将缔结工作权利的国际文书，特别是相关的国际劳工组织公约融入本国的法律体系，应当加强为保证工作权利所采取的措施的有效性，并应受到鼓励。
The incorporation of international instruments recognizing the right to work into the domestic legal order, or the recognition of their direct applicability, significantly enhances the scope and effectiveness of remedial measures and is encouraged in all cases.	将承认工作权利的国际文书纳入国内法律体系或承认其直接可适用性，大大加强了补救措施的范围和效力，应当在所有情况下予以鼓励。
Courts would then be empowered to adjudicate violations of the core content of the right to work by directly applying obligations under the Covenant.	应当赋予法院以直接适用《公约》义务的权力，从而对违反工作权利核心内容的案例作出判决。
50. Judges and other law enforcement authorities are invited to pay greater attention to violations of the right to work in the exercise of their functions.	50. 请法官和其他执法机关在行使职能时，更多地重视违反工作权利的案例。
51. States parties should respect and protect the work of human rights defenders and other members of civil society, in particular the trade unions, who assist disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups in the realization of their right to work.	51. 缔约国应当尊重并保护人权捍卫者以及公民社会的其他成员，尤其是工会，是它们帮助弱势和受到排斥的个人和群体实现其工作权利。
VI. OBLIGATIONS OF ACTORS OTHER THAN STATES PARTIES	六、缔约国以外的其他行为者的义务
52. While only States are parties to the Covenant and are thus ultimately accountable for compliance with it, all members of society - individuals, local communities, trade unions, civil society and private sector organizations - have responsibilities regarding the realization of the right to work.	52. 虽然只有国家才能是《公约》的缔约国，从而对遵守《公约》负有最终责任，但社会中的所有成员――个人、当地社区、工会、公民社会和私营部门组织――对于实现工作权利均负有责任。
States parties should provide an environment facilitating the discharge of these obligations.	缔约国应当为促进履行这些义务提供环境。
Private enterprises - national and multinational - while not bound by the Covenant, have a particular role to play in job creation, hiring policies and non-discriminatory access to work.	私营企业――无论是本国的还是跨国的――虽然不受《公约》的约束，但在创造就业，雇用政策和无歧视找工作方面发挥集体性作用。
They should conduct their activities on the basis of legislation, administrative measures, codes of conduct and other appropriate measures promoting respect for the right to work, agreed between the government and civil society.	它们应当根据立法、行政措施、行为守则和由政府与公民社会达成的促进尊重工作权利的其他恰当措施从事活动。
Such measures should recognize the labour standards elaborated by the ILO and aim at increasing the awareness and responsibility of enterprises in the realization of the right to work.	这类措施应当承认国际劳工组织制定的劳工标准，并提高企业在实现工作权利方面的认识和责任。
53. The role of the United Nations agencies and programmes, and in particular the key function of the ILO in protecting and implementing the right to work at the international, regional and national levels, is of particular importance.	53. 联合国机构和方案的作用，尤其是劳工组织在国际、区域和国家三级促进和执行工作权利方面的作用尤为重要。
Regional institutions and instruments, where they exist, also play an important role in ensuring the right to work.	凡存在区域机构和文书时，在确保工作权利方面，它们也应当发挥重要作用。
When formulating and implementing their national employment strategies, States parties should avail themselves of the technical assistance and cooperation offered by the ILO.	缔约国在制定和执行国家就业战略时，应当利用劳工组织提供的技术援助和合作。
When preparing their reports, States parties should also use the extensive information and advisory services provided by the ILO for data collection and disaggregation as well as the development of indicators and benchmarks.	在编写报告时，缔约国还应当为数据搜集和细分，以及制定指标和基准，利用劳工组织提供的广泛信息和咨询服务。
In conformity with articles 22 and 23 of the Covenant, the ILO and the other specialized agencies of the United Nations, the World Bank, regional development banks, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization and other relevant bodies within the United Nations system should cooperate effectively with States parties to implement the right to work at the national level, bearing in mind their own mandates.	按照《公约》第二十二和第二十三条，劳工组织和联合国其他专门机构，世界银行、区域发展银行、国际货币基金、世界贸易组织和联合国系统中的其他有关机构，应当与缔约国有效开展合作，在国家一级落实劳工权利，同时铭记其本身的任务授权。
International financial institutions should pay greater attention to the protection of the right to work in their lending policies and credit agreements.	国际金融机构应当在借贷政策和信贷协议中，更多地重视对工作权利的保护。
In accordance with paragraph 9 of general comment No. 2 (1990), particular efforts should be made to ensure that the right to work is protected in all structural adjustment programmes.	根据第2号一般性意见(1990)第9段，应当特别作出努力，确保在所有结构调整方案中保护工作权利。
When examining the reports of States parties and their ability to meet their obligations under article 6, the Committee will consider the effects of the assistance provided by actors other than States parties.	委员会在审查缔约国的报告和履行第六条义务的能力时，将审议缔约国以外的其他角色提供帮助的效果。
54. Trade unions play a fundamental role in ensuring respect for the right to work at the local and national levels and in assisting States parties to comply with their obligations under article 6.	54. 工会为确保在当地和国家两级尊重工作权利，并协助缔约国遵守第六条义务方面发挥着极为重要的作用。
The role of trade unions is fundamental and will continue to be considered by the Committee in its consideration of the reports of States parties.	工会的作用至关重要，并且在委员会审议缔约国报告时将继续给予重视。
Notes	注
See the preamble to ILO Convention No. 168, 1988: "… the importance of work and productive employment in any society not only because of the resources which they create for the community, but also because of the income which they bring to workers, the social role which they confer and the feeling of self-esteem which workers derive from them."	见国际劳工组织第168号公约(1988年)序言部分：“强调所有社会中劳动和生产性就业的重要性，这不仅是因为他们可为社会创造财富，而且因为他们给工人带来收入，赋予工人社会责任和使工人有自尊感”。
Commission on Human Rights, eleventh session, agenda item 31, A/3525 (1957).	人权委员会第十一届会议，议程项目31, A/3525(1957)。
ILO Convention No. 29 concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour, 1930, article 2, paragraph 1; see also paragraph 2. ILO Convention No. 105 concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour, 1957.	劳工组织第29号公约《1930年强迫劳动公约》，第二条第一款；又见劳工组织第105号公约《1957年废除强迫劳动公约》。
Only some of these topics feature in articles 2.2 and 3 of the Covenant.	仅部分这类专题出现在《公约》第二条第二款和第三条中。
The others have been inferred from the practice of the Committee or from legislation or judicial practice in a growing number of States parties.	其他专题是由委员会习惯做法或从为数越来越多的缔约国立法或司法实践中引申出来的。
See general comment No. 3 (1990), The nature of States parties' obligations, paragraph 12.	见关于缔约国义务的性质的第3号一般性意见(1990)，第12段。
See general comment No. 16 (2005) on article 3: the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights, paragraphs 23-25.	见关于第三条：男女享有所有经济、社会和文化权利的平等权利的第16号一般性意见(2005)，第23-25段。
See the Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989, article 32, paragraph 1, reflected in the second preambular paragraph of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography.	见1989年《儿童权利公约》第32条第1款，反映在《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》序言部分第2段中。
See also article 3, paragraph 1, of the Protocol, on forced labour.	又见《强迫劳动议定书》第三条第1款。
See general comment No. 6 (1995) on the economic, social and cultural rights of older persons, paragraph 22 (and paragraph 24 on retirement).	见关于老龄人的经济、社会、文化权利的第6号一般性意见(1995)，第22段(和关于退休问题的第24段)。
See general comment No. 5 (1994) on persons with disabilities, including other references in paragraphs 20-24.	见关于残疾人的第5号一般性意见(1994)，其中包括第20-24段中提到的内容。
See ILO Convention No. 159 concerning Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons), 1983.	见劳工组织第159号公约《1983年(残疾人)职业康复和就业公约》。
See article 1, paragraph 2, on access to employment.	见关于就业的第一条第2款。
See also the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities, proclaimed by the General Assembly in it resolution 48/96 of 20 December 1993.	又见联大1993年12月20日第48/96号决议中公布的《关于残疾人获得平等机会的标准规则》。
See general comment No. 3 (1990) on the nature of States parties' obligations, paragraph 1.	见关于缔约国义务的性质的第3号一般性意见(1990)，第1段。
Ibid, para. 2.	同上，第2段。
Ibid, para. 9.	同上，第9段。
Ibid, para. 9.	同上，第9段。
If offered on a voluntary basis.	如果是以自愿为基础提供的。
On the question of the work of prisoners, see also the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners and article 2 of the ILO Convention (No. 29) concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour.	关于囚犯工作问题，又见《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》和劳工组织公约(第29号)《强迫劳动公约》第二条。
See Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 31, paragraph 1.	见《儿童权利公约》第31条第1款。
See ILO Convention on the Worst Forms of Child Labour, article 2, paragraph 7, and the Committee's general comment No. 13 on the right to education.	见劳工组织《最恶劣的童工形式公约》第2条第7款和委员会关于受教育权的第13号一般性意见。
See ILO Convention No. 122 concerning Employ Policy, 1964, article 1, paragraph 1.	见劳工组织第122号公约《1964年就业政策公约》第一条第1款。
See ILO Convention No. 88 concerning the Organization of the Employment Service, 1948.	见劳工组织第88号公约《1948年组织就业服务公约》。
See ILO Convention No. 88 and, similarly, ILO Convention No. 2 concerning Unemployment, 1919.	见劳工组织第88号公约和及类似的劳工组织第2号公约《1919年失业公约》。
See also ILO Convention No. 168 concerning Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment, 1988.	另见劳工组织第168号公约《1988年促进就业和失业保护公约》。
See general comment No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food, paragraph 26.	见关于取得足够食物的权利的第12号一般性意见(1999)，第26段。
See ILO Convention No. 160 concerning Labour Statistics, in particular, its articles 1 and 2.	见劳工组织第160号公约《劳动统计公约》，特别是第一和第二条。