CESCR

CESCR

General comment No. 21

第21号一般性意见

Right of everyone to take part in cultural life (art. 15, para. 1 (a), of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)

人人有权参加文化生活(《经济、社会、文化权利公约》第十五条第一款(甲)项)

Forty-third session(2009)

第四十三届会议(2009年)

I. Introduction and basic premises

一.导言和基本前提

1. Cultural rights are an integral part of human rights and, like other rights, are universal, indivisible and interdependent.

1. 文化权利是人权的一个组成部分，同其他权利一样，是普遍的、不可分割的和相互依存的。

The full promotion of and respect for cultural rights is essential for the maintenance of human dignity and positive social interaction between individuals and communities in a diverse and multicultural world.

全面增进和尊重文化权利，对于维护人的尊严和在一个多样化的多种文化的世界里个人和社群之间的积极的社会互动，至关重要。

2. The right of everyone to take part in cultural life is closely related to the other cultural rights contained in article 15: the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications (art. 15, para. 1 (b)); the right of everyone to benefit from the protection of moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which they are the author (art. 15, para. 1 (c)); and the right to freedom indispensable for scientific research and creative activity (art. 15, para. 3).

2. 人人都有参加文化生活的权利与第十五条中所载其他文化权利密切相关：享受科学进步及其应用带来的好处的权利(第十五条第一款(乙)项)；每个人对其本人的 任何科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益，都有享有受保护之利(第十五条第一款(丙)项)；和享有进行科学研究和创作活动所不可缺少的自由的权利 (第十五条第三款)。

The right of everyone to take part in cultural life is also intrinsically linked to the right to education (arts. 13 and 14), through which individuals and communities pass on their values, religion, customs, language and other cultural references, and which helps to foster an atmosphere of mutual understanding and respect for cultural values.

人人都有参加文化生活的权利还与受教育的权利存在着内在的联系(第十三和十四条)，个人和社群通过教育传承其价值观、宗教、习俗、语言和其他文化参照因素，教育还有助于培育一种互相理解和尊重文化价值观的氛围。

The right to take part in cultural life is also interdependent on other rights enshrined in the Covenant, including the right of all peoples to self-determination (art. 1) and the right to an adequate standard of living (art. 11).

参加文化生活的权利还与公约中所载其他权利相互依存，其中包括所有人民的自决权(第一条)和获得适足生活水准的权利(第十一条)。

3. The right of everyone to take part in cultural life is also recognized in article 27, paragraph 1, of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states that "everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community".

3. 人人都有参加文化生活的权利还在世界人权宣言第二十七条第一款中得到承认：“人人都有权参与社会的文化生活”。

Other international instruments refer to the right to equal participation in cultural activities;the right to participate in all aspects of social and cultural life;the right to participate fully in cultural and artistic life;the right of access to and participation in cultural life; and the right to take part on an equal basis with others in cultural life.

其他国际文书提到了平等参与文化活动的权利；参与社会和文化生活所有方面的权利；充分参与文化和艺术生活的权利；享受和参与文化生活的权利；和与他人平等的基础上参加文化生活的权利。

Instruments on civil and political rights,on the rights of persons belonging to minorities to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practise their own religion, and to use their own language, in private and in public,and to participate effectively in cultural life,on the rights of indigenous peoples to their cultural institutions, ancestral lands, natural resources and traditional knowledge,and on the right to developmentalso contain important provisions on this subject.

关于以下方面权利的文书也载有关于这一主题的重要条款：公民和政治权利，属于少数群体的人私下和公开享受其自己的文化、信仰其宗教和使用其自己的语言，和有效参与文化生活的权利，土著人民继承其文化体制、祖先土地、自然资源和传统知识的权利，以及发展的权利。

4. In the present general comment, the Committee addresses specifically the right of everyone under article 15 paragraph 1 (a), to take part in cultural life, in conjunction with paragraphs 2, 3 and 4, as they relate to culture, creative activity and the development of international contacts and cooperation in cultural fields, respectively.

4. 在本一般性意见中，委员会具体讨论第十五条第一款(甲)项的人人都有参加文化生活的权利时，结合了第二、三和四款，因为它们分别涉及到文化、创作活动和发展文化领域国际联系和合作。

The right of everyone to benefit from the protection of moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which they are the author, as provided for in article 15, paragraph 1 (c), was the subject of general comment No. 17 (2005).

第十五条第一款(丙)项规定的每个人对其本人的任何科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益，都有享有受保护之利，已经是第17号一般性意见(2005年)的主题。

5. The Committee has gained long experience on this subject through its consideration of reports and dialogue with States parties.

5. 委员会通过审议报告和与缔约国的对话就此议题积累了长期的经验。

In addition, it has twice organized a day of general discussion, once in 1992 and again in 2008, with representatives of international organizations and civil society with a view to preparing the present general comment.

此外，为准备本一般性意见，委员会还曾两次组织了与国际组织和民间社会代表为期一天的一般性讨论，一次在1992年，一次在2008年。

II. Normative content of article 15, paragraph 1 (a)

二.第十五条第一款(甲)项的规范性内容

6. The right to take part in cultural life can be characterized as a freedom.

6. 参加文化生活的权利可被定性为是一项自由。

In order for this right to be ensured, it requires from the State party both abstention (i.e., non-interference with the exercise of cultural practices and with access to cultural goods and services) and positive action (ensuring preconditions for participation, facilitation and promotion of cultural life, and access to and preservation of cultural goods).

为确保这一权利，它要求缔约国既要回避(即，不干涉文化习俗的运作和文化产品和服务的获得)，又要积极行动(确保参与、便利和促进文化生活的前提条件，和获得和保护文化产品)。

7. The decision by a person whether or not to exercise the right to take part in cultural life individually, or in association with others, is a cultural choice and, as such, should be recognized, respected and protected on the basis of equality.

7. 个人决定是否独自、或与他人联合行使参加文化生活的权利，是一种文化选择，并应在平等的基础上予以承认、尊重和保护。

This is especially important for all indigenous peoples, who have the right to the full enjoyment, as a collective or as individuals, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms as recognized in the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international human rights law, as well as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.

这对于所有土著人民尤其重要，他们无论作为集体还是个人都有权充分享有联合国宪章、世界人权宣言和国际人权法和联合国土著人民权利宣言所确认的所有人权和基本自由。

A. Components of article 15, paragraph 1 (a)

A.第十五条第一款(甲)项的组成要素

8. The content or scope of the terms used in article 15, paragraph 1 (a), on the right of everyone to take part in cultural life, is to be understood as set out below:

8. 关于人人都有参加文化生活的权利的第十五条第一款(甲)项中所使用的术语的内容和范围应按以下所述理解：

"Everyone"

“人人”

9. In its general comment No. 17 on the right to benefit from the protection of moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which one is the author, the Committee recognizes that the term "everyone" in the first line of article 15 may denote the individual or the collective; in other words, cultural rights may be exercised by a person (a) as an individual, (b) in association with others, or (c) within a community or group, as such.

9. 在关于对其本人的任何科学、文学或艺术作品所产生的精神和物质利益，都有享有受保护之利的权利的第17号一般性意见中，委员会确认，第十五条第一行的“人 人”一词可指个人或集体；换言之，文化权利可由一个人(a) 作为个人，(b) 与其它人联合，或(c) 如此在一个社区或团体内行使。

"Cultural life"

“文化生活”

10. Various definitions of "culture" have been postulated in the past and others may arise in the future.

10. 过去曾提出过关于“文化”的种种定义，今后还会出现其他定义。

All of them, however, refer to the multifaceted content implicit in the concept of culture.

然而，所有这些定义都提到了文化概念中隐含的内容的多方面性。

11. In the Committee's view, culture is a broad, inclusive concept encompassing all manifestations of human existence.

11. 委员会认为，文化是一个广泛、包容性的概念，包括人类生存的一切表现。

The expression "cultural life" is an explicit reference to culture as a living process, historical, dynamic and evolving, with a past, a present and a future.

“文化生活”一词明确提到文化是一个历史的、动态的和不断演变的生命过程，有过去、现在和将来。

12. The concept of culture must be seen not as a series of isolated manifestations or hermetic compartments, but as an interactive process whereby individuals and communities, while preserving their specificities and purposes, give expression to the culture of humanity.

12. 文化这一概念决不可看作是一系列孤立的表象或密封的隔间，而应看作是一个互动的过程，在此过程中，个人和社群在保留自己的特点和目的的同时也表现了人类的文化。

This concept takes account of the individuality and otherness of culture as the creation and product of society.

这一概念兼顾了文化作为社会的创造和产物的个性和他性。

13. The Committee considers that culture, for the purpose of implementing article 15 (1) (a), encompasses, inter alia, ways of life, language, oral and written literature, music and song, non-verbal communication, religion or belief systems, rites and ceremonies, sport and games, methods of production or technology, natural and man-made environments, food, clothing and shelter and the arts, customs and traditions through which individuals, groups of individuals and communities express their humanity and the meaning they give to their existence, and build their world view representing their encounter with the external forces affecting their lives.

13. 委员会认为，文化――为实施第十五条第一款(甲)项的目的――包含，除其他外，生活方式、语言、口头和书面文学、音乐和歌曲、非口头交流、宗教或信仰制 度、礼仪和仪式、体育和游戏、生产方法或技术、自然和人为环境、食品、服装、风俗习惯和传统，通过这些，个人、个人的团体和社区表达其人性及其赋予生存的 意义，并建立其世界观，这是一个人同影响其生活的各种外部力量遭遇的总和。

Culture shapes and mirrors the values of well-being and the economic, social and political life of individuals, groups of individuals and communities.

文化塑造并反映个人、个人的团体和社区的幸福价值观和经济、社会和政治生活。

"To participate" or "to take part"

“参与”或“参加”

14. The terms "to participate" and "to take part" have the same meaning and are used interchangeably in other international and regional instruments.

14. “参与”和“参加”这两个词含义相同，在其他国际和区域文书中是交替使用的。

15. There are, among others, three interrelated main components of the right to participate or take part in cultural life: (a) participation in, (b) access to, and (c) contribution to cultural life.

15. 参与或参加文化生活的权利至少有三个互相关联的主要组成部分：(a) 参与，(b) 享有，(c) 为文化生活作贡献。

(a) Participation covers in particular the right of everyone - alone, or in association with others or as a community - to act freely, to choose his or her own identity, to identify or not with one or several communities or to change that choice, to take part in the political life of society, to engage in one's own cultural practices and to express oneself in the language of one's choice.

(a)参与尤其包括人人有权――单独、或与他人联合或作为一个群体――自由行动，选择自己的身份，认同或不认同一个或多个社群或改变这种选择，参加社会的政治生活，从事自己的文化实践和以自己选择的语言表达自己。

Everyone also has the right to seek and develop cultural knowledge and expressions and to share them with others, as well as to act creatively and take part in creative activity;

每一个人还有权寻求和发展文化知识和表达方式，并与他人共享，以及采取创新行动和参加创新活动；

(b) Access covers in particular the right of everyone - alone, in association with others or as a community - to know and understand his or her own culture and that of others through education and information, and to receive quality education and training with due regard for cultural identity.

(b)享有尤其包括人人有权――单独、或与他人联合或作为一个群体――通过教育和信息了解和理解自己的文化和他人的文化，以及在充分顾及文化特性的情况下接受优质教育和培训。

Everyone has also the right to learn about forms of expression and dissemination through any technical medium of information or communication, to follow a way of life associated with the use of cultural goods and resources such as land, water,biodiversity, language or specific institutions, and to benefit from the cultural heritage and the creation of other individuals and communities;

人人还有权通过任何信息和通信技术媒介学习表达和传播方式，遵循与文化产品和资源(如，土地、水、生物多样性、语言或特殊体制等)的使用相关联的生活方式，以及受益于文化遗产和其他个人和社群的创造；

(c) Contribution to cultural life refers to the right of everyone to be involved in creating the spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional expressions of the community.

(c)为文化生活作贡献是指人人有权参与创造社群的精神、物质、知识和情感的表达方式。

This is supported by the right to take part in the development of the community to which a person belongs, and in the definition, elaboration and implementation of policies and decisions that have an impact on the exercise of a person's cultural rights.

与此相配合的是参加自己所属社区的发展的权利，以及参加对自己行使文化权利有影响的政策和决定的界定、阐释和实施的权利。

B. Elements of the right to take part in cultural life

B.参加文化生活权利的各个要素

16. The following are necessary conditions for the full realization of the right of everyone to take part in cultural life on the basis of equality and non-discrimination.

16. 以下是全面实现人人都可在平等和不歧视的基础上参加文化生活的权利的必要条件：

(a) Availability is the presence of cultural goods and services that are open for everyone to enjoy and benefit from, including libraries, museums, theatres, cinemas and sports stadiums; literature, including folklore, and the arts in all forms; the shared open spaces essential to cultural interaction, such as parks, squares, avenues and streets; nature's gifts, such as seas, lakes, rivers, mountains, forests and nature reserves, including the flora and fauna found there, which give nations their character and biodiversity; intangible cultural goods, such as languages, customs, traditions, beliefs, knowledge and history, as well as values, which make up identity and contribute to the cultural diversity of individuals and communities.

(a)可提供性是指存在文化产品和服务，向所有人开放，供享受和利用，这包括图书 馆、博物馆、剧院、电影院和体育场馆；文学包括民间故事、和所有形式的艺术；对文化互动必不可少的共享的开放空间，如，公园、广场、林荫大道和街道；大自 然的礼物，如，海洋、湖泊、河流、山脉、森林和自然保护区(包括那里的动物和植物)――这些赋予国家以特点和生物多样性；无形的文化产品，如，语言、风 俗、传统、信仰、知识和历史，以及价值观――这些构成了特性并促成了个人和社群的文化多样性。

Of all the cultural goods, one of special value is the productive intercultural kinship that arises where diverse groups, minorities and communities can freely share the same territory;

在所有的文化产品中，具有特殊价值的一种是，产生于不同的群体、少数群体和社区可自由共享的同一领土的生产性文化间亲缘关系；

(b) Accessibility consists of effective and concrete opportunities for individuals and communities to enjoy culture fully, within physical and financial reach for all in both urban and rural areas, without discrimination.

(b)可获得性包括城乡地区的居民在不受歧视的情况下，人人在物质环境和财力范围内，个人和社群都有切实和具体的机会充分享受文化。

It is essential, in this regard, that access for older persons and persons with disabilities, as well as for those who live in poverty, is provided and facilitated.

在这方面，至关重要的是，必须提供和便利老年人和残疾人以及生活贫困的人的机会。

Accessibility also includes the right of everyone to seek, receive and share information on all manifestations of culture in the language of the person's choice, and the access of communities to means of expressions and dissemination.

可获得性还包括人人有权以自己选择的语言寻求、接受和分享所有文化现象的信息，以及社区能获得各种表现形式和手段；

(c) Acceptability entails that the laws, policies, strategies, programmes and measures adopted by the State party for the enjoyment of cultural rights should be formulated and implemented in such a way as to be acceptable to the individuals and communities involved.

(c)可接受性要求缔约国为落实文化权利所通过的法律、政策、战略、方案和措施应以所涉个人和社区可接受的方式制定和实施。

In this regard, consultations should be held with the individuals and communities concerned in order to ensure that the measures to protect cultural diversity are acceptable to them;

就此，应与相关个人和社区协商，以便确保为保护文化多样性所采取的措施是他们可以接受的；

(d) Adaptability refers to the flexibility and relevance of strategies, policies, programmes and measures adopted by the State party in any area of cultural life, which must be respectful of the cultural diversity of individuals and communities;

(d)适应性是指缔约国在任何文化领域所采取的战略、政策、方案和措施的灵活性和相关性，必须尊重个人和社群的文化多样性；

(e) Appropriateness refers to the realization of a specific human right in a way that is pertinent and suitable to a given cultural modality or context, that is, respectful of the culture and cultural rights of individuals and communities, including minorities and indigenous peoples.

(e)适宜性是指一种具体人权的实现应贴切和适合特定的文化模式或情况，即，要尊重个人和社区――包括少数群体和土著人民――的文化和文化权利。

The Committee has in many instances referred to the notion of cultural appropriateness (or cultural acceptability or adequacy) in past general comments, in relation in particular to the rights to food, health, water, housing and education.

委员会在以往的一般性意见中多次提到文化适宜性(或文化可接受性和适足性)的概念，与食物权、健康权、用水权、住房权和受教育权特别有关。

The way in which rights are implemented may also have an impact on cultural life and cultural diversity.

落实这些权利的方式还可能影响到文化生活和文化多样性。

The Committee wishes to stress in this regard the need to take into account, as far as possible, cultural values attached to, inter alia, food and food consumption, the use of water, the way health and education services are provided and the way housing is designed and constructed.

就此，委员会希望强调有必要尽量考虑到涉及食物和食物消费、水的使用、卫生和教育服务提供的方式和住房的设计和建造方式的文化价值观。

C. Limitations to the right to take part in cultural life

C.参加文化生活权利的限制

17. The right of everyone to take part in cultural life is closely linked to the enjoyment of other rights recognized in the international human rights instruments.

17. 人人参加文化生活的权利与国际人权文书承认的其它权利的享有密切相连。

Consequently, States parties have a duty to implement their obligations under article 15, paragraph 1 (a), together with their obligations under other provisions of the Covenant and international instruments, in order to promote and protect the entire range of human rights guaranteed under international law.

因此，为增进和保护国际法所保障的整套人权，缔约国有义务在履行第十五条第一款(甲)项下的义务时与公约和国际文书其它条款的义务结合起来。

18. The Committee wishes to recall that, while account must be taken of national and regional particularities and various historical, cultural and religious backgrounds, it is the duty of States, regardless of their political, economic or cultural systems, to promote and protect all human rights and fundamental freedoms.

18. 委员会重申，虽然必须考虑民族特性和区域特性以及各种不同的历史、文化和宗教背景，但是各个国家，不论其政治、经济或文化制度如何，都有义务增进和保护所有人权和基本自由。

Thus, no one may invoke cultural diversity to infringe upon human rights guaranteed by international law, nor to limit their scope.

这样，任何人都不得以文化多样性为由，侵犯国际法所保障的人权，也不得限制其范围。

19. Applying limitations to the right of everyone to take part in cultural life may be necessary in certain circumstances, in particular in the case of negative practices, including those attributed to customs and traditions, that infringe upon other human rights.

19. 在某些情况下，特别是在包括习俗和传统在内的消极行为侵犯其它人权的情况下，可能有必要对人人有参加文化生活的权利加以限制。

Such limitations must pursue a legitimate aim, be compatible with the nature of this right and be strictly necessary for the promotion of general welfare in a democratic society, in accordance with article 4 of the Covenant.

根据公约第四条，这样的限制必须是为了正当的目标，要与这一权利的性质一致，并是在民主社会促进普遍福祉所绝对必要的。

Any limitations must therefore be proportionate, meaning that the least restrictive measures must be taken when several types of limitations may be imposed.

因此，任何限制必须是有分寸的，即，在可施加数种限制时，必须采取限制性最小的措施。

The Committee also wishes to stress the need to take into consideration existing international human rights standards on limitations that can or cannot be legitimately imposed on rights that are intrinsically linked to the right to take part in cultural life, such as the rights to privacy, to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, to freedom of opinion and expression, to peaceful assembly and to freedom of association.

委员会还希望强调，必须考虑到关于可以(或不可以)合法地对与参加文化生活的权利有内在联系的权利施加限制的现行国际人权标准，例如，隐私权、思想、良心和宗教自由、见解和表达自由、和平集会自由和结社自由的权利。

20. Article 15, paragraph 1 (a) may not be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms recognized in the Covenant or at their limitation to a greater extent than is provided for therein.

20. 第十五条第一款(甲)项不得被解释为意味着任何国家、团体或个人有权从事任何旨在破坏公约所承认的任何权利和自由，或对其施加比公约规定更大的限制的任何活动或行为。

D. Special topics of broad application

D.具有广泛适用性的专题

Non-discrimination and equal treatment

不歧视和平等待遇

21. Article 2, paragraph 2, and article 3 of the Covenant prohibit any discrimination in the exercise of the right of everyone to take part in cultural life on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

21. 公约第二条第二款和第三条禁止以种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其它见解、民族血统和社会出身、财产、出生和其它身份为理由，对行使人人有参加文化生活的权利实行任何歧视。

22. In particular, no one shall be discriminated against because he or she chooses to belong, or not to belong, to a given cultural community or group, or to practise or not to practise a particular cultural activity.

22. 特别是，任何人不得因其选择属于(或不属于)某个特定文化社群或团体，或从事(或不从事)某种特定文化活动而受歧视。

Likewise, no one shall be excluded from access to cultural practices, goods and services.

同样，不得将任何人排斥在文化实践之外，使其不能使用文化产品和服务。

23. The Committee emphasizes that the elimination of all forms of discrimination in order to guarantee the exercise of the right of everyone to take part in cultural life can, in many cases, be achieved with limited resourcesby the adoption, amendment or repeal of legislation, or through publicity and information.

23. 委员会强调，消除一切形式歧视，以确保人人可行使参加文化生活的权利，在许多情况下，只用少量资源即可实现，例如可制定、修正或废除法律，或开展宣传和信息活动。

In particular, a first and important step towards the elimination of discrimination, whether direct or indirect, is for States to recognize the existence of diverse cultural identities of individuals and communities on their territories.

尤其是，消除歧视的第一个重要步骤――无论是直接方式还是间接方式――是国家承认在其领土上存在个人和社群文化特性的多样性。

The Committee also refers States parties to its general comment No. 3 (1990), paragraph 12, on the nature of States parties' obligations, which establishes that, even in times of severe resource constraints, the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups can and indeed must be protected by the adoption of relatively low-cost targeted programmes.

委员会还请缔约国参照其关于缔约国义务的第3号(1990年)一般性意见第12段，其中规定，即使在资源严重紧张的情况下，仍可以、也必须通过耗资相对较少的有针对性的方案，保护社会中最弱势、处境最不利的个人和群体。

24. The adoption of temporary special measures with the sole purpose of achieving de facto equality does not constitute discrimination, provided that such measures do not perpetuate unequal protection or form a separate system of protection for certain individuals or groups of individuals, and that they are discontinued when the objectives for which they were taken have been achieved.

24. 以实现事实上的平等为唯一目的采取临时特别措施，只要这类措施不维持对某些个人或群体的不平等的保护或形成单独的保护制度，并在达到其目的后即予以停止，则并不构成歧视。

E. Persons and communities requiring special protection

E.需要特别保护的个人和社群

1. Women

1.妇女

25. Ensuring the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights is a mandatory and immediate obligation of States parties.

25. 确保男女有平等的权利享有经济、社会和文化权利是缔约国的义不容辞的直接义务。

Implementing article 3 of the Covenant, in relation to article 15, paragraph 1 (a), requires, inter alia, the elimination of institutional and legal obstacles as well as those based on negative practices, including those attributed to customs and traditions, that prevent women from participating fully in cultural life, science education and scientific research.

针对第十五条第一款(甲)项落实公约第三条，特别要求消除体制性的和法律的障碍，以及基于属于习俗和传统方面的消极做法的障碍，因为它们阻止妇女充分参与文化生活、科学教育和科学研究。

2. Children

2.儿童

26. Children play a fundamental role as the bearers and transmitters of cultural values from generation to generation.

26. 儿童作为文化价值观代代相传的承受者和传播者扮演着一种最基本的角色。

States parties should take all the steps necessary to stimulate and develop children's full potential in the area of cultural life, with due regard for the rights and responsibilities of their parents or guardians.

缔约国应采取一切必要步骤，在文化生活领域促进和开发儿童的充分潜力，同时要充分考虑到其父母或监护人的权利和责任。

In particular, when taking into consideration their obligations under the Covenant and other human rights instruments on the right to education, including with regard to the aims of education,States should recall that the fundamental aim of educational development is the transmission and enrichment of common cultural and moral values in which the individual and society find their identity and worth.

特别是，在考虑到根据公约和其它人权文书关于受教育的权利，包括关于教育目标的义务时，各国应牢记教育发展的根本目标是传播和丰富共同的文化和道德价值观――在其中，个人和社会找到自己的身份和价值。

Thus, education must be culturally appropriate, include human rights education, enable children to develop their personality and cultural identity and to learn and understand cultural values and practices of the communities to which they belong, as well as those of other communities and societies.

因此，教育必须在文化上是适当的，要包括人权教育，要有助于儿童发展其个性和文化特性，并能学习和理解其所属族群以及其它族群和社会的文化价值观和做法。

27. The Committee wishes to recall in this regard that educational programmes of States parties should respect the cultural specificities of national or ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities as well as indigenous peoples, and incorporate in those programmes their history, knowledge and technologies, as well as their social, economic and cultural values and aspirations.

27. 就此，委员会重申：缔约国的教育方案应尊重民族或种族、语言和宗教少数群体和土著人民的文化特性，将其历史、知识和技术，以及其社会、经济和文化价值观和愿望纳入这些方案。

Such programmes should be included in school curricula for all, not only for minorities and indigenous peoples.

这些内容应列入所有人的学习课程，而不仅仅是少数群体和土著人民的课程。

States parties should adopt measures and spare no effort to ensure that educational programmes for minorities and indigenous groups are conducted on or in their own language, taking into consideration the wishes expressed by communities and in the international human rights standards in this area.

缔约国应采取措施不遗余力地确保少数群体和土著群体的教育方案以他们自己的语言授课，同时考虑到各族群所表示的愿望和这方面的国际人权标准。

Educational programmes should also transmit the necessary knowledge to enable everyone to participate fully and on an equal footing in their own and in national communities.

教育方案也应传输必要的知识，使每一个人都能够在自己的社区和国家社会中充分和平等地参与。

3. Older persons

3.老年人

28. The Committee is of the view that States parties to the Covenant are obligated to pay particular attention to the promotion and protection of the cultural rights of older persons.

28. 委员会认为，公约缔约国有义务特别注意增进和保护老年人的文化权利。

The Committee emphasizes the important role that older persons continue to play in most societies by reason of their creative, artistic and intellectual abilities, and as the transmitters of information, knowledge, traditions and cultural values.

委员会强调，在大多数社会中，老年人因其创造能力、艺术和知识能力，并作为信息、知识、传统和文化价值观的传播者，继续发挥着重要的作用。

Consequently, the Committee attaches particular importance to the message contained in recommendations 44 and 48 of the Vienna International Plan of Action on Aging, calling for the development of programmes featuring older persons as teachers and transmitters of knowledge, culture and spiritual values, and encouraging Governments and international organizations to support programmes aimed at providing older persons with easier physical access to cultural institutions (such as museums, theatres, concert halls and cinemas).

因此，委员会十分重视老龄问题维也纳国际行动计划第44和48项建议所包含的信息，即，要求制定以年长者为导师和知识、文化与精神财富传授者为特色的各种教育方案，并鼓励各国政府和国际组织支持旨在更便利年长者使用各文化机构(如，博物馆、剧院、音乐厅、电影院)的方案。

29. The Committee therefore urges States parties to take account of the recommendations contained in the United Nations Principles for Older Persons, and in particular of principle 7, that older persons should remain integrated in society, participate actively in the formulation and implementation of policies that directly affect their well-being and share their knowledge and skills with younger generations; and principle 16, that older persons should have access to the educational, cultural, spiritual and recreational resources of society.

29. 因此，委员会促请各缔约国考虑到联合国老年人原则中所载的建议，尤其是原则7，即，老年人应继续融合于社会，积极参与制定和执行直接影响其福祉的政策，并将其知识和技能传授子孙后代；和原则16，即，老年人应能享有社会的教育、文化、精神和娱乐资源。

4. Persons with disabilities

4.残疾人

30. Paragraph 17 of the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities provides that States should ensure that persons with disabilities have the opportunity to utilize their creative, artistic and intellectual potential, not only for their own benefit, but also for the enrichment of their community, be they in urban or rural areas, and that States should promote accessibility to and availability of places for cultural performances and services.

30. 残疾人机会均等标准规则第17段规定，各国应确保残疾人有机会不仅为他们自己，而且为丰富他们所在的城乡社区，发挥其创造能力以及艺术和智力潜能，并且，各国应促使各种文化表演和服务场所对残疾人开放并做到无障碍。

31. In order to facilitate participation of persons with disabilities in cultural life, States parties should, inter alia, recognize the right of these persons to have access to cultural material, television programmes, films, theatre and other cultural activities, in accessible forms; to have access to places where cultural performances or services are offered, such as theatres, museums, cinemas, libraries and tourist services and, to the extent possible, to monuments and places of national cultural importance; to the recognition of their specific cultural and linguistic identity, including sign language and the culture of the deaf; and to the encouragement and promotion of their participation, to the extent possible, in recreational, leisure and sporting activities.

31. 为了便利残疾人参与文化生活，各缔约国应，除其他外，承认这些人有权以无障碍形式获得文化材料、观看电视节目、电影、戏剧、和参与其他文化活动；进入文化 表演或服务场所，例如，剧院、博物馆、电影院、图书馆和旅行社，并在可能的情况下，进入国家重要文化遗址和场所；承认他们特殊的文化和语言特征，包括手语 和聋人文化；和鼓励并促进他们尽可能参与娱乐、休闲和体育活动。

5. Minorities

5.少数群体

32. In the Committee's view, article 15, paragraph 1 (a) of the Covenant also includes the right of minorities and of persons belonging to minorities to take part in the cultural life of society, and also to conserve, promote and develop their own culture.

32. 委员会认为，公约第十五条第一款(甲)项还包括少数群体参加社会的文化生活，同时维护、促进和发展其自身文化的权利。

This right entails the obligation of States parties to recognize, respect and protect minority cultures as an essential component of the identity of the States themselves.

这一权利表明缔约国有义务承认、尊重和保护少数群体文化，将其作为国家自身特征的一个基本组成部分。

Consequently, minorities have the right to their cultural diversity, traditions, customs, religion, forms of education, languages, communication media (press, radio, television, Internet) and other manifestations of their cultural identity and membership.

因此，少数群体有权保持其文化差异、传统、风俗、宗教、教育形式、语言、传媒(报纸刊物、广播、电视、互联网等)及其文化特性和成员身份。

33. Minorities, as well as persons belonging to minorities, have the right not only to their own identity but also to development in all areas of cultural life.

33. 少数群体和属于少数群体的人不仅有权保持自身的特性，而且有在一切文化生活领域的发展权。

Any programme intended to promote the constructive integration of minorities and persons belonging to minorities into the society of a State party should thus be based on inclusion, participation and non-discrimination, with a view to preserving the distinctive character of minority cultures.

因此，任何旨在促进少数群体和属于少数群体的人建设性地融入缔约国社会的方案应建立在包容、参与和不歧视的基础上，以保持少数群体文化的独特性。

6. Migrants

6.移民

34. States parties should pay particular attention to the protection of the cultural identities of migrants, as well as their language, religion and folklore, and of their right to hold cultural, artistic and intercultural events.

34. 各缔约国应特别重视保护移民的文化特性、语言、宗教和民俗，以及他们举行文化、艺术和文化活动的权利。

States parties should not prevent migrants from maintaining their cultural links with their countries of origin.

缔约国不应阻止移民保持与其原籍国的文化联系。

35. As education is intrinsically related to culture, the Committee recommends that States parties adopt appropriate measures to enable the children of migrants to attend, on a basis of equal treatment, State-run educational institution and programmes.

35. 由于教育与文化密不可分，委员会建议缔约国采取适当的措施，使移民儿童在平等待遇的基础上在国立教育机构和学校上学。

7. Indigenous peoples

7.土著人民

36. States parties should take measures to guarantee that the exercise of the right to take part in cultural life takes due account of the values of cultural life, which may be strongly communal or which can only be expressed and enjoyed as a community by indigenous peoples.

36. 缔约国应采取措施，保证在行使参加文化生活的权利时充分顾及文化生活价值观，这种价值观可能有强烈的族群性，或者说，只有土著人民作为一个族群才能表现和享受。

The strong communal dimension of indigenous peoples' cultural life is indispensable to their existence, well-being and full development, and includes the right to the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired.

土著人民文化生活的强烈的族群性对于其生存、福祉和充分发展是不可或缺的，并且包括对于其历来拥有、占有或以其他方式使用或获得的土地、领土和资源的权利。

Indigenous peoples' cultural values and rights associated with their ancestral lands and their relationship with nature should be regarded with respect and protected, in order to prevent the degradation of their particular way of life, including their means of subsistence, the loss of their natural resources and, ultimately, their cultural identity.

土著人民与其祖先的土地及其与大自然的关系相连的文化价值观和权利应予尊重和保护，以防止其独特的生活方式受到侵蚀，包括丧失维生手段、自然资源，乃至最终的文化特性。

States parties must therefore take measures to recognize and protect the rights of indigenous peoples to own, develop, control and use their communal lands, territories and resources, and, where they have been otherwise inhabited or used without their free and informed consent, take steps to return these lands and territories.

因此，缔约国必须采取措施，承认和保护土著人民拥有、开发、控制和使用其公社土地、领土和资源的权利，并且，如果未经他们的自由和知情的同意而被以其他方式居住或使用， 则应采取步骤归还这些土地和领土。

37. Indigenous peoples have the right to act collectively to ensure respect for their right to maintain, control, protect and develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions, as well as the manifestations of their sciences, technologies and cultures, including human and genetic resources, seeds, medicines, knowledge of the properties of fauna and flora, oral traditions, literature, designs, sports and traditional games, and visual and performing arts.

37. 土著人民有权采取集体行动，确保其维持、控制、保护和开发其文化遗产、传统知识和传统文化表达方式，以及其科学、技术和文化表现形式――包括人类和基因资 源、种子、医药、动植物性质的知识、口头传统、文学、设计、体育和传统比赛、和视觉和表演艺术――的权利得到尊重。

States parties should respect the principle of free, prior and informed consent of indigenous peoples in all matters covered by their specific rights.

缔约国在所有涉及土著人民特殊权利的问题上应尊重土著人民自由、事先和知情同意的原则。

8. Persons living in poverty

8.生活贫困的人

38. The Committee considers that every person or group of persons is endowed with a cultural richness inherent in their humanity and therefore can make, and continues to make, a significant contribution to the development of culture.

38. 委员会认为，每个人或团体都有因人性而生发的文化上的丰富性，因此，能够并继续为文化的发展做出重要贡献。

Nevertheless, it must be borne in mind that, in practice, poverty seriously restricts the ability of a person or a group of persons to exercise the right to take part in, gain access and contribute to, on equal terms, all spheres of cultural life, and more importantly, seriously affects their hopes for the future and their ability to enjoy effectively their own culture.

然而，必须牢记，在实际中，贫困严重限制了个人或团体行使在平等的基础上参加、进入文化生活各个领域并为之作贡献的权利，并且，更重要的是，严重影响了他们对未来的希望和切实享受其自身文化的能力。

The common underlying theme in the experience of persons living in poverty is a sense of powerlessness that is often a consequence of their situation.

贫穷者一个共同的基本经验是一种无能为力感，那种因其境况造成的后果。

Awareness of their human rights, and particularly the right of every person to take part in cultural life, can significantly empower persons or groups of persons living in poverty.

让生活在贫困中的个人或团体认识到自己的人权，尤其是人人都可参加文化生活的权利，可大大增强其力量。

39. Culture as a social product must be brought within the reach of all, on the basis of equality, non-discrimination and participation.

39. 文化是一种社会产品，必须在平等、不歧视和参与的基础上供所有人享有。

Therefore, in implementing the legal obligations enshrined in article 15, paragraph 1 (a), of the Covenant, States parties must adopt, without delay, concrete measures to ensure adequate protection and the full exercise of the right of persons living in poverty and their communities to enjoy and take part in cultural life.

因此，在履行公约第十五条第一款(甲)项所包含的法律义务时，各缔约国必须毫不拖延地采取措施，确保生活在贫困中的人及其社区享受和参加文化生活的权利得到足够的保护和充分的行使。

In this respect, the Committee refers States parties to its statement on poverty and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

就此，委员会请缔约国参照其关于贫困问题的声明和经济、社会、文化权利国际公约。

F. Cultural diversity and the right to take part in cultural life

F.文化多样性和参加文化生活的权利

40. The protection of cultural diversity is an ethical imperative, inseparable from respect for human dignity.

40. 保护文化多样性是一种道德义务，与尊重人权密不可分。

It implies a commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms, and requires the full implementation of cultural rights, including the right to take part in cultural life.

它意味着对人权和基本自由的承诺，并要求充分落实文化权利，包括参加文化生活的权利。

41. Cultures have no fixed borders.

41. 文化没有固定的边界。

The phenomena of migration, integration, assimilation and globalization have brought cultures, groups and individuals into closer contact than ever before, at a time when each of them is striving to keep their own identity.

移民、一体化、同化和全球化现象使各种文化、民族群体和个人得以前所未有地紧密接触，而与此同时，各自又努力保持自身的特性。

42. Given that globalization has positive and negative effects, States parties must take appropriate steps to avoid its adverse consequences on the right to take part in cultural life, particularly for the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups, such as persons living in poverty.

42. 鉴于全球化有利有弊，缔约国必须采取适当步骤，避免其对参加文化生活的权利产生消极后果，特别是对处境最不利和最弱势的个人和群体，例如生活贫困的人们产生消极后果。

Far from having produced a single world culture, globalization has demonstrated that the concept of culture implies the coexistence of different cultures.

全球化远远没有产生单一的全球文化，反而表明了文化的概念意味着不同文化的共存。

43. States parties should also bear in mind that cultural activities, goods and services have economic and cultural dimensions, conveying identity, values and meanings.

43. 缔约国还应铭记，文化活动、产品和服务传达特征、价值观和意义，具有经济和文化双重性。

They must not be treated as having solely a commercial value.

绝不可将其视为仅具商业价值而已。

In particular, bearing in mind article 15 (2) of the Covenant, States parties should adopt measures to protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions,and enable all cultures to express themselves and make themselves known.

特别是，考虑到公约第十五条第二款，缔约国应采取措施保护和促进文化表现形式的多样性，使所有文化都能表现自己和宣传自己。

In this respect, due regard should be paid to human rights standards, including the right to information and expression, and to the need to protect the free flow of ideas by word and image.

在这方面，应充分注意人权标准，包括信息和表达的权利和有必要保护思想以文字和图像的方式的自由流动。

The measures may also aim at preventing the signs, symbols and expressions of a particular culture from being taken out of context for the sole purpose of marketing or exploitation by the mass media.

这些措施也可着眼于防止某种特定文化的标志、符号和表现形式被大众媒体仅仅为了促销或利用的目的而加以歪曲利用。

III. States parties' obligations

三.缔约国的义务

A. General legal obligations

A.一般法律义务

44. The Covenant imposes on States parties the immediate obligation to guarantee that the right set out in article 15, paragraph 1 (a), is exercised without discrimination, to recognize cultural practices and to refrain from interfering in their enjoyment and development.

44. 公约规定缔约国立即承担义务，保证载于第十五条第一款(甲)项的权利在毫不歧视的情况下得到行使，承认文化习俗并不干涉对其的享受和发展。

45. While the Covenant provides for the "progressive" realization of the rights set out in its provisions and recognizes the problems arising from limited resources, it imposes on States parties the specific and continuing obligation to take deliberate and concrete measures aimed at the full implementation of the right of everyone to take part in cultural life.

45. 公约在规定“逐步”实现其条款中规定的权利并认识到资源有限会引起的问题的同时，也规定缔约国有具体和持续的义务，为人人都有参加文化生活的权利的全面实现采取有针对性的具体措施。

46. As in the case of the other rights set out in the Covenant, regressive measures taken in relation to the right of everyone to take part in cultural life are not permitted.

46. 如同公约中所载其他权利一样，在人人都有参加文化生活的权利方面采取倒退措施是不允许的。

Consequently, if any such measure is taken deliberately, the State party has to prove that it was taken after careful consideration of all alternatives and that the measure in question is justified, bearing in mind the complete set of rights recognized in the Covenant.

因此，如果有故意采取任何此类措施的情况，缔约国必须证明是在仔细考虑了所有替代办法之后才采取的，并且，在考虑到公约所承认的一整套权利的情况下，所采取的有关措施是正当的。

47. Given the interrelationship between the rights set out in article 15 of the Covenant (see paragraph 2 above), the full realization of the right of everyone to take part in cultural life also requires the adoption of steps necessary for the conservation, development and dissemination of science and culture, as well as steps to ensure respect for the freedom indispensable to scientific research and creative activity, in accordance with paragraphs 2 and 3, respectively, of article 15.

47. 鉴于公约第十五条所载各项权利之间的相互关系(见上文第2段)，要充分实现人人都有参加文化生活的权利，就还需要采取必要的步骤保护、发展和传播科学和文化，以及分别根据公约第十五条第二款和第三款，确保尊重对于科学研究和创造活动必不可少的自由。

B. Specific legal obligations

B.具体法律义务

48. The right of everyone to take part in cultural life, like the other rights enshrined in the Covenant, imposes three types or levels of obligations on States parties: (a) the obligation to respect; (b) the obligation to protect; and (c) the obligation to fulfil.

48. 人人都有参加文化生活的权利，同公约中所载其他权利一样，要求缔约国承担三种类型或三个层面的义务：(a) 尊重的义务；(b) 保护的义务；(c) 落实的义务。

The obligation to respect requires States parties to refrain from interfering, directly or indirectly, with the enjoyment of the right to take part in cultural life.

尊重的义务要求缔约国不可直接或间接干涉人们享用参加文化生活的权利。

The obligation to protect requires States parties to take steps to prevent third parties from interfering in the right to take part in cultural life.

保护的义务要求缔约国采取步骤，防止第三方干涉人们享用参加文化生活的权利。

Lastly, the obligation to fulfil requires States parties to take appropriate legislative, administrative, judicial, budgetary, promotional and other measures aimed at the full realization of the right enshrined in article 15, paragraph 1 (a), of the Covenant.

最后，落实的义务要求缔约国采取适当的立法、行政、司法、财政、促进和其他措施，以全面实现公约第十五条第一款(甲)项中所规定的权利。

49. The obligation to respect includes the adoption of specific measures aimed at achieving respect for the right of everyone, individually or in association with others or within a community or group:

49. 尊重的义务包括采取具体措施以实现对每个人个别地、或与他人联合、或在一个社群或团体内所具有的权利的尊重：

(a) To freely choose their own cultural identity, to belong or not to belong to a community, and have their choice respected;

(a)自由选择自己的文化特征，属于或不属于某个社群，和使自己的选择受到尊重；

This includes the right not to be subjected to any form of discrimination based on cultural identity, exclusion or forced assimilation,and the right of all persons to express their cultural identity freely and to exercise their cultural practices and way of life.

这包括不受基于文化特征、排斥或强迫同化的任何形式的歧视的权利，和人人自由地表达自己文化特征和行使其文化习俗和生活方式的权利。

States parties should consequently ensure that their legislation does not impair the enjoyment of these rights through direct or indirect discrimination.

因此，缔约国应确保其立法不以直接或间接歧视的方式损害人们对这些权利的享受。

(b) To enjoy freedom of opinion, freedom of expression in the language or languages of their choice, and the right to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds and forms including art forms, regardless of frontiers of any kind;

(b)享受见解自由和以自己选择的一种或多种语言的表达自由，以及不分任何形式的国界寻求、接受和传递信息和一切种类和形式(包括艺术形式)的思想的权利；

This implies the right of all persons to have access to, and to participate in, varied information exchanges, and to have access to cultural goods and services, understood as vectors of identity, values and meaning.

这意味着所有人都有权进入和参与各种信息交流，并且获得作为特征、价值观和意义的载体的文化产品和服务。

(c) To enjoy the freedom to create, individually, in association with others, or within a community or group, which implies that States parties must abolish censorship of cultural activities in the arts and other forms of expression, if any;

(c)享受个别地、或与他人联合、或在一个社群或团体内创作的自由，这意味着，缔约国必须取消对艺术和其他表达形式的文化活动的审查制度――如果有的话；

This obligation is closely related to the duty of States parties, under article 15, paragraph 3, "to respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research and creative activity".

这一义务同缔约国根据第十五条第三款所承担的义务“尊重对于科学研究和创造性活动所不可缺少的自由”密切相关。

(d) To have access to their own cultural and linguistic heritage and to that of others;

(d)可使用其自己的和其他人的文化和语言遗产；

In particular, States must respect free access by minorities to their own culture, heritage and other forms of expression, as well as the free exercise of their cultural identity and practices.

特别是，各国必须尊重少数民族自由使用其文化、遗产和其他表现形式，以及自由发扬其文化特征和习俗。

This includes the right to be taught about one's own culture as well as those of others.

这包括学习自己的文化以及别人的文化的权利。

States parties must also respect the rights of indigenous peoples to their culture and heritage and to maintain and strengthen their spiritual relationship with their ancestral lands and other natural resources traditionally owned, occupied or used by them, and indispensable to their cultural life.

缔约国还必须尊重土著人民使用其文化和遗产的权利，保持并加强他们与祖先的土地和历来所拥有、占领和使用、以及对其文化生活不可或缺的其他自然资源之间的精神联系。

(e) To take part freely in an active and informed way, and without discrimination, in any important decision-making process that may have an impact on his or her way of life and on his or her rights under article 15, paragraph 1 (a).

(e)以积极和知情的方式，在毫不受歧视的情况下，自由参加可能对其生活方式和第十五条第一款(甲)项规定的权利有影响的任何重要决策过程。

50. In many instances, the obligations to respect and to protect freedoms, cultural heritage and diversity are interconnected.

50. 在许多情况下，尊重和保护自由、文化遗产和文化多样性的义务是互相联结的。

Consequently, the obligation to protect is to be understood as requiring States to take measures to prevent third parties from interfering in the exercise of rights listed in paragraph 49 above.

因此，保护的义务应被理解为要求各国采取措施，以防止第三方干涉以上第49段所列各项权利的行使。

In addition, States parties are obliged to:

此外，缔约国有义务：

(a) Respect and protect cultural heritage in all its forms, in times of war and peace, and natural disasters;

(a)在战争和和平时期以及自然灾害期间，尊重和保护所有行式的文化遗产；

Cultural heritage must be preserved, developed, enriched and transmitted to future generations as a record of human experience and aspirations, in order to encourage creativity in all its diversity and to inspire a genuine dialogue between cultures.

文化遗产必须作为人类的经历和希望的记录，得到保存、发展、丰富和传递给后代，以便鼓励以其所有形式呈现的创造性，并激发各种文化之间的真正对话。

Such obligations include the care, preservation and restoration of historical sites, monuments, works of art and literary works, among others.

这种义务包括对各种历史遗址、遗迹、艺术作品和文学作品等的爱护、保护和修复。

(b) Respect and protect cultural heritage of all groups and communities, in particular the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups, in economic development and environmental policies and programmes;

(b)在经济发展和环境政策和方案中，尊重和保护一切群体和社区的文化遗产，特别是最弱势和处境最不利的个人和群体的文化遗产；

Particular attention should be paid to the adverse consequences of globalization, undue privatization of goods and services, and deregulation on the right to participate in cultural life.

应特别注意全球化、产品和服务的不适当的私有化、和放松管制对参与文化生活的负面影响。

(c) Respect and protect the cultural productions of indigenous peoples, including their traditional knowledge, natural medicines, folklore, rituals and other forms of expression;

(c)尊重和保护土著人民的文化生产，包括其传统知识、天然药物、民俗、礼仪和其他表现形式；

This includes protection from illegal or unjust exploitation of their lands, territories and resources by State entities or private or transnational enterprises and corporations.

这方面的工作包括提供保护，使他们的土地、领土和资源不受国家实体或私人或跨国企业和公司的非法或不正当剥削。

(d) Promulgate and enforce legislation to prohibit discrimination based on cultural identity, as well as advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence, taking into consideration articles 19 and 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.

(d)颁布并执行法律，以禁止基于文化特征的歧视，以及构成煽动歧视、敌对或暴力行为的鼓吹民族、种族或宗教仇恨的做法，同时考虑到公民权利和 政治权利国际公约第十九条和第二十条，以及消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约第四条。

51. The obligation to fulfil can be subdivided into the obligations to facilitate, promote and provide.

51. 落实的义务可细分为提供便利的义务、促进的义务和提供的义务。

52. States parties are under an obligation to facilitate the right of everyone to take part in cultural life by taking a wide range of positive measures, including financial measures, that would contribute to the realization of this right, such as:

52. 缔约国有义务为人人都有参加文化生活的权利提供便利，为此，要采取各种积极措施，包括财政措施，推动这一权利的实现，例如：

(a) Adopting policies for the protection and promotion of cultural diversity, and facilitating access to a rich and diversified range of cultural expressions, including through, inter alia, measures aimed at establishing and supporting public institutions and the cultural infrastructure necessary for the implementation of such policies; and measures aimed at enhancing diversity through public broadcasting in regional and minority languages;

(a)制定政策，保护和促进文化多样性，便利使用丰富多彩多种多样的文化表现形式，包括特别为此采取措施，建立和支持落实这些政策所必要的公共机构和文化基础设施；以及通过用地方和少数民族语言的公共广播加强多样性；

(b) Adopting policies enabling persons belonging to diverse cultural communities to engage freely and without discrimination in their own cultural practices and those of others, and to choose freely their way of life;

(b)制定政策，使属于不同文化群体的人能够在不受歧视的情况下自由地从事其自己的、以及别人的文化习俗活动，并自由选择其生活方式；

(c) Promoting the exercise of the right of association for cultural and linguistic minorities for the development of their cultural and linguistic rights;

(c)促进文化和语言少数群体为发展其文化和语言权利行使结社的权利；

(d) Granting assistance, financial or other, to artists, public and private organizations, including science academies, cultural associations, trade unions and other individuals and institutions engaged in scientific and creative activities;

(d)向艺术家，公私立组织，包括科学院、文化协会、工会和其他从事科学和创作活动的个人和机构，提供财政或其他援助；

(e) Encouraging scientists, artists and others to take part in international scientific and cultural research activities, such as symposiums, conferences, seminars and workshops;

(e)鼓励科学家、艺术家等参加国际科学和文化研究活动，例如，专题座谈会、会议、研讨会和讲习班；

(f) Taking appropriate measures or programmes to support minorities or other communities, including migrant communities, in their efforts to preserve their culture;

(f)制定适当措施和方案支持少数民族或其他社群，包括移民社群，努力保存其文化；

(g) Taking appropriate measures to remedy structural forms of discrimination so as to ensure that the underrepresentation of persons from certain communities in public life does not adversely affect their right to take part in cultural life;

(g)采取适当措施纠正某些结构性歧视，以确保某些社群的人在公共生活中代表性不足不至于对其参加文化生活的权利产生负面影响；

(h) Taking appropriate measures to create conditions conducive to a constructive intercultural relationship between individuals and groups based on mutual respect, understanding and tolerance;

(h)采取适当措施，为在互相尊重、理解和容忍的基础上建立个人和群体之间的建设性文化交流关系创造有利条件；

(i) Taking appropriate measures to conduct public campaigns through the media, educational institutions and other available channels, with a view to eliminating any form of prejudice against individuals or communities, based on their cultural identity.

(i)采取适当措施，通过媒体、教育机构和其他现有渠道开展公众宣传运动，消除对个人或社群的基于其文化特性的一切形式的偏见。

53. The obligation to promote requires States parties to take effective steps to ensure that there is appropriate education and public awareness concerning the right to take part in cultural life, particularly in rural and deprived urban areas, or in relation to the specific situation of, inter alia, minorities and indigenous peoples.

53. 促进的义务要求缔约国采取有效步骤，以确保针对参加文化生活的权利开展适当的教育和公共宣传，尤其是在农村地区和城市的穷人区，或针对特别是少数群体和土著人民的特殊情况开展适当的教育和公共宣传。

This includes education and awareness-raising on the need to respect cultural heritage and cultural diversity.

这包括关于尊重文化遗产和文化多样性的必要性的教育和公共宣传。

54. The obligation to fulfil requires that States parties must provide all that is necessary for fulfilment of the right to take part in cultural life when individuals or communities are unable, for reasons outside their control, to realize this right for themselves with the means at their disposal.

54. 落实的义务要求缔约国必须在个人或社群由于其无法控制的外部原因无法以自己掌握的手段实现参加文化生活的权利时，为落实这一权利提供一切必要的条件。

This level of obligation includes, for example:

这一层面的义务包括：

(a) The enactment of appropriate legislation and the establishment of effective mechanisms allowing persons, individually, in association with others, or within a community or group, to participate effectively in decision-making processes, to claim protection of their right to take part in cultural life, and to claim and receive compensation if their rights have been violated;

(a)颁布适当的法律和建立有效的机制，使个人单独地、或与他人联合、或在社群或团体内，得以有效参加决策进程，要求保护其参加文化生活的权利，和在这些权利受到侵犯时，要求并获得赔偿；

(b) Programmes aimed at preserving and restoring cultural heritage;

(b)旨在保存和恢复文化遗产的方案；

(c) The inclusion of cultural education at every level in school curricula, including history, literature, music and the history of other cultures, in consultation with all concerned;

(c)与有关各方协商，将文化教育纳入各级学校的课程，包括历史、文学、音乐和其他文化的历史；

(d) Guaranteed access for all, without discrimination on grounds of financial or any other status, to museums, libraries, cinemas and theatres and to cultural activities, services and events.

(d)保证人人都有机会在不因财务状况或任何其他情况而受歧视的情况下，使用博物馆、图书馆、电影院和剧院，以及参加文化活动、服务和重要事项。

C. Core obligations

C.核心义务

55. In its general comment No. 3 (1990), the Committee stressed that States parties have a minimum core obligation to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of each of the rights set out in the Covenant.

55. 委员会在其第3号一般性意见(1990年)中强调，缔约国的最低核心义务是确保至少满足公约规定的各项权利的最低基本水平。

Thus, in accordance with the Covenant and other international instruments dealing with human rights and the protection of cultural diversity, the Committee considers that article 15, paragraph 1 (a), of the Covenant entails at least the obligation to create and promote an environment within which a person individually, or in association with others, or within a community or group, can participate in the culture of their choice, which includes the following core obligations applicable with immediate effect:

因此，根据公约和关于人权和保护文化多样性的其他国际文书，委员会认为，公约第十五条第一款(甲)项至少包含有义务创造和促进一种环境，使人在其中个别地、或与他人联合、或在一个社群或团体内能参与文化生活，而这又包括以下可立即生效的核心义务：

(a) To take legislative and any other necessary steps to guarantee non-discrimination and gender equality in the enjoyment of the right of everyone to take part in cultural life;

(a)采取立法和其他必要步骤，在人人享受参加文化生活的权利方面保证不歧视和性别平等；

(b) To respect the right of everyone to identify or not identify themselves with one or more communities, and the right to change their choice;

(b)尊重每一个人都有认同或不认同一个或多个社群的权利，以及改变这种选择的权利；

(c) To respect and protect the right of everyone to engage in their own cultural practices, while respecting human rights which entails, in particular, respecting freedom of thought, belief and religion; freedom of opinion and expression; a person's right to use the language of his or her choice; freedom of association and peaceful assembly; and freedom to choose and set up educational establishments;

(c)尊重和保护每一个人从事自己的文化实践的权利，与此同时，尊重人权，而这又特别要求尊重思想、信仰和宗教自由；见解和表达自由；一个人使用自己选择的语言的自由；结社和和平集会的自由；和选择和设立教育机构的自由；

(d) To eliminate any barriers or obstacles that inhibit or restrict a person's access to the person's own culture or to other cultures, without discrimination and without consideration for frontiers of any kind;

(d)消除禁止或限制一个人在不受歧视和不考虑任何边界的情况下使用自己的文化或别人的文化的任何壁垒或障碍；

(e) To allow and encourage the participation of persons belonging to minority groups, indigenous peoples or to other communities in the design and implementation of laws and policies that affect them.

(e)允许和鼓励属于少数群体、土著人民或其他社群的人参与设计和执行对其有影响的法律和政策。

In particular, States parties should obtain their free and informed prior consent when the preservation of their cultural resources, especially those associated with their way of life and cultural expression, are at risk.

特别是，缔约国在保护他们的文化资源时应得到其自由和知情的同意，尤其是那些与其生活方式和文化表现方式相关的处于濒危状态的文化资源。

D. International obligations

D.国际义务

56. In its general comment No. 3 (1990), the Committee draws attention to the obligation of States parties to take steps, individually and through international assistance and cooperation, especially through economic and technical cooperation, with a view to achieving the full realization of the rights recognized in the Covenant.

56. 委员会在其第3号(1990年)一般性意见中提请各缔约国注意其有义务单独地并通过国际援助和合作、特别是通过经济和技术合作，采取措施，以期充分实现公约所承认的各项权利。

In the spirit of Article 56 of the Charter of the United Nations, as well as specific provisions of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (art. 2, para. 1, and arts. 15 and 23), States parties should recognize and promote the essential role of international cooperation in the achievement of the rights recognized in the Covenant, including the right of everyone to take part in cultural life, and should fulfil their commitment to take joint and separate action to that effect.

根据联合国宪章第五 十六条以及经济、社会、文化权利国际公约的具体条款(第二条第一款和第十五和二十三条)的精神，缔约国应承认并促进国际合作在实现公约所承认的各项权利 ――包括人人都有参加文化生活的权利――方面的至关重要的作用，并履行其为此采取联合和单独行动的承诺。

57. States parties should, through international agreements where appropriate, ensure that the realization of the right of everyone to take part in cultural life receives due attention.

57. 缔约国应酌情通过国际协定确保人人都有参加文化生活的权利的实现得到应有的重视。

58. The Committee recalls that international cooperation for development and thus for the realization of economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to take part in cultural life, is an obligation of States parties, especially of those States that are in a position to provide assistance.

58. 委员会再次指出，国际合作促进发展，从而促进包括参加文化生活的权利在内的经济、社会和文化权利的实现，是各缔约国的义务，特别是有能力提供援助的国家。

This obligation is in accordance with Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter of the United Nations, as well as articles 2, paragraph 1, and articles 15 and 23 of the Covenant.

这一义务符合联合国宪章第五十五和五十六条，以及公约第二条第一款和第十五和二十三条。

59. In negotiations with international financial institutions and in concluding bilateral agreements, States parties should ensure that the enjoyment of the right enshrined in article 15, paragraph 1 (a), of the Covenant is not impaired.

59. 在与国际金融机构谈判时和缔结双边协定时，各缔约国应确保公约第十五条第一款(甲)项中所规定的权利的享有不受损害。

For example, the strategies, programmes and policies adopted by States parties under structural adjustment programmes should not interfere with their core obligations in relation to the right of everyone, especially the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups, to take part in cultural life.

例如，缔约国在结构调整方案下采取的战略、方案和政策不应妨碍其关于每一个人、特别是处境最不利最弱势的个人和群体参加文化生活的权利方面的核心义务。

IV. Violations

四.违反

60. To demonstrate compliance with their general and specific obligations, States parties must show that they have taken appropriate measures to ensure the respect for and protection of cultural freedoms, as well as the necessary steps towards the full realization of the right to take part in cultural life within their maximum available resources.

60. 为了表明自己遵守了一般义务和具体义务，缔约国必须证明它们已采取适当措施确保尊重和保护文化自由，以及必要的步骤，以最大限度地利用现有资源充分实现参加文化生活的权利。

States parties must also show that they have guaranteed that the right is enjoyed equally and without discrimination, by men and women.

各缔约国还必须证明它们已保障该项权利是被男女平等地毫无歧视地享受的。

61. In assessing whether States parties have complied with obligations to take action, the Committee looks at whether implementation is reasonable or proportionate with respect to the attainment of the relevant rights, complies with human rights and democratic principles, and whether it is subject to an adequate framework of monitoring and accountability.

61. 在评估缔约国是否遵守了采取行动的义务时，委员会关注的事项是：执行情况是否合理，或是否与实现相关权利相称，是否符合人权和民主原则，以及是否遵循适当的监测和问责框架。

62. Violations can occur through the direct action of a State party or of other entities or institutions that are insufficiently regulated by the State party, including, in particular, those in the private sector.

62. 由于缔约国的直接行动，或其他实体或缔约国监管不够的机构、包括私营部门的机构的直接行动，就会发生违反的情况。

Many violations of the right to take part in cultural life occur when States parties prevent access to cultural life, practices, goods and services by individuals or communities.

许多对参加文化生活的权利的违反行为发生在缔约国阻止个人或社群参加文化生活，从事文化实践，和利用文化产品和服务的时候。

63. Violations of article 15, paragraph 1 (a), also occur through the omission or failure of a State party to take the necessary measures to comply with its legal obligations under this provision.

63. 对第十五条第一款(甲)项的违反，还可因缔约国疏忽或未能采取必要措施以遵守本条下承担的法律义务而发生。

Violations through omission include the failure to take appropriate steps to achieve the full realization of the right of everyone to take part in cultural life, and the failure to enforce relevant laws or to provide administrative, judicial or other appropriate remedies to enable people to exercise in full the right to take part in cultural life.

疏忽造成的违反包括未能采取适当步骤充分实现人人都有参加文化生活的权利，以及未能执行相关法律或提供行政、司法或其他适当补救措施，使人民能充分行使参加文化生活的权利。

64. A violation also occurs when a State party fails to take steps to combat practices harmful to the well-being of a person or group of persons.

64. 违反还可因缔约国未能采取措施消除对个人或群体的福祉有害的做法而发生。

These harmful practices, including those attributed to customs and traditions, such as female genital mutilation and allegations of the practice of witchcraft, are barriers to the full exercise by the affected persons of the right enshrined in article 15, paragraph 1 (a).

这些有害的做法包括因风俗习惯和传统造成的做法，如女性性器官割礼和巫术行为的咒语等，这些都阻碍了受其影响的人们充分行使第十五条第一款(甲)项中所规定的权利。

65. Any deliberately retrogressive measures in relation to the right to take part in cultural life would require the most careful consideration and need to be fully justified by reference to the totality of the rights provided for in the Covenant and in the context of the full use of the maximum available resources.

65. 任何针对参加文化生活的权利的故意的倒退措施都要慎之又慎，并必须在参照了公约规定的所有权利和在最大限度充分利用现有资源的情况下，具有充足的理由。

V. Implementation at the national level

五.国家一级的履行

A. Legislation, strategies and policies

A.立法、战略和政策

66. While States parties have a wide margin of discretion in selecting the steps they consider most appropriate for the full realization of the right, they must immediately take those steps intended to guarantee access by everyone, without discrimination, to cultural life.

66. 虽然缔约国在选择它们认为对于权利的充分实现是最适当的步骤方面有很大的自由决定余地，但它们必须立即采取那些步骤，保证人人不受歧视地享受文化生活。

67. States parties must take the necessary steps without delay to guarantee immediately at least the minimum content of the core obligations (see paragraph 56 above).

67. 缔约国必须毫不拖延地采取必要步骤，立即至少保证核心义务的最低限度的内容(见上文第56段)。

Many of these steps, such as those intended to guarantee non-discrimination de jure, do not necessarily require financial resources.

许多这样的步骤，如，旨在保障法律上不歧视的步骤，并不一定需要资金。

While there may be other steps that require resources, these steps are nevertheless essential to ensure the implementation of that minimum content.

虽然另有一些步骤可能需要资源，然而这些步骤对于确保那些最低限度的内容的落实是必不可少的。

Such steps are not static, and States parties are obliged to advance progressively towards the full realization of the rights recognized in the Covenant and, as far as the present general comment is concerned, of the right enshrined in article 15, paragraph 1 (a).

这些步骤不是静态的，缔约国必须逐渐充分实现公约中所承认的权利，而就本一般性意见而言，也即第十五条第一款(甲)项规定的权利。

68. The Committee encourages States parties to make the greatest possible use of the valuable cultural resources that every society possesses and to bring them within the reach of everyone, paying particular attention to the most disadvantaged and marginalized individuals and groups, in order to ensure that everyone has effective access to cultural life.

68. 委员会鼓励各缔约国最大限度地利用各个社会所拥有的宝贵的文化资源，使每个人都可享用，并要特别关注处境最不利最弱势的个人和群体，以确保每个人都切实享受到文化生活。

69. The Committee emphasizes that inclusive cultural empowerment derived from the right of everyone to take part in cultural life is a tool for reducing the disparities so that everyone can enjoy, on an equal footing, the values of his or her own culture within a democratic society.

69. 委员会强调，包容性的文化增权源自人人都可参加文化生活的权利，是减少差别的一种手段，使人人都可在民主社会中平等享受其自身文化的价值。

70. States parties, in implementing the right enshrined in article 15, paragraph 1 (a), of the Covenant, should go beyond the material aspects of culture (such as museums, libraries, theatres, cinemas, monuments and heritage sites) and adopt policies, programmes and proactive measures that also promote effective access by all to intangible cultural goods (such as language, knowledge and traditions).

70. 缔约国在落实第十五条第一款(甲)项规定的权利时，应超越文化的物质方面(如，博物馆、图书馆、剧院、电影院、遗迹、历史遗址等)，并应采取政策、方案和措施，提倡所有人都切实享用无形的文化产品(如，语言、知识和传统等)。

B. Indicators and benchmarks

B.指标和基准

71. In their national strategies and policies, States parties should identify appropriate indicators and benchmarks, including disaggregated statistics and time frames that allow them to monitor effectively the implementation of the right of everyone to take part in cultural life, and also to assess progress towards the full realization of this right.

71. 缔约国应在国家战略和政策中确定适当的指标和基准，包括分类统计和时间框架，以便有效监测人人都有参加文化生活的权利的落实情况，并评估这一权利的全面落实进展。

C. Remedies and accountability

C.补救和问责

72. The strategies and policies adopted by States parties should provide for the establishment of effective mechanisms and institutions, where these do not exist, to investigate and examine alleged infringements of article 15, paragraph 1 (a), identify responsibilities, publicize the results and offer the necessary administrative, judicial or other remedies to compensate victims.

72. 缔约国的战略和政策应规定，如不存在有效机制和机构，应建立此类机制和机构，以调查和审查关于违反第十五条第一款(甲)项的指称，确定责任，公布结果并提出必要的行政、司法或其他补救措施为受害人提供赔偿。

VI. Obligations of actors other than States

六.国家以外的行为者的义务

73. While compliance with the Covenant is mainly the responsibility of States parties, all members of civil society - individuals, groups, communities, minorities, indigenous peoples, religious bodies, private organizations, business and civil society in general - also have responsibilities in relation to the effective implementation of the right of everyone to take part in cultural life.

73. 虽然遵守公约主要是缔约国的责任，但民间社会的所有成员――个人、团体、社群、少数群体、土著人民、宗教团体、私立组织、企业和民间社会大众――也在有效落实人人都有参加文化生活的权利方面负有责任。

States parties should regulate the responsibility incumbent upon the corporate sector and other non-State actors with regard to the respect for this right.

缔约国应监管企业部门和其他非国家行为者在尊重这一权利方面应承担的责任。

74. Communities and cultural associations play a fundamental role in the promotion of the right of everyone to take part in cultural life at the local and national levels, and in cooperating with States parties in the implementation of their obligations under article 15, paragraph 1 (a).

74. 各社群和文化协会在促进人人都有参加地方和国家各级文化生活的权利方面和与缔约国合作履行其第十五条第一款(甲)项规定的义务方面扮演着基本角色。

75. The Committee notes that, as members of international organizations such as United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), States parties have an obligation to adopt whatever measures they can to ensure that the policies and decisions of those organizations in the field of culture and related areas are in conformity with their obligations under the Covenant, in particular the obligations contained in article 15 article 2, paragraph 1, and articles 22 and 23, concerning international assistance and cooperation.

75. 委员会指出，缔约国作为国际组织，如联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)、国际劳工组织(劳工组织)、联合国粮 食及农业组织(粮农组织)、世界卫生组织(卫生组织)和世界贸易组织(世贸组织)的成员，有义务采取一切可能的措施，确保这些组织在文化领域的政策和决定 符合其根据公约所承担的义务，特别是第十五条、第二条第一款、和关于国际援助和合作的第22和23条所规定的义务。

76. United Nations organs and specialized agencies, should, within their fields of competence and in accordance with articles 22 and 23 of the Covenant, adopt international measures likely to contribute to the progressive implementation of article 15, paragraph 1 (a).

76. 联合国各机构和专门机构应在各自的职责范围内并根据公约第22和23条，采取国际措施，促进逐步实现第十五条第一款(甲)项。

In particular, UNESCO, WIPO, ILO, FAO, WHO and other relevant agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations are called upon to intensify their efforts to take into account human rights principles and obligations in their work concerning the right of everyone to take part in cultural life, in cooperation with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

尤其是，教科文组织、知识产权组织、劳工组织、粮农组织和卫生组织及联合国其他相关机构、基金会和方案应加紧努力，在其涉及到人人都有参加文化生活的权利的工作中，与联合国人权高级专员办事处合作，将人权原则和义务纳入其中。

Notes

注

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, art. 5 (e) (vi).

消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约，第五条(辰)款(6)项。

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, art. 13 (c).

消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约第13条(c)款。

Convention on the Rights of the Child, art. 31, para. 2.

儿童权利公约第31条第2款。

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, art. 43, para. 1 (g).

保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约第43条第1款(g)项。

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 30, para. 1.

残疾人权利公约第30条第1款。

In particular the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, arts. 17, 18, 19, 21 and 22.

尤其是，公民权利和政治权利国际公约第17、18、19、21和22条。

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 27.

公民权利和政治权利国际公约，第27条。

Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, art. 2, paras. 1 and 2.

在民族或族裔、宗教和语言上属于少数群体的人的权利宣言，第二条第1和2款。

See also Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (Council of Europe, ETS No. 157), art. 15.

还见保护少数民族框架公约(欧洲理事会，对外电讯服务第157号)，第15条。

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, in particular arts. 5, 8, and 10-13 ff.

联合国土著人民权利宣言，尤其是第5、8和10-13条及其后各条。

See also ILO Convention No. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, in particular arts. 2, 5, 7, 8, and 13-15 ff.

另见劳工组织关于独立国家中土著和部落居民的第169号公约，尤其是第2、5、7、8、和13-15条及其后各条。

Declaration on the Right to Development (General Assembly resolution 41/128), art. 1.

发展权利宣言 (大会第41/128号决议)，第1条。

In its general comment No. 4, paragraph 9, the Committee considers that rights cannot be viewed in isolation from other human rights contained in the two international Covenants and other applicable international instruments.

在第4号一般性意见第4段中，委员会认为，这些权利不应与载于两个国际公约和其他适用的国际文书中的其他人权分割开来。

See definition of "author" in general comment No. 17 (2005), paras. 7 and 8.

参看第17号(2005年)一般性意见第7和8段中“作者”的定义。

Culture is (a) "the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of a society or a social group, [which] encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs" (UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, fifth preambular paragraph); (b) "in its very essence, a social phenomenon resulting from individuals joining and cooperating in creative activities [and] is not limited to access to works of art and the human rights, but is at one and the same time the acquisition of knowledge, the demand for a way of life and need to communicate" (UNESCO recommendation on participation by the people at large in cultural life and their contribution to it, 1976, the Nairobi recommendation, fifth preambular paragraph (a) and (c)); (c) "covers those values, beliefs, convictions, languages, knowledge and the arts, traditions, institutions and ways of life through which a person or a group expresses their humanity and meanings that they give to their existence and to their development" (Fribourg Declaration on Cultural Rights, art. 2 (a) (definitions); (d) "the sum total of the material and spiritual activities and products of a given social group which distinguishes it from other similar groups [and] a system of values and symbols as well as a set of practices that a specific cultural group reproduces over time and which provides individuals with the required signposts and meanings for behaviour and social relationships in everyday life". (Rodolfo Stavenhagen, "Cultural Rights: A social science perspective", in H. Niec (ed.), Cultural Rights and Wrongs: A collection of essays in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Paris and Leicester, UNESCO Publishing and Institute of Art and Law).

文化是(a) “某个社会或社会群体特有的精神、物质、知识和情感特点的总和, [其]除文学和艺术外，还包括生活方式、共处的方式、价值观体系、传统和信仰”(教科文组织，世界文化多样性宣言，序言第5段)；(b) “就其本质而言，是个人在创造性活动中的参与和合作造成的一种社会现象，[和]并不限于接触艺术和人权作品，同时也是知识的获取，对生活方式的要求和交流 的需要”(教科文组织关于人们普遍参与文化生活及其对文化生活的贡献的建议，1976年，内罗毕建议，序言第5段(a)和(c))；(c) “包括那些价值观、信仰、信念、语言、知识和艺术、传统、体制和生活方式，个人和群体据此表达人性和对自己的存在和发展所赋予的意义，”(关于文化权利的 弗里堡宣言，第2(a)条(定义)；(d) “物质和精神活动的总和，是特定社会群体的产品，该群体据此与其他类似群体相区别，[和]是特定文化群体长期以来产生的价值观体系和信条，它为个人提供了 日常生活中的行为和社会关系所需的路标和意义”。 (鲁道夫斯塔文哈根著，“文化权利：社会科学观点”, 载于H. Niec(编)，文化权利与错误：纪念世界人权宣言50周年论文集，巴黎和莱切斯特，教科文组织出版和艺术与法律研究所)。

General comment No. 15 (2002), paras. 6 and 11.

第15号一般性意见(2002年)，第6和11段。

UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, art. 5.

教科文组织世界文化多样性宣言，第5条。

See also Fribourg Declaration on Cultural Rights, art. 7.

还参看弗里堡文化权利宣言，第7条。

See general comment No. 20 (2009).

见一般性意见第20条(2009年)。

Fribourg Declaration on Cultural Rights, art. 1 (e).

弗里堡文化权利宣言，第1(e)条。

Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, para. 5.

维也纳宣言和行动纲领，第5段。

Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, art. 4.

世界文化多样性宣言，第4条。

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, art. 5, para. 1.

经济、社会、文化权利国际公约，第5条，第1款。

See general comment No. 20 (2009).

见一般性意见第20号(2009年)。

See general comment No. 3 (1990); statement by the Committee: an evaluation of the obligation to take steps to the "maximum of available resources" under an optional protocol to the Covenant (E/C.12/2007/1).

见一般性意见第3号(1990年)；委员会的声明：评价公约任择议定书规定的“尽现有资源的最大可能”采取步骤的义务(E/C.12/2007/1)。

General comment No. 16 (2005), para. 16.

一般性意见第16号(2005年)，第16段。

Ibid., para. 31.

同上，第31段。

In particular articles 28 and 29 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

特别是儿童权利公约第28和29条。

World Declaration on Education for All: Meeting Basic Learning Needs, art. I-3.

世界全民教育宣言：满足基本学习需要，第I-3条。

In particular the Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the International Labour Organization Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (Convention No. 169).

特别是在民族或族裔、宗教和语言上属于少数群体的人的权利宣言，土著人民权利宣言和国际劳工组织关于独立国家中土著和部落民族的公约(第169号公约)。

General comment No. 6 (1995), paras. 38 and 40.

一般性意见第6号(1995年)，第38和40段。

General comment No. 6 (1995), para. 39.

一般性建议第6号(1995年)，第39段。

General Assembly resolution 48/96, annex.

联大决议第48/96号，附件。

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 30.

残疾人权利公约，第30条。

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 27; Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, para. 1 (1).

公民权利和政治权利国际公约，第27条；在民族和族裔、宗教和语言上属于少数群体的人的权利宣言，第1(1)段。

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, art. 31.

保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约，第31条。

See Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, art. 1.

见土著人民权利宣言，第1条。

See also ILO Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (Convention No. 169), art. 1, para. 2.

还见劳工组织关于独立国家中土著和部落民族的公约(第169号公约)，第1条，第2段。

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, art. 26 (a).

联合国土著人民权利宣言，第26(a)条。

Convention No. 169, arts. 13-16.

第169号公约，第13-16条。

See also the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, arts. 20 and 33.

还见联合国土著人民权利宣言，第20和33条。

ILO Convention No. 169, arts. 5 and 31.

劳工组织第169号公约，第5和31条。

See also the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, arts. 11-13.

还见联合国土著人民权利宣言，第11-13条。

ILO Convention No. 169, art. 6 (a).

劳工组织第169号公约，第6(a)条。

See also the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, art. 19.

还见联合国土著人民权利宣言，第19条。

See E/C.12/2001/10, para. 5.

见E/C.12/2001/10, 第5段。

Ibid., para. 14.

同上，第14段。

See the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, arts. 4 and 5.

见世界文化多样性宣言，第4和5条。

UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, preamble, para. 18.

教科文组织保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约，序言部分，第18段。

See also the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, art. 8.

还见世界文化多样性宣言，第8条。

UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, art. IV-5.

教科文组织保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约，第IV-5条。

See the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, art. 6.

世界文化多样性宣言，第6条。

See general comment No. 20 (2009).

见一般性意见第20号(2009年)。

See general comments No. 3 (1990), para. 9, No. 13 (1999), para. 44, No. 14 (2000), para. 31, No. 17 (2005), para. 26 and No. 18 (2005), para. 20.

见一般性意见第3号(1990年)，第9段，第13号(1999年)，第44段，第14号(2000年)，第31段，第17号 (2005年)，第26段和第18号(2005年)，第20段。

See also the Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, para. 21.

还见关于经济、社会和文化权利落实情况的林堡原则，第21段。

See general comments No. 3 (1990), para. 9, No. 13 (1999), para. 45, No. 14 (2000), para. 32, No. 17 (2005), para. 27 and No. 18 (2005), para. 21.

见一般性意见第3号(1990年)，第9段，第13号(1999年)，第45段，第14号(2000年)，第32段，第17号(2005年)，第27段和第18号(2005年)，第21段。

See general comments No. 13 (1999), paras. 46 and 47, No. 14 (2000), para. 33, No. 17 (2005), para. 28 and No. 18 (2005), para. 22.

见一般性意见第13号(1999年)，第46和47段，第14号(2000年)，第33段，第17号 (2005年)，第28段，第18号(2005年)，第22段。

See general comments No. 13 (1990), paras. 46 and 47, No. 14 (2000), para. 33, No. 17 (2005), para. 28 and No. 18 (2005), para. 22.

见一般性意见第13号(1990年)，第46和第47段，第14号(2000年)，第33段，第17号 (2005年)，第28段，和第18号(2005年)，第22段。

See also the Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, para. 6.

还见关于经济、社会、文化权利国际公约的执行情况的林堡原则，第6段。

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, art. 31

保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约，第31条。

Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, para. 8.

世界文化多样性宣言，第8段。

Fribourg Declaration on Cultural Rights, arts. 6 (b) and 7 (b).

弗里堡文化权利宣言，第6(b)条和第7(b)条。

Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, art. 7.

世界文化多样性宣言, 第7条。

See general comment No. 18 (2005), para. 29.

见一般性意见第18号(2005年)，第29段。

General comment No. 3 (1990), para. 14.

见一般性意见第3号(1990年)，第14段。

See also general comment No. 18 (2005), para. 37.

还见一般性意见第18号(2005年)，第37段。

See general comment No. 18 (2005), para. 30.

见一般性意见第18号(2005年)，第30段。