CESCR/GC/24 1713760E.docx (English)

CESCR/GC/24 1713760C.docx (Chinese)

United Nations

联 合 国

E/C.12/GC/24

E/C.12/GC/24

10 August 2017

10 August 2017

Economic and Social Council

经济及社会理事会

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

经济、社会及文化权利委员会

General comment No. 24 (2017) on State obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the context of business activities

关于国家在工商活动中履行《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》规定的义务的第24号一般性意见(2017年)

I. Introduction

一. 导言

1. Businesses play an important role in the realization of economic, social and cultural rights, inter alia by contributing to the creation of employment opportunities and — through private investment — to development.

1. 工商企业能发挥重要作用，通过创造就业、利用私人投资促进发展等途径，帮助落实经济、社会及文化权利。

However, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has been regularly presented with situations in which, as a result of States’ failure to ensure compliance, under their jurisdiction, with internationally recognized human rights norms and standards, corporate activities have negatively affected economic, social and cultural rights.

但经济、社会及文化权利委员会经常接到报告称：由于国家未能在其管辖范围内确保国际承认的人权规范和标准得到遵守，结果，企业活动对经济、社会及文化权利造成不良影响。

The present general comment seeks to clarify the duties of States parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in such situations, with a view to preventing and addressing the adverse impacts of business activities on human rights.

本一般性意见旨在澄清《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》缔约国在这方面的责任，以预防并应对工商活动对人权的不良影响。

2. The Committee has previously considered the growing impact of business activities on the enjoyment of specific Covenant rights relating to health, housing, food, water, social security, the right to work, the right to just and favourable conditions of work and the right to form and join trade unions.

2. 委员会先前审议了关于工商活动对《公约》规定的特定权利的享有造成的影响不断增大的问题，这些权利包括健康权、 住房权、 食物权、 水权、 社会保障权、 工作权、 公正良好工作条件权 以及组织和加入工会的权利。

In addition, the Committee has addressed the issue in concluding observations on States parties’ reports, and in its first decision on an individual communication.

此外，委员会还讨论了关于缔约国报告的结论性意见 中和关于一份个人来文 的第一项决定中所涉的问题。

In 2011, it adopted a statement on State obligations related to corporate responsibilities in the context of the Covenant rights.

2011年，委员会通过了关于与公司在《公约》权利方面的责任有关的国家义务的声明。

The present general comment should be read together with these earlier contributions.

本一般性意见应与上述意见一并阅读。

It also takes into account advances within the International Labour Organization and within regional organizations such as the Council of Europe.

委员会还考虑到在国际劳工组织 和在欧洲委员会 等区域组织内提出的意见。

In adopting the present general comment, the Committee has considered the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights endorsed by the Human Rights Council in 2011, as well as the contributions made to this issue by human rights treaty bodies and various special procedures.

在通过本一般性意见前，委员会讨论了人权理事会2011年核可的《工商业与人权指导原则》 以及各人权条约机构和各特别程序就此问题提出的意见。

II. Context and scope

二. 背景和范围

3. For the purposes of the present general comment, business activities include all activities of business entities, whether they operate transnationally or their activities are purely domestic, whether they are fully privately owned or State-owned, and regardless of their size, sector, location, ownership and structure.

3. 在本一般性意见中，工商活动是指工商企业的所有活动，既包括跨国经营的活动，也包括纯粹在本国开展的活动，工商企业既包括完全私有的企业，也包括国有企业，且不论规模、行业、地点、所有制及结构形式。

4. In certain jurisdictions, individuals enjoy direct recourse against business entities for violations of economic, social and cultural rights, whether in order to impose on such private entities (negative) duties to refrain from certain courses of conduct or to impose (positive) duties to adopt certain measures or to contribute to the fulfilment of such rights.

4. 在某些行政管辖区，个人可直接就工商实体侵犯经济、社会及文化权利的行为诉诸法院，要求私营实体履行不从事某些行为的责任(消极责任)，或要求私营实体采取某些措施为落实这些权利作出贡献(积极责任)。

There are also a large number of domestic laws designed to protect specific economic, social and cultural rights, that apply directly to business entities, such as in the areas of non-discrimination, health-care provision, education, the environment, employment relations and consumer safety.

许多国家的国内法保护特定经济、社会及文化权利，在不歧视、医疗卫生服务、教育、环境、就业关系、消费者安全等领域，直接适用于工商实体。

5. In addition, under international standards, business entities are expected to respect Covenant rights regardless of whether domestic laws exist or are fully enforced in practice.

5. 此外，根据国际标准，工商实体需要尊重《公约》规定的权利，而无论相关国内法是否存在或实际上是否得到充分实施。

The present general comment therefore also seeks to assist the corporate sector in discharging their human rights obligations and assuming their responsibilities, thus mitigating any reputational risks that may be associated with violations of Covenant rights within their sphere of influence.

因此，本一般性意见意在协助工商业履行其人权义务，承担其责任，减轻在其影响范围内因侵犯《公约》规定的权利而导致败坏声誉的风险。

6. The present general comment could also assist workers’ organizations and employers in the context of collective bargaining.

6. 本一般性意见也可在集体谈判方面为员工组织和雇主提供帮助。

A large number of States parties require workplace procedures for the examination of grievances brought by workers, individually or collectively, without threat of reprisal.

许多缔约国要求工商企业在审视员工单独或集体投诉时不得威胁报复。

Social dialogue and the availability of grievance mechanisms for workers could be more systematically relied upon, particularly for the implementation of articles 6 and 7 of the Covenant.

在这方面可更加系统地展开社会对话，开设员工投诉机制，这对于落实《公约》第六和第七条尤其有必要。

III. Obligations of States parties under the Covenant

三. 缔约国根据《公约》承担的义务

A. Obligations of non-discrimination

A. 不歧视的义务

7. The Committee has previously underlined that discrimination in the exercise of economic, social and cultural rights is frequently found in private spheres, including in workplaces and the labour market and in the housing and lending sectors.

7. 委员会先前曾强调，在私营领域，包括在工作场所和劳工市场 以及在住房和贷款 方面经常发现经济、社会及文化权利的行使中有歧视现象。

Under articles 2 and 3 of the Covenant, States parties have the obligation to guarantee the enjoyment of Covenant rights to all without discrimination.

根据《公约》第二和第三条，缔约国有义务保障所有人都能享有《公约》规定的权利，而没有任何歧视。

The requirement to eliminate formal as well as substantive forms of discrimination includes a duty to prohibit discrimination by non-State entities in the exercise of economic, social and cultural rights.

消除正式及实质性歧视形式的要求 也规定政府有责任禁止非国家实体在经济、社会及文化权利行使中有歧视做法。

8. Among the groups that are often disproportionately affected by the adverse impact of business activities are women, children, indigenous peoples, particularly in relation to the development, utilization or exploitation of lands and natural resources, peasants, fisherfolk and other people working in rural areas, and ethnic or religious minorities where these minorities are politically disempowered.

8. 经常受工商活动不良影响特别严重的群体有：妇女、儿童、土著人民、农民、渔民和在农村地区工作的其他人、在政治上无权的族裔或宗教少数群体等。 对土著人民而言，这个问题在土地和自然资源开发利用方面特别严重。

Persons with disabilities are also often disproportionately affected by the negative impacts of business activities, in particular because they face particular barriers in accessing accountability and remedy mechanisms.

残疾人也经常受到工商活动特别严重的不良影响，这尤其是因为他们在利用问责和补救机制方面面临特别障碍。

As noted by the Committee on previous occasions, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants are at particular risk of facing discrimination in the enjoyment of Covenant rights due to their precarious situation, and under article 7 of the Covenant, migrant workers are particularly vulnerable to exploitation, long working hours, unfair wages and dangerous and unhealthy working environments.

委员会以前曾指出，寻求庇护者和无证移民由于其不稳定的状况，在享有《公约》权利方面特别容易受歧视，就《公约》第七条规定的权利而言，移徙工人特别容易受剥削，被迫工作长时间，薪金不公平，工作环境危险且不利健康。

9. Certain segments of the population face a greater risk of suffering intersectional and multiple discrimination.

9. 某些人口群体面临交叉歧视和多重歧视的更大风险。

For instance, investment-linked evictions and displacements often result in physical and sexual violence against, and inadequate compensation and additional burdens related to resettlement for, women and girls.

例如，与投资相关的驱逐和迁移经常使妇女和女童遭受身体暴力和性暴力，得到的赔偿不足，并承受重新安置的额外负担。

In the course of such investment-linked evictions and displacements, indigenous women and girls face discrimination both due to their gender and because they identify as indigenous people.

在这种与投资相关的驱逐和迁移过程中，土著妇女和女童面临歧视的原因既与其性别有关，也与其土著身份有关。

In addition, women are overrepresented in the informal economy and are less likely to enjoy labour-related and social security protections.

此外，非正规经济中妇女比例过高，她们享有劳工保护和社会保障的可能性较小。

Furthermore, despite some improvement, women continue to be underrepresented in corporate decision-making processes worldwide.

尽管情况已有所改善，但在世界各地妇女担任公司决策职位的比例仍然很低。

The Committee therefore recommends that States parties address the specific impacts of business activities on women and girls, including indigenous women and girls, and incorporate a gender perspective into all measures to regulate business activities that may adversely affect economic, social and cultural rights, including by consulting the Guidance on National Action Plans on Business and Human Rights.

因此，委员会建议缔约国处理工商活动对妇女和女童的特定影响问题，包括对土著妇女和女童的影响，并通过各种途径，包括参考工商业与人权问题国家行动计划指南， 将性别视角纳入监管可能对经济、社会及文化权利造成不良影响的工商活动的一切措施。

States parties should also take appropriate steps, including through temporary special measures, to improve women’s representation in the labour market, including at the upper echelons of the corporate hierarchy.

缔约国应采取适当步骤，包括通过临时特别措施，让妇女更多参与劳工市场，更多担任公司高管职位。

B. Obligations to respect, to protect and to fulfil

B. 尊重、保护和履行的义务

10. The Covenant establishes specific obligations of States parties at three levels — to respect, to protect and to fulfil.

10. 《公约》规定了缔约国在三个层面的具体义务：即尊重、保护和履行的义务。

These obligations apply both with respect to situations on the State’s national territory, and outside the national territory in situations over which States parties may exercise control.

这些义务既适用于国家领土内的情况，也适用于缔约国可行使控制的领土外的情况。

The extraterritorial components of the obligations are addressed separately in subsection III. C below.

关于域外履行义务的问题在下文第三节C分节另行阐述。

That section clarifies the content of States’ obligations, focusing on their duties to protect, which are the most relevant in the context of business activities.

该节将解释国家义务，重点阐述国家的保护义务，这与工商活动是最有关系的。

11. The present general comment addresses the States parties to the Covenant, and in that context it only deals with the conduct of private actors — including business entities — indirectly.

11. 本一般性意见针对《公约》缔约国，在此框架内仅间接述及私营行为体(包括工商实体)的行为。

In accordance with international law, however, States parties may be held directly responsible for the action or inaction of business entities: (a) if the entity concerned is in fact acting on that State party’s instructions or is under its control or direction in carrying out the particular conduct at issue, as may be the case in the context of public contracts;

但根据国际法，缔约国在下列情况下可能得对工商实体的作为或不作为承担直接责任：(a) 相关实体在实施特定行为时事实上是根据缔约国的指示行事或由缔约国控制或指导， 涉及公共合同时可能如此；

(b) when a business entity is empowered under the State party’s legislation to exercise elements of governmental authority or if the circumstances call for such exercise of governmental functions in the absence or default of the official authorities;

(b) 工商实体由缔约国立法授权行使政府某些权力， 或因特定情形在没有或缺少官方当局时而需要行使政府职能；

or (c) if and to the extent that the State party acknowledges and adopts the conduct as its own.

或 (c) 缔约国认可工商实体的行为并将其采纳为自己的行为，此时需视缔约国在何种程度上这样去做。

1. Obligation to respect

1. 尊重的义务

12. The obligation to respect economic, social and cultural rights is violated when States parties prioritize the interests of business entities over Covenant rights without adequate justification, or when they pursue policies that negatively affect such rights.

12. 缔约国如果在没有充分理由的情况下将工商实体的利益置于《公约》规定的权利之上，或推行不利于这些权利的政策，便违反了尊重经济、社会及文化权利的义务。

This may occur for instance when forced evictions are ordered in the context of investment projects.

可能发生这种情况的一个例子是，为投资项目的需要下令强行驱逐居民。

Indigenous peoples’ cultural values and rights associated with their ancestral lands are particularly at risk.

土著人民与祖先土地有关的文化价值和权利特别面临风险。

States parties and businesses should respect the principle of free, prior and informed consent of indigenous peoples in relation to all matters that could affect their rights, including their lands, territories and resources that they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired.

缔约国和工商企业在可能影响土著人民权利的一切事项中应遵守事先征得土著人民自由知情同意的原则。这包括涉及土著人民传统上拥有、占有或以其他方式使用或获取的土地、领土和资源的一切事项。

13. States parties should identify any potential conflict between their obligations under the Covenant and under trade or investment treaties, and refrain from entering into such treaties where such conflicts are found to exist, as required under the principle of the binding character of treaties.

13. 缔约国应根据条约拘束力原则，确定其《公约》义务与贸易或投资条约义务之间可能存在的冲突。

The conclusion of such treaties should therefore be preceded by human rights impact assessments that take into account both the positive and negative human rights impacts of trade and investment treaties, including the contribution of such treaties to the realization of the right to development.

因此，在缔结这些条约之前，应进行人权影响评估，评估时应考虑到贸易和投资条约对人权的积极影响和消极影响，包括这些条约对落实发展权的贡献。

Such impacts on human rights of the implementation of the agreements should be regularly assessed, to allow for the adoption of any corrective measures that may be required.

应定期评估实施协定对人权的这种影响，以便采取所需纠正措施。

The interpretation of trade and investment treaties currently in force should take into account the human rights obligations of the State, consistent with Article 103 of the Charter of the United Nations and with the specific nature of human rights obligations.

在解释现行贸易和投资条约时应考虑到国家的人权义务，须符合《联合国宪章》第一百零三条的规定以及人权义务的特定性质。

States parties cannot derogate from the obligations under the Covenant in trade and investment treaties that they may conclude.

缔约国在其缔结的贸易和投资条约中不得克减《公约》规定的义务。

They are encouraged to insert, in future treaties, a provision explicitly referring to their human rights obligations, and to ensure that mechanisms for the settlement of investor-State disputes take human rights into account in the interpretation of investment treaties or of investment chapters in trade agreements.

缔约国应在今后条约中列入明示提及其人权义务的条款，确保投资人与国家间争议解决机制在解释投资条约或贸易协定投资条款时考虑到人权问题。

2. Obligation to protect

2. 保护的义务

14. The obligation to protect means that States parties must prevent effectively infringements of economic, social and cultural rights in the context of business activities.

14. 保护的义务是指缔约国必须有效防止工商活动中对经济、社会及文化权利的侵犯。

This requires that States parties adopt legislative, administrative, educational and other appropriate measures, to ensure effective protection against Covenant rights violations linked to business activities, and that they provide victims of such corporate abuses with access to effective remedies.

这要求缔约国采取立法措施、行政措施、教育措施和其他适当措施，有效防止工商活动中对《公约》权利的侵犯，确保为公司侵权行为的受害人提供有效补救。

15. States parties should consider imposing criminal or administrative sanctions and penalties, as appropriate, where business activities result in abuses of Covenant rights or where a failure to act with due diligence to mitigate risks allows such infringements to occur;

15. 缔约国应采取以下行动：如果工商活动导致《公约》权利受到侵害，或公司未能为减轻风险尽责行动，就应酌情考虑进行刑事或行政制裁和处罚；

enable civil suits and other effective means of claiming reparations by victims of rights violations against corporate perpetrators, in particular by lowering the costs to victims and by allowing forms of collective redress;

使侵犯权利行为受害人能够对违法公司提起民事诉讼及采取其他有效索偿行动，尤其应降低受害人的费用，并允许集体索求补救；

revoke business licences and subsidies, if and to the extent necessary, from offenders;

如有必要，取消违法公司的营业执照和所享受的补助；

and revise relevant tax codes, public procurement contracts, export credits and other forms of State support, privileges and advantages in case of human rights violations, thus aligning business incentives with human rights responsibilities.

修订相关税法和公共采购合同， 如发现有侵犯人权行为，即取消出口信贷以及其他形式的国家补助、特权和好处，从而使商业积极性与人权责任挂钩。

States parties should regularly review the adequacy of laws and identify and address compliance and information gaps, as well as emerging problems.

缔约国应定期审视法律是否充分，查明并处理遵守法律方面的不足和信息缺口以及新出现的问题。

16. The obligation to protect entails a positive duty to adopt a legal framework requiring business entities to exercise human rights due diligence in order to identify, prevent and mitigate the risks of violations of Covenant rights, to avoid such rights being abused, and to account for the negative impacts caused or contributed to by their decisions and operations and those of entities they control on the enjoyment of Covenant rights.

16. 保护的义务是一种积极责任，需要推出法律框架，要求工商实体尽责落实人权，查明、防止并减轻发生侵犯《公约》权利的行为的风险，防止人权遭受践踏，关注其决定和业务以及其控制的实体的业务对《公约》权利的享有造成或助长的不良影响。

States should adopt measures such as imposing due diligence requirements to prevent abuses of Covenant rights in a business entity’s supply chain and by subcontractors, suppliers, franchisees, or other business partners.

各国应采取措施，如提出尽责要求，防止在工商实体的供应链出现《公约》权利受侵害的情况，即防止出现这些权利被分包商、供应商、特许经营人或其他商业伙伴侵害的情况。

17. States parties should ensure that, where appropriate, the impacts of business activities on indigenous peoples specifically (in particular, actual or potential adverse impacts on indigenous peoples’ rights to land, resources, territories, cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and culture) are incorporated into human rights impact assessments.

17. 缔约国应酌情将工商活动对土著人民的具体影响问题(特别是对土著人民享有土地、资源、领土、文化遗产、传统知识和文化的权利的实际影响或潜在影响)纳入人权影响评估。

In exercising human rights due diligence, businesses should consult and cooperate in good faith with the indigenous peoples concerned through indigenous peoples’ own representative institutions in order to obtain their free, prior and informed consent before the commencement of activities.

在人权尽责方面，各企业应通过土著人民自己的代表机构，与土著人民诚意协商合作，在开始相关活动之前，征得他们的自由知情同意。

Such consultations should allow for identification of the potentially negative impact of the activities and of the measures to mitigate and compensate for such impact.

这种协商应有助于确定相关活动可能造成的不良影响以及减轻这种影响的措施和为此作出赔偿的方式。

They should also lead to design mechanisms for sharing the benefits derived from the activities, since companies are bound by their duty to respect indigenous rights to establish mechanisms that ensure that indigenous peoples share in the benefits generated by the activities developed on their traditional territories.

通过这种协商，也应确立分享相关活动所得好处的机制。 公司有责任尊重土著人民的权利，应建立机制确保土著人民参与分享在其传统领土上的活动带来的惠益。

18. States would violate their duty to protect Covenant rights, for instance, by failing to prevent or to counter conduct by businesses that leads to such rights being abused, or that has the foreseeable effect of leading to such rights being abused, for instance through lowering the criteria for approving new medicines, by failing to incorporate a requirement linked to reasonable accommodation of persons with disabilities in public contracts, by granting exploration and exploitation permits for natural resources without giving due consideration to the potential adverse impacts of such activities on the individual and on communities’ enjoyment of Covenant rights, by exempting certain projects or certain geographical areas from the application of laws that protect Covenant rights, or by failing to regulate the real estate market and the financial actors operating on that market so as to ensure access to affordable and adequate housing for all.

18. 以下情况属于国家违反其保护《公约》权利的义务：如因降低核准新药标准，而未能防止或应对企业的某些行为，从而导致《公约》权利受到侵害，或可预见这样做 将产生致使《公约》权利受侵害的效果； 未能在公共合同中列入合理照顾残疾人的要求； 授予自然资源勘探开采许可时没有适当考虑这种活动对相关个人和社区享有《公约》权利的潜在不良影响；使某些项目或某些地区免于适用保护《公约》权利的法 律； 或未能对房地产市场和在房地产市场运营的金融行为体实行监管，从而未能确保人人享有负担得起的适足住房。

Such violations are facilitated where insufficient safeguards exist to address corruption of public officials or private-to-private corruption, or where, as a result of corruption of judges, human rights abuses are left unremedied.

有些地方缺乏充分保障措施来处理政府官员的腐败行为或私人之间的腐败行为，或因法官腐败而导致侵犯人权行为得不到处理，这些情况就会助长侵权行为。

19. The obligation to protect sometimes necessitates direct regulation and intervention. States parties should consider measures such as restricting marketing and advertising of certain goods and services in order to protect public health, such as of tobacco products, in line with the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and of breast-milk substitutes, in accordance with the 1981 International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes and subsequent resolutions of the World Health Assembly;

19. 为履行保护的义务，有时必须进行直接监管和干预。 缔约国应考虑采取措施限制某些产品和服务营销广告，以保护公共健康， 例如依照《烟草管制框架公约》 对烟草产品营销广告实行限制，依照1981年《国际母乳代用品销售守则》和世界卫生大会随后通过的各项决议 对母乳代用品营销广告实行限制；

combating gender role stereotyping and discrimination;

打击性别角色定型观念和性别歧视；

exercising rent control in the private housing market as required for the protection of everyone’s right to adequate housing;

按照保护人人享有适足住房权的要求，对私营住房市场实行租金管制；

establishing a minimum wage consistent with a living wage and a fair remuneration;

按照基本生活工资和公平报酬标准，确立最低工资；

regulating other business activities concerning the Covenant rights to education, employment and reproductive health, in order to combat gender discrimination effectively;

对与《公约》规定的受教育权、就业权和生殖健康权有关的其他工商活动实行监管，有效打击性别歧视；

and gradually eliminating informal or “non-standard” (i.e. precarious) forms of employment, which often result in denying the workers concerned the protection of labour laws and social security.

逐步消除经常致使相关员工得不到劳工法保护和社会保障的非正规或“非标准”(即很不稳定的)就业形式。

20. Corruption constitutes one of the major obstacles to the effective promotion and protection of human rights, particularly as regards the activities of businesses.

20. 腐败是有效促进和保护人权的一个主要障碍，在工商活动方面尤其如此。

It also undermines a State’s ability to mobilize resources for the delivery of services essential for the realization of economic, social and cultural rights.

腐败也有损国家为提供对落实经济、社会及文化权利至关重要的服务而调集资源的能力。

It leads to discriminatory access to public services in favour of those able to influence authorities, including by offering bribes or resorting to political pressure.

腐败导致公共服务具有歧视性，有利于对当局有影响力的人，而这种影响力可来自贿赂或政治压力。

Therefore, whistle-blowers should be protected, and specialized mechanisms against corruption should be established, their independence should be guaranteed and they should be sufficiently well resourced.

因此，举报人应得到保护， 同时应设立专门反腐机制，保障其独立性，为其划拨足够的资源。

21. The increased role and impact of private actors in traditionally public sectors, such as the health or education sector, pose new challenges for States parties in complying with their obligations under the Covenant.

21. 私营行为体在诸如保健或教育等传统公共领域的作用和影响日增，对缔约国遵守《公约》义务构成新挑战。

Privatization is not per se prohibited by the Covenant, even in areas such as the provision of water or electricity, education or health care where the role of the public sector has traditionally been strong.

私有化本身不受《公约》禁止，甚至在传统上公共部门作用很大的领域也是如此，例如供水供电、教育卫生等。

Private providers should, however, be subject to strict regulations that impose on them so-called “public service obligations”: in the provision of water or electricity, this may include requirements concerning universality of coverage and continuity of service, pricing policies, quality requirements, and user participation.

但私营提供者应受到与所谓“公共服务义务”同样严格的监管：在水电供应方面，这可包括服务普及且不间断的要求、定价政策、质量要求和用户参与。

Similarly, private health-care providers should be prohibited from denying access to affordable and adequate services, treatments or information.

同样，应禁止私营保健提供者拒绝提供负担得起的充分服务、资料或信息。

For instance, where health practitioners are allowed to invoke conscientious objection to refuse to provide certain sexual and reproductive health services, including abortion, they should refer the women or girls seeking such services to another practitioner within reasonable geographical reach who is willing to provide such services.

例如，如果医疗人员被允许根据良心拒绝提供包括堕胎在内某些性健康和生殖健康服务，他们就应介绍寻求这种服务的妇女或女童到合理地理范围内愿意提供这种服务的医疗人员处就诊。

22. The Committee is particularly concerned that goods and services that are necessary for the enjoyment of basic economic, social and cultural rights may become less affordable as a result of such goods and services being provided by the private sector, or that quality may be sacrificed for the sake of increasing profits.

22. 委员会感到特别关切的是，由于产品和服务由私营部门提供，享有基本经济、社会及文化权利所需的产品和服务可能变得更难以容易负担得起，或因追求利润而有损于质量。

The provision by private actors of goods and services essential for the enjoyment of Covenant rights should not lead the enjoyment of Covenant rights to be made conditional on the ability to pay, which would create new forms of socioeconomic segregation.

私营行为体提供《公约》权利的享有所必需的产品和服务时，不得使支付能力成为享有《公约》权利的条件，否则就会形成新形式的社会经济隔离现象。

The privatization of education illustrates such a risk, where private educational institutions lead to high-quality education being made a privilege affordable only to the wealthiest segments of society, or where such institutions are insufficiently regulated, providing a form of education that does not meet minimum educational standards while giving a convenient excuse for States parties not to discharge their own duties towards the fulfilment of the right to education.

教育私有化就反映了这样的风险。 出现这种风险的情况有：私立教育机构的高质量教育只有社会最富有的群体能负担得起，或私立教育机构没有受到充分监管，提供的教育达不到起码的教育标准，同时使缔约国自己不履行落实受教育权的责任有一个方便的借口。

Nor should privatization result in excluding certain groups that historically have been marginalized, such as persons with disabilities.

私营化也不应排斥传统上被边际化的某些群体，如残疾人。

States thus retain at all times the obligation to regulate private actors to ensure that the services they provide are accessible to all, are adequate, are regularly assessed in order to meet the changing needs of the public and are adapted to those needs.

因此，国家始终有责任对私营行为体进行监管，确保其提供的服务对所有人开放，且服务是充足的，得到定期评估，以便满足公众的变化的需求，并能照顾这些需求。

Since privatization of the delivery of goods or services essential to the enjoyment of Covenant rights may result in a lack of accountability, measures should be adopted to ensure the right of individuals to participate in assessing the adequacy of the provision of such goods and services.

由私营行为体提供对《公约》权利的享有至关重要的产品和服务可能造成问责缺失。 有鉴于此，应采取措施确保个人有权参与评估这类产品和服务提供是否充分。

3. Obligation to fulfil

3. 履行的义务

23. The obligation to fulfil requires States parties to take necessary steps, to the maximum of their available resources, to facilitate and promote the enjoyment of Covenant rights, and, in certain cases, to directly provide goods and services essential to such enjoyment.

23. 履行的义务要求缔约国在其现有资源范围内尽可能采取必要措施，便利并促进《公约》权利的享有，并在某些情况下直接提供对享有这些权利至关重要的产品和服务。

Discharging such duties may require the mobilization of resources by the State, including by enforcing progressive taxation schemes.

要履行这些责任，政府可能需要调集资源，包括推行累进税制。

It may require seeking business cooperation and support to implement the Covenant rights and comply with other human rights standards and principles.

这可能需要寻求工商企业的合作与支持，以落实《公约》权利，并遵守其他人权标准和原则。

24. This obligation also requires directing the efforts of business entities towards the fulfilment of Covenant rights.

24. 这项义务也要求政府指导工商实体努力落实《公约》权利。

In designing a framework on intellectual property rights, for instance, that is consistent with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and with the right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress stipulated in article 15 of the Covenant, States parties should ensure that intellectual property rights do not lead to denial or restriction of everyone’s access to essential medicines necessary for the enjoyment of the right to health, or to productive resources such as seeds, access to which is crucial to the right to food and to farmers’ rights.

例如，在按照《世界人权宣言》和《公约》第十五条规定的享有科学进步的利益的权利订立知识产权框架时，缔约国应确保不因知识产权而剥夺或限制人人能获得享有健康权所需的基本医药的机会， 或剥夺或限制获得对食物权和农民权利至关重要的诸如种子等生产资源的机会。

States parties should also recognize and protect the right of indigenous peoples to control the intellectual property over their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions.

缔约国还应承认并保护土著人民控制对其文化遗产、传统知识和传统文化表现方式的知识财产的权利。

In supporting research and development for new products and services, States parties should aim at the fulfilment of Covenant rights, for instance by supporting the development of universally designed goods, services, equipment and facilities, to advance the inclusion of persons with disabilities.

缔约国在支持新产品和服务的研究开发时，应注意落实《公约》权利，例如支持开发具有普遍适用性的产品、服务、设备和设施，便于残疾人使用。

C. Extraterritorial obligations

C. 域外义务

25. The past thirty years have witnessed a significant increase of activities of transnational corporations, growing investment and trade flows between countries, and the emergence of global supply chains.

25. 过去30年里，跨国公司的活动大增，国家间投资和贸易流动也日增，全球供应链逐渐形成。

In addition, major development projects have increasingly involved private investments, often in the form of public-private partnerships between State agencies and foreign private investors.

此外，大型发展项目越来越多地利用私人投资，经常采用国家机构与外国私人投资者的公私伙伴关系。

These developments give particular significance to the question of extraterritorial human rights obligations of States.

鉴于这些发展情况，国家域外人权义务问题变得特别重要。

26. In its 2011 statement on the obligations of States parties regarding the corporate sector and economic, social and cultural rights, the Committee reiterated that States parties’ obligations under the Covenant did not stop at their territorial borders.

26. 委员会在2011年发表声明，述及缔约国在企业界与经济、社会及文化权利方面的义务。 委员会在声明中重申缔约国根据《公约》承担的义务并不限于其国界之内。

States parties were required to take the steps necessary to prevent human rights violations abroad by corporations domiciled in their territory and/or jurisdiction (whether they were incorporated under their laws, or had their statutory seat, central administration or principal place of business on the national territory), without infringing the sovereignty or diminishing the obligations of the host States under the Covenant.

缔约国必须采取必要步骤防止设在本国和/或受其管辖(根据本国法律设立或法定总部设在本国、中央管理部门在本国或主要业务地点在本国)的公司在海外有侵犯人权行为，但不侵犯东道国主权或减少东道国根据《公约》承担的义务。

The Committee has also addressed specific extraterritorial obligations of States parties concerning business activities in its previous general comments relating to the right to water, the right to work, the right to social security, and the right to just and favourable conditions of work, as well as in its examination of States’ periodic reports.

委员会先前在关于水权、 工作权、 社会保障权 和公正良好工作条件权 的一般性意见中以及在审查缔约国定期报告时也讨论了缔约国对工商活动的特定域外义务。

27. Such extraterritorial obligations of States under the Covenant follow from the fact that the obligations of the Covenant are expressed without any restriction linked to territory or jurisdiction.

27. 之所以国家应根据《公约》履行这种域外义务，是因为《公约》规定的义务并不限于领土范围或管辖范围。

Although article 14 of the Covenant does refer to compulsory primary education having to be provided by a State “in its metropolitan territory or other territories under its jurisdiction”, such a reference is absent from the other provisions of the Covenant.

虽然《公约》第十四条提及国家应“在其宗主领土或其他在其管辖下的领土”提供义务性初等教育，但《公约》其他条款中没有提及这一点。

Moreover, article 2 (1) refers to international assistance and cooperation as a means of fulfilling economic, social and cultural rights.

此外，第二条第一款提及国际援助和合作是实现经济、社会及文化权利的手段。

It would be contradictory to such a reference to allow a State to remain passive where an actor domiciled in its territory and/or under its jurisdiction, and thus under its control or authority, harmed the rights of others in other States, or where conduct by such an actor may lead to foreseeable harm being caused.

如果允许一国对下列情况持被动态度，那就违反了这项规定：设在本国境内或受本国管辖、因而由本国控制或需服从本国权力的行为体在其他国家侵害他人权利，或可预见这样的行为体的行为可能造成损害。

Indeed, the Members of the United Nations have pledged “to take joint and separate action in cooperation with the Organization” to achieve the purposes set forth in article 55 of the Charter, including “universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion”.

的确，联合国会员国承诺“采取共同及个别行动与本组织合作”，以达成《宪章》第五十五条所载之宗旨，包括“全体人类之人权及基本自由之普遍尊重与遵守，不分种族、性别、语言或宗教”。

This duty is expressed without any territorial limitation, and should be taken into account when addressing the scope of States’ obligations under human rights treaties.

这一责任没有领土限制，在事关国家根据人权条约承担的义务的范围时应予以考虑。

Also in line with the Charter, the International Court of Justice has acknowledged the extraterritorial scope of core human rights treaties, focusing on their object and purpose, their legislative history and the lack of territorial limitation provisions in the text.

国际法院也依照《宪章》，承认核心人权条约的域外范围，重点注意条约的目标和宗旨、订立的历史以及案文里面没有领土限制规定的事实。

Customary international law also prohibits a State from allowing its territory to be used to cause damage on the territory of another State, a requirement that has gained particular relevance in international environmental law.

习惯国际法也禁止国家允许其领土被用来对他国领土造成损害，这一要求在国际环境法中已变得特别重要。

The Human Rights Council has confirmed that such prohibition extends to human rights law, when it endorsed the guiding principles on extreme poverty and human rights, in its resolution 21/11.

人权事务委员会在其第21/11号决议中认可《关于赤贫与人权的指导原则》，从而确认这种禁止延伸至人权法。

28. Extraterritorial obligations arise when a State party may influence situations located outside its territory, consistent with the limits imposed by international law, by controlling the activities of corporations domiciled in its territory and/or under its jurisdiction, and thus may contribute to the effective enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights outside its national territory.

28. 域外义务产生于以下情形：一缔约国因控制设在其境内和/或其管辖范围内的公司的活动，而可能影响境外(即受国际法限制的范围以外)的局势，从而可有助于境外经济、社会及文化权利的有效享有。

In that regard, the Committee also takes note of general comment No. 16 (2013) on State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children’s rights, of the Committee on the Rights of the Child, as well as of the positions adopted by other human rights treaty bodies.

在这方面，委员会注意到儿童权利委员会关于商业部门对儿童权利的影响方面国家义务的第16号一般性意见(2013年) 和其他人权条约机构采取的立场。

1. Extraterritorial obligation to respect

1. 域外的尊重义务

29. The extraterritorial obligation to respect requires States parties to refrain from interfering directly or indirectly with the enjoyment of the Covenant rights by persons outside their territories.

29. 域外的尊重义务要求缔约国不直接或间接干涉境外个人享有《公约》权利。

As part of that obligation, States parties must ensure that they do not obstruct another State from complying with its obligations under the Covenant.

此义务的一项内容是，缔约国必须确保不阻碍另一国遵守《公约》规定的义务。

This duty is particularly relevant to the negotiation and conclusion of trade and investment agreements or of financial and tax treaties, as well as to judicial cooperation.

此责任与贸易和投资协定或金融及税务条约的谈判和缔结尤其相关， 与司法合作也很有关。

2. Extraterritorial obligation to protect

2. 域外的保护义务

30. The extraterritorial obligation to protect requires States parties to take steps to prevent and redress infringements of Covenant rights that occur outside their territories due to the activities of business entities over which they can exercise control, especially in cases where the remedies available to victims before the domestic courts of the State where the harm occurs are unavailable or ineffective.

30. 域外的保护义务要求缔约国采取步骤预防并纠正由于可受其控制的工商实体的活动而在境外发生侵害《公约》权利的行为，凡遇受害人在损害发生国法院无法获得补救或所得补救无效力的情况，域外的保护尤其重要。

31. This obligation extends to any business entities over which States parties may exercise control, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and applicable international law.

31. 根据《联合国宪章》和适用国际法，该义务延伸至缔约国可控制的任何工商实体。

Consistent with the admissible scope of jurisdiction under general international law, States may seek to regulate corporations that are domiciled in their territory and/or jurisdiction: this includes corporations incorporated under their laws, or which have their statutory seat, central administration or principal place of business on their national territory.

根据一般国际法规定可允许管辖的范围，国家可对设在其境内和/或在其管辖范围内的公司实行监管：这包括根据本国法律设立或法定总部设在本国、中央管理部门在本国或主要业务地点在本国的公司。

States parties may also utilize incentives short of the direct imposition of obligations, such as provisions in public contracts favouring business entities that have put in place robust and effective human rights due diligence mechanisms, in order to contribute to the protection of economic, social and cultural rights at home and abroad.

国家虽不直接规定义务，但不妨利用鼓励措施，例如在公共合同中列入条款，优先照顾具备有力有效的人权尽责机制的工商实体，以此促进在境内外保护经济、社会及文化权利。

32. Whereas States parties would not normally be held directly internationally responsible for a violation of economic, social and cultural rights caused by a private entity’s conduct (except in the three scenarios recalled in para. 11 of the present general comment), a State party would be in breach of its obligations under the Covenant where the violation reveals a failure by the State to take reasonable measures that could have prevented the occurrence of the event.

32. 虽然缔约国通常不因某私营实体侵犯经济、社会及文化权利的行为而被直接追究国际责任(本一般性建议第11段所述三种情形除外)，但如果相关侵权事件显示缔约国未能采取本来可以预防此行为发生的合理措施，那么缔约国就违反了《公约》规定的义务。

The responsibility of the State can be engaged in such circumstances even if other causes have also contributed to the occurrence of the violation, and even if the State had not foreseen that a violation would occur, provided such a violation was reasonably foreseeable.

即使其他原因也助长侵权情况的发生， 即使国家没有预见到侵权情况会发生，只要这种侵权情况本来是可合理地预见到的， 国家就可能得承担责任。

For instance, considering the well-documented risks associated with the extractive industry, particular due diligence is required with respect to mining-related projects and oil development projects.

例如，考虑到大量证据显示开采业这方面风险很大，采矿项目和石油开发项目就特别需要有尽责措施。

33. In discharging their duty to protect, States parties should also require corporations to deploy their best efforts to ensure that entities whose conduct those corporations may influence, such as subsidiaries (including all business entities in which they have invested, whether registered under the State party’s laws or under the laws of another State) or business partners (including suppliers, franchisees and subcontractors), respect Covenant rights.

33. 缔约国在履行其保护责任时，也应要求公司尽最大努力确保可能受其影响的实体，如下属公司(包括其投资的所有工商实体，而无论是按缔约国法律注册还是按另一国法律注册)或商业伙伴(包括供应商、特许经营人和分包商)，尊重《公约》权利。

Corporations domiciled in the territory and/or jurisdiction of States parties should be required to act with due diligence to identify, prevent and address abuses to Covenant rights by such subsidiaries and business partners, wherever they may be located.

缔约国应要求设在其境内和/或在其管辖范围内的公司采取尽责行动，查明、防止并处理其下属公司和商业伙伴侵害《公约》权利的行为，而无论下属公司和商业伙伴设在何处。

The Committee underlines that, although the imposition of such due diligence obligations does have impacts on situations located outside these States’ national territories since potential violations of Covenant rights in global supply chains or in multinational groups of companies should be prevented or addressed, this does not imply the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction by the States concerned.

委员会强调，要求履行这种尽责义务，确实能对相关国家境外的情形产生影响，因为全球供应链中或跨国集团内的潜在侵犯《公约》权利的行为应予以预防或处理，尽管如此，这并不意味着相关国家已行使其域外管辖权。

Appropriate monitoring and accountability procedures must be put in place to ensure effective prevention and enforcement.

为了确保有效预防和有效执法，必须建立适当监测和问责程序。

Such procedures may include imposing a duty on companies to report on their policies and procedures to ensure respect for human rights, and providing effective means of accountability and redress for abuses of Covenant rights.

这种程序可包括规定公司有责任报告其确保人权得到尊重的政策和程序，同时制定有效措施，追究侵犯《公约》权利的行为的责任，纠正此种行为。

34. In transnational cases, effective accountability and access to remedy requires international cooperation.

34. 在跨国案件中，有效问责和补救需要国际合作。

The Committee refers in this regard to the recommendation included in the report on accountability and access to remedy for victims of business-related human rights abuse, prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights at the request of the Human Rights Council, that States should “take steps, using the guidance” (annexed to that report) “to improve the effectiveness of cross-border cooperation between State agencies and judicial bodies, with respect to both public and private law enforcement of domestic legal regimes”.

在这方面，委员会提及联合国人权事务高级专员办 事处应人权理事会请求编写的关于问责与商业相关侵犯人权行为受害人获得补救问题的报告 中的建议，其中指出，缔约国应“根据(报告附件中的)指导意见，采取措施”，“提高国家机构和司法机构在国内法律制度公法和私法执行方面跨界合作的效 力”。

The use of direct communication between law enforcement agencies for mutual assistance should be encouraged in order to provide for swifter action, particularly in the prosecution of criminal offences.

应鼓励执法机构直接沟通相互援助，以加快行动，在起诉刑事罪方面尤其如此。

35. Improved international cooperation should reduce the risks of positive and negative conflicts of jurisdiction, which may result in legal uncertainty and in forum-shopping by litigants, or in an inability for victims to obtain redress.

35. 改善国际合作应能减轻管辖权出现积极和消极冲突的风险，这种冲突可能造成法律不确定性，导致诉讼人挑选诉讼地，或致使受害人无法获得补救。

The Committee welcomes, in this regard, any efforts at the adoption of international instruments that could strengthen the duty of States to cooperate in order to improve accountability and access to remedies for victims of violations of Covenant rights in transnational cases.

在这方面，委员会欢迎通过国际文书的一切努力，这可加强国家合作的责任，从而加强问责，并使跨国案件中《公约》权利受侵犯的受害人更有机会获得补救。

Inspiration can be found in instruments such as the International Labour Organization (ILO) Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, in force since 2013, which establishes a system of harmonized national legislation and inspections both by flag States and by port States upon complaints of seafarers on board ship when the ship comes into a foreign port; or in the ILO Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189) and the ILO Domestic Workers Recommendation, 2011 (No. 201).

从 国际劳工组织(劳工组织) 2006年《海事劳工公约》(2013年生效)、2011年《家庭工人公约》(第189号)、2011年《家庭工人书》(第201号)等国际文书中能得到 启发。《海事劳工公约》规定了一套制度，借以统一船旗国和港口国处理船舶在外国港口停靠时船员投诉的国家法律和检查措施。

3. Extraterritorial obligation to fulfil

3. 域外的履行义务

36. Article 2 (1) of the Covenant sets out the expectation that States parties will take collective action, including through international cooperation, in order to help fulfil the economic, social and cultural rights of persons outside of their national territories.

36. 《公约》第二条第一款规定，缔约国应采取集体行动，包括通过国际合作，帮助其境外的人享有经济、社会及文化权利。

37. Consistent with article 28 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, this obligation to fulfil requires States parties to contribute to creating an international environment that enables the fulfilment of the Covenant rights.

37. 这项履行义务与《世界人权宣言》 第二十八条是一致的，它要求缔约国帮助创造落实《公约》权利的国际环境。

To that end, States parties must take the necessary steps in their legislation and policies, including diplomatic and foreign relations measures, to promote and help create such an environment.

为此目的，缔约国必须采取必要法律措施和政策措施，包括外交和对外关系措施，促进和帮助创造这种环境。

States parties should also encourage business actors whose conduct they are in a position to influence to ensure that they do not undermine the efforts of the States in which they operate to fully realize the Covenant rights — for instance by resorting to tax evasion or tax avoidance strategies in the countries concerned.

缔约国还应鼓励具有影响力的工商行为体确保不损害它们运营所在各国全面落实《公约》权利的努力，例如不在相关国家采取逃税或避税战略。

To combat abusive tax practices by transnational corporations, States should combat transfer pricing practices and deepen international tax cooperation, and explore the possibility to tax multinational groups of companies as single firms, with developed countries imposing a minimum corporate income tax rate during a period of transition.

为了应对跨国公司的恶劣税务做法，各国应打击转移定价，深化国际税务合作，探讨对多国公司集团作为单一公司征税的可能性，在过渡期内由发达国家设定公司收入税征收起码标准。

Lowering the rates of corporate tax solely with a view to attracting investors encourages a race to the bottom that ultimately undermines the ability of all States to mobilize resources domestically to realize Covenant rights.

如果降低公司税率的唯一目的是吸引投资，那会鼓励各国向低税率看齐，最终有损于所有国家在国内为落实《公约》权利调集资源的能力。

As such, this practice is inconsistent with the duties of the States parties to the Covenant.

因此，这种做法与《公约》缔约国的责任不符。

Providing excessive protection for bank secrecy and permissive rules on corporate tax may affect the ability of States where economic activities are taking place to meet their obligation to mobilize the maximum available resources for the implementation of economic, social and cultural rights.

如果银行保密制度受到过分保护，并对公司税收实行宽容的规则，则经济活动所在国履行义务的能力就会受影响，因而无法调集尽可能多的资源来落实经济、社会及文化权利。

IV. Remedies

四. 补救

38. In discharging their duty to protect, States parties should both create appropriate regulatory and policy frameworks and enforce such frameworks.

38. 缔约国在履行保护责任时，应建立并执行适当监管和政策框架。

Therefore, effective monitoring, investigation and accountability mechanisms must be put in place to ensure accountability and access to remedies, preferably judicial remedies, for those whose Covenant rights have been violated in the context of business activities.

因此，有效监测、调查和问责机制必须到位，确保在工商活动时侵犯《公约》权利的责任受到追究，受害人能得到补救，最好是得到司法补救。

States parties should inform individuals and groups of their rights and the remedies accessible to them pertaining to the Covenant rights in the context of business activities, ensuring specifically that information and guidance, including human rights impact assessments, are accessible to indigenous peoples.

缔约国应让相关个人和群体了解其权利以及因其《公约》权利在工商活动中受侵害而可得到的补救，具体确保土著人民能获得相关信息和指导，包括关于人权影响评估的信息。

They also should provide businesses with relevant information, training and support, ensuring that they are made aware of the duties of the State under the Covenant.

缔约国也应为企业提供相关信息、培训和支持，确保企业了解缔约国根据《公约》需承担的责任。

A. General principles

A. 一般原则

39. States parties must provide appropriate means of redress to aggrieved individuals or groups and ensure corporate accountability.

39. 缔约国必须为受害个人或群体提供适当补救手段，并确保追究公司的责任。

This should preferably take the form of ensuring access to independent and impartial judicial bodies: the Committee has underlined that “other means [of ensuring accountability] used could be rendered ineffective if they are not reinforced or complemented by judicial remedies”.

这样做的最好办法是确保受害人能诉诸独立公正的司法机关：委员会强调，“[确保追究责任的]其他措施如果不以司法补救措施辅助或补充，可能没有效果”。

40. The guidelines on remedies for victims of gross violations of international human rights law and serious violations of international humanitarian law provide useful indications as to the obligations that follow for States from the general obligation to provide access to effective remedies.

40. 《严重违反国际人权法和严重违反国际人道主义法行为受害人获得补救和赔偿的权利基本原则和导则》 对相关义务作了有用的说明，指出这些义务源于各国提供有效补救途径的一般义务。

In particular, States should: take all measures necessary to prevent rights violations;

各国尤其应：采取一切必要措施，防止侵犯权利的行为；

where such preventative measures fail, thoroughly investigate violations and take appropriate actions against alleged offenders;

如果这种预防措施没有起作用，即对侵权行为进行彻底调查，对被指控的责任人采取适当行动；

provide victims with effective access to justice, irrespective of who may ultimately be the bearer of responsibility for the violation;

向受害人提供有效司法途径，无论何人最终应对侵权行为承担责任；

and provide effective remedies to victims, including reparation.

向受害人提供有效补救，包括赔偿。

41. It is imperative for the full realization of the Covenant rights that remedies be available, effective and expeditious.

41. 为了充分落实《公约》权利，必须有有效、迅速的补救办法。 要做到这一点，寻求补救的受害人必

This requires that victims seeking redress must have prompt access to an independent public authority, which must have the power to determine whether a violation has taken place and to order cessation of the violation and reparation to redress the harm done.

须能够快速向某一独立公共当局投诉，此公共当局必须有权确定侵权行为有无发生，有权下令停止这种行为，并有权下令对损害作出赔偿。

Reparation can be in the form of restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction, and guarantee of non-repetition, and must take the views of those affected into account.

赔偿的形式可以是恢复原状、补偿、康复、满足和保证不再发， 并且必须考虑到受影响者的意见。

To ensure non-repetition, an effective remedy may require improvements to legislation and policies that have proven ineffective in preventing the abuses.

为了保证不再发生，有效的补救措施可包括改善被证明对预防侵权行为无效的法律和政策。

42. Because of how corporate groups are organized, business entities routinely escape liability by hiding behind the so-called corporate veil, as the parent company seeks to avoid liability for the acts of the subsidiary even when it would have been in a position to influence its conduct.

42. 工商实体利用其组织方式，经常靠躲在所谓“公司面纱”后面来逃避责任，母公司即使有能力影响子公司的行为，却设法躲避为子公司承担责任。

Other barriers to effective access to remedies for victims of human rights violations by business entities include the difficulty of accessing information and evidence to substantiate claims, much of which is often in the hands of the corporate defendant;

工商实体侵害人权行为的受害人有效获得补救的其他障碍包括：难以获得作为诉求佐证的信息和证据，许多信息和证据往往掌握在被告公司的手中；

the unavailability of collective redress mechanisms where violations are widespread and diffuse;

在侵权行为涉及面广且分散的情况下，缺乏集体索偿机制；

and the lack of legal aid and other funding arrangements to make claims financially viable.

缺乏法律援助和其他供资安排使原告有资金坚持申诉。

43. Victims of transnational corporate abuses face specific obstacles in accessing effective remedies.

43. 跨国公司侵害行为的受害人在获得有效补救方面面临特别障碍。

In addition to the difficulty of proving the damage or establishing the causal link between the conduct of the defendant corporation located in one jurisdiction and the resulting violation in another, transnational litigation is often prohibitively expensive and time-consuming, and in the absence of strong mechanisms for mutual legal assistance, the collection of evidence and the execution in one State of judgments delivered in another State present specific challenges.

除了难以证明损害或确立设在某一行政管辖区的被告公司的行为与在另一行政管辖区造成的侵害之间的联系之外，跨国诉讼还往往费用极高，又极其费时，在缺乏有力的法律互助机制的情况下，收集证据以及在一国执行由另一国作出的判决都特别困难。

In some jurisdictions, the forum non conveniens doctrine, according to which a court may decline to exercise jurisdiction if another forum is available to victims, may in effect constitute a barrier to the ability of victims residing in one State to seek redress before the courts of the State where the defendant business is domiciled.

一些行政辖区采纳“不便审理的法院”原则。 根据该原则，如果受害人可投诉另一法院，则其他法院可拒绝行使管辖权。 这事实上可能阻碍居住在一国的受害人向被告企业所在国法院寻求补救。

Practice shows that claims are often dismissed under this doctrine in favour of another jurisdiction without necessarily ensuring that victims have access to effective remedies in the alternative jurisdiction.

实践表明，申诉经常根据这一原则被驳回，申诉只能向另一国法院提出，但不一定能确保受害人在那里有机会获得有效补救。

44. States parties have the duty to take necessary steps to address these challenges in order to prevent a denial of justice and ensure the right to effective remedy and reparation.

44. 缔约国有责任采取必要步骤应对这些挑战，以防止出现诉诸司法的机会被剥夺的情况，并确保受害人有获得有效补救和赔偿的权利。

This requires States parties to remove substantive, procedural and practical barriers to remedies, including by establishing parent company or group liability regimes, providing legal aid and other funding schemes to claimants, enabling human rights-related class actions and public interest litigation, facilitating access to relevant information and the collection of evidence abroad, including witness testimony, and allowing such evidence to be presented in judicial proceedings.

这需要缔约国排除获得补救的实质性障碍、程序性障碍和其他实际障碍，为此应建立母 公司或集团责任制度，为申诉人提供法律援助和其他供资手段，使他们能够提起与人权有关的集体诉讼和公共利益诉讼，便利获得相关信息及在国外收集证据，包括 证人证词，并允许这些证据在司法程序中使用。

The extent to which an effective remedy is available and realistic in the alternative jurisdiction should be an overriding consideration in judicial decisions relying on forum non conveniens considerations.

在适用“不便审理的法院”原则时，一个压倒一切的考量应该是在另一行政管辖区有效补救在何种程度上现实存在。

The introduction by corporations of actions to discourage individuals or groups from exercising remedies, for instance by alleging damage to a corporation’s reputation, should not be abused to create a chilling effect on the legitimate exercise of such remedies.

不应允许公司滥用阻止个人或群体寻求补救的手段，例如声称寻求补救的做法有损于公司声誉，从而使合法寻求这种补救者感到不寒而栗。

45. States parties should facilitate access to relevant information through mandatory disclosure laws and by introducing procedural rules allowing victims to obtain the disclosure of evidence held by the defendant.

45. 缔约国应通过强制披露法，便利相关信息的获取，制定程序规则，允许受害人获得被告持有的证据。

Shifting the burden of proof may be justified where the facts and events relevant for resolving a claim lie wholly or in part within the exclusive knowledge of the corporate defendant.

如果与处理某一申诉案有关的全部或部分事实由被告公司独家掌握，则可能有理由让被告公司承担举证责任。

The conditions under which the protection of trade secrets and other grounds for refusing disclosure may be invoked should be defined restrictively, without jeopardizing the right of all parties to a fair trial.

应限定可援引的保护贸易机密的理由和拒绝披露的其他理由，但不应损害各当事方接受公平审判的权利。

Furthermore, States parties and their judicial and enforcement agencies have a duty to cooperate with one another in order to promote information-sharing and transparency and prevent the denial of justice.

此外，缔约国及其司法和执法机构有责任彼此合作，促进信息分享，增强透明度，防止出现执法不公的情况。

46. States parties should ensure that indigenous peoples have access to effective remedies, both judicial and non-judicial, for all infringements of their individual and collective rights.

46. 缔约国应确保土著人民因其个人和集体权利受侵害而能获得有效补救，包括司法补救和非司法补救。

These remedies should be sensitive to indigenous cultures and accessible to indigenous peoples.

采取补救措施时应顾及土著文化，并使土著人民能实际得到补救。

47. The Committee recalls that all government branches and agencies of States parties, including the judiciary and law enforcement agencies, are bound by the obligations under the Covenant.

47. 委员会回顾说，缔约国政府所有分支和机构，包括司法和执法机构，都受《公约》规定的义务约束。

States parties should ensure that the judiciary, in particular judges and lawyers, are well informed of the obligations under the Covenant linked to business activities, and that they can exercise their functions in complete independence.

缔约国应确保司法机构，特别是法官和律师，很好了解与工商活动相关的《公约》义务，并确保他们能完全独立地行使职能。

48. Finally, the Committee draws the attention of States parties to the challenges facing human rights defenders.

48. 最后，委员会提请缔约国注意人权维护者面临的挑战。

The Committee has regularly come across accounts of threats and attacks aimed at those seeking to protect their own or others’ Covenant rights, particularly in the context of extractive and development projects.

委员会经常收到报告称，设法保护自己或他人的《公约》权利的人受到威胁和攻击，这种情况在开采项目和发展项目中特别严重。

In addition, trade union leaders, leaders of peasant movements, indigenous leaders and anti-corruption activists are often subject to the risk of harassment.

此外，工会领导人、农民运动领导人、土著领导人和反腐败活跃分子经常面临被骚扰风险。

States parties should take all measures necessary to protect human rights advocates and their work. They should refrain from resorting to criminal prosecution to hinder their work, or from otherwise obstructing their work.

缔约国应采取一切必要措施保护人权倡导者及其工作，而不应利用刑事起诉手段阻止他们的工作，或以其他方式阻碍他们工作。

B. Types of remedies

B. 补救的类型

49. Ensuring corporate accountability for violations of Covenant rights requires reliance on various tools.

49. 要追究公司侵犯《公约》权利行为的责任，需要依靠各种工具。

The most serious violations of the Covenant should give rise to criminal liability of corporations and/or of the individuals responsible.

违反《公约》最严重的行为应被追究刑事责任，可追究公司和责任和/或个人的责任。

Prosecuting authorities may have to be made aware of their role in upholding Covenant rights.

起诉当局必须了解其维护《公约》权利的作用。

Victims of violations of Covenant rights should have access to reparations where Covenant rights are at stake and whether or not criminal liability is engaged.

凡是事关《公约》权利，而无论是否涉及刑事责任，《公约》权利被侵犯的受害人均应有获得赔偿的途径。

50. States parties should also consider the use of administrative sanctions to discourage conduct by business entities that leads, or may lead, to violations of the rights under the Covenant.

50. 缔约国也应考虑利用行政处罚手段遏制工商实体可能导致《公约》权利受侵犯的行为。

For instance, in their public procurement regimes, States could deny the awarding of public contracts to companies that have not provided information on the social or environmental impacts of their activities or that have not put in place measures to ensure that they act with due diligence to avoid or mitigate any negative impacts on the rights under the Covenant.

例如，如果公司没有提供信息说明其活动的社会影响或环境影响，或没有采取尽责措施，以避免对《公约》权利造成不良影响或减轻这种影响，缔约国在其公共采购制度中就可不将公共合同授予这些公司。

Access to export credit and other forms of State support may also be denied in such circumstances, and in transnational contexts, investment treaties may deny protection to foreign investors of the other party that have engaged in conduct leading to a violation of Covenant rights.

在这种情况下，也可不给予出口信贷和国家的其他支持。 在跨国框架内，投资条约可规定，外国投资者如果参与导致《公约》权利受侵犯的行为，就得不到保护。

1. Judicial remedies

1. 司法补救

51. Violations of Covenant rights will often be remedied by an individual claim against the State, whether on the basis of the Covenant itself or on the basis of domestic constitutional or legislative provisions that incorporate the guarantees of the Covenant.

51. 对《公约》权利的侵犯行为经常可通过对政府提出个人申诉而得到纠正，申诉可依据《公约》本身，也可依据包含《公约》保障条款的国内宪法或立法规定。

However, where the violation is directly attributable to a business entity, victims should be able to sue such an entity either directly on the basis of the Covenant in jurisdictions which consider that the Covenant imposes self-executing obligations on private actors, or on the basis of domestic legislation incorporating the Covenant in the national legal order.

但如果侵犯行为直接归咎于某一工商实体，受害人应能对该实体提起诉讼，可直接依据《公约》(如果所在行政管辖区认为《公约》义务对私营行为体自动有效)，或依据本国法律秩序中已纳入《公约》规定的国内法。

In this regard, civil remedies play an important role in ensuring access to justice for victims of violations of Covenant rights.

在这方面，民事补救在确保《公约》权利受侵犯的受害人能诉诸司法方面作用很大。

52. Effective access to justice for indigenous peoples may require States parties to recognize the customary laws, traditions and practices of indigenous peoples and customary ownership over their lands and natural resources in judicial proceedings.

52. 要使土著人民能有效诉诸司法，可能需要缔约国在司法程序中承认土著人民的习惯法、传统和习俗以及对其土地和自然资源的习惯所有权。

States parties should also ensure the use of indigenous languages and/or interpreters in courts and the availability of legal services and information on remedies in indigenous languages, as well as providing training to court officials on indigenous history, legal traditions and customs.

缔约国还应确保在法院使用土著语言和/或土著译员，以土著语言提供法律服务和关于补救的信息， 并为法院官员进行关于土著历史、法律传统和风俗的培训。

2. Non-judicial remedies

2. 非司法补救

53. While they generally should not be seen as a substitute for judicial mechanisms (which often remain indispensable for effective protection against certain violations of Covenant rights), non-judicial remedies may contribute to providing effective remedy to victims whose Covenant rights have been violated by business actors and ensuring accountability for such violations.

53. 非司法补救虽然通常不应被视为司法机制的替代措施(为了有效防止某些侵犯《公约》权利的行为，司法手段经常仍然是不可或缺的)，但可帮助《公约》权利受工商行为体侵犯的受害人获得有效补救，并确保侵犯行为的责任受到追究。

These alternative mechanisms should be adequately coordinated with available judicial mechanisms, both in relation to the sanction and to the compensation for victims.

这些其他机制应与现有司法机制适当协调，在处罚方面及受害人补偿方面都是如此。

54. States parties should make use of a wide range of administrative and quasi-judicial mechanisms, many of which already regulate and adjudicate aspects of business activity in many States parties, such as labour inspectorates and tribunals, consumer and environmental protection agencies and financial supervision authorities.

54. 缔约国应利用各种行政和准司法机制，例如劳工检察署和劳工事务庭、消费者和环境保护机构、金融监督当局等。 许多缔约国已经利用其中许多机制来对工商活动实行监管，对某些情况作出裁决。

States parties should explore options for extending the mandate of these bodies or creating new ones, with the capacity to receive and resolve complaints of alleged corporate abuse of certain Covenant rights, to investigate allegations, to impose sanctions and to provide for and enforce reparations for the victims.

缔约国应探讨各种选项，扩大这些机构的任务范围，或设立新机构，使其能接收并处理所称公司侵犯《公约》权利的投诉，对指称进行调查，处罚行为方，为受害人提供赔偿并强制偿款的支付。

National human rights institutions should be encouraged to establish appropriate structures within their organizations in order to monitor States’ obligations with regard to business and human rights, and they could be empowered to receive claims from victims of corporate conduct.

应鼓励国家人权机构在其组织内设立适当部门，负责监测国家在工商业与人权方面的义务，并授权这些机构接收公司行为受害人的申诉。

55. State-based non-judicial mechanisms should provide effective protection for victims’ rights.

55. 国家非司法机制应该为受害人权利提供有效保护。

Where such alternative non-judicial mechanisms are established, they should also possess a number of characteristics ensuring that they are credible and can contribute effectively to the prevention of and reparation for violations; their decisions should be enforceable, and such mechanisms should be accessible to all.

如果国家设有这种非司法机制，这些机制也应具备一些特性，应确保其公信力，能有效帮助预防侵权行为，有效协助受害人赔偿事宜， 其决定应能得到执行，而且所有人均能利用这些机制。

56. Non-judicial mechanisms for indigenous victims should be developed with the indigenous peoples concerned through their own representative institutions.

56. 协助土著受害人的非司法机制应通过土著人民的代表机构与相关土著人民协商建立。

As with judicial remedies, States parties should address barriers to indigenous peoples accessing the mechanism, including language barriers.

与司法补救一样，缔约国应注意排除妨碍土著人民利用这些机制的障碍，包括语言障碍。

57. Furthermore, non-judicial remedies should also be available in transnational settings.

57. 此外，在跨国情形中也应有可用的非司法机制。

Examples include access by victims located outside the State’s territory to that State’s human rights institutions or ombudspersons as well as to complaints mechanisms established under international organizations, such as the national contact points operating under the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises.

例如，允许缔约国境外的受害人利用缔约国的人权机构或监察员机制，向根据国际组织规定设立的投诉机制提出申诉，如向根据《经合组织跨国企业准则》运作的国家联络点提出申诉。

V. Implementation

五. 执行

58. Ensuring that business activities are pursued in line with the requirements of the Covenant requires an ongoing effort from States parties.

58. 要确保工商活动符合《公约》要求，需要缔约国作出不断努力。

To support this, the national action plans or strategies that States parties are expected to adopt to ensure full realization of the Covenant rights should specifically address the question of the role of business entities in the progressive realization of Covenant rights.

为了帮助做到这一点，希望缔约国通过行动计划或战略，确保在充分落实《公约》权利的过程中具体处理工商实体在逐步落实《公约》权利中的作用问题。

59. Following the adoption of the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, many States or regional organizations have adopted action plans on business and human rights.

59. 《工商业与人权指导原则》获得通过后，许多国家或区域组织通过了关于工商业与人权的行动计划。

This is a welcome development, particularly if such action plans set specific and concrete targets, allocate responsibilities across actors, and define the time frame and necessary means for their adoption.

这是一项令人欢迎的事态发展。 这些行动计划如能提出特定具体指标，将责任分配给各行为体，并确定落实的时限和所需手段，就更有意义。

Action plans on business and human rights should incorporate human rights principles, including effective and meaningful participation, non-discrimination and gender equality, and accountability and transparency.

关于工商业与人权的行动计划应载列人权原则，包括有效和有意义的参与、不歧视、性别平等、问责、透明等。

Progress in implementing such action plans should be monitored, and such plans should place equal emphasis on all categories of human rights, including economic, social and cultural rights.

实施这些行动计划的进展情况应予以监测。 行动计划应并重各种人权，包括经济、社会及文化权利。

As regards the requirement of participation in the design of such plans, the Committee recalls the fundamental role that national human rights institutions and civil society organizations can and should play in achieving the full realization of Covenant rights in the context of business activities.

关于参与制定行动计划的问题，委员会指出，国家人权机构和民间社会组织能够而且应该发挥根本性的作用，帮助在工商活动方面充分实现《公约》权利。

* Adopted by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights at its sixty-first session (29 May-23 June 2017).

* 经济、社会及文化权利委员会第六十一届会议(2017年5月29日至6月23日)通过。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 14 (2000) on the right to the highest attainable standard of health, paras. 26 and 35.

见委员会关于享有能达到的最高健康标准的权利的第14号一般性意见(2000年)，第26和35段。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 4 (1991) on the right to adequate housing, para. 14.

见委员会关于适足住房权的第4号一般性意见(1991年)，第14段。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food, paras. 19 and 20.

见委员会关于适足食物权的第12号一般性意见(1999年)，第19和20段。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 15 (2002) on the right to water, para. 49.

见委员会关于水权的第15号一般性意见(2002年)，第49段。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 19 (2007) on the right to social security, paras. 45, 46 and 71.

见委员会关于社会保障权的第19号一般性意见(2007年)，第45、46和71段。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 18 (2005) on the right to work, para. 52.

见委员会关于工作权利的第18号一般性意见(2005年)，第52段。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 23 (2016) on the right to just and favourable conditions of work, paras. 74 and 75.

见委员会关于公正良好工作条件权的第23号一般性意见(2016年)，第74和75段。

See E/C.12/AZE/CO/3, para. 15.

见E/C.12/AZE/CO/3, 第15段。

See E/C.12/CAN/CO/6, paras. 15 and 16;

见E/C.12/CAN/CO/6, 第15和16段；

E/C.12/VNM/CO/2-4, paras. 22 and 29;

E/C.12/VNM/CO/2-4,第22和29段；

and E/C.12/DEU/CO/5, paras. 9-11.

E/C.12/DEU/ CO/5,第9-11段。

Communication No. 2/2014, I.D.G. v. Spain, Views adopted on 17 June 2015.

第2/2014号来文，I.D.G.诉西班牙，2015年6月17日通过的意见。

See E/C.12/2011/1, para. 7.

见E/C.12/2011/1, 第7段。

The International Labour Organization (ILO) Tripartite Declaration of Principles concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, initially adopted in 1977 and last revised in 2017, encourages positive contributions by enterprises to society for implementation of the principles underlying international labour standards.

国际劳工组织(劳工组织)《关于多国企业和社会政策的三方原则宣言》，最初于1977年通过，最后一次修订在2017年。 该宣言鼓励企业实施国际劳工标准原则，为社会作出积极贡献。

See recommendation CM/Rec(2016)3 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, on human rights and business, adopted on 2 March 2016 at the 1249th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies.

见欧洲委员会部长委员会2016年3月2日在第1249次会议部长助理会议上通过的关于人权与工商业的CM/Rec(2016)3号建议。

See A/HRC/17/31, endorsed by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 17/4.

见A/HRC/17/31, 人权理事会在第17/4号决议中核可。

See A/HRC/4/35/Add.1.

见A/HRC/4/35/Add.1。

See, for example, the Constitutional Court of South Africa, Daniels v. Scribante and others, case CCT 50/16, judgment of 11 May 2017, paras. 37-39 (leading judgment by J. Madlanga) (positive duties imposed on the owner to ensure the right to security of tenure in conditions that comply with the requirements of human dignity).

例如，见南非宪法法院，Daniels诉Scribante等人案(CCT 50/16)，2017年5月11日判决，第37-39段(J. Madlanga的主要判决)(要求企业主履行积极责任，提供土地保有权保障，其条件需符合人的尊严的要求)。

Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework, principle 11 and commentary.

《工商业与人权：实施联合国“保护、尊重和补救”框架指导原则》原则11和评注。

See the ILO Examination of Grievances Recommendation, 1967 (No. 130).

见劳工组织1967年《冤苦审查建议书》(第130号)。

See, for example, the Committee’s general comment No. 18, paras. 13 and 14; the Committee’s general comment No. 20 (2009) on non-discrimination in economic, social and cultural rights, para. 32; the Committee’s general comment No. 6 (1995) on the economic, social and cultural rights of older persons, para. 22;

例如，见委员会第18号一般性意见第13和14段、关于在经济、社会及文化权利方面不歧视的第20号一般性意见(2009年)第32段、关于老年人的经济、社会及文化权利的第6号一般性意见(1995年)第22段和第4号一般性意见第8 (e)段。

and the Committee’s general comment No. 4, para. 8 (e). See the Committee’s general comment No. 4, para. 17; and general comment No. 20, para. 11.

见委员会第4号一般性意见第17段和第20号一般性意见第11段。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 20, paras. 7 and 8.

见委员会第20号一般性意见第7和8段。

Ibid., paras. 8 and 11.

同上，第8和11段。

See the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (A/RES/61/295, annex,

见《联合国土著人民权利公约》(A/RES/61/295, 附件，第32条第2款)。

art. 32 (2)). See E/C.12/2017/1 for the Committee’s statement on the duties of States towards refugees and migrants under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights;

见E/C.12/2017/1――委员会关于《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》规定的国家对难民和移民的义务的声明；

and the Committee’s general comment No. 23, para. 47 (e).

委员会第23号一般性意见第47 (e)段。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 20, para. 17.

见委员会第20号一般性意见第17段。

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Forced Evictions, Fact Sheet No. 25/Rev.1 (2014), p. 16.

联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)和联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)，《强行驱逐》，第25/Rev.1 (2014)号概况介绍，第16页。

See A/HRC/26/39, paras. 48-50.

见A/HRC/26/39, 第48-50段。

See also the guidance to States on how to adopt measures to promote workers’ rights and social protection in the informal economy while encouraging a transition to the formal economy, provided in the ILO Transition from the Informal to the Formal Economy Recommendation, 2015 (No. 204).

另见关于国家如何采取措施在非正规经济部门促进工人权利和社会保护并鼓励向正规经济转型的指南，载于劳工组织2015年《关于从非正规经济向正规经济转型建议书》(第204号)。

See A/HRC/26/39, paras. 57-62.

见A/HRC/26/39, 第57-62段。

By the Working Group on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises (Working Group on Business and Human Rights) (November 2016).

人权与跨国公司及其他工商企业问题工作组(工商业与人权问题工作组)(2016年11月)。

See A/56/10 for articles on responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, with commentaries adopted by the International Law Commission, art. 8.

见A/56/10――国际法委员会通过的国家对国际不法行为的责任条款及其评注，第8条。

See also General Assembly resolutions 56/83, 59/35, 62/61, 65/19 and 68/104.

另见大会第56/83、59/35、62/61、65/19和68/104号决议。

In particular, the responsibility of the State may be engaged if it fails to include labour clauses in public contracts to ensure the appropriate protection of workers employed by private contractors awarded such contracts.

具体而言，如果国家未能将劳工条款列入公共合同，确保签订这种合同的私人承包商雇用的工人得到适当保护，则国家可能得对此承担责任。

In this regard, States are referred to the ILO Labour Clauses (Public Contracts) Convention, 1949 (No. 94) and the ILO Labour Clauses (Public Contracts) Recommendation, 1949 (No. 84).

在这方面，请各国参考劳工组织1949年《(公共合同)劳动条款公约》(第94号)和劳工组织1949年《(公共合同)劳动条款建议书》(第84号)。

Articles on responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, art. 5.

国家对国际不法行为的责任的条款第5条。

Ibid., art. 9.

同上，第9条。

Ibid., art. 11.

同上，第11条。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 7 (1997) on forced evictions, paras. 7 and 18;

见委员会关于强迫驱逐的第7号一般性建议(1997年)第7和18段；

and OHCHR and UN-Habitat, Forced Evictions, Fact Sheet No. 25/Rev.1, pp. 28 and 29.

以及人权高专办和人居署，《强行驱逐》，第25/Rev.1 (2014)号概况介绍，第28和29页。

See also, for example, A/HRC/25/54/Add.1, paras. 55 and 59-63.

另见A/HRC/25/54/Add.1, 第55和59-63段等等。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 21 (2009) on the right of everyone to take part in cultural life, para. 36.

见委员会关于人人有权参加文化生活的第21号一般性建议(2009年)第36段。

See also the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, art. 26.

另见《联合国土著人民权利宣言》第26条。

See the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, arts. 10, 19, 28, 29 and 32.

见《联合国土著人民权利宣言》第10、19、28、29和32条。

See A/HRC/19/59/Add.5. See also recommendation CM/Rec(2016)3 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, appendix, para. 23. See the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, arts. 26 and 30 (4) (b).

见《维也纳条约法公约》第二十六条和第三十条第四款(b)项。 见A/HRC/19/59/Add.5。 另见欧洲委员会部长委员会CM/Rec(2016)3号建议附件第23段。

Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay (judgment of 29 March 2006, Series C No. 146), para. 140.

美洲人权法院，Sawhoyamaxa土著社区诉巴拉圭(2006年3月29日判决，C辑第146号)，第140段。

See the conclusions attached to the resolution concerning decent work in global supply chains, adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organization at its 105th session, para. 16 (c).

见国际劳工组织大会第105届会议通过的关于全球供应链中的体面劳动的决议所附结论第16 (c)段。

Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, principle 17 (c).

《工商业与人权指导原则》原则17 (c)。

See A/HRC/32/19.Add.1, para. 5, for the model terms of reference for a review of the coverage and effectiveness of laws relevant to business-related human rights abuses;

关于工商业相关侵害人权问题的法律的范围与效力的参考条款，见A/HRC/32/19.Add.1, 第5段；

and A/HRC/32/19, annex, for the guidance to improve corporate accountability and access to judicial remedy for business-related human rights abuse.

关于加强对与工商企业有关的侵犯人权行为的问责、改善受害者获取补救的途径的指导意见，见A/HRC/32/19附件。

See also Human Rights Council resolution 32/10.

另见人权理事会第32/10号决议。

Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, principles 15 and 17.

《工商业与人权指导原则》，原则15和17。

See A/68/279, para. 31;

见A/68/279,第31段；

A Business Reference Guide: United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, p. 15;

《联合国土著人民权利宣言企业参考指南》，第15页；

A/HRC/33/42;

A/HRC/ 33/42；

and A/66/288, paras. 92-102.

A/66/288, 第92-102段。

A Business Reference Guide: United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, p. 16;

《联合国土著人民权利宣言企业参考指南》，第16页；

and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, art. 19.

《联合国土著人民权利宣言》第19条。

See A/66/288, para. 102.

见A/66/288, 第102段。

See A/63/263 and A/HRC/11/12.

见A/63/263和A/HRC/11/12。

See A/HRC/34/51, paras. 62-66.

见A/HRC/34/51, 第62-66段。

See the Convention on the Rights of the Child;

见《儿童权利公约》；

Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 16 (2013) on State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children’s rights, paras. 14, 19, 20, 56 and 57;

儿童权利委员会关于商业部门对儿童权利的影响方面国家义务的第16号一般性意见(2013年)第14、19、20、56和57段；

World Health Organization, Set of Recommendations on the Marketing of Foods and Non-Alcoholic Beverages to Children (2010);

世界卫生组织，《关于向儿童推销食品和非酒精饮料一系列建议》(2010年)；

and World Health Organization, A Framework for Implementing the Set of Recommendations on the Marketing of Foods and Non-Alcoholic Beverages to Children (2012).

世界卫生组织，《关于向儿童推销食品和非酒精饮料一系列建议执行框架》(2012年)。

Of the World Health Organization.

世界卫生组织。

See A/HRC/19/59, para. 16.

见A/HRC/19/59, 第16段。

See the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, art. 5.

见《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第五条。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 4, para. 8 (c).

见委员会第4号一般性意见第8 (c)段。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 23, paras. 10-16 and 19-24.

见委员会第23号一般性意见第10-16和19-24段。

See the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 28 (2010) on the core obligations of States parties under article 2 of the Convention, para. 13.

见消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约，关于缔约国在《公约》第二条之下的核心义务第28号一般性建议(2010年)，第13段。

See Human Rights Council resolution 23/9 and General Assembly resolution A/RES/69/199.

见人权理事会第23/9号决议和大会第A/RES/69/199号决议。

See the conclusions attached to the resolution concerning decent work in global supply chains, adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organization at its 105th session, para. 16 (g).

见国际劳工组织大会第105届会议通过的关于全球供应链中的体面劳动的决议所附结论第16 (g)段。

See, for example, Human Rights Council resolution 15/9.

例如，见人权理事会第15/9号决议。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 22 (2016) on the right to sexual and reproductive health, paras. 14, 42, 43 and 60.

见委员会关于性健康和生殖健康权利的第22号一般性意见(2016年)第14、42、43和60段。

See, for example, E/C.12/CHL/CO/4, para. 30; and A/69/402.

例如，见E/C.12/CHL/CO/4第30段和A/69/402。

Of course, important though it is, appropriate regulation of the providers of educational services should respect academic freedom and “the liberty of parents and, when applicable, legal guardians to choose for their children schools, other than those established by the public authorities, which conform to such minimum educational standards as may be laid down or approved by the State and to ensure the religious and moral education of their children in conformity with their own convictions” (art. 13 (3) of the Covenant).

当 然，对教育服务提供者的适当监管虽然很重要，但应尊重学术自由，尊重“父母和(如适用时)法定监护人的下列自由：为他们的孩子选择非公立的但系符合于国家 所可能规定或批准的最低教育标准的学校，并保证他们的孩子能按照他们自己的信仰接受宗教和道德教育”(《公约》第十三条第三款)。

As regards primary education, States parties must ensure not only that it is affordable, but that it is free, as required by arts. 13 (2) (a) and 14 of the Covenant.

关于初等教育，仅保证负担得起还不够，缔约国必须根据《公约》第十三条第二款(甲)项和第十四条的要求确保免费提供初等教育。

See also A/HRC/23/42, para. 3 (recognizing the obligation to provide essential medicines as an immediate obligation for all States parties).

另见A/HRC/23/42, 第3段(确认提供基本医药的义务为所有缔约国的一项直接义务)。

See A/64/170, paras. 5 and 7;

见A/64/170, 第5和7段；

and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (resolution 3/2001, adopted on 3 November 2001, FAO Conference, thirty-first session), art. 9.

以及《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》(第3/2001号决议，2001年11月3日粮农组织大会第三十一届会议通过)，第9条。

See the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, arts. 24 and 31;

见《联合国土著人民权利宣言》第24和31条；

and the Committee’s general comment No. 21, para. 37.

委员会第21号一般性意见第37段。

See E/C.12/2011/1, paras. 5 and 6.

见E/C.12/2011/1, 第5和6段。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 15, paras. 31 and 33.

见委员会第15号一般性意见第31和33段。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 18, para. 52.

见委员会第18号一般性意见第52段。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 19, para. 54.

见委员会第19号一般性意见第54段。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 23, para. 70.

见委员会第23号一般性意见第70段。

Charter of the United Nations, Article 56.

《联合国宪章》第五十六条。

Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports (2004), paras. 109-112.

《对在巴勒斯坦被占领土建造隔离墙的法律后果的咨询意见》，《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，第109-112段。

Trail Smelter case (United States of America v. Canada), Reports of International Arbitral Awards, vol. 3 (1941), p. 1965;

特雷尔冶炼厂案(美利坚合众国诉加拿大)，《国际仲裁裁决汇编》，第3卷(1941年)，第1965页；

International Court of Justice, Corfu Channel case (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) (Merits), I.C.J. Reports, vol. 4 (9 April 1949), para. 22;

国际法院，科孚海峡案(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国诉阿尔巴尼亚)(案情实质)，《国际法院案例汇编》，第4卷(1949年4月9日)，第22段；

and International Court of Justice, Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports (8 July 1996), para. 29.

国际法院，《对以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性的咨询意见》，《国际法院案例汇编》(1996年7月8日)，第29段。

See also A/61/10, draft principles on the allocation of loss in the case of transboundary harm arising out of hazardous activities, adopted at the fifty-eighth session of the International Law Commission, in 2006 (in particular principle 4, stipulating that “each State should take all necessary measures to ensure that prompt and adequate compensation is available for victims of transboundary damage caused by hazardous activities located within its territory or otherwise under its jurisdiction or control”).

另见A/61/10, 关于危险活动造成的跨界损害案件中损失分配的原则草案，国际法委员会第五十八届会议通过，2006年(尤其是原则4, 其中规定“各国应采取一切必要措施，确保其领土或其管辖或控制下的危险活动所造成跨界损害的受害者获得及时和充分的赔偿”)。

The Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, adopted by a range of academics, research institutes and human rights non-governmental organizations in 2011, provide a restatement of the current state of international human rights law on this topic, contributing to its progressive development.

2011年一些学者、研究机构和人权非政府组织通过的《关于国家在经济、社会和文化权利领域的域外义务的马斯特里赫特原则》重述了关于此专题的国际人权法现状，有助于国际人权法的逐步发展。

Resolution 21/11 endorsed the final draft of the guiding principles on extreme poverty and human rights (see A/HRC/21/39), which provide, in para. 92, that “as part of international cooperation and assistance, States have an obligation to respect and protect the enjoyment of human rights, which involves avoiding conduct that would create a foreseeable risk of impairing the enjoyment of human rights by persons living in poverty beyond their borders, and conducting assessments of the extraterritorial impacts of laws, policies and practices”. See the Committee’s general comment No. 12, para. 36; general comment No. 14, para. 39;

第21/11号决议认可了《关于赤贫 与人权的指导原则》最后草案(见A/HRC/21/39)。 该指导原则第92段规定，“作为国际合作和援助的一部分，国家有义务尊重和保护人权的享有，其中涉及避免会造成可预见的损害其边界以外生活贫困的人享有人 权风险的行为，以及对其法律、政策和做法在境外的影响进行评估”。

or general comment No. 15, paras. 31-33; the Committee’s general comment No. 19, para. 54; general comment No. 20, para. 14; and general comment No. 23, paras. 69 and 70; and E/C.12/2011/1, para. 5. See paras. 43 and 44.

见委员会第12号一般性意见第36段、第14号一般性意见第39段、第15号一般性意见第31-33段、第19号一般性意见第54段、第20号一般性意见第14段、第23号一般性意见第69和70段以及E/C.12/2011/1,第5段。见第43和44段。

See, for example, CERD/C/NOR/CO/19-20, para. 17; and CCPR/C/DEU/CO/6, para. 16.

例如，见CERD/C/NOR/CO/19-20第17段和CCPR/C/DEU/CO/6第16段。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 8 (1997) on the relationship between economic sanctions and respect for economic, social and cultural rights;

见委员会关于实施经济制裁与尊重经济、社会、文化权利的关系的第8号一般性意见(1997年)；

and articles on responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, art. 50 (countermeasures by a State or group of States in response to an internationally wrongful act by another State may not affect “obligations for the protection of fundamental human rights”).

国家对国际不法行为的责任条款第50条(国家或国家集团针对另一国的国际不法行为采取的反措施不得妨碍“保护基本人权的义务”)。

See A/HRC/19/59/Add.5.

见A/HRC/19/59/Add.5。

See, for example, the Committee’s general comment No. 14, para. 39; or general comment No. 15, paras. 31-33.

例如，见委员会第14号一般性建议第39段或第15号一般性建议第31-33段。

The Maastricht Principles were the subject of explanatory commentaries;

对《马斯特里赫特原则》有解释性评注；

see Olivier De Schutter and others, “Commentary to the Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”, Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 34 (2012), pp. 1084-1171.

见Olivier De Schutter等人，“对《关于国家在经济、社会和文化权利领域的域外义务的马斯特里赫特原则》的评注”，《人权季刊》第34卷(2012年)，第1084-1171页。

See recommendation CM/Rec(2016)3 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, appendix, para. 13.

见欧洲委员会部长委员会CM/Rec(2016)3号建议，附录，第13段。

International Court of Justice, Case concerning application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) (judgment of 26 February 2007), I.C.J. Reports, paras. 430 and 461.

国际法院，《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》适用案(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那诉塞尔维亚和黑山)(2007年2月26日判决)，《国际法院案例汇编》，第430和461段。

Articles on responsibility of States for internationally wrongful acts, art. 23, commentary.

国家对国际不法行为的责任条款第23条评注。

See A/HRC/8/5/Add.2.

见A/HRC/8/5/Add.2。

Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, principle 13.

《工商业与人权指导原则》原则13。

See the Council’s resolution 26/22.

见理事会第26/22号决议。

See A/HRC/32/19, paras. 24-28;

见A/HRC/32/19第24-28段；

and the annex to that report, for the guidance to improve corporate accountability and access to judicial remedy for business-related human rights abuse, paras. 9.1-9.7 and 10.1, and paras. 17.1-17.5 (for public law enforcement) and 18.1 and 18.2 (for private law enforcement).

以及该报告附件――加强对与工商企业有关的侵犯人权行为的问责、改善受害者获取补救途径的指导意见第9.1-9.7和10.1段以及第17.1-17.5段(公法执行)和第18.1和18.2段(私法执行)。

Olivier De Schutter and others, “Commentary to the Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations of States in the area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”.

Olivier De Schutter等人，“对《关于国家在经济、社会和文化权利领域的域外义务的马斯特里赫特原则》的评注”。

See General Assembly resolution 217 (III) A.

见大会第217 (III) A号决议。

See E/C.12/GBR/CO/6, paras. 16 and 17;

见E/C.12/GBR/CO/6, 第16和17段；

and CEDAW/C/CHE/CO/4-5, para. 41.

CEDAW/C/CHE/CO/4-5, 第41段。

See the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, art. 14;

见《联合国土著人民权利宣言》第14条；

A Business Reference Guide: United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, pp. 30 and 31;

《联合国土著人民权利宣言企业参考指南》，第30和31页；

and A/68/279, para. 56 (d).

A/68/279, 第56 (d)段。

Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, principle 8.

《工商业与人权指导原则》原则8。

See the Committee’s general comment No. 9 (1998) on the domestic application of the Covenant, para. 2.

见委员会关于《公约》在国内适用的第9号一般性建议(1998年)，第2段。

Ibid., para. 3.

同上，第3段。

See also I.D.G. v. Spain, paras. 14 and 15.

另见I.D.G诉西班牙，第14和15段。

See General Assembly resolution 60/147, for the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law), art. 3 (a)-(d).

见大会第60/147号决议――《严重违反国际人权法和严重违反国际人道主义法行为受害人获得补救和赔偿的权利基本原则和导则》第3条(a)-(d)款。

Ibid., part IX, “Reparation for harm suffered”.

同上，第九部分，“对损害的赔偿”。

See also recommendation CM/Rec(2016)3 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, appendix, para. 34.

另见欧洲委员会部长委员会CM/Rec(2016)3号建议，附录，第34段。

As already noted by the Committee in the specific context of actions alleging discrimination: see the Committee’s general comment No. 20, para. 40.

委员会就指称歧视的行动的具体框架内已予说明：见委员会第20号一般性建议第40段。

See also A/HRC/32/19, annex, para. 12.5 (in relation to civil cases) and para. 1.7 (in relation to criminal and quasi-criminal cases).

另见A/HRC/32/19, 附件，第12.5段(事关民事案件)和第1.7段(事关刑事和准刑事案件)。

See A/68/279, paras. 50-53;

见A/68/279, 第50-53段；

and A Business Reference Guide: United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, p. 81.

《联合国土著人民权利宣言企业参考指南》，第81页。

See E/C.12/2016/2 for the Committee’s statement on human rights defenders and economic, social and cultural rights.

见E/C.12/2016/2――委员会关于人权维护者与经济、社会及文化权利的声明。

See also Human Rights Council resolution 31/32; and General Assembly resolution 53/144, for the Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.

另见人权理事会第31/32号决议和大会第53/144号决议――《关于个人、群体和社会机构在促进和保护普遍公认的人权和基本自由方面的权利和义务宣言》。

See, for example, E/C.12/VNM/CO/2-4, para. 11;

例如，见E/C.12/VNM/CO/2-4, 第11段；

E/C.12/1/Add.44, para. 19;

E/C.12/1/Add.44, 第19段；

E/C.12/IND/CO/5, paras. 12 and 50;

E/C.12/IND/CO/5, 第12和50段；

E/C.12/PHL/CO/4, para. 15;

E/C.12/PHL/CO/4, 第15段；

E/C.12/COD/CO/4, para. 12;

E/C.12/COD/CO/4, 第12段；

E/C.12/LKA/CO/2-4, para. 10;

E/C.12/LKA/CO/2-4, 第10段；

and E/C.12/IDN/CO/1, para. 28.

E/C.12/IDN/CO/1, 第28段。

See A/HRC/32/19, annex, for the guidance to improve corporate accountability and access to judicial remedy for business-related human rights abuse (see, in particular, policy objectives 4-8 of the guidance), as well as the Corporate Crimes Principles, developed in October 2016 by the Independent Commission of Experts established by the International Corporate Accountability Roundtable and Amnesty International.

见A/HRC/32/19附件――加强对与工商企业有关的侵犯人权行为的问责、改善受害者获取补救的途径的指导意见(尤其见该指导意见的政策目标4-8)，并见国际企业问责圆桌会议和大赦国际设立的独立专家委员会2016年10月拟订的公司犯罪原则。

See, for example, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes case No. ARB/07/26, Urbaser S.A. and others v. Argentina (award of 8 December 2016), paras. 1194 and 1195.

例如，见国际投资争端解决中心，ARB/07/26号案件，Urbaser S.A.等诉讼阿根廷(2016年12月8日裁定)，第1194和1195段。

See A/68/279, para. 34;

见A/68/279, 第34段；

and Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, general recommendation No. 31 (2005) on the prevention of racial discrimination in the administration and functioning of the criminal justice system, para. 5 (e).

以及消除种族歧视委员会关于在刑事司法系统的司法和运作中预防种族歧视的第31号一般性建议(2005年)，第5 (e)段。

A Business Reference Guide: United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, p. 47;

《联合国土著人民权利宣言企业参考指南》，第47页；

and Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, general recommendation No. 31, para. 30.

消除种族歧视委员会第31号一般性建议，第30段。

See Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, principle 31.

见《工商业与人权指导原则》原则31。

See A/68/279, para. 36.

见A/68/279, 第36段。

See recommendation CM/Rec(2016)3 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, appendix, paras. 10-12.

见欧洲委员会部长委员会CM/Rec(2016)3号建议，附录，第10-12段。