CESCR/GC/19 CESCR_GC_19E.doc (English)	CESCR/GC/19 CESCR_GC_19C.doc (Chinese)
CESCR	CESCR
General comment No. 19:	第19号一般性意见：
The right to social security (art. 9)	社会保障的权利(第九条)
Thirty-ninth session (2007)	第三十九届会议(2007年)
I. INTRODUCTION	一、导言
1. Article 9 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the Covenant) provides that, ‘The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to social security, including social insurance. '	1. 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》(下称《公约》)第九条规定：“本公约缔约各国承认人人有权享受社会保障，包括社会保险。”
The right to social security is of central importance in guaranteeing human dignity for all persons when they are faced with circumstances that deprive them of their capacity to fully realize their Covenant rights.	在人们面临无法充分实现《公约》所赋予的权利的困境时，社会保障的权利对于确保所有人的人类尊严是极为重要的。
2. The right to social security encompasses the right to access and maintain benefits, whether in cash or in kind, without discrimination in order to secure protection, inter alia, from (a) lack of work-related income caused by sickness, disability, maternity, employment injury, unemployment, old age, or death of a family member; (b) unaffordable access to health care; (c) insufficient family support, particularly for children and adult dependents.	2. 社会保障的权利包括在没有歧视的情况下获得和保留现金或实物福利的权利，以便，除其他外，保护人们免受(a) 因为疾病、残疾、分娩、工伤、失业、年老或家庭成员死亡而丧失工资收入；(b) 无钱求医；(c) 无力养家，尤其是赡养儿童与成年家属。
3. Social security, through its redistributive character, plays an important role in poverty reduction and alleviation, preventing social exclusion and promoting social inclusion.	3. 由于其再分配的性质，社会保障在减少和减缓贫困、防止社会排斥以及推动社会包容等方面发挥了重要的作用。
4. In accordance with article 2 (1), States parties to the Covenant must take effective measures, and periodically revise them when necessary, within their maximum available resources, to fully realize the right of all persons without any discrimination to social security, including social insurance.	4. 根据第二条第一款，《公约》缔约国必须尽最大能力采取有效措施，并定期作出必要的修订，在没有歧视的情况下充分实现所有人的社会保障的权利，其中包括社会保险。
The wording of article 9 of the Covenant indicates that the measures that are to be used to provide social security benefits cannot be defined narrowly and, in any event, must guarantee all peoples a minimum enjoyment of this human right.	《公约》第九条的措词表明，为提供社会保障福利而采用的措施的定义不能过于狭窄，而且在任何情况下，都必须确保所有人享有最低限度的人权。
These measures can include:	这些措施可以包括：
(a) Contributory or insurance-based schemes such as social insurance, which is expressly mentioned in article 9.	(a)缴费性计划或诸如第九条明确提到的社会保险等基于保险的计划。
These generally involve compulsory contributions from beneficiaries, employers and, sometimes, the State, in conjunction with the payment of benefits and administrative expenses from a common fund;	这些计划一般涉及强制受益人、雇主以及(有时还包括的)国家缴纳的款项以及由共同基金支付的福利和行政开支。
(b) Non-contributory schemes such as universal schemes (which provide the relevant benefit in principle to everyone who experiences a particular risk or contingency) or targeted social assistance schemes (where benefits are received by those in a situation of need).	(b)非缴费性计划，例如：普及计划(原则上向所有遭到某种风险和突发情况的人提供有关福利)或者有针对性的社会援助计划(向处于困境的人提供福利)。
In almost all States parties, non-contributory schemes will be required since it is unlikely that every person can be adequately covered through an insurance-based system.	几乎所有缔约国都将需要非缴费性计划，因为基于保险的计划不可能顾及所有的人。
5. Other forms of social security are also acceptable, including (a) privately run schemes, and (b) self-help or other measures, such as community-based or mutual schemes.	5. 其他社会保障形式也是可以接受的，包括：(a) 私人经营的计划；(b) 自助或者其他措施，例如社区援助计划或互助计划。
Whichever system is chosen, it must conform to the essential elements of the right to social security and to that extent should be viewed as contributing to the right to social security and be protected by States parties in accordance with this general comment.	但是不管采用何种计划，都必须符合社会保障的基本内容，并应在此前提下，被视为有助于实现社会保障权利，应当根据本一般性意见受到缔约国的保护。
6. The right to social security has been strongly affirmed in international law.	6. 国际法坚决维护社会保障的权利。
The human rights dimensions of social security were clearly present in the Declaration of Philadelphia of 1944 which called for the "extension of social security measures to provide a basic income to all in need of such protection and comprehensive medical care".	1944年的《费城宣言》明确陈述了社会保障的人权性质；《宣言》呼吁“扩大社会保障措施向所有需要这种保护的人提供基本收入和综合医疗服务”。
Social security was recognized as a human right in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, which states in article 22 that "Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security" and in article 25(1) that everyone has the "right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control".	1948年《世界人权宣言》将社会保障确认为一种人权。 《宣言》第二十二条指出：“每个人，作为社会的一员，有权享受社会保障”；第二十五条第一款指出：“在遭到失业、疾病、残废、守寡、衰老或在其他不能控制的情况下丧失谋生能力时，有权享受保障”。
The right was subsequently incorporated in a range of international human rights treatiesand regional human rights treaties.	后来，这项权利被纳入了一系列的国际人权条约和区域性人权条约。
In 2001, the International Labour Conference, composed of representatives of States, employers, and workers, affirmed that social security "is a basic human right and a fundamental means for creating social cohesion".	2001年，国家、雇主和职工的代表在国际劳工会议上重申：“社会保障是一项基本人权，也是创造社会凝聚力的根本方法”
7. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the Committee) is concerned over the very low levels of access to social security with a large majority (about 80 per cent) of the global population currently lacking access to formal social security. Among these 80 per cent, 20 per cent live in extreme poverty.	7. 经济、社会和文化权利委员会(下称委员会)对于以下情况表示关注：世界上享有社会福利的人所占比例很低，大多数人(约占80%)现在还没有正式的社会保障；在这80%的人口中，20%的人生活在极端贫困之中。
8. During its monitoring of the implementation of the Covenant, the Committee has consistently expressed its concern over the denial of or lack of access to adequate social security, which has undermined the realization of many Covenant rights.	8. 在其监测《公约》实施情况的过程中，委员会一贯对拒绝提供或者无法获得足够的社会保障的状况表示关注，因为这样会破坏《公约》中许多权利的实现。
The Committee has also consistently addressed the right to social security, not only during its consideration of the reports of States parties but also in its general comments and various statements.	委员会还一贯维护社会保障的权利，无论是在审议缔约国的报告时，还是在发表一般性意见和各种声明时均是如此。
With a view to assisting the implementation by States parties of the Covenant and the fulfilment of their reporting obligations, this general comment focuses on the normative content of the right to social security (chapter II), on States parties' obligations (chapter III), on violations (chapter IV) and on implementation at the national level (chapter V), while the obligations of actors other than States parties are addressed in chapter VI.	为了帮助缔约国实施《公约》以及履行其报告的义务，本一般性意见特别强调社会保障权利的规范性内容(第二部分)、缔约国的义务(第三部分)、违反(第四部分)以及国家一级的执行(第五部分)；而缔约国以外的其他行为者的义务则在第六部分中讨论。
II. NORMATIVE CONTENT OF THE RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY	二、社会保障权利的规范性内容
9. The right to social security includes the right not to be subject to arbitrary and unreasonable restrictions of existing social security coverage, whether obtained publicly or privately, as well as the right to equal enjoyment of adequate protection from social risks and contingencies.	9. 社会保障的权利包括现有的社会保障覆盖范围(无论是公有的还是私营的)不受任意和无理限制的权利以及在遭受社会风险和突发情况时享有充分保护的权利。
A. Elements of the right to social security	A. 社会保障权利的要素
10. While the elements of the right to social security may vary according to different conditions, a number of essential factors apply in all circumstances as set out below.	10. 虽然社会保障权利的要素可能因为条件差异而有所不同，但是一些基本的因素却适用于以下列出的所有情况。
In interpreting these aspects, it should be borne in mind that social security should be treated as a social good, and not primarily as a mere instrument of economic or financial policy.	在解释这些因素时应当牢记，社会保障应被视为一种社会公益事业，而不仅仅是经济或财政政策的手段。
1. Availability - social security system	1. 可提供性――社会保障制度
11. The right to social security requires, for its implementation, that a system, whether composed of a single scheme or variety of schemes, is available and in place to ensure that benefits are provided for the relevant social risks and contingencies.	11. 要实施社会保障权利就必需具有而且执行一种由单一的计划或各种计划组成的制度，以便确保为有关的社会风险和突发情况提供福利。
The system should be established under domestic law, and public authorities must take responsibility for the effective administration or supervision of the system.	应当根据国内法律制定这种制度，政府部门必须负责有效地管理和监督这种制度。
The schemes should also be sustainable, including those concerning provision of pensions, in order to ensure that the right can be realized for present and future generations.	社会保障计划(包括发放养老金的计划)也应是可持续的，以便子孙后代也能实现这种权利。
2. Social risks and contingencies	2. 社会风险和防备应急
12. The social security system should provide for the coverage of the following nine principal branches of social security.	12. 社会保障制度应该包括以下九种主要的社会保障：
(a) Health care	(a)医疗服务
13. States parties have an obligation to guarantee that health systems are established to provide adequate access to health services for all.	13. 缔约国有义务确保建立保健制度，向所有人提供适当的医疗服务。
In cases in which the health system foresees private or mixed plans, such plans should be affordable, in conformity with the essential elements enunciated in the present general comment.	如果保健制度采用私营计划或公私合营计划，根据本一般性意见阐明的基本要素，这些计划必须是可以负担得起的。
The Committee notes the particular importance of the right to social security in the context of endemic diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, and the need to provide access to preventive and curative measures.	委员会注意到了在艾滋病毒/艾滋病、结核病以及疟疾等传染病方面社会保障权利的特别重要性，也注意到了采取措施以提供预防和治疗的必要性。
(b) Sickness	(b)疾病
14. Cash benefits should be provided to those incapable of working due to ill-health to cover periods of loss of earnings.	14. 应该向因病而无法工作的人提供现金补助，帮助他们度过丧失收入的难关。
Persons suffering from long periods of sickness should qualify for disability benefits.	长期疾病缠身的人应有资格领取残疾津贴。
(c) Old age	(c)老年
15. States parties should take appropriate measures to establish social security schemes that provide benefits to older persons, starting at a specific age, to be prescribed by national law.	15. 缔约国应该采取适当措施，制定有关向达到国家法律规定年龄的老年人提供福利的社会保障计划。
The Committee stresses that States parties should establish a retirement age that is appropriate to national circumstances which take account of, inter alia, the nature of the occupation, in particular work in hazardous occupations and the working ability of older persons.	委员会强调指出，缔约国应当确定适合于本国情况的退休年龄，其中，除其他外，应当考虑到职业的性质、特别是危险职业以及老年人的工作能力。
States parties should, within the limits of available resources, provide non-contributory old-age benefits, social services and other assistance for all older persons who, when reaching the retirement age prescribed in national legislation, have not completed a qualifying period of contributions or are not otherwise entitled to an old-age insurance-based pension or other social security benefit or assistance, and have no other source of income.	有些老人虽然已经到了国家法律所规定的退休年龄，但是仍然没有达到缴费年限，或者没有资格领取其他的基于保险的养老金、社会保障福利或资助，而且没有任何其他收入来源。 针对这种情况，缔约国应该尽最大的努力，向这些老人提供非缴费性的老年福利金、社会服务以及其他援助。
(d) Unemployment	(d) 失业
16. In addition to promoting full, productive and freely chosen employment, States parties must endeavour to provide benefits to cover the loss or lack of earnings due to the inability to obtain or maintain suitable employment.	16. 除了推动充分的、有效益的和自由选择的就业，缔约国还必须努力提供补助，以便弥补因为无法获得或者保留适当工作而引起的收入的减少或丧失。
In the case of loss of employment, benefits should be paid for an adequate period of time and at the expiry of the period, the social security system should ensure adequate protection of the unemployed worker, for example through social assistance.	应该向失业人员发放一定时期的补贴；在这段时期结束时，社会保障制度应当确保对于失业职工的充分保护、例如提供社会援助。
The social security system should also cover other workers, including part-time workers, casual workers, seasonal workers, and the self-employed, and those working in atypical forms of work in the informal economy.	社会保障制度还应覆盖其他职工，例如：兼职工人、临时工、季节工、自雇人员以及在非正规经济部门从事非典型形式工作的职工。
Benefits should be provided to cover periods of loss of earnings by persons who are requested not to report for work during a public health or other emergency.	应当向因为公共卫生或者其他紧急情况而被迫停工的职工发放津贴，弥补停工期间的收入损失。
(e) Employment injury	(e) 工伤
17. States parties should also ensure the protection of workers who are injured in the course of employment or other productive work.	17. 缔约国还应确保保护在工作或其他生产劳动过程中受伤的职工。
The social security system should cover the costs and loss of earnings from the injury or morbid condition and the loss of support for spouses or dependents suffered as the result of the death of a breadwinner.	社会保障制度应当支付治伤和医病的费用以及病假工资，并且向由于养家活口的人死亡而陷入困境的家属发放津贴。
Adequate benefits should be provided in the form of access to health care and cash benefits to ensure income security.	应该通过提供医疗服务和现金补贴保障收入。
Entitlement to benefits should not be made subject to the length of employment, to the duration of insurance or to the payment of contributions.	享受福利的权利不应受到就业年限、投保时间或缴费数额的影响。
(f) Family and child support	(f) 家庭和儿童支助
18. Benefits for families are crucial for realizing the rights of children and adult dependents to protection under articles 9 and 10 of the Covenant.	18. 家庭福利对于实现《公约》第九条和第十条所规定的关于儿童与成年家属受到保护的权利是极为重要的。
In providing the benefits, the State party should take into account the resources and circumstances of the child and persons having responsibility for the maintenance of the child or adult dependent, as well as any other consideration relevant to an application for benefits made by or on behalf of the child or adult dependent.	缔约国在提供福利时应酌情考虑儿童及(负有赡养儿童或成年家属义务的人)的经济情况和环境，以及与儿童或成年家属提出或代其提出的福利申请有关的其他方面因素。
Family and child benefits, including cash benefits and social services, should be provided to families, without discrimination on prohibited grounds, and would ordinarily cover food, clothing, housing, water and sanitation, or other rights as appropriate.	应当向有关家庭提供包括现金补贴和社会服务在内的家庭和儿童福利，不得以任何借口进行歧视；家庭和儿童福利通常包括食品、衣服、住房、用水和环境卫生或其他适当的权利。
(g) Maternity	(g) 产妇
19. Article 10 of the Covenant expressly provides that "working mothers should be accorded paid leave or leave with adequate social security benefits".	19. 《公约》第十条明确规定：“对有工作的母亲应给以给薪休假或有适当社会保障福利金的休假”。
Paid maternity leave should be granted to all women, including those involved in atypical work, and benefits should be provided for an adequate period.	应该让所有妇女都享有带薪产假，其中包括从事非典型工作的妇女；应在适当时期内发放津贴。
Appropriate medical benefits should be provided for women and children, including perinatal, childbirth and postnatal care and care in hospital where necessary.	应该向妇女和儿童提供适当的医疗福利，其中包括酌情提供产前、分娩、产后护理，并在必要时提供住院期间的护理。
(h) Disability	(h) 残疾
20. In its general comment No. 5 ((1994) on persons with disabilities, the Committee emphasized the importance of providing adequate income support to persons with disabilities who, owing to disability or disability-related factors, have temporarily lost, or received a reduction in, their income, have been denied employment opportunities or have a permanent disability.	20. 委员会在关于残疾人的第5号一般性意见(1994)中强调了向残疾人提供适当收入支助的重要性。 因为残疾或与残疾有关的因素，有些残疾人减少了或者丧失了收入；有些失去了就业机会；有些还有永久性残疾。
Such support should be provided in a dignified mannerand reflect the special needs for assistance and other expenses often associated with disability.	应当以有尊严的方式提供残疾支助， 并且能够反映残疾人士对于援助和其他开支的特别需要。
The support provided should cover family members and other informal carers.	所提供的支助应当包括家庭成员和其他非正规的照料人员。
(i) Survivors and orphans	(i) 遗属和孤儿
21. States parties must also ensure the provision of benefits to survivors and orphans on the death of a breadwinner who was covered by social security or had rights to a pension.	21. 缔约国还必须确保在享有社会保障或领取养老金权利的养家活口的人去世以后向其遗属和孤儿发放津贴。
Benefits should cover funeral costs, particularly in those States parties where funeral expenses are prohibitive.	这种津贴应该包括丧葬费用，特别是在那些丧葬费用非常昂贵的缔约国之中。
Survivors or orphans must not be excluded from social security schemes on the basis of prohibited grounds of discrimination and they should be given assistance in accessing social security schemes, particularly when endemic diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, leave large numbers of children or older persons without family and community support.	不得以受到禁止的歧视理由将遗属和孤儿排除在社会保障计划之外，应当在享受社会保障计划方面向他们提供援助，特别是在艾滋病毒/艾滋病、结核病以及疟疾等传染病肆虐，致使大量儿童和老年人丧失家庭和社区援助的情况下。
3. Adequacy	3. 适足性
22. Benefits, whether in cash or in kind, must be adequate in amount and duration in order that everyone may realize his or her rights to family protection and assistance, an adequate standard of living and adequate access to health care, as contained in articles 10, 11 and 12 of the Covenant.	22. 无论是现金还是实物的福利必须要有适当的数额和领取时间，以便所有的人都能实现《公约》第十、十一和十二条中所载的关于享有家庭保护和援助、适当的生活水平以及适当医疗服务的权利。
States parties must also pay full respect to the principle of human dignity contained in the preamble of the Covenant, and the principle of non-discrimination, so as to avoid any adverse effect on the levels of benefits and the form in which they are provided.	缔约国还必须充分尊重《公约》序言中所规定的人类尊严的原则以及不歧视的原则，以避免对福利的水平和提供方式造成不利的影响。
Methods applied should ensure the adequacy of benefits.	使用的方法应确保福利的适足性。
The adequacy criteria should be monitored regularly to ensure that beneficiaries are able to afford the goods and services they require to realize their Covenant rights.	应该定期监测适足性标准，以便确保受益人能够负担得起他们为实现《公约》权利所必需的商品和服务。
When a person makes contributions to a social security scheme that provides benefits to cover lack of income, there should be a reasonable relationship between earnings, paid contributions, and the amount of relevant benefit.	关于缴费性的发放失业津贴的社会保障计划，在收入、所交纳的费用以及可以领取的津贴数额之间应有合理的比例。
4. Accessibility	4. 可获取性
(a) Coverage	(a) 覆盖范围
23. All persons should be covered by the social security system, especially individuals belonging to the most disadvantaged and marginalized groups, without discrimination on any of the grounds prohibited under article 2, paragraph 2, of the Covenant.	23. 所有人特别是处于最不利地位的和被边缘化的群体的成员，均应受社会保障制度覆盖，不得以《公约》第二条第二款所禁止的理由进行歧视。
In order to ensure universal coverage, non-contributory schemes will be necessary.	为了实现普遍覆盖，非缴费性计划往往是必要的。
(b) Eligibility	(b) 资格
24. Qualifying conditions for benefits must be reasonable, proportionate and transparent.	24. 领取津贴的资格条件必须是合理的、成比例的和透明的。
The withdrawal, reduction or suspension of benefits should be circumscribed, based on grounds that are reasonable, subject to due process, and provided for in national law.	津贴的取消、减少或中止应该有所限制，必须出于合理的原因、依照正当的程序而且必须由国家法律规定。
(c) Affordability	(c) 可承担性
25. If a social security scheme requires contributions, those contributions should be stipulated in advance.	25. 如果一项社会保障计划需要缴费，缴费数额应当事先规定。
The direct and indirect costs and charges associated with making contributions must be affordable for all, and must not compromise the realization of other Covenant rights.	同缴纳费用有关的直接和间接开支必须是可负担的，不得损害《公约》其他权利的实现。
(d) Participation and information	(d) 参与和信息
26. Beneficiaries of social security schemes must be able to participate in the administration of the social security system.	26. 社会保障计划的受益人必须能够参与社会保障制度的管理。
The system should be established under national law and ensure the right of individuals and organizations to seek, receive and impart information on all social security entitlements in a clear and transparent manner.	应该根据国家法律建立社会保障制度，并且确保个人和组织有权以明确和透明的方式寻找、接受和传播所有关于社会保障权利的信息。
(e) Physical access	(e) 实际获取途径
27. Benefits should be provided in a timely manner and beneficiaries should have physical access to the social security services in order to access benefits and information, and make contributions where relevant.	27. 应该及时发放津贴；受益人应能实际利用社会保障服务，以便获得津贴和信息并交纳有关的保费。
Particular attention should be paid in this regard to persons with disabilities, migrants, and persons living in remote or disaster-prone areas, as well as areas experiencing armed conflict, so that they, too, can have access to these services.	在这方面，要特别照顾残疾人、迁徙工人和那些居住在边远地区、容易受灾的地区、遭受武装冲突的地区的人们，使他们也能得到这些服务。
5. Relationship with other rights	5. 同其他权利的关系
28. The right to social security plays an important role in supporting the realization of many of the rights in the Covenant, but other measures are necessary to complement the right to social security.	28. 社会保障的权利在支持实现《公约》所规定的许多权利方面发挥了重要的作用，但是也必须采取其他措施以补充社会保障的权利。
For example, States parties should provide social services for rehabilitation of the injured and persons with disabilities in accordance with article 6 of the Covenant, provide child care and welfare, advice and assistance with family planning and the provision of special facilities for persons with disabilities and older persons (article 10); take measures to combat poverty and social exclusion and provide supporting social services (article 11); and adopt measures to prevent disease and improve health facilities, goods and services (article 12).	例如，缔约国应该根据《公约》第六条的规定为工伤职工和残疾人士的康复提供社会 服务；提供儿童照料和福利以及有关计划生育的咨询和帮助以及为残疾人和老人提供特别设施(第十条)；采取措施同贫困和社会排斥作斗争并提供支持性的社会服 务(第十一条)；采取措施防止疾病和改进卫生设施、商品和服务(第十二条)。
States parties should also consider schemes that provide social protection to individuals belonging to disadvantaged and marginalized groups, for example crop or natural disaster insurance for small farmersor livelihood protection for self-employed persons in the informal economy.	缔约国还应该考虑制定计划，为处于不利地位的和被边缘化的群体的成员提供社会保护，例如，为小农提供农作物保险和自然灾害保险或为非正规经济部门中的自雇人员提供生计保护。
However, the adoption of measures to realize other rights in the Covenant will not in itself act as a substitute for the creation of social security schemes.	然而，为实现《公约》其他权利而采取措施本身不应作为制定社会保障计划的替代品。
B. Special topics of broad application	B. 广泛适用的专项议题
1. Non-discrimination and equality	1. 不歧视与平等
29. The obligation of States parties to guarantee that the right to social security is enjoyed without discrimination (article 2, paragraph 2, of the Covenant), and equally between men and women (article 3), pervades all of the obligations under Part III of the Covenant.	29. 缔约国有义务确保人民在没有歧视的情况下享有社会保障的权利(《公约》第二条第二款)以及男女平等享有权利(第三条)。 这项义务在履行《公约》第三部分所规定的所有义务时也均适用。
The Covenant thus prohibits any discrimination, whether in law or in fact, whether direct or indirect, on the grounds of race, colour, sex,age, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, physical or mental disability,health status (including HIV/AIDS), sexual orientation, and civil, political, social or other status, which has the intention or effect of nullifying or impairing the equal enjoyment or exercise of the right to social security.	因此，《公约》禁止以种族、肤色、性别、年龄、语 言、宗教 、政治或其他见解、国籍或社会出身、财产、出生、身体或精神残疾、健康状况(包括艾滋病毒/艾滋病)、性取向以及公民、政治、社会或其他身份为由进行任何 直接的或间接的歧视，因为这种歧视会导致取消或损害平等享有或行使社会保障的权利。
30. States parties should also remove de facto discrimination on prohibited grounds, where individuals are unable to access adequate social security.	30. 在个人无法获得适当的社会保障的情况下，缔约国还应该消除基于遭到禁止的理由的事实上的歧视。
States parties should ensure that legislation, policies, programmes and the allocation of resources facilitate access to social security for all members of society in accordance with Part III.	缔约国应当根据《公约》第三部分的规定确保立法、政策、方案以及资源的调拨便利社会所有成员获得社会保障。
Restrictions on access to social security schemes should also be reviewed to ensure that they do not discriminate in law or in fact.	同时也应审查对于参加社会保障计划的限制，以免这种限制构成在法律上和实际上的歧视。
31. Whereas everyone has the right to social security, States parties should give special attention to those individuals and groups who traditionally face difficulties in exercising this right, in particular women, the unemployed, workers inadequately protected by social security, persons working in the informal economy, sick or injured workers, people with disabilities, older persons, children and adult dependents, domestic workers, homeworkers, minority groups, refugees, asylum-seekers, internally displaced persons, returnees, non-nationals, prisoners and detainees.	31. 虽然每个人都享有社会保障的权利，缔约国还是应该特别关心传统上在行使这种权利方面面临困难的个人和群体，特别是：妇女、失业者、未得到社会保障充分保护 的工人、在非正规经济部门工作的人、有病或受伤的工人、残疾人、老人、儿童和成年家属、家庭佣工、在家工作者、少数人群体、难民、寻求庇护者、国内流离失 所者、回返难民、非国民、囚犯以及被拘留者。
2. Gender equality	2. 性别平等
32. In general comment No. 16 (2005) on the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights (art. 3), the Committee noted that implementation of article 3 in relation to article 9 requires, inter alia, equalization of the compulsory retirement age for both men and women; ensuring that women receive equal benefits in both public and private pension schemes; and guaranteeing adequate maternity leave for women, paternity leave for men, and parental leave for both men and women.	32. 委员会在第16号一般性意见(2005)――男女在享受一切经济、社会及文化权利方面的平等权利(第三条)中指出，实施同第九条有关的第三条，除其他外， 还必须规定男女平等的强制退休年龄；确保妇女能够在公共和私营养老金计划中领取同等的津贴；确保妇女享有适当的产假，父亲享有陪产假以及男女都能享有育儿 假。
In social security schemes that link benefits with contributions, States parties should take steps to eliminate the factors that prevent women from making equal contributions to such schemes (for example, intermittent participation in the workforce on account of family responsibilities and unequal wage outcomes) or ensure that schemes take account of such factors in the design of benefit formulas (for example by considering child rearing periods or periods to take care of adult dependents in relation to pension entitlements).	关 于将福利同缴费挂钩的社会保障计划，缔约国应该采取措施消除妨碍妇女向这些计划交纳同等数额保费的因素(例如，由于家庭责任而无法连续工作以及不公平的工 资收入)，或者确保这些计划在制定福利方案时考虑这些因素(例如，在确定养恤金福利时考虑到抚养子女期间或者照顾成年家属期间)。
Differences in the average life expectancy of men and women can also lead directly or indirectly to discrimination in provision of benefits (particularly in the case of pensions) and thus need to be taken into account in the design of schemes.	男子和妇女在平均预期寿命方面的差异也可能直接或间接地导致在提供福利方面的歧视(特别是在发放养老金方面)，因此在制定计划时应该予以考虑。
Non-contributory schemes must also take account of the fact that women are more likely to live in poverty than men and often have sole responsibility for the care of children.	非缴费性计划也必须考虑到以下事实：妇女比男子更加可能生活在贫困之中，而且往往单独承担养儿育女的责任。
3. Workers inadequately protected by social security (part-time, casual, self-employed and homeworkers)	3.未得到充分社会保障保护的工作者 (兼职工、临时工、自雇人员以及在家工作者)
33. Steps must be taken by States parties to the maximum of their available resources to ensure that the social security systems cover workers inadequately protected by social security, including part-time workers, casual workers, the self-employed and homeworkers.	33. 缔约国必须采取措施，尽最大的努力确保，社会保障制度覆盖未得到充分社会保障保护的工作者，其中包括兼职工、临时工、自雇人员以及在家工作者。
Where social security schemes for such workers are based on occupational activity, they should be adapted so that they enjoy conditions equivalent to those of comparable full-time workers.	虽然这些人员的社会保障计划是建立在职业活动的基础上的，但是应当对计划进行调整，使得他们能够享有相当于可比较的全职工的福利。
Except in the case of employment injury, these conditions could be determined in proportion to hours of work, contributions or earnings, or through other appropriate methods.	除了工伤情况以外，可以依据工作时间、交纳保费、工资收入或者其他适当办法按比例确定有关的福利。
Where such occupation-based schemes do not provide adequate coverage to these workers, a State party will need to adopt complementary measures.	在这种计划没有向这些工作者提供适当保障的情况下，缔约国应该采取辅助措施。
4. Informal economy	4.非正规经济
34. States parties must take steps to the maximum of their available resources to ensure that the social security systems cover those persons working in the informal economy.	34. 缔约国必须采取措施，尽最大努力确保社会保障制度覆盖非正规经济部门的工作者。
The informal economy has been defined by the International Labour Conference as "all economic activities by workers and economic units that are - in law or in practice - not covered or insufficiently covered by formal arrangements. "	国际劳工会议对于非正规经济的定义是：“工作人员或经济单位在法律上和实际上没有达成或者没有充分达成正式协议而从事的所有经济活动”。
This duty is particularly important where social security systems are based on a formal employment relationship, business unit or registered residence.	由于社会保障制度建立在正规雇用关系、商业单位或者登记居住地点的基础上，因此这种义务就特别重要。
Measures could include: (a) removing obstacles that prevent such persons from accessing informal social security schemes, such as community-based insurance; (b) ensuring a minimum level of coverage of risks and contingencies with progressive expansion over time; and (c) respecting and supporting social security schemes developed within the informal economy such as micro-insurance and other microcredit related schemes.	可以采取的措施包括：(a) 消除这些人在参加非正规社会保障计划(例如社区保险)方面的障碍；(b) 确保对于社会风险和突发情况具有最低限度的保障，并且逐步扩大这种保障；(c) 尊重和支持非正规经济部门内部发展的社会保障计划，例如微型保险计划和其他与小额信贷有关的计划。
The Committee notes that in a number of States parties with a large informal economy, programmes such as universal pension and health-care schemes that cover all persons have been adopted.	委员会注意到，一些具有庞大非正规经济部门的缔约国已经实施了为所有人提供普及的养老金计划和医疗保险计划的方案。
5. Indigenous Peoples and Minority Groups	5.土著人民和少数人群体
35. States parties should take particular care that indigenous peoples and ethnic and linguistic minorities are not excluded from social security systems through direct or indirect discrimination, particularly through the imposition of unreasonable eligibility conditions or lack of adequate access to information.	35. 缔约国应当特别注意：不能因为直接或间接的歧视，特别是因为不合理的合格条件或缺乏取得信息的适当渠道而将土著人民以及在族裔和语言方面处于少数地位的人排除在社会保障制度之外。
6. Non-nationals (including migrant workers, refugees, asylum-seekers and stateless persons)	6.非国民(包括迁徙工人、难民、 寻求庇护者以及无国籍人)
36. Article 2, paragraph 2, prohibits discrimination on grounds of nationality and the Committee notes that the Covenant contains no express jurisdictional limitation.	36. 第二条第二款禁止以国籍为由进行歧视。 委员会指出，《公约》没有就管辖限制作出明确规定。
Where non-nationals, including migrant workers, have contributed to a social security scheme, they should be able to benefit from that contribution or retrieve their contributions if they leave the country.	如果包括迁徙工人在内的非国民已经向社会保障计划交纳保费，他们应当能够享受福利，或在回国时领回所交的保费。
A migrant worker's entitlement should also not be affected by a change in workplace.	迁徙工人享有福利的权利不应受到工作地点改变的影响。
37. Non-nationals should be able to access non-contributory schemes for income support, affordable access to health care and family support.	37. 非国民应当能够参加非缴费性计划，以便获得收入支助、可负担的医疗服务以及家庭支助。
Any restrictions, including a qualification period, must be proportionate and reasonable.	包括资格年限在内的任何限制必须是相称和合理的。
All persons, irrespective of their nationality, residency or immigration status, are entitled to primary and emergency medical care.	所有人，不论其国籍、居住地点或移民身份如何，有权获得基本的和紧急的医疗服务。
38. Refugees, stateless persons and asylum-seekers, and other disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups, should enjoy equal treatment in access to non-contributory social security schemes, including reasonable access to health care and family support, consistent with international standards.	38. 难民、无国籍人、寻求庇护者以及其他处于不得地位的和被边缘化的个人和群体应在参加非缴费性社会保障计划方面享有同等机会，其中包括获得合理的符合国际标准的医疗服务和家庭支助。
7. Internally displaced persons and internal migrants	7.国内流离失所者和国内迁徙者
39. Internally displaced persons should not suffer from any discrimination in the enjoyment of their right to social security and States parties should take proactive measures to ensure equal access to schemes, for example by waiving, where applicable, residence requirements and making allowance for provision of benefits or other related services at the place of displacement.	39. 国内流离失所者不应在享有社会保障权利方面遭到任何歧视，缔约国应该采取积极措施，以便确保他们享有参加保障计划的同等机会，例如：酌情不执行关于居住地点的规定以及灵活地在实地为流离失所者提供补助和其他相关的服务。
Internal migrants should be able to access social security from their place of residence, and residence registration systems should not restrict access to social security for individuals who move to another district where they are not registered.	国内迁徙者应该能够参加其居住地点的社会保障计划；如果有人搬迁到另外一个地区而又没有经过登记，住地登记系统不应该限制他们享有社会保障。
III. OBLIGATIONS OF STATES PARTIES	三、缔约国的义务
A. General legal obligations	A.一般法律义务
40. While the Covenant provides for progressive realization and acknowledges the constraints owing to the limits of available resources, the Covenant also imposes on States parties various obligations which are of immediate effect.	40. 虽然《公约》规定逐步实现权利并且承认因资源有限而引起的困难，但是《公约》也为缔约国规定了各种可以产生直接影响的义务。
States parties have immediate obligations in relation to the right to social security, such as the guarantee that the right will be exercised without discrimination of any kind (article 2, paragraph 2), ensuring the equal rights of men and women (article 3), and the obligation to take steps (article 2, paragraph 1) towards the full realization of articles 11, paragraph 1, and 12.	缔约国在社会保障权利方面具有直接的义务，例如：确保在没有任何歧视的情况下行使这种权力(第二条第二款)；确保男子和妇女享有平等的权利(第三条)；有义务为充分实现第十一条第一款以及第十二条所规定权利而采取措施(第二条第一款)。
Such steps must be deliberate, concrete and targeted towards the full realization of the right to social security.	这些措施必须是慎重的、具体的以及针对充分实现社会保障权利的。
41. The Committee acknowledges that the realization of the right to social security carries significant financial implications for States parties, but notes that the fundamental importance of social security for human dignity and the legal recognition of this right by States parties mean that the right should be given appropriate priority in law and policy.	41. 委员会承认，实现社会保障权利给缔约国带来了重大财政影响，但是指出社会保障对于人类尊严是至关重要的，缔约国从法律上承认这种权利意味着应该在法律上和政策上给予这种权利以优先地位。
States parties should develop a national strategy for the full implementation of the right to social security, and should allocate adequate fiscal and other resources at the national level.	缔约国应该制定旨在充分实施社会保障权利的国家战略，同时应该在国家一级拨给充足的财政和其他方面的资源。
If necessary, they should avail themselves of international cooperation and technical assistance in line with article 2, paragraph 1, of the Covenant.	必要时，它们应当按照《公约》第二条第一款寻求国际合作和技术援助。
42. There is a strong presumption that retrogressive measures taken in relation to the right to social security are prohibited under the Covenant.	42. 一般都认定，《公约》禁止在社会保障权利方面采取倒退性措施。
If any deliberately retrogressive measures are taken, the State party has the burden of proving that they have been introduced after the most careful consideration of all alternatives and that they are duly justified by reference to the totality of the rights provided for in the Covenant, in the context of the full use of the maximum available resources of the State party.	如果采取任何倒退性措施，缔约国有义务证明，它们是在极为仔细地考虑了所有替代办法以后才采取这些措施的；缔约国在尽量充分利用现有资源以实现《公约》所规定的全部权利的情况下，采取这些措施是完全有道理的。
The Committee will look carefully at whether: (a) there was reasonable justification for the action; (b) alternatives were comprehensively examined; (c) there was genuine participation of affected groups in examining the proposed measures and alternatives; (d) the measures were directly or indirectly discriminatory; (e) the measures will have a sustained impact on the realization of the right to social security, an unreasonable impact on acquired social security rights or whether an individual or group is deprived of access to the minimum essential level of social security; and (f) whether there was an independent review of the measures at the national level.	委 员会将仔细研究：(a) 采取这项行动是否有合理的原因；(b) 是否已经全面审查了替代办法；(c) 受影响群体是否真正地参与了审议拟议中的措施和替代办法；(d) 有关措施是否包含直接和间接的歧视；(e) 有关措施是否会对实现社会保障权利产生长久影响，是否会对已经获得的社会保障权利产生不合理的影响，或有关个人和群体是否会被剥夺最低限度的社会保障； (f) 是否已在国家一级对有关措施进行了独立的审查。
B. Specific legal obligations	B.具体法律义务
43. The right to social security, like any human right, imposes three types of obligations on States parties: the obligation to respect, the obligation to protect and the obligation to fulfil.	43. 同任何其他人权一样，社会保障权利为缔约国规定了三种类型的义务：尊重的义务、保护的义务以及实现的义务。
1. Obligation to respect	1.尊重的义务
44. The obligation to respect requires that States parties refrain from interfering directly or indirectly with the enjoyment of the right to social security.	44. 尊重的义务要求缔约国不得直接或间接地干预社会保障权利的享有。
The obligation includes, inter alia, refraining from engaging in any practice or activity that, for example, denies or limits equal access to adequate social security; arbitrarily or unreasonably interferes with self-help or customary or traditional arrangements for social security; arbitrarily or unreasonably interferes with institutions that have been established by individuals or corporate bodies to provide social security.	除其他外，这项义务还包括不得参与以下的做法或活动：限制或者不准平等享有适当的社会保障；任意或无理干预用于社会保障的互助性的或习俗的或传统的安排；任意或无理干预个人或法人团体为提供社会保障而设立的机构。
2. Obligation to protect	2.保护的义务
45. The obligation to protect requires that State parties prevent third parties from interfering in any way with the enjoyment of the right to social security.	45. 保护的义务要求缔约国防止第三方以任何方式干预社会保障权利的享有。
Third parties include individuals, groups, corporations and other entities, as well as agents acting under their authority.	第三方包括：个人、团体、公司和其他实体以及属于其管辖的代理人。
The obligation includes, inter alia, adopting the necessary and effective legislative and other measures, for example, to restrain third parties from denying equal access to social security schemes operated by them or by others and imposing unreasonable eligibility conditions; arbitrarily or unreasonably interfering with self-help or customary or traditional arrangements for social security that are consistent with the right to social security; and failing to pay legally required contributions for employees or other beneficiaries into the social security system.	除其他外，这项义务包括：制定必要的和 有效的立法和其他措施，以便禁止第三方阻碍有关人员享有同等机会参加由它们或他人经管的社会保障计划，以及规定不合理的参加条件；禁止第三方任意或无理干 预符合社会保障权利的互助性的或习俗的或传统的安排；监督第三方将法律规定为雇员或其他受益者交纳的保费转入社会保障制度的帐户。
46. Where social security schemes, whether contributory or non-contributory, are operated or controlled by third parties, States parties retain the responsibility of administering the national social security system and ensuring that private actors do not compromise equal, adequate, affordable, and accessible social security.	46. 如果社会保障计划(无论是缴费性还是非缴费性的)是由第三方经管和控制的，缔约国必须负责管理国家社会保障制度并且确保私人行为者不会损害平等的、适当的、可负担的以及可及的社会保障。
To prevent such abuses an effective regulatory system must be established which includes framework legislation, independent monitoring, genuine public participation and imposition of penalties for non-compliance.	为了防止这种滥用职权的行为，必须建立一种有效的监管制度，其中应当包括：框架立法、独立监测、真正的公众参与以及对于违规行为的惩罚措施。
3. Obligation to fulfil	3.实现的义务
47. The obligation to fulfil requires States parties to adopt the necessary measures, including the implementation of a social security scheme, directed towards the full realization of the right to social security.	47. 实现的义务要求缔约国采取必要的措施，其中包括实施旨在完全实现社会保障权利的社会保障计划。
The obligation to fulfil can be subdivided into the obligations to facilitate, promote and provide.	实现的义务可细分为促进、推动和提供三方面的义务。
48. The obligation to facilitate requires States parties to take positive measures to assist individuals and communities to enjoy the right to social security.	48. 促进的义务要求缔约国采取积极措施，帮助个人和社区享有社会保障权利。
The obligation includes, inter alia, according sufficient recognition of this right within the national political and legal systems, preferably by way of legislative implementation; adopting a national social security strategy and plan of action to realize this right;ensuring that the social security system will be adequate, accessible for everyone and will cover social risks and contingencies.	除其他外，这项义务还包括：在国家政治和法律制度内充分承认这项权利，最好是通过立法实现这项权利；采用国家社会保障战略和行动计划以实现这项权利；确保为所有人提供适当的和可及的社会保障制度，为社会风险和突发事件提供保障。
49. The obligation to promote obliges the State party to take steps to ensure that there is appropriate education and public awareness concerning access to social security schemes, particularly in rural and deprived urban areas, or amongst linguistic and other minorities.	49. 推动的义务要求缔约国采取措施，以便确保在参加社会保障计划方面进行适当的教育和宣传，特别是在农村地区和城市贫困地区以及对在语言和其他方面处于少数地位的人进行教育和宣传。
50. States parties are also obliged to provide the right to social security when individuals or a group are unable, on grounds reasonably considered to be beyond their control, to realize that right themselves, within the existing social security system with the means at their disposal.	50. 在个人和群体因为据合理认为超出其控制的原因而无法依靠本身力量在现有的社会保障制度中实现自己的权利时，缔约国有义务提供社会保障权利。
States parties will need to establish non-contributory schemes or other social assistance measures to provide support to those individuals and groups who are unable to make sufficient contributions for their own protection.	缔约国需要制定非缴费性计划或其他社会援助措施，以便向那些没有能力为自身保护交纳足够保费的个人和群体提供支助。
Special attention should be given to ensuring that the social security system can respond in times of emergency, for example during and after natural disasters, armed conflict and crop failure.	应该特别注意确保：在发生自然灾害、武装冲突和农作物失收等紧急状况之时以及之后，社会保障制度能够作出反应。
51. It is important that social security schemes cover disadvantaged and marginalized groups, even where there is limited capacity to finance social security, either from tax revenues and/or contributions from beneficiaries.	51. 即使在来自税收和/或受益人保费的社会保障经费十分有限的情况下，社会保障计划也必须顾及处于不利地位的和被边缘化的群体。
Low-cost and alternative schemes could be developed to cover immediately those without access to social security, although the aim should be to integrate them into regular social security schemes.	可以发展低成本和替代性计划，以便立即帮助无法享受社会保障的人，虽然目标应该是将这些人纳入正常的社会保障计划。
Policies and a legislative framework could be adopted for the progressive inclusion of those in the informal economy or who are otherwise excluded from access to social security.	可以制定政策和立法框架，以便逐步吸收在非正规经济部门中或通常被排除在社会保障体系以外的人。
4. International obligations	4.国际义务
52. Article 2, paragraph 1, and articles 11, paragraph 1, and 23 of the Covenant require that States parties recognize the essential role of international cooperation and assistance and take joint and separate action to achieve the full realization of the rights inscribed in the Covenant, including the right to social security.	52. 《公约》第二条第一款、第十一条第一款以及第二十三条规定，缔约国必须认识到国际合作和援助的重要作用，并且采取单独的和联合的行动，以便充分实现《公约》所规定的权利，包括社会保障的权利。
53. To comply with their international obligations in relation to the right to social security, States parties have to respect the enjoyment of the right by refraining from actions that interfere, directly or indirectly, with the enjoyment of the right to social security in other countries.	53. 为了履行其在社会保障权利方面的国际义务，缔约国必须尊重这项权利的享有，不得采取旨在直接或间接干预其他国家享有社会保障权利的行动。
54. States parties should extraterritorially protect the right to social security by preventing their own citizens and national entities from violating this right in other countries.	54. 缔约国应当防止本国的公民和国家实体侵犯其他国家社会保障的权利，以便保护域外的这项权利。
Where States parties can take steps to influence third parties (non-State actors) within their jurisdiction to respect the right, through legal or political means, such steps should be taken in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and applicable international law.	如果缔约国可以采取措施，通过立法或政治手段来影响在其管辖范围内的第三方(非国家行为者)尊重这项权利，则应根据《联合国宪章》以及适用的国际法采取这些措施。
55. Depending on the availability of resources, States parties should facilitate the realization of the right to social security in other countries, for example through provision of economic and technical assistance.	55. 缔约国应该根据所掌握的资源促进其他国家实现社会保障权利，例如，可以提供经济和技术援助。
International assistance should be provided in a manner that is consistent with the Covenant and other human rights standards, and sustainable and culturally appropriate.	所提供的国际援助应该是符合《公约》以及其他人权标准的、可持续的以及在文化上是适当的。
Economically developed States parties have a special responsibility for and interest in assisting the developing countries in this regard.	经济发达的缔约国在援助发展中国家方面具有特别的责任和兴趣。
56. States parties should ensure that the right to social security is given due attention in international agreements and, to that end, should consider the development of further legal instruments.	56. 缔约国应当确保，在国际协议中适当注意社会保障的权利；为此目的，应当考虑拟定进一步的法律文书。
The Committee notes the importance of establishing reciprocal bilateral and multilateral international agreements or other instruments for coordinating or harmonizing contributory social security schemes for migrant workers.	委员会指出，制定互惠的双边和多边的国际协议或其他文书对于协调或统一适用于迁徙工人的缴费性社会保障计划是十分有用的。
Persons temporarily working in another country should be covered by the social security scheme of their home country.	短期在另一个国家工作的人应该受到本国社会保障计划的保护。
57. With regard to the conclusion and implementation of international and regional agreements, States parties should take steps to ensure that these instruments do not adversely impact upon the right to social security.	57. 关于区域协定和国际协定的签署和实施，缔约国应当采取措施以便确保，这些文书不会对社会保障权利造成不利影响。
Agreements concerning trade liberalization should not restrict the capacity of a State Party to ensure the full realization of the right to social security.	有关贸易自由化的协议不应限制缔约国在确保充分实现社会保障权利方面的能力。
58. States parties should ensure that their actions as members of international organizations take due account of the right to social security.	58. 缔约国应该确保，他们在作为国际组织的成员采取行动时适当注意社会保障权利。
Accordingly, States parties that are members of international financial institutions, notably the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and regional development banks, should take steps to ensure that the right to social security is taken into account in their lending policies, credit agreements and other international measures.	因此，凡是参加国际金融机构的缔约国，特别是参加国际货币基金组织、世界银行以及区域开发银行的缔约国，应当采取措施确保，在其借贷政策、信贷协议以及其他国际措施中考虑到社会保障的权利。
States parties should ensure that the policies and practices of international and regional financial institutions, in particular those concerning their role in structural adjustment and in the design and implementation of social security systems, promote and do not interfere with the right to social security.	缔约国应当确保，区域和国际的金融机构的政策和做法，特别是涉及这些机构在结构调整以及制定和实施社会保障制度方面的作用的政策和做法，推动而不是干预社会保障权利。
5. Core obligations	5.核心义务
59. States parties have a core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of each of the rights enunciated in the Covenant.	59. 缔约国必须承担核心义务以便确保，起码最低限度地保障《公约》所规定的所有权利。
This requires the State party:	这就要求缔约国：
(a) To ensure access to a social security scheme that provides a minimum essential level of benefits to all individuals and families that will enable them to acquire at least essential health care,basic shelter and housing, water and sanitation, foodstuffs, and the most basic forms of education.	(a)确保社会保障计划向所有个人和家庭提供最低限度的必要福利，让他们至少获得必要的医疗服务、基本的住房、用水和环境卫生、食品以及最基本的教育。
If a State party cannot provide this minimum level for all risks and contingencies within its maximum available resources, the Committee recommends that the State party, after a wide process of consultation, select a core group of social risks and contingencies;	如果缔约国尽力挖掘其资源潜力，也无法为所有的风险和突发情况提供这种最低的保障，委员会建议缔约国：在经过广泛协商之后，选择一组核心的社会风险和突发情况；
(b) To ensure the right of access to social security systems or schemes on a non-discriminatory basis, especially for disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups;	(b)确保人人有权在没有歧视的基础上参加社会保障制度或计划，特别是处于不利地位的和被边缘化的个人和群体；
(c) To respect existing social security schemes and protect them from unreasonable interference;	(c)尊重现有的社会保障计划并保护这些计划，使其免受不合理的干预；
(d) To adopt and implement a national social security strategy and plan of action;	(d)制定和实施国家社会保障战略和行动计划；
(e) To take targeted steps to implement social security schemes, particularly those that protect disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups;	(e)采取有针对性的措施以便实施社会保障计划，特别是关于保护处于不利地位的和被边缘化的个人和群体的计划；
(f) To monitor the extent of the realization of the right to social security.	(f)监测实现社会保障权利的情况。
60. In order for a State party to be able to attribute its failure to meet at least its minimum core obligations to a lack of available resources, it must demonstrate that every effort has been made to use all resources that are at its disposal in an effort to satisfy, as a matter of priority, these minimum obligations.	60. 如果缔约国无法履行有关最低限度保障的核心义务，而将其归咎于资源不足，它必须证明，它已经尽了一切努力，已将可以支配的所有资源优先用于履行这些最低限度义务。
61. The Committee also wishes to emphasize that it is particularly incumbent on States parties, and other actors in a position to assist, to provide international assistance and cooperation, especially economic and technical, to enable developing countries to fulfil their core obligations.	61. 委员会还希望强调指出，有能力给予援助的缔约国和其他行为者特别有义务提供国际援助与合作，尤其是经济和技术方面的援助与合作，以便使得展中国家能够履行其核心义务。
IV. VIOLATIONS	四、违反
62. To demonstrate compliance with their general and specific obligations, States parties must show that they have taken the necessary steps towards the realization of the right to social security within their maximum available resources, and have guaranteed that the right is enjoyed without discrimination and equally by men and women (articles 2 and 3 of the Covenant).	62. 为了证明遵守一般性义务和具体义务，缔约国必须说明，它已经利用可得的一切资源尽力为实现社会保障权利而采取了必要的措施，并且已经确保人民在没有歧视的情况下享有这种权利以及男子和妇女平等享有权利 (《公约》第二条和第三条)。
Under international law, a failure to act in good faith to take such steps amounts to a violation of the Covenant.	根据国际法，如果没有真诚地采取这些措施，就构成了违反《公约》的行为。
63. In assessing whether States parties have complied with obligations to take action, the Committee looks at whether implementation is reasonable or proportionate with respect to the attainment of the relevant rights, complies with human rights and democratic principles and whether it is subject to an adequate framework of monitoring and accountability.	63. 委员会在评估缔约国是否履行采取行动的义务时，会着眼于社会保障权利的实施是否合理或者相称；是否遵守人权和民主大打折扣是否具有适当的监测和责任制框架。
64. Violations of the right to social security can occur through acts of commission, i.e. the direct actions of States parties or other entities insufficiently regulated by States.	64. 侵犯社会保障权利的情况可能是由一种作为引起的，即缔约国或国家监管不力的其他实体的直接行动造成的。
Violations include, for example, the adoption of deliberately retrogressive measures incompatible with the core obligations outlined in paragraph 42 above; the formal repeal or suspension of legislation necessary for the continued enjoyment of the right to social security; active support for measures adopted by third parties which are inconsistent with the right to social security; the establishment of different eligibility conditions for social assistance benefits for disadvantaged and marginalized individuals depending on the place of residence; active denial of the rights of women or particular individuals or groups.	违规行为包括：故意制定不符合以上第59段所列核心义务规定 的倒退性措施；正式废除或中止为继续享有社会保障权利所必需的法律；积极支持第三方所制定的不符合社会保障权利的措施；根据居住地点规定处于不利地位的和 被边缘化的个人在申请社会援助福利时必须符合的不同条件；大肆否定妇女和特定个人或群体的权利。
65. Violations through acts of omission can occur when the State party fails to take sufficient and appropriate action to realize the right to social security.	65. 在国家没有采取充分和适当的行动以实现社会保障权利时，即发生了不作为引起的违规情况。
In the context of social security, examples of such violations include the failure to take appropriate steps towards the full realization of everyone's right to social security; the failure to enforce relevant laws or put into effect policies designed to implement the right to social security; the failure to ensure the financial sustainability of State pension schemes; the failure to reform or repeal legislation which is manifestly inconsistent with the right to social security; the failure to regulate the activities of individuals or groups so as to prevent them from violating the right to social security; the failure to remove promptly obstacles which the State party is under a duty to remove in order to permit the immediate fulfilment of a right guaranteed by the Covenant; the failure to meet the core obligations (see paragraph 59 above); the failure of a State party to take into account its Covenant obligations when entering into bilateral or multilateral agreements with other States, international organizations or multinational corporations.	在社会保障方 面，这种违规行为包括：没有采取适当的措施以充分实现所有人的社会保障权利；没有实施旨在实现社会保障权利的有关法律或政策；没有确保国家养老金计划的经 费可持续性；没有改革或者废除明显同社会保障权利发生冲突的法律；没有监管个人或团体的活动，以防止他们侵犯社会保障权利；没有履行缔约国的义务及时消除 障碍，以便立即实现《公约》所保障的权利；没有履行核心义务(见以上第59段)；缔约国在同其他国家、国际组织或跨国公司签订双边或多边协议时，没有考虑 到它根据《公约》应承担的义务。
V. IMPLEMENTATION AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL	五、国家一级的执行
66. In the implementation of their Covenant obligations, and in accordance with article 2, paragraph 1, of the Covenant, States parties are required to utilize "all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures.	66. 根据《公约》第二条第一款，缔约国在履行其《公约》义务时必须利用“一切适当方法，尤其包括采取立法措施”。
" Every State party has a margin of discretion in assessing which measures are most suitable to meet its specific circumstances.	所有缔约国都应该斟酌确定哪些措施最适合本国的具体情况。
The Covenant, however, clearly imposes a duty on each State party to take whatever steps are necessary to ensure that everyone enjoys the right to social security, as soon as possible.	然而，《公约》明确规定，所有缔约国都有义务采取一切必要的措施，以便确保所有人都能尽快享有社会保障的权利。
A. Legislation, strategies and policies	A. 立法、战略和政策
67. States parties are obliged to adopt all appropriate measures such as legislation, strategies, policies and programmes to ensure that the specific obligations with regard to the right to social security will be implemented.	67. 缔约国有义务采取一切适当的措施，例如立法、战略、政策以及方案，以便确保在社会保障权利方面的具体义务得以履行。
Existing legislation, strategies and policies should be reviewed to ensure that they are compatible with obligations arising from the right to social security, and should be repealed, amended or changed if inconsistent with Covenant requirements.	应当审查现有的法律、战略和政策，以便确保它们符合社会保障权利引起的义务；如果它们同《公约》的规定发生冲突，应该予以废除、修订和修改。
Social security systems should also regularly be monitored to ensure their sustainability.	应该定期监测社会保障制度，以便确保其可持续性。
68. The duty to take steps clearly imposes on States parties an obligation to adopt a national strategy and plan of action to realize the right to social security, unless the State party can clearly show that it has a comprehensive social security system in place and that it reviews it regularly to ensure that it is consistent with the right to social security.	68. 关于采取措施的义务明确要求各缔约国采用旨在实现社会保障权利的国家战略和行动计划，除非缔约国能够清楚说明，它已经实施了全面的社会保障制度，并且对这种制度进行定期审查，以便确保符合社会保障的权利。
The strategy and action plan should be reasonably conceived in the circumstances; take into account the equal rights of men and women and the rights of the most disadvantaged and marginalized groups; be based upon human rights law and principles; cover all aspects of the right to social security; set targets or goals to be achieved and the time-frame for their achievement, together with corresponding benchmarks and indicators, against which they should be continuously monitored; and contain mechanisms for obtaining financial and human resources.	这种战略和行动计划应该根据具体情况合理加以拟定；它们应该考虑到男女的平等权利以及 处于最不利地位的和被边缘化的群体的权利；它们应该建立在人权法和原则的基础上；它们应该包括社会保障权利的所有方面；它们应该规定必须达到的目标和时限 以及借以不断加以鉴测的相关基准和指标；它们应当包含用以获得人力和财力资源的机制。
When formulating and implementing national strategies on the right to social security, States parties should avail themselves, if necessary, of the technical assistance and cooperation of the United Nations specialized agencies (see Part VI below).	在制定和实施国家社会保障权利战略时，缔约国应当酌情利用联合国专门机构的技术援助和合作(见以下第六部分)。
69. The formulation and implementation of national social security strategies and plans of action should respect, inter alia, the principles of non-discrimination, gender equality and people's participation.	69. 在制定和实施国家社会保障战略和行动计划时，除其他外，应该尊重关于不歧视、性别平等以及人民参与的原则。
The right of individuals and groups to participate in decision-making processes that may affect their exercise of the right to social security should be an integral part of any policy, programme or strategy concerning social security.	个人和群体有权参与可能会影响到他们行使社会保障权利的决策进程；这种权利应该成为任何有关社会保障的政策、方案或战略的组成部分。
70. The national social security strategy and plan of action and its implementation should also be based on the principles of accountability and transparency.	70. 国家社会保障战略和行动计划及其实施也应该建立在责任制和透明度的原则基础上。
The independence of the judiciary and good governance are also essential to the effective implementation of all human rights.	司法独立和良好的治理对于有效实施所有人权是至关重要的。
71. In order to create a favourable climate for the realization of the right to social security, States parties should take appropriate steps to ensure that the private business sector and civil society are aware of, and consider its importance in pursuing their activities.	71. 为了创造一种实现社会保障权利的有利气氛，缔约国应该采取适当措施，确保私营部门和民间社会在开展活动时了解并且考虑到这项权利的重要性。
72. States parties may find it advantageous to adopt framework legislation to implement the right to social security.	72. 缔约国可能会发现采用框架性立法来实现社会保障权利是有利的。
Such legislation might include: (a) targets or goals to be attained and the time frame for their achievement; (b) the means by which the purpose could be achieved; (c) the intended collaboration with civil society, the private sector and international organizations; (d) institutional responsibility for the process; (e) national mechanisms for its monitoring; and (f) remedies and recourse procedures.	这种立法可能包括：(a) 要达到的目标和达到目标的时限；(b) 达到目标的手段；(c) 拟同民间社会、私营部门以及国际组织进行的合作；(d) 在这个进程中的机构责任；(e) 国家监测机制以及(f) 补偿办法和求偿程序。
B. Decentralization and the right to social security	B. 权力下放与社会保障权利
73. Where responsibility for the implementation of the right to social security has been delegated to regional or local authorities or is under the constitutional authority of a federal body, the State party retains the obligation to comply with the Covenant, and therefore should ensure that these regional or local authorities effectively monitor the necessary social security services and facilities, as well as the effective implementation of the system.	73. 在将实施社会保障权利的责任交予地区部门或地方部门的情况下，或者联邦机构依据宪法所规定的权利负责实施的情况下，缔约国仍然承担《公约》所规定的义务，因此应当确保，这些地区部门和地方部门有效监测必要的社会保障服务和设施，同时有效实施这种制度。
The States parties must further ensure that such authorities do not deny access to benefits and services on a discriminatory basis, whether directly or indirectly.	缔约国必须进一步确保，这些部门不会在歧视的基础上直接或间接地拒绝提供福利和服务。
C. Monitoring, indicators and benchmarks	C. 监测、指标和基准
74. States parties are obliged to monitor effectively the realization of the right to social security and should establish the necessary mechanisms or institutions for such a purpose.	74. 缔约国有义务有效监测社会保障权利的实现，应当为此目的设立必要的机制或机构。
In monitoring progress towards the realization of the right to social security, States parties should identify the factors and difficulties affecting implementation of their obligations.	在监测实现社会保障权利方面的进展的过程中，缔约国应当查明影响履行其义务的因素和困难。
75. To assist the monitoring process, right to social security indicators should be identified in national strategies or plans of action in order that the State party's obligations under article 9 can be monitored at the national and international levels.	75. 为了推动这种监测进程，应该在国家战略或行动计划中确定社会保障权利的指标，以便在国家一级和国际一级监测缔约国根据第九条承担的义务。
Indicators should address the different elements of social security (such as adequacy, coverage of social risks and contingencies, affordability and accessibility), be disaggregated on the prohibited grounds of discrimination, and cover all persons residing in the territorial jurisdiction of the State party or under its control.	指标应该涉及社会保障的各项内容(例如：适当性、社会风险和突发情况的覆盖范围、可负担性以及可及性)；指标应该根据遭到禁止的歧视理由分类；指标应当覆盖居住在缔约国境内并接受其管辖或者受到其控制的所有人。
States parties may obtain guidance on appropriate indicators from the ongoing work of the International Labour Organization (ILO), World Health Organization (WHO) and International Social Security Association (ISSA).	缔约国可以从国际劳工组织、世界卫生组织以及国际社会保障协会目前正在开展的工作中获得关于适当指标的指导。
76. Having identified appropriate indicators for the right to social security, States parties are invited to set appropriate national benchmarks.	76. 委员会要求缔约国在确定关于社会保障权利的适当指标以后，规定适当的国家基准。
During the periodic reporting procedure, the Committee will engage in a process of "scoping" with States parties.	根据定期报告的程序，委员会将同缔约国一起从事“范围的界定”。
Scoping involves the joint consideration by States parties and the Committee of the indicators and national benchmarks which will then provide the targets to be achieved during the next reporting period.	界定范围涉及到由缔约国和委员会共同审议有关的指标和国家基准，并且据此规定下一个报告期内计划实现的目标。
In the following five years, the States parties will use these national benchmarks to help monitor their implementation of the right to social security.	在这以后的5年中，缔约国将利用这些国家基准帮助监测本国社会保障权利的实施情况。
Thereafter, in the subsequent reporting process, States parties and the Committee will consider whether or not the benchmarks have been achieved, and the reasons for any difficulties that may have been encountered.	在以后的报告过程中，缔约国和委员会将审议基准是否已经达到以及可能遇到困难的原因。
When setting benchmarks and preparing their reports, States parties should utilize the extensive information and advisory services of the United Nations specialized agencies and programmes.	在规定基准和编写报告的过程中，缔约国应当利用联合国专门机构和各规划署的广泛信息和咨询服务。
D. Remedies and accountability	D. 补救与问责
77. Any persons or groups who have experienced violations of their right to social security should have access to effective judicial or other appropriate remedies at both national and international levels.	77 任何其社会保障权利遭到侵犯的个人和群体应该得到国家一级和国际一级的司法和其他方面的有效适当补偿。
All victims of violations of the right to social security should be entitled to adequate reparation, including restitution, compensation, satisfaction or guarantees of non-repetition.	所有其社会保障权利遭到侵犯的受害者应该有权获得适当的补偿，其中包括：恢复权利、得到赔偿、满足要求或确保不再重犯。
National ombudspersons, human rights commissions, and similar national human rights institutions should be permitted to address violations of the right.	国家监察专员、人权委员会以及类似的国家人权机构应该获准处理关于侵犯权利的事务。
Legal assistance for obtaining remedies should be provided within maximum available resources.	应该为争取补偿尽力提供法律援助。
78. Before any action is carried out by the State party, or by any other third party, that interferes with the right of an individual to social security the relevant authorities must ensure that such actions are performed in a manner warranted by law, compatible with the Covenant, and include: (a) an opportunity for genuine consultation with those affected; (b) timely and full disclosure of information on the proposed measures; (c) reasonable notice of proposed actions; (d) legal recourse and remedies for those affected; and (e) legal assistance for obtaining legal remedies.	78. 在缔约国或任何其他第三方采取任何干预个人的社会保障权利的行动之前，有关部门必须确保，这种行动是经过法律授权的而且是符合《公约》规定的。 其方法包括：(a) 同受到影响的人进行真正的协商；(b) 及时提供全部有关拟议中措施的信息；(c) 提前通知拟议中的行动；(d) 为受到影响的人提供法律追偿和补救方法；以及 (e) 为获得法律补救提供法律援助。
Where such action is based on the ability of a person to contribute to a social security scheme, their capacity to pay must be taken into account.	如果这种行动基于有关人向社会保障计划缴款的能力，则必须将这种能力考虑在内。
Under no circumstances should an individual be deprived of a benefit on discriminatory grounds or of the minimum essential level of benefits as defined in paragraph 59 (a).	在任何情况下都不应该以歧视性理由剥夺一个人的福利，或者剥夺以上第59段(a)中所规定的最低限度的福利。
79. The incorporation in the domestic legal order of international instruments recognizing the right to social security can significantly enhance the scope and effectiveness of remedial measures and should be encouraged.	79. 将有关确认社会保障权利的国际文书纳入国内法律可以大大加强补救措施的范围和有效性，应当予以鼓励。
Incorporation enables courts to adjudicate violations of the right to social security by direct reference to the Covenant.	这种做法使得法庭能够在就侵犯社会保障权利的案件作出裁定时直接引用《公约》的规定。
80. Judges, adjudicators and members of the legal profession should be encouraged by States parties to pay greater attention to violations of the right to social security in the exercise of their functions.	80. 缔约国应当鼓励法官、审判官以及法律界其他人员在执行公务时更加注意关于侵犯社会保障权利的情况。
81. States parties should respect, protect, facilitate and promote the work of human rights advocates and other members of civil society, with a view to assisting disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups in the realization of their right to social security.	81. 缔约国应该尊重、保护、促进和推动人权倡导者和民间社会其他成员的工作，以便帮助处于不利地位的和被边缘化的个人和群体实现其社会保障的权利。
VI. OBLIGATIONS OF ACTORS OTHER THAN STATES	六、国家以外的其他行为者的义务
82. The United Nations specialized agencies and other international organizations concerned with social security, such as ILO, WHO, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the United Nations Children's Fund, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the United Nations Development Programme and ISSA, as well as international organizations concerned with trade such as the World Trade Organization, should cooperate effectively with States parties, building on their respective expertise, in relation to the implementation of the right to social security.	82. 涉及社会保障的联合国专门机构以及其他国际组织，例如：劳工组织、世卫组织、联合国粮食及农业组织、联合国儿童基金会、联合国人类住区规划署、联合国开发 计划署、国际社会保障协会以及涉及贸易的国际组织 (例如世界贸易组织)，应该开展同缔约国的有效合作，发展各自在实现社会保障权利方面的专门知识。
83. The international financial institutions, notably the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, should take into account the right to social security in their lending policies, credit agreements, structural adjustment programmes and similar projects,so that the enjoyment of the right to social security, particularly by disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups, is promoted and not compromised.	83. 国际金融机构，特别是国际货币基金组织和世界银行，应该在其借贷政策、信贷协议、结构调整方案以及类似项目中考虑到社会保障权利，从而确保推动而不是损害人民享有社会保障权利，特别是处于不利地位的和被边缘化的个人和群体享有这种权利。
84. When examining the reports of States parties and their ability to meet the obligations to realize the right to social security, the Committee will consider the effects of the assistance provided by all other actors.	84. 在审查缔约国的报告及其履行关于实现社会保障权利义务的能力时，委员会将审议所有其他行为者所提供援助的效果。
The incorporation of human rights law and principles in the programmes and policies of international organizations will greatly facilitate the implementation of the right to social security.	将人权法律和原则纳入国际组织的方案和政策将大大促进社会保障权利的实施。
Notes	注
Adopted on 23 November 2007.	于2007年11月23日通过。
Declaration concerning the aims and purposes of the International Labour Organization (ILO), annex to the Constitution of the ILO, section III (f).	关于国际劳工组织的目标和宗旨的宣言，附于《国际劳工组织章程》第三部分，(f)段。
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), article 5 (e) (iv); Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, articles 11, para. 1 (e) and 14, para. 2 (c); and Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 26.	《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的第五条(辰)项(4)目；1979年《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十一条第1款(e)项和第十四条第2款(c)项；《儿童权利公约》第26条。
For explicit mention of the right to social security, see American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, article XVI; Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic Social and Cultural Rights (Protocol of San Salvador), article 9; European Social Charter (and 1996 revised version), articles 12, 13 and 14.	明确提到社会保障权利的有：《美洲关于人的权利和义务宣言》第16条；《美洲人权公约关于经济、社会和文化权利领域的附加议定书》(《圣萨尔瓦多议定书》)第9条；《欧洲社会宪章》(1996年修订版)第12、13和14条。
International Labour Conference, 89th session, report of the Committee on Social Security, resolutions and conclusions concerning social security.	国际劳工会议第八十九届大会社会保障委员会的报告，关于社会保障的决议和结论。
Michael Cichon and Krzysztof Hagemejer, "Social Security for All: Investing in Global and Economic Development. A Consultation", Issues in Social Protection Series, Discussion Paper 16, ILO Social Security Department, Geneva, 2006.	劳工组织社会保障部《社会保障问题系列》第16号讨论文件《向所有人提供社会保障：关于投资于全球经济发展的协商》，Michel Cichon and Krzysztof Hagemejer, 2006年，日内瓦。
See general comments No. 5 (1994) on persons with disabilities; No. 6 (1995) on the economic, social and cultural rights of older persons; No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food (art. 11); No. 14 (2000) on the right to the highest attainable standard of health (art. 12); No. 15 (2002) on the right to water (arts. 11 and 12); No. 16 (2005) on the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights (art. 3); and No. 18 (2005) on the right to work (art. 6).	见下述一般性意见：第5号(1994)――残疾人；第6号 (1995)――老龄人的经济、社会、文化权利；第12号(1999)――取得足够食物的权利(第十一条)；第14号(2000)――享有能达到最高健康 标准的权利(第十二条)；第15号(2002)――水权(《公约》第十一和第十二条)；第16号(2005)――男女在享受一切经济、社会及文化权利方面 的平等权利(第三条)；第18号(2005)――工作权利(第六条)。
See also Statement by the Committee: An evaluation of the obligation to take steps to the "maximum of available resources" under an optional protocol to the Covenant (E/C.12/2007/1).	并见委员会的声明：对在《〈公约〉任择议定书》下“尽最大能力”采取步骤的义务的评价(E/C.12/2007/1)。
See in particular ILO Convention No. 102 (1952) on Social Security (Minimum Standards), which was confirmed by the ILO Governing Body in 2002 as an instrument corresponding to contemporary needs and circumstances. These categories were also affirmed by States and trade union and employer representatives in the ILO Maritime Labour Convention (2006), regulation 4.5, standard A4.5.	见劳工组织第102号公约(社会保障(最低标准)(1952年)，劳工组织理事会于2002年确认该公约为符合现代需要和情况的文书。 这些社会保障类别也在劳工组织2006年《海事劳工公约》规则4.5、标准A4.5中得到国家、雇主和职工代表的确认。
The Committee's revised general guidelines for State reporting of 1991 follow this approach.	委员会关于缔约国报告的订正一般准则(1991年)也采取这种做法。
See also Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), arts. 11, 12 and 13.	并参看《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十一、十二和十三条。
General comment No. 14 (2000) on the right to the highest attainable standard of health (art. 12).	见第14号一般性意见(2000)：享有能达到的最高健康标准的权利(第十二条)。
Coverage must include any morbid condition, whatever its cause, and pregnancy and confinement and their consequences, general and practical medical care, together with hospitalization.	覆盖范围必须包括无论何种原因引起的疾病，怀孕和分娩以及随之而来的休养、一般的和实际的医疗服务以及住院费用。
See above, para. 4 and see below paras. 23-27.	见以上第4段和以下第23至27段。
See general comment No. 6 (1995) on the economic, social and cultural rights of older persons.	见第6号一般性意见(1995)：老龄人的经济、社会、文化权利。
As defined in paras. 29-39 below.	其定义见以下第29至39段。
See ILO Convention No. 121 (1964) on Employment Injury Benefits.	见劳工组织第121号公约(工伤津贴)(1964年)。
See Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 26.	见《儿童权利公约》第二十六条。
The Committee notes that ILO Convention No. 183 (2000) on Maternity Protection provides that maternity leave should be for a period of not less than 14 weeks, including a period of six weeks' compulsory leave after childbirth.	委员会指出，劳工组织第183号公约(保护生育)(2000年)规定，产假不得少于14周，其中包括6周产后强制性休假。
See CEDAW, article 11, para. 2 (b).	见《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十一条第1款(a)项。
Institutionalization of persons with disabilities, unless rendered necessary for other reasons, cannot be regarded as an adequate substitute for the social security and income-support rights of such persons, as well as rehabilitation and employment support, in order to assist persons with disabilities to secure work as required by articles 6 and 7 of the Covenant.	除非另有原因而必须收容之外，收容残疾人士不能被视为对于残疾人社会保障和收入支助权利的适当替代，也不能替代根据《公约》第六条和第七条的规定为帮助残疾人就业而提供的康复和就业支助。
The Committee also notes that children have a right to social security.	委员会还指出，儿童有权享有社会保障。
See Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 26.	见《儿童权利公约》第二十六条。
The Committee notes that, under ILO Convention No. 168 (1988) on Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment, such action can only be taken in certain circumstances: absence from the territory of the State; a competent authority has determined that the person concerned deliberately contributed to their own dismissal or left employment voluntarily without just cause; during the period a person stops work due to a labour dispute; the person has attempted to obtain or has obtained benefits fraudulently; the person has failed without just cause to use the facilities available for placement, vocational guidance, training, retraining or redeployment in suitable work; or the person is in receipt of another income maintenance benefit provided for in the legislation of the relevant State, except a family benefit, provided that the part of the benefit which is suspended does not exceed that other benefit.	委员会指出，根据劳工组织第168号公约(促进就业和失业保护) (1988年)，只有在某些情况下才能采取这种行动：有关者不在成员国本土时；经主管当局判断，有关者故意造成他或她的解雇时；经主管当局判断，有关者无 正当理由自愿离职时； 在劳资纠纷期间停止工作时；有关者依靠欺诈试图获得或已经获得补助时；有关者无正当理由不利用提供的安置、职业指导、培训、重新培训或调动合适工作的机会 时；在有关者接受有关成员国立法所规定的除家庭津贴以外另一项维持收入津贴但中断的津贴部分未超过其他津贴。
Articles 71 and 72 of ILO Convention 102 (1952) on Social Security (Minimum Standards) set out similar requirements.	劳工组织第102号公约(社会保障(最低标准))(1952年)第71条和第72条载有类似的规定。
See Social Security principles, Social Security Series No. 1, ILO (1998), p. 14 and general comments No. 5 (1994) on persons with disabilities, No. 6 (1995) on the economic, social and cultural rights of older persons; No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food (art. 11); No. 13 (1999) on the right to education (art. 13); No. 14 (2000) on the right to the highest attainable standard of health (art. 12); No. 15 (2002) on the right to water (arts. 11 and 12); and No. 18 (2005) on the right to work (art. 6).	见劳工组织 《社会保障原则》《社会保障系列第1号》，劳工组织，1998年，第14页以及下述一般性意见：第5号(1994)――残疾人；第6号(1995)――老 龄人的经济、社会、文化权利；第12号(1999)――取得足够食物的权利(第十一条)；第13号(1999)――受教育权(第十三条)；第14号 (2000)――享有能达到的最高健康标准的权利(第十二条)；第15号(2002)――水权(《公约》第十一和十二条)；第18号(2005)――工作 权利(第六条)。
Social Security principles, Social Security Series No. 1, ILO, p. 29.	见劳工组织《社会保障原则》，《社会保障系列第1号》，第29页。
See general comment No. 16 (2005) on the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights (art. 3).	见第16号一般性意见(2005)――男女在享受一切经济、社会及文化权利方面的平等权利(第三条)。
See general comment No. 6.	见第6号一般性意见。
The Committee notes that some distinctions can be made on the basis of age, for example entitlement to a pension.	委员会指出，可在年龄基础上作些区分，例如在领取养老金方面。
The key underlying principle is that any distinction on prohibited grounds must be reasonable and justified in the circumstances.	关键的基本原则是：任何区分对于具体情况而言必须是合理的和有道理的。
See general comment No. 5.	见第5号一般性意见。
Homeworkers are those who work from home for remuneration for an employer or similar business enterprise or activity.	在家工作者指为雇主或类似企业或商业活动在家里从事有酬劳的工作。
See ILO Convention No. 177 (1996) on Home Work.	见劳工组织第177号公约(家庭工作)(1996年)。
Article 10 of the Covenant expressly provides that "working mothers should be accorded paid leave or leave with adequate social security benefits".	《公约》第十条明确规定，“对有工作的母亲应给以给薪休假或有适当社会保障福利金的休假”。
Conclusions concerning decent work and the informal economy, General Conference of the International Labour Organization, 90th session, para.	国际劳工组织第九十届大会，关于体面工作和非正规经济的结论，第3段。
3. See report of the Secretary-General on international migration and development (A/60/871), para. 98.	见联合秘书长关于国际迁徙和发展的报告 (A/60/871)，第98段。
See Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, articles 23 and 24 and Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, articles 23 and 24.	见《关于难民地位的公约》第二十三和二十四条；以及《关于无国籍人地位的公约》第二十三和二十四条。
See paras. 59 (d) and 68-70 below.	见以下第59 (d)段和68至70段。
See paras. 12-21 above.	见以上第12至21段。
See International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, article 27.	比较《保护所有迁徙工人及其家属的权利国际公约》第二十七条。
See general comment No. 3 (1990) on the nature of States parties' obligations (art. 2, para. 1 of the Covenant).	见第3号一般性意见(1990)――缔约国义务的性质(《公约》第二条第一款)。
Read in conjunction with general comment No. 14 (2000) on the right to the highest attainable standard of health (art. 12), paras. 43 and 44, this would include access to health facilities, goods and services on a non-discriminatory basis, provision of essential drugs, access to reproductive, maternal (prenatal as well as post-natal) and child health care, and immunization against the major infectious diseases occurring in the community.	同第 14号一般性意见(2000)――享有能达到的最高健康标准的权利(第十二条)第43和44段一起阅读，其中包括：在没有歧视的基础上享有医疗设施、商品 及服务；提供必要的药物；享有生育、产妇(产前和产后)与儿童等方面的医疗服务；以及打针预防在当地社区流行的主要传染病。
See paras. 29-31 above.	见以上第29至第31段。
See paras. 44-46 above.	见以上第44至第46段。
See paras. 68-70 below.	见以下第68至第70段。
See for example paras. 31-39 above.	例如，见以上第31至第39段。
See para. 74 below.	见以下第74段。
See general comment No. 3. paragraph 10.	见第3号一般性意见，第10段。
See Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, article 26.	见《维也纳条约法公约》第二十六条。
See statement by the Committee: An evaluation of the obligation to take steps to the "maximum of available resources" under an optional protocol to the Covenant (E/C.12/2007/1).	见委员会的声明：对在《<公约>任择议定书》下“尽最大能力”采取步骤的义务的评价(E/C.12/2007/1)。
See general comment No. 14 (2000) on the right to the highest attainable standard of health (art. 12), para. 58.	见第14号一般性意见(2000)――享有能达到的最高健康标准的权利(第十二条)，第58段。
See general comment No. 9 (1998) on the domestic application of the Covenant, paragraph 4.	见第9号一般性意见(1998)――《公约》在国内的适用，第4段。
See general comment No. 2 (1990) on international technical assistance measures (art. 22 of the Covenant).	见第2号一般性意见(1990)――国际技术援助措施(《公约》第二十二条)。