CESCR/GC/20 CESCR_GC_20E.doc (English)	CESCR/GC/20 CESCR_GC_20C.doc (Chinese)
CESCR	CESCR
General comment No. 20	第20号一般性意见：
Non-discrimination in economic, social and cultural rights (art. 2, para. 2, of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)	经济、社会和文化权利方面不歧视 (《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第二条第2款)
Forty-second session (2009)	第四十二届会议(2009年)
I. INTRODUCTION AND BASIC PREMISES	一、导言和基本前提
1. Discrimination undermines the fulfilment of economic, social and cultural rights for a significant proportion of the world's population.	1. 歧视影响了经济、社会、文化权利对世界相当部分人口的落实。
Economic growth has not, in itself, led to sustainable development, and individuals and groups of individuals continue to face socio-economic inequality, often because of entrenched historical and contemporary forms of discrimination.	经济增长本身并没有带来可持续发展，个人和个人群体仍然面临着社会经济不平等，这往往是也是因为根深蒂固的历史和当代形式的歧视。
2. Non-discrimination and equality are fundamental components of international human rights law and essential to the exercise and enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.	2. 不歧视和平等是国际人权法的基本组成部分，对行使和享有经济、社会、文化权利至关重要。
Article 2, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the Covenant) obliges each State party "to guarantee that the rights enunciated in the present Covenant will be exercised without discrimination of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status".	《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第二条第2款要求每个缔约国“…保证，本公约所宣布的权利应予普遍行使，而不得有例如种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份等任何区分”。
3. The principles of non-discrimination and equality are recognized throughout the Covenant.	3. 不歧视和平等的原则贯穿《公约》始终。
The preamble stresses the "equal and inalienable rights of all" and the Covenant expressly recognizes the rights of "everyone" to the various Covenant rights such as, inter alia, the right to work, just and favourable conditions of work, trade union freedoms, social security, an adequate standard of living, health and education and participation in cultural life.	其中“序言”强调了“所有成员…平等的和不移的权利”，《公约》明确承认“人人”有权享有《公约》规定的权利，特别是工作权利、公正和有利的工作条件、工会自由、社会保障、适足生活水准、卫生和教育，以及参与文化生活。
4. The Covenant also explicitly mentions the principles of non-discrimination and equality with respect to some individual rights.	4. 《公约》还明确提到某些个人权利方面的不歧视和平等原则。
Article 3 requires States to undertake to ensure the equal right of men and women to enjoy the Covenant rights and article 7 includes the "right to equal remuneration for work of equal value" and "equal opportunity for everyone to be promoted" in employment.	第三条要求缔约国承诺确保男女在享有《公约》权利方面的平等权利；第七条包括“同值工作同酬的权利”和“人人在其行业中有适当的提级的同等机会”。
Article 10 stipulates that, inter alia, mothers should be accorded special protection during a reasonable period before and after childbirth and that special measures of protection and assistance should be taken for children and young persons without discrimination.	第十条除其他外特别规定，对母亲，在产前和产后的合理期间，应给予特别保护；应为儿童和少年采取特殊的保护和协助措施，不得因出身或其他条件而有任何歧视。
Article 13 recognizes that "primary education shall be compulsory and available free to all" and provides that "higher education shall be made equally accessible to all".	第十三条承认，“初等教育应属义务性质并一律免费”，还规定“高等教育…对一切人平等开放”。
5. The preamble, Articles 1, paragraph 3, and 55, of the Charter of the United Nations and article 2, paragraph 1, of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights prohibit discrimination in the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.	5. 《联合国宪章》序言、第一条第3款和第五十五条以及《世界人权宣言》第二条第1款都禁止在享有经济、社会、文化权利方面的歧视。
International treaties on racial discrimination, discrimination against women and the rights of refugees, stateless persons, children, migrant workers and members of their families, and persons with disabilities include the exercise of economic, social and cultural rights,while other treaties require the elimination of discrimination in specific fields, such as employment and education.	有关种族歧视、对妇女的歧视、难民权利、无国籍人士、儿童、移徙工人及其家庭成员和残疾人的国际条约都包括行使经济、社会、文化权利，而另外一些条约则要求消除就业和教育等具体领域的歧视。
In addition to the common provision on equality and non-discrimination in both the Covenant and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, article 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights contains an independent guarantee of equal and effective protection before and of the law.	除《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》中关于平等和不歧视的共同规定以外，《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》中还有一项关于在法律面前人人平等和受有效法律保护的单独保障。
6. In previous general comments, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has considered the application of the principle of non-discrimination to specific Covenant rights relating to housing, food, education, health, water, authors' rights, work and social security.	6. 经济、社会、文化权利委员会在一些以前的一般性意见中考虑了不歧视原则对有关下列方面的具体《公约》权利的适用问题：住房、食物、教育、卫生、水、作者权利、工作和社会保障。
Moreover, general comment No. 16 focuses on State parties' obligations under article 3 of the Covenant to ensure equal rights of men and women to the enjoyment of all Covenant rights, while general comments Nos. 5 and 6 respectively concern the rights of persons with disabilities and older persons.	另外，第16号一般性意见重点强调了《公约》第三条规定的缔约国的义务，即确保男人和妇女享有所有《公约》权利，而第5和第6号一般性意见则分别涉及残疾人和老年人的权利。
The present general comment aims to clarify the Committee's understanding of the provisions of article 2, paragraph 2, of the Covenant, including the scope of State obligations (Part II), the prohibited grounds of discrimination (Part III), and national implementation (Part IV).	本一般性意见旨在明确委员会对《公约》第二条第2款的理解，包括缔约国义务的范围(第二部分)、禁止的歧视理由(第三部分)和国家落实(第四部分)。
II. SCOPE OF STATE OBLIGATIONS	二、国家义务的范围
7. Non-discrimination is an immediate and cross-cutting obligation in the Covenant.	7. 不歧视是《公约》规定的一项即时和全面的义务。
Article 2, paragraph 2, requires States parties to guarantee non-discrimination in the exercise of each of the economic, social and cultural rights enshrined in the Covenant and can only be applied in conjunction with these rights.	第二条第2款要求缔约国在行使《公约》规定的每一项经济、社会和文化权利方面保证没有歧视，并且只能在推行这些权利时适用不歧视原则。
It is to be noted that discrimination constitutes any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference or other differential treatment that is directly or indirectly based on the prohibited grounds of discrimination and which has the intention or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of Covenant rights.	还应当指出的是，直接或间接基于禁止的歧视理由、具有取消或影响对《公约》权利的承认、享有或平等行使的意图或作用的任何区分、排斥、限制或偏向或其他不同待遇，均属于歧视。
Discrimination also includes incitement to discriminate and harassment.	歧视还包括煽动歧视和骚扰。
8. In order for States parties to "guarantee" that the Covenant rights will be exercised without discrimination of any kind, discrimination must be eliminated both formally and substantively:	8. 为使缔约国能“保证”没有任何歧视地行使《公约》权利，必须正式和切实消除歧视：
(a) Formal discrimination: Eliminating formal discrimination requires ensuring that a State's constitution, laws and policy documents do not discriminate on prohibited grounds; for example, laws should not deny equal social security benefits to women on the basis of their marital status;	正式歧视：消除正式歧视要求确保缔约国的宪法、法律和政策文件不基于禁止的理由实行歧视，例如，法律不应根据妇女的婚姻状况否定她们有权享有平等的社会保障福利；
(b) Substantive discrimination: Merely addressing formal discrimination will not ensure substantive equality as envisaged and defined by article 2, paragraph 2.	实质性歧视：只是解决正式歧视问题还不足以保证第二条第2款所预期和界定的实际平等。
The effective enjoyment of Covenant rights is often influenced by whether a person is a member of a group characterized by the prohibited grounds of discrimination.	一个人能否确实享有《公约》权利往往取决于他(她)是否属于一个以禁止的歧视理由为特点的群体。
Eliminating discrimination in practice requires paying sufficient attention to groups of individuals which suffer historical or persistent prejudice instead of merely comparing the formal treatment of individuals in similar situations.	要消除实际中的歧视，就要对遭受历史或持久偏见的群体给予足够注意，而不是只对个人以前在同样情况下的待遇进行比较。
States parties must therefore immediately adopt the necessary measures to prevent, diminish and eliminate the conditions and attitudes which cause or perpetuate substantive or de facto discrimination.	因此，缔约国必须立即采取必要措施，削弱和消除造成或延续实质性或事实上的歧视的条件和态度。
For example, ensuring that all individuals have equal access to adequate housing, water and sanitation will help to overcome discrimination against women and girl children and persons living in informal settlements and rural areas.	例如，确保所有人都能平等获得适足住房、水和卫生，这将有助于克服对妇女和女孩以及居住在非正式住区和乡村地区的群体的歧视。
9. In order to eliminate substantive discrimination, States parties may be, and in some cases are, under an obligation to adopt special measures to attenuate or suppress conditions that perpetuate discrimination.	9. 为消除实质性歧视，缔约国可能有必要，而且在某些情况下必须采取特别措施，削弱或消除延续歧视的条件。
Such measures are legitimate to the extent that they represent reasonable, objective and proportional means to redress de facto discrimination and are discontinued when substantive equality has been sustainably achieved.	只要是为了消除事实上的歧视，而且是合理、客观和有节制的手段，这种措施就是合法的，在实质性歧视被持久消除之后即可停止实行。
Such positive measures may exceptionally, however, need to be of a permanent nature, such as interpretation services for linguistic minorities and reasonable accommodation of persons with sensory impairments in accessing health-care facilities.	然而，这种积极措施在某些特殊情况下可能必须是持久性的，例如，为语言少数提供翻译服务，为在进入医疗保健设施方面有感觉障碍的人提供合理住宿。
10. Both direct and indirect forms of differential treatment can amount to discrimination under article 2, paragraph 2, of the Covenant:	10. 根据《公约》第二条第2款，直接或间接形式的差别待遇均可构成歧视：
(a) Direct discrimination occurs when an individual is treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation for a reason related to a prohibited ground; e.g. where employment in educational or cultural institutions or membership of a trade union is based on the political opinions of applicants or employees.	直接歧视即处于同样情况下的一个人因为一种禁止的理由所受待遇不如另一个人；例如，能否在教育或文化机构中就业或能否加入一个工会取决于申请人或雇员的政治见解。
Direct discrimination also includes detrimental acts or omissions on the basis of prohibited grounds where there is no comparable similar situation (e.g. the case of a woman who is pregnant);	直接歧视还包括在没有可比较的类似情况下出于禁止的理由所采取的有害行为或不行为(例如，在妇女怀孕的情况下)；
(b) Indirect discrimination refers to laws, policies or practices which appear neutral at face value, but have a disproportionate impact on the exercise of Covenant rights as distinguished by prohibited grounds of discrimination.	间接歧视所指的是，表面上看起来是中性的法律、政策或做法，因为禁止的歧视理由而对行使《公约》权利有不适当的影响。
For instance, requiring a birth registration certificate for school enrolment may discriminate against ethnic minorities or non-nationals who do not possess, or have been denied, such certificates.	例如，入学要求有出生登记证，这可能对那些没有或被拒绝发给这种证件的族裔少数或非国民造成歧视。
Private sphere	私人领域
11. Discrimination is frequently encountered in families, workplaces, and other sectors of society.	11. 在家庭、工作场所以及其他社会部分，经常遇到歧视。
For example, actors in the private housing sector (e.g. private landlords, credit providers and public housing providers) may directly or indirectly deny access to housing or mortgages on the basis of ethnicity, marital status, disability or sexual orientation while some families may refuse to send girl children to school.	例如，私人住房领域的主管者(如私人房主、信贷提供者和公有住房提供者)可能出于族裔、婚姻状况、残疾或性取向等原因直接或间接拒绝提供住房或抵押，而某些家庭则可能拒绝让女孩上学。
States parties must therefore adopt measures, which should include legislation, to ensure that individuals and entities in the private sphere do not discriminate on prohibited grounds.	因此，缔约国必须采取包括立法在内的措施，确保私人领域的个人和实体不因禁止的理由而歧视。
Systemic discrimination	系统性歧视
12. The Committee has regularly found that discrimination against some groups is pervasive and persistent and deeply entrenched in social behaviour and organization, often involving unchallenged or indirect discrimination.	12. 委员会经常发现，对某些群体的歧视是普遍的、持续的，并深深扎根于社会行为和组织中，时常涉及不受质疑的或间接的歧视。
Such systemic discrimination can be understood as legal rules, policies, practices or predominant cultural attitudes in either the public or private sector which create relative disadvantages for some groups, and privileges for other groups.	这种系统性歧视可理解为公共或私人领域的法律条例、政策、习俗或占主导地位的文化态度，这使某些群体处于相对不利的地位，而使另一些群体拥有特权。
Permissible scope of differential treatment	差别待遇的允许范围
13. Differential treatment based on prohibited grounds will be viewed as discriminatory unless the justification for differentiation is reasonable and objective.	13. 基于禁止理由的差别待遇会被认为是歧视性的，除非为区分所做的辩解是有道理和客观的。
This will include an assessment as to whether the aim and effects of the measures or omissions are legitimate, compatible with the nature of the Covenant rights and solely for the purpose of promoting the general welfare in a democratic society.	这包括对有关措施或不作为的目的和作用的评估，看其是否合法，是否与《公约》权利的性质一致，是否只是为了增进民主社会中的普遍福利。
In addition, there must be a clear and reasonable relationship of proportionality between the aim sought to be realized and the measures or omissions and their effects.	另外，在要实现的目的与所采取措施或不作为及其效果之间必须有一个合理的比例关系。
A failure to remove differential treatment on the basis of a lack of available resources is not an objective and reasonable justification unless every effort has been made to use all resources that are at the State party's disposition in an effort to address and eliminate the discrimination, as a matter of priority.	以缺乏可用的资源作为不能取消差别待遇的理由，这种理由既不客观，也不合理，除非缔约国为作为一个优先事项解决和消除歧视已经用尽了一切可用的资源。
14. Under international law, a failure to act in good faith to comply with the obligation in article 2, paragraph 2, to guarantee that the rights enunciated in the Covenant will be exercised without discrimination amounts to a violation.	14. 根据国际法，没有为履行第二条第2款规定的义务，为保证不带任何歧视地行使《公约》所规定权利而本着诚意采取行动，即构成违反《公约》。
Covenant rights can be violated through the direct action or omission by States parties, including through their institutions or agencies at the national and local levels.	缔约国，包括其国家或地方机关或机构的直接行动或不作为均可构成对《公约》权利的侵犯。
States parties should also ensure that they refrain from discriminatory practices in international cooperation and assistance and take steps to ensure that all actors under their jurisdiction do likewise.	缔约国还应确保避免在国际合作与援助方面采取歧视性做法，并采取措施确保在其管辖下的所有各方也这样做。
III. PROHIBITED GROUNDS of DISCRIMINATION	三、禁止的歧视理由
15. Article 2, paragraph 2, lists the prohibited grounds of discrimination as "race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status".	15. 在第二条第2款中被列为禁止的歧视理由是：“种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份”。
The inclusion of "other status" indicates that this list is not exhaustive and other grounds may be incorporated in this category.	将“其他身份”包括进去，表示这个清单不是详尽的，其他理由也可列入这一类。
The express grounds and a number of implied grounds under "other status" are discussed below.	下面讨论的就是“其他身份”所包括的一些明确理由和暗含理由。
The examples of differential treatment presented in this section are merely illustrative and they are not intended to represent the full scope of possible discriminatory treatment under the relevant prohibited ground, nor a conclusive finding that such differential treatment will amount to discrimination in every situation.	本节所述差别待遇的例子只是示范性的，不代表出于相关禁止理由的所有可能的歧视性待遇，也不代表得出最后结论认为：这种差别待遇就等于每一种情况下的歧视。
Membership of a group	群体的成员地位
16. In determining whether a person is distinguished by one or more of the prohibited grounds, identification shall, if no justification exists to the contrary, be based upon self-identification by the individual concerned.	16. 在确定一个人是否被以一种或多种禁止的理由区分时，如果不存在相反的说明，鉴定应以有关个人的自我鉴定为基础。
Membership also includes association with a group characterized by one of the prohibited grounds (e.g. the parent of a child with a disability) or perception by others that an individual is part of such a group (e.g. a person has a similar skin colour or is a supporter of the rights of a particular group or a past member of a group).	成员地位也包括加入一个以禁止理由之一(例如，残疾儿童的父母)为特点的群体，或其他人认为认为一个人属于这种群体(例如，一个人有相同的肤色，或者是某一特定群体权利的支持者或过去是一个群体的成员)。
Multiple discrimination	多重歧视
17. Some individuals or groups of individuals face discrimination on more than one of the prohibited grounds, for example women belonging to an ethnic or religious minority.	17. 一些个人或个人群体面临着基于一种以上禁止理由的歧视，例如，属于一种族裔或宗教少数的妇女。
Such cumulative discrimination has a unique and specific impact on individuals and merits particular consideration and remedying.	这种集于一身的多种歧视对个人有独特的具体影响，需要给予特别注意和补救。
A. Express grounds	A. 明确理由
18. The Committee has consistently raised concern over formal and substantive discrimination across a wide range of Covenant rights against indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities among others.	18. 委员会一直在提请关注在广泛享有《公约》权利方面，除其他外，特别是对土著人和族裔少数的正式和实质性歧视。
"Race and colour"	“种族和肤色”
19. Discrimination on the basis of "race and colour", which includes an individual's ethnic origin, is prohibited by the Covenant as well as by other treaties including the International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.	19. 基于“种族和肤色”(包括个人族裔)的歧视，是《公约》以及包括《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》在内的其他国际条约所禁止的。
The use of the term "race" in the Covenant or the present general comment does not imply the acceptance of theories which attempt to determine the existence of separate human races.	《公约》和本一般性意见中使用“种族”一词，并不意味着接受试图认定存在另外的人类的理论。
Sex	性别
20. The Covenant guarantees the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.	20. 《公约》保证男人和妇女平等享有各项经济、社会和文化权利的权利。
Since the adoption of the Covenant, the notion of the prohibited ground "sex" has evolved considerably to cover not only physiological characteristics but also the social construction of gender stereotypes, prejudices and expected roles, which have created obstacles to the equal fulfilment of economic, social and cultural rights.	自《公约》通过以来，“性别”这一禁止理由的概念发生了很大变化，现在，它不仅包括身体特征，还包括性别成见、偏见和预期角色，这些都构成了平等享有经济、社会和文化权利的障碍。
Thus, the refusal to hire a woman, on the ground that she might become pregnant, or the allocation of low-level or part-time jobs to women based on the stereotypical assumption that, for example, they are unwilling to commit as much time to their work as men, constitutes discrimination.	因此，以可能怀孕为由拒绝雇用妇女，或基于一种成见认为，例如，她们不愿意像男人那样把很多时间用在工作上，因而给她们分配低级或非全日工作，这都属于歧视。
Refusal to grant paternity leave may also amount to discrimination against men.	拒绝给予男人陪产假也可能构成对男人的歧视。
Language	语言
21. Discrimination on the basis of language or regional accent is often closely linked to unequal treatment on the basis of national or ethnic origin.	21. 基于语言或地方口音的歧视往往和基于民族或族裔的不平等待遇密切相关。
Language barriers can hinder the enjoyment of many Covenant rights, including the right to participate in cultural life as guaranteed by article 15 of the Covenant.	语言障碍可妨碍享有许多《公约》权利，包括《公约》第十五条所保证的参加文化生活的权利。
Therefore, information about public services and goods, for example, should also be available, as far as possible, in languages spoken by minorities, and States parties should ensure that any language requirements relating to employment and education are based on reasonable and objective criteria.	因此，也应当尽可能以少数群体的语言提供有关公共服务和商品的信息；缔约国应确保，与就业和教育有关的任何语言要求都是基于合理和客观的标准。
Religion	宗教
22. This prohibited ground of discrimination covers the profession of religion or belief of one's choice (including the non-profession of any religion or belief), that may be publicly or privately manifested in worship, observance, practice and teaching.	22. 这一禁止的歧视理由包括自行选择信奉可公开或私下通过礼拜、遵守、实践和教授表示的宗教或信仰(包括不信奉任何宗教或信仰)。
For instance, discrimination arises when persons belonging to a religious minority are denied equal access to universities, employment, or health services on the basis of their religion.	例如，如果属于宗教少数的人被以宗教为由拒绝进入大学、就业或利用医疗卫生服务，那就是歧视。
Political or other opinion	政治或其他见解
23. Political and other opinions are often grounds for discriminatory treatment and include both the holding and not-holding of opinions, as well as expression of views or membership within opinion-based associations, trade unions or political parties.	23. 政治或其他见解经常被作为歧视性待遇的理由，包括持有见解或没有见解以及在以见解为基础的协会、工会或政党中表示观点或是其成员。
Access to food assistance schemes, for example, must not be made conditional on an expression of allegiance to a particular political party.	例如，不能以表示忠于某一具体政党为条件执行食物援助办法。
National or social origin	民族或社会出身
24. "National origin" refers to a person's State, nation, or place of origin.	24. “民族出身”指的是一个人的国家、民族或原籍。
Due to such personal circumstances, individuals and groups of individuals may face systemic discrimination in both the public and private sphere in the exercise of their Covenant rights.	由于这种个人情况，个人或群体在公共或私人场合行使《公约》权利时可能会面临系统性歧视。
"Social origin" refers to a person's inherited social status, which is discussed more fully below in the context of "property" status, descent-based discrimination under "birth" and "economic and social status".	“社会出身”指的是一个人继承的社会地位，这将在下面“财产”状况、基于出生血统的歧视以及“经济和社会地位”的范围内进行更详细的讨论。
Property	财产
25. Property status, as a prohibited ground of discrimination, is a broad concept and includes real property (e.g. land ownership or tenure) and personal property (e.g. intellectual property, goods and chattels, and income), or the lack of it.	25. 作为一种禁止的歧视理由的“财产状况”是一个广泛的概念，包括不动产(如：土地所有权或占用权)和个人财产(如：知识产权、有形动产和收入)，或无财产。
The Committee has previously commented that Covenant rights, such as access to water services and protection from forced eviction, should not be made conditional on a person's land tenure status, such as living in an informal settlement.	委员会以前曾表示意见说，《公约》权利，如得到水供应服务的权利和受保护不被强迫搬迁的权利，不应当以一个人的土地占有状况，如居住在非正式住区，为条件。
Birth	出生
26. Discrimination based on birth is prohibited and article 10, paragraph 3, of the Covenant specifically states, for example, that special measures should be taken on behalf of children and young persons "without any discrimination for reasons of parentage".	26. 基于出生的歧视是禁止的，例如，《公约》第十条第3款规定，应为儿童和少年采取特别保护措施，“不得因出身而有任何歧视”。
Distinctions must therefore not be made against those who are born out of wedlock, born of stateless parents or are adopted or constitute the families of such persons.	因此，不应区分婚生儿童、无国籍父母儿童或收养儿童或由这类人组成的家庭。
The prohibited ground of birth also includes descent, especially on the basis of caste and analogous systems of inherited status.	出生这一禁止的理由还包括血统，特别是基于种姓或类似的继承地位制度的理由。
States parties should take steps, for instance, to prevent, prohibit and eliminate discriminatory practices directed against members of descent-based communities and act against the dissemination of ideas of superiority and inferiority on the basis of descent.	例如，缔约国应采取措施，防止、禁止和消除针对以血统为基础的社区成员的歧视性做法，并采取行动禁止宣传关于高级血统和低级血统的思想。
B. Other status	B. 其他身份
27. The nature of discrimination varies according to context and evolves over time.	27. 歧视的性质依环境和时间的变化而不同。
A flexible approach to the ground of "other status" is thus needed in order to capture other forms of differential treatment that cannot be reasonably and objectively justified and are of a comparable nature to the expressly recognized grounds in article 2, paragraph 2.	因此，需要灵活对待“其他身份”这一理由，以便将那些不能合理、客观地说明道理、但可与第二条第2款明确承认的理由进行比较的其他形式的差别待遇也考虑进去。
These additional grounds are commonly recognized when they reflect the experience of social groups that are vulnerable and have suffered and continue to suffer marginalization.	在这些额外理由反映了社会中曾遭受并仍在遭受边缘化的脆弱群体的经历的情况下，它们一般是得到承认的。
The Committee's general comments and concluding observations have recognized various other grounds and these are described in more detail below.	委员会的一般性意见和结论性意见承认了各种其他理由，下面更详细地说明了这些理由。
However, this list is not intended to be exhaustive.	但是，这一清单并不是详尽的。
Other possible prohibited grounds could include the denial of a person's legal capacity because he or she is in prison, or is involuntarily interned in a psychiatric institution, or the intersection of two prohibited grounds of discrimination, e.g. where access to a social service is denied on the basis of sex and disability.	可能还有另外一些禁止的理由，包括因为某人在监禁中或非自愿地进入精神病院，或出于两个禁止的歧视理由，而否定其法律能力；例如，由于性别和残疾而被拒绝利用某种社会服务。
Disability	残疾
28. In its general comment No. 5, the Committee defined discrimination against persons with disabilitiesas "any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference, or denial of reasonable accommodation based on disability which has the effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise of economic, social or cultural rights".	28. 委员会在其第5号一般性意见中给对残疾人的歧视下的定义是：“以残疾为理由，其结果是取消或损害经济、社会、文化权利的承认、享受或行使的任何区分、排斥、限制或偏向、或合理的便利的剥夺”。
The denial of reasonable accommodation should be included in national legislation as a prohibited form of discrimination on the basis of disability.	拒绝给予合理的便利应作为一种禁止的以残疾为由的歧视纳入国家法规。
States parties should address discrimination, such as prohibitions on the right to education, and denial of reasonable accommodation in public places such as public health facilities and the workplace,as well as in private places, e.g. as long as spaces are designed and built in ways that make them inaccessible to wheelchairs, such users will be effectively denied their right to work.	缔约国应当解决某些歧视问题，如阻碍行使受教育权利、拒绝在公共卫生设施和工作场所等公共场所和私人场所提供合理的便利；例如，只要空间的设计和建造不利于轮椅通行，轮椅使用者实际上就被剥夺了工作权利。
Age	年龄
29. Age is a prohibited ground of discrimination in several contexts.	29. 在几种情况下，年龄也属于禁止的歧视理由。
The Committee has highlighted the need to address discrimination against unemployed older persons in finding work, or accessing professional training or retraining, and against older persons living in poverty with unequal access to universal old-age pensions due to their place of residence.	委员会曾强调，有必要解决在提供就业、职业培训或再培训方面对年龄较大失业者的歧视，以及贫困老年人因居住地点而不平等享受普遍性老年养恤金的问题。
In relation to young persons, unequal access by adolescents to sexual and reproductive health information and services amounts to discrimination.	关于年轻人，少年在获得性和生育知识及有关服务方面受到的不平等待遇也是一种歧视。
Nationality	国籍
30. The ground of nationality should not bar access to Covenant rights,e.g. all children within a State, including those with an undocumented status, have a right to receive education and access to adequate food and affordable health care.	30. 不应以国籍为理由不准享有《公约》权利， 例如，一个国家境内的所有儿童，包括那些无证件的儿童，均有权授受教育和享有充足食物和可负担的医疗保健。
The Covenant rights apply to everyone including non-nationals, such as refugees, asylum-seekers, stateless persons, migrant workers and victims of international trafficking, regardless of legal status and documentation.	《公约》权利适用于每个人，包括非国民，如难民、寻求庇护者、移徙工人和国际人口贩卖的受害者，不论其法律地位和证件如何。
Marital and family status	婚姻和家庭状况
31. Marital and family status may differ between individuals because, inter alia, they are married or unmarried, married under a particular legal regime, in a de facto relationship or one not recognized by law, divorced or widowed, live in an extended family or kinship group or have differing kinds of responsibility for children and dependants or a particular number of children.	31. 每个人的婚姻和家庭状况可能不同，这特别是因为他们可能是结过婚或没结过婚的，按照一种特殊法律制度结婚的，有一种事实上的关系或法律不承认的关系，离婚的或寡妇，生活在一个大家庭或亲人群体中，对孩子和受抚养者或一定人数的孩子有不同的责任。
Differential treatment in access to social security benefits on the basis of whether an individual is married must be justified on reasonable and objective criteria.	根据一个人是否已婚给予不同的社会保障福利待遇，必须根据合理和客观的标准。
In certain cases, discrimination can also occur when an individual is unable to exercise a right protected by the Covenant because of his or her family status or can only do so with spousal consent or a relative's concurrence or guarantee.	在某些情况下，一个人因为其家庭状况不能享有受《公约》保护的某项权利，或只有在配偶或亲属同意、认可或担保之下才能享受这种权利，这也构成了歧视。
Sexual orientation and gender identity	性取向和性别认同
32. "Other status" as recognized in article 2, paragraph 2, includes sexual orientation.	32. 第二条第2款所承认的“其他身份”包括性取向。
States parties should ensure that a person's sexual orientation is not a barrier to realizing Covenant rights, for example, in accessing survivor's pension rights.	缔约国应确保一个人的性取向不成为实现《公约》权利的障碍，例如，在行使幸存者抚恤金权利方面。
In addition, gender identity is recognized as among the prohibited grounds of discrimination; for example, persons who are transgender, transsexual or intersex often face serious human rights violations, such as harassment in schools or in the workplace.	另外，性别认同也被认定为禁止的歧视理由；例如，变性人、换性人或两性人的人权往往遭受严重侵犯，如在学校或工作场所被骚扰。
Health status	健康状况
33. Health status refers to a person's physical or mental health.	33. 健康状况是指一个人的身体和精神健康情况。
States parties should ensure that a person's actual or perceived health status is not a barrier to realizing the rights under the Covenant.	缔约国应确保，一个人的实际或认为的健康状况不妨碍《公约》权利的实现。
The protection of public health is often cited by States as a basis for restricting human rights in the context of a person's health status.	一些国家往往借口保护公众健康而以一个人的健康为由限制人权。
However, many such restrictions are discriminatory, for example, when HIV status is used as the basis for differential treatment with regard to access to education, employment, health care, travel, social security, housing and asylum.	然而，许多这种限制具有歧视性，例如，艾滋病毒感染状况被用来作为在各方面实现差别待遇的根据，如教育、就业、保健、旅行、社会保障、住房和庇护等。
States parties should also adopt measures to address widespread stigmatization of persons on the basis of their health status, such as mental illness, diseases such as leprosy and women who have suffered obstetric fistula, which often undermines the ability of individuals to enjoy fully their Covenant rights.	缔约国还应采取措施解决广泛存在的对一些人的成见问题，如处于下列健康状况的人：患有精神病、麻疯病，患有生殖道瘘的妇女，这些经常成为一些人充分享有《公约》权利的障碍。
Denial of access to health insurance on the basis of health status will amount to discrimination if no reasonable or objective criteria can justify such differentiation.	如果没有合理和客观的标准可证明有道理，那么，基于健康状况而剥夺健康保险的权利就意味着歧视。
Place of residence	居住地点
34. The exercise of Covenant rights should not be conditional on, or determined by, a person's current or former place of residence; e.g. whether an individual lives or is registered in an urban or a rural area, in a formal or an informal settlement, is internally displaced or leads a nomadic lifestyle.	34. 行使《公约》权利不应以一个人目前或以前的居住地点为条件或取决于居住地点：例如，一个人是居住或登记在城市地区还是乡村地区，是在正式还是非正式居住区，是国内流离失所者还是过着流浪生活。
Disparities between localities and regions should be eliminated in practice by ensuring, for example, that there is even distribution in the availability and quality of primary, secondary and palliative health-care facilities.	在实际中，应当消除地方和地区之间的不均衡，例如，要确保初级、中级和高级医疗保健设施的提供和质量的均匀分布。
Economic and social situation	经济和社会状况
35. Individuals and groups of individuals must not be arbitrarily treated on account of belonging to a certain economic or social group or strata within society.	35. 不应根据是否属于某一经济或社会群体或社会阶层来武断对待个人和群体。
A person's social and economic situation when living in poverty or being homeless may result in pervasive discrimination, stigmatization and negative stereotyping which can lead to the refusal of, or unequal access to, the same quality of education and health care as others, as well as the denial of or unequal access to public places.	一个人生活在贫困中或无家可归时的经济和社会状况可能引起普遍的歧视、偏见或不利的成见，而这些则会被拒绝或不平等利用同样质量的教育和医疗服务，并被拒绝或不平等进入公共场所。
IV. NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION	四、国家落实
36. In addition to refraining from discriminatory actions, States parties should take concrete, deliberate and targeted measures to ensure that discrimination in the exercise of Covenant rights is eliminated.	36. 除避免采取歧视性行动之外，缔约国还应采取具体、谨慎和有针对性的措施，确保消除落实《公约》权利方面的歧视。
Individuals and groups of individuals, who may be distinguished by one or more of the prohibited grounds, should be ensured the right to participate in decision-making processes over the selection of such measures.	对可能被根据一种或多种禁止的理由区分的个人和群体，应当确保他们有权参与选择这类措施的决策过程。
States parties should regularly assess whether the measures chosen are effective in practice.	缔约国应经常对所采取措施的实际效果进行评估。
Legislation	立法
37. Adoption of legislation to address discrimination is indispensable in complying with article 2, paragraph 2.	37. 要落实第二条第2款，就必须通过立法解决歧视问题。
States parties are therefore encouraged to adopt specific legislation that prohibits discrimination in the field of economic, social and cultural rights.	因此，鼓励缔约国通过具体法规，禁止在落实经济、社会、文化权利方面的歧视。
Such laws should aim at eliminating formal and substantive discrimination, attribute obligations to public and private actors and cover the prohibited grounds discussed above.	这类法规应以消除正式和实质性歧视为目的，为公共和私人各方规定责任，要包括上面提到的所有禁止的理由。
Other laws should be regularly reviewed and, where necessary, amended in order to ensure that they do not discriminate or lead to discrimination, whether formally or substantively, in relation to the exercise and enjoyment of Covenant rights.	对其他法律也应定期进行审查，必要时进行修改，以确保在行使和享有《公约》权利方面没有歧视或不导致正式或实质性歧视。
Policies, plans and strategies	政策、计划和战略
38. States parties should ensure that strategies, policies, and plans of action are in place and implemented in order to address both formal and substantive discrimination by public and private actors in the area of Covenant rights.	38. 缔约国应确保备有和执行战略、政策和行动计划，解决在落实《公约》权利方面公共和和私人各方的正式和实质性歧视问题。
Such policies, plans and strategies should address all groups distinguished by the prohibited grounds and States parties are encouraged, among other possible steps, to adopt temporary special measures in order to accelerate the achievement of equality.	这类政策、计划和战略应能解决所有被以禁止的理由区分的群体的问题，因此，鼓励缔约国，除其他可能采取的措施以外，采取临时和特别措施以加速实现平等。
Economic policies, such as budgetary allocations and measures to stimulate economic growth, should pay attention to the need to guarantee the effective enjoyment of the Covenant rights without discrimination.	经济政策，如预算分配和刺激经济增长的措施，应注意需要保证没有任何歧视地切实落实《公约》权利。
Public and private institutions should be required to develop plans of action to address non-discrimination and the State should conduct human rights education and training programmes for public officials and make such training available to judges and candidates for judicial appointments.	应要求公共和私人机构制订消除歧视的行动计划，国家应对政府官员进行人权教育和培训，并使法官和司法职务候选人也能受到这种培训。
Teaching on the principles of equality and non-discrimination should be integrated in formal and non-formal inclusive and multicultural education, with a view to dismantling notions of superiority or inferiority based on prohibited grounds and to promote dialogue and tolerance between different groups in society.	应将平等和不歧视原则的教学纳入正式和非正式、包容性和多文化教育，以消除基于禁止理由的优越和劣等思想，促进不同社会群体之间的对话和容忍。
States parties should also adopt appropriate preventive measures to avoid the emergence of new marginalized groups.	缔约国还应采取适当的预防措施，避免出现新的边缘化群体。
Elimination of systemic discrimination	消除系统性歧视
39. States parties must adopt an active approach to eliminating systemic discrimination and segregation in practice.	39. 缔约国必须积极采取行动，消除实际中的系统性歧视和隔离现象。
Tackling such discrimination will usually require a comprehensive approach with a range of laws, policies and programmes, including temporary special measures.	解决这类歧视问题一般需要从全面着眼，制定一系列法律、政策和计划，包括临时特别措施。
States parties should consider using incentives to encourage public and private actors to change their attitudes and behaviour in relation to individuals and groups of individuals facing systemic discrimination, or penalize them in case of non-compliance.	缔约国考虑采取措施鼓励公共和私人各方改变对面临系统性歧视的个人和群体的态度和行为，对违反者给予惩罚。
Public leadership and programmes to raise awareness about systemic discrimination and the adoption of strict measures against incitement to discrimination are often necessary.	在提高对系统性歧视的认识方面需要有政府的领导和计划，也往往需要对煽动歧视的行为采取严格措施。
Eliminating systemic discrimination will frequently require devoting greater resources to traditionally neglected groups.	消除系统性歧视经常需要为传统上被忽视的群体投入较多资源。
Given the persistent hostility towards some groups, particular attention will need to be given to ensuring that laws and policies are implemented by officials and others in practice.	考虑到对某些群体的长期敌视，需要特别注意确保官员和其他人切实执行法律和政策。
Remedies and accountability	补救和责任
40. National legislation, strategies, policies and plans should provide for mechanisms and institutions that effectively address the individual and structural nature of the harm caused by discrimination in the field of economic, social and cultural rights.	40. 国家法规、战略、政策和计划应规定出机制和机构，切实分析经济、社会、文化权利领域的歧视所造成伤害的个别和结构性质。
Institutions dealing with allegations of discrimination customarily include courts and tribunals, administrative authorities, national human rights institutions and/or ombudspersons, which should be accessible to everyone without discrimination.	负责处理歧视问题申诉的机构通常包括法院、法庭、行政机关、国家人权机构和/或监察员，每个人均应可不受任何歧视地利用这些机制。
These institutions should adjudicate or investigate complaints promptly, impartially, and independently and address alleged violations relating to article 2, paragraph 2, including actions or omissions by private actors.	这些机构应对申诉及时进行公正和独立的裁决或调查，对据称的违反第二条第2款的行为，包括私人的行为和不行为，给予处理。
Where the facts and events at issue lie wholly, or in part, within the exclusive knowledge of the authorities or other respondent, the burden of proof should be regarded as resting on the authorities, or the other respondent, respectively.	在只有政府当局或其他机构掌握全部或部分有关事实和事件的情况下，应当由政府当局或其他机构承担举证责任。
These institutions should also be empowered to provide effective remedies, such as compensation, reparation, restitution, rehabilitation, guarantees of non-repetition and public apologies, and State parties should ensure that these measures are effectively implemented.	这些机构还应当被授权提供有效补救办法，如赔偿、补偿、康复、不再发生的保证和公开道歉，缔约国应确保这些措施得到切实执行。
Domestic legal guarantees of equality and non-discrimination should be interpreted by these institutions in ways which facilitate and promote the full protection of economic, social and cultural rights.	这些机构对国内法律保障和不歧视的解释应当有利于增进和充分维护经济、社会和文化权利。
Monitoring, indicators and benchmarks	监督、指标和标准
41. States parties are obliged to monitor effectively the implementation of measures to comply with article 2, paragraph 2, of the Covenant.	41. 缔约国必须对履行《公约》第二条第2款措施的执行情况进行切实监督。
Monitoring should assess both the steps taken and the results achieved in the elimination of discrimination.	监督应包括对所采取措施和所取得消除歧视的成果的评估。
National strategies, policies and plans should use appropriate indicators and benchmarks, disaggregated on the basis of the prohibited grounds of discrimination.	国家战略、政策和计划应使用按禁止的歧视理由分类的适当指标和标准。
Notes	注
See the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD); the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW); the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees; the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons; the Convention on the Rights of the Child; the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.	见《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》、《关于难民地位的公约》、《关于无国籍人地位的公约》、《儿童权利公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》和《残疾人权利公约》。
ILO Convention No. 111 concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation (1958); and the UNESCO Convention against Discrimination in Education.	劳工组织《关于就业和职业方面的歧视的第111号公约》(1958年)和教科文组织的《取缔教育歧视公约》。
See general comment No. 18 (1989) of the Human Rights Committee on non-discrimination.	见人权事务委员会关于不歧视的第18 (1989)号一般性意见。
The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), general comment No. 4 (1991): The right to adequate housing; general comment No. 7 (1997): The right to adequate housing: forced evictions (art. 11, para. 1); general comment No. 12 (1999): The right to adequate food; general comment No. 13 (1999): The right to education (art. 13); general comment No. 14 (2000): The right to the highest attainable standard of health (art. 12); general comment No. 15 (2002): The right to water (arts. 11 and 12); general comment No. 17 (2005): The right of everyone to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author (art. 15, para. 1 (c); general comment No. 18 (2005): The right to work (art. 6); and general comment No. 19 (2008): The right to social security.	经济、社会、 文化权利委员会第4 (1991)号一般性意见：适足住房权利；第7 (1997)号一般性意见：适足住房权利：强迫搬迁(第十一条第1款)；第12 (1999)号一般性意见：充足食物权利；第13 (1999)号一般性意见：受教育权利(第十三条)；第14 (2000)号一般性意见：享有可达到的最高水平健康的权利(第十二条)；第15 (2002)号一般性意见：用水的权利(第十一和十二条)；第17 (2005)号一般性意见：对其本人的任何科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神上和物质上的利益；享受被保护之利(第十五条第1款(丙)项)；第18 (2005)号一般性意见：工作权利(第六条)；第19 (2008)号一般性意见：社会保障权利。
CESCR, general comment No. 5 (1994): Persons with disabilities; and general comment No. 6 (1995): The economic, social and cultural rights of older persons.	经济、社会、文化权利委员会，第5 (1994)号一般性意见：残疾人；第6 (1995)号一般性意见：老年人的经济、社会和文化权利。
For a similar definition see art. 1, ICERD; art. 1, CEDAW; and art. 2 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD).	类似定义见《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第一条；《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第一条；《残疾人权利公约》第二条。
The Human Rights Committee comes to a similar interpretation in its general comment No. 18, paragraphs 6 and 7.	人权事务委员会在其第18号一般性意见第6和第7段中阐述了类似的定义。
The Committee has adopted a similar position in previous general comments.	委员会以前的一般性意见中采取了类似立场。
CESCR, general comment No. 16 (2005): The equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights (art. 3).	经济、社会、文化权利委员会，第16 (2005)号一般性意见：男女在享有一切经济、社会、文化权利方面的平等权利(第三条)。
See also CESCR general comment No. 16.	另见经济、社会、文化权利委员会，第16号一般性意见。
See para. 27 of the present general comment on intersectional discrimination.	见本一般性意见中关于交集歧视的第27段。
See the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference, para. 6: "Reaffirms that all peoples and individuals constitute one human family, rich in diversity, and that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights; and strongly rejects any doctrine of racial superiority along with theories which attempt to determine the existence of so-called distinct human races."	见德班审查会议结果文件，第6段：“重申所有人民和个人共同组成了一个丰富多彩的人类大家庭；人人生而自由，有同等的尊严和权利；坚决拒绝任何种族优越学说以及试图确定存在所谓特殊人种的理论。
See art. 3 of the Covenant, and CESCR general comment No. 16.	见《公约》第三条和经济、社会、文化权利委员会第16号一般性意见。
See also the General Assembly's Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, proclaimed by the General Assembly in its resolution 36/55 of 25 November 1981.	另见大会在其1981年11月25日第36/55号决议中公布的《消除基于宗教或偏低原因的一切形式的不容忍和歧视宣言》。
See paras. 25, 26 and 35, of the present general comment.	见本一般性意见第25、26和35段。
See CESCR general comments Nos. 15 and 4 respectively.	见经济、社会、文化权利委员会第15号和第4号一般性意见。
For a comprehensive overview of State obligations in this regard, see general comment No. 29 (2002) of the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination on art. 1, para. 1, regarding descent.	关于这方面缔约国义务的全面概括，见消除一切形式种族歧视委员会关于第一条第1款的第29 (2002)号(有关血统的)一般性意见。
See para. 15 of the present general comment.	见本一般性意见第15段。
For a definition, see CRPD, art. 1: "Persons with disabilities include those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others."	关于定义，见《残疾人权利公约》第一条：“残疾人包括肢体、精神、智力或感官有长期损伤的人，这些损伤与各种障碍相互作用，可能阻碍残疾人在与他人平等的基础上充分和切实地参与社会”。
See CESCR general comment No. 5, para. 15.	见经济、社会、文化权利委员会第5号一般性意见第15段。
See CRPD, art.2: "'Reasonable accommodation' means necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to persons with disabilities the enjoyment or exercise on an equal basis with others of all human rights and fundamental freedoms."	见《残疾人权利公约》第二条：“‘合理便利’是指根据具体需要，在不造成过度或不当负担的情况下，进行必要和适当的修改和调整，以确保残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上享有或行使一切人权和基本自由”。
See CESCR general comment No. 5, para. 22.	见经济、社会、文化权利委员会第5号一般性意见第22段。
See, further, CESCR general comment No. 6.	另见经济、社会、文化权利委员会第6号一般性意见。
This paragraph is without prejudice to the application of art. 2, para. 3, of the Covenant, which states: "Developing countries, with due regard to human rights and their national economy, may determine to what extent they would guarantee the economic rights recognized in the present Covenant to non-nationals."	本段不影响《公约》第二条第3款的适用，其中规定：“发展中国家，在适当顾到人权及它们的民族经济的情况下，得决定它们对非本国国民的享受本公约中所承认的经济权利，给予什么程度的保证”。
See also general comment No. 30 (2004) of the Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination on non-citizens.	见消除一切形式种族歧视委员会关于非公民的第30 (2004)号一般性意见。
See CESCR general comments Nos. 14 and 15.	见经济、社会、文化权利委员会第14和15号一般性意见。
For definitions, see the Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of International Human Rights Law in relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity.	关于定义，见《关于将国际人权法应用于性倾向和性别认同相关事务的日惹原则》。
See CESCR general comment No. 14, paras. 12(b), 18, 28 and 29.	见经济、社会、文化权利委员会第14号一般性意见第12 (b)、18、28和29段。
See the guidelines published by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) (2006), "International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights, 2006 Consolidated Version". Available online at: http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-pub07/JC1252-InternGuidelines_en.pdf.	见 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处公布的准则和《联合和共同赞助的联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病方案》(2006年)，“艾滋病/艾滋病毒和人权问题国际准 则，2006年综合本”，可查看互联网：http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-pub07/JC1252- InternGuidelines_en.pdf。
See CESCR general comments Nos. 3 and 9.	见经济、社会、文化权利委员会第3和第9号一般性意见。
See also the practice of the Committee in its concluding observations on reports of States parties to the Covenant.	另见委员会在其关于《公约》缔约国报告的结论性意见中提出的做法。
See CESCR general comments Nos. 13, 14, 15, 17 and 19, and its new reporting guidelines (E/C.12/2008/2).	见经济、社会、文化权利委员会第13、14、15、17和19号一般性意见及其新的提交报告准则(E/C.12/2008/2)。