CESCR

CESCR

General comment No. 2:

第2号一般性意见：

International technical assistance measures (art. 22 of the Covenant)

国际技术援助措施(《公约》第二十二条)

Fourth session (1990){§*}

第四届会议(1990年){§*}

1. Article 22 of the Covenant establishes a mechanism by which the Economic and Social Council may bring to the attention of relevant United Nations bodies any matters arising out of reports submitted under the Covenant "which may assist such bodies in deciding, each within its field of competence, on the advisability of international measures likely to contribute to the effective progressive implementation of the … Covenant".

1. 《公约》第二十二条确立了一种机制，通过这一机制，经济及社会理事会可提请从事技术援助的其他联合国机构对根据《公约》提交的报告所引起的任何事项给予注意，“这些事项可能帮助这些机构在它们各自的权限内决定是否需要采取有助于促进本公约的逐步切实履行的国际措施”。

While the primary responsibility under article 22 is vested in the Council, it is clearly appropriate for the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to play an active role in advising and assisting the Council in this regard.

虽然第二十二条规定理事会负有主要责任，但经济、社会和文化权利委员会在这方面很明显也应积极向理事会积极提供咨询和协助。

2. Recommendations in accordance with article 22 may be made to any "organs of the United Nations, their subsidiary organs and specialized agencies concerned with furnishing technical assistance".

2. 根据第二十二条提出的建议可提交任何“从事技术援助的联合国机构、它们的辅助机构和专门机构”。

The Committee considers that this provision should be interpreted so as to include virtually all United Nations organs and agencies involved in any aspect of international development cooperation.

委员会认为这项规定应解释为实际上包括从事任何方面的国际发展合作的所有联合国机构。

It would therefore be appropriate for recommendations in accordance with article 22 to be addressed, inter alia, to the Secretary-General, subsidiary organs of the Council such as the Commission on Human Rights, the Commission on Social Development and the Commission on the Status of Women, other bodies such as UNDP, UNICEF and CDP, agencies such as the World Bank and IMF, and any of the other specialized agencies such as ILO, FAO, UNESCO and WHO. 3. Article 22 could lead either to recommendations of a general policy nature or to more narrowly focused recommendations relating to a specific situation.

因此，根据第二十二条提出的建议应递交秘书长；理事会的附属机构，如人权委员会、社会发展委员会和妇女地位委员会；其他机构，如联合国开发计划署、儿童基金会和发展规划委员会；各机构，如国际复兴和开发银行(世界银行)和国际货币基金；任何其他专门机构，如国际劳工组织、世界卫生组织、联合国教育、科学及文化组织和粮食及农业组织。

In the former context, the principal role of the Committee would seem to be to encourage greater attention to efforts to promote economic, social and cultural rights within the framework of international development cooperation activities undertaken by, or with the assistance of, the United Nations and its agencies.

3. 根据第二十二条可提出一般政策性建议，也可提出与具体情况有关的范围较窄的建议，在前一种情况下，委员会的主要作用看来将是鼓励更多注意在联合国及其各机构进行或协助下进行的国际发展活动范围内促进经济、社会和文化权利的努力。

In this regard the Committee notes that the Commission on Human Rights, in its resolution 1989/13 of 2 March 1989, invited it "to give consideration to means by which the various United Nations agencies working in the field of development could best integrate measures designed to promote full respect for economic, social and cultural rights in their activities".

在这方面，委员会注意到人权委员会在其1989年3月2日第1989/13号决议中请它“商讨如何以最佳方式使从事发展工作的联合国各机构在各自的活动中统一筹划旨在促进对经济、社会和文化权利之充分尊重的各种措施”。

4. As a preliminary practical matter, the Committee notes that its own endeavours would be assisted, and the relevant agencies would also be better informed, if they were to take a greater interest in the work of the Committee.

4. 作为一个初步和实际问题，委员会指出，它本身的努力应得到协助，如果要各有关机构更多关心委员会的工作，就应使它们了解情况。

While recognizing that such an interest can be demonstrated in a variety of ways, the Committee observes that attendance by representatives of the appropriate United Nations bodies at its first four sessions has, with the notable exceptions of ILO, UNESCO and WHO, been very low.

委员会承认可以各种形式表现这种关心，但注意到，除国际劳工组织、联合国教育、科学及文化组织以及世界卫生组织以外，其他组织很少派代表参加委员会的前四届会议。

Similarly, pertinent materials and written information had been received from only a very limited number of agencies.

而且，只有很少一些机构提供了有关材料和书面资料。

The Committee considers that a deeper understanding of the relevance of economic, social and cultural rights in the context of international development cooperation activities would be considerably facilitated through greater interaction between the Committee and the appropriate agencies.

委员会认为，加强委员会和有关机构之间的相互联系将有助于在国际发展合作活动范围内加深对经济、社会和文化权利的理解。

At the very least, the day of general discussion on a specific issue, which the Committee undertakes at each of its sessions, provides an ideal context in which a potentially productive exchange of views can be undertaken.

至少在委员会每届会议期间对具体问题进行一般性讨论的一天是一个理想的时机，大家可以在这一天进行具有潜在意义的意见交流。

5. On the broader issues of the promotion of respect for human rights in the context of development activities, the Committee has so far seen only rather limited evidence of specific efforts by United Nations bodies.

5. 关于在发展活动范围内促进尊重人权的更广泛问题，委员会至今只看到联合国机构作出很有限的具体努力。

It notes with satisfaction in this regard the initiative taken jointly by the Centre for Human Rights and UNDP in writing to United Nations Resident Representatives and other field-based officials, inviting their "suggestions and advice, in particular with respect to possible forms of cooperation in ongoing projects [identified] as having a human rights dimension or in new ones in response to a specific Government's request".

它满意地注意到人权中心和联合国开发计划署主动联合写信给联合国常驻代表和其他驻地官员，请他们“特别是就(已确定)和人权有关的现行项目或根据具体国家政府的请求要进行的新项目的可能合作形式提出建议或咨询意见”。

The Committee has also been informed of long-standing efforts undertaken by ILO to link its own human rights and other international labour standards to its technical cooperation activities.

委员会还了解到国际劳工组织长期以来一直在努力将其本身的人权标准和其他国际劳工标准与其技术合作活动联系起来。

6. With respect to such activities, two general principles are important.

6. 在这类活动方面，有两项普遍原则很重要。

The first is that the two sets of human rights are indivisible and interdependent.

第一是两类人权是不可分的、相互依赖的。

This means that efforts to promote one set of rights should also take full account of the other.

这就是说，为促进一类人权进行的努力也应考虑到另一类人权。

United Nations agencies involved in the promotion of economic, social and cultural rights should do their utmost to ensure that their activities are fully consistent with the enjoyment of civil and political rights.

与促进经济、社会和文化权利有关的联合国机构应尽最大努力确保其活动与享有公民权利和政治权利完全一致。

In negative terms this means that the international agencies should scrupulously avoid involvement in projects which, for example, involve the use of forced labour in contravention of international standards, or promote or reinforce discrimination against individuals or groups contrary to the provisions of the Covenant, or involve large-scale evictions or displacement of persons without the provision of all appropriate protection and compensation. In positive terms, it means that, wherever possible, the agencies should act as advocates of projects and approaches which contribute not only to economic growth or other broadly defined objectives, but also to enhanced enjoyment of the full range of human rights.

反过来说，就是各国际机构在其项目中应认真避免，如违反国际标准利用强迫劳动，或违反《公约》规定提倡或强化歧视，或造成大批人流离失所而没有适当的保护和赔偿，从下面来说，就是在可能的情况下，各机构应提倡不仅有助于经济增长或其他广泛目标，而且有利于充分享有各种人权的项目和办法。

7. The second principle of general relevance is that development cooperation activities do not automatically contribute to the promotion of respect for economic, social and cultural rights.

7. 第二项普遍原则是，发展合作活动不是自然有助于促进尊重经济、社会和文化权利。

Many activities undertaken in the name of "development" have subsequently been recognized as ill-conceived and even counterproductive in human rights terms.

许多以“发展”名义进行的活动后来被发现其设想是错误的，甚至是违反人权标准的。

In order to reduce the incidence of such problems, the whole range of issues dealt with in the Covenant should, wherever possible and appropriate, be given specific and careful consideration.

为减少这种问题的出现，应在可能和适当情况下具体的认真考虑《公约》涉及的所有问题。

8. Despite the importance of seeking to integrate human rights concerns into development activities, it is true that proposals for such integration can too easily remain at a level of generality.

8. 尽管在发展活动中充分考虑到人权问题很重要，但实际情况是这种考虑只停留在一般水平。

Thus, in an effort to encourage the operationalization of the principle contained in article 22 of the Covenant, the Committee wishes to draw attention to the following specific measures which merit consideration by the relevant bodies:

因此，为了鼓励切实实行《公约》第二十二条中的原则，委员会愿提请有关机构注意下述具体措施：

(a) As a matter of principle, the appropriate United Nations organs and agencies should specifically recognize the intimate relationship which should be established between development activities and efforts to promote respect for human rights in general, and economic, social and cultural rights in particular.

(a) 作为一项原则，有关联合国机构应注意在发展活动和促进普遍尊重特别是经济、社会和文化权利的努力之间确立一种密切关系。

The Committee notes in this regard the failure of each of the first three United Nations Development Decade Strategies to recognize that relationship and urges that the fourth such strategy, to be adopted in 1990, should rectify that omission;

委员会在这方面注意到，前三个联合国十年发展战略都没有注意到这种关系，因此保证在将于1990年通过的这种战略中改正这一缺点。

(b) Consideration should be given by United Nations agencies to the proposal, made by the Secretary-General in a report of 1979 {§1}that a "human rights impact statement" be required to be prepared in connection with all major development cooperation activities;

(b) 联合国各机构应考虑到秘书长1989年报告中提出的建议{§1}其中要求在一切主要发展合作活动中都要“说明对人权的影响”。

(c) The training or briefing given to project and other personnel employed by United Nations agencies should include a component dealing with human rights standards and principles;

(c) 对联合王国机构雇用的项目人员和其他人员的培训和交待任务应包括与人权标准和原则有关的内容。

(d) Every effort should be made, at each phase of a development project, to ensure that the rights contained in the Covenants are duly taken into account. This would apply, for example, in the initial assessment of the priority needs of a particular country, in the identification of particular projects, in project design, in the implementation of the project, and in its final evaluation.

(d) 在发展项目的每个阶段均应尽力确保考虑到《公约》中包括的权利，例如在初步估价具体国家的优先需要、确立具体项目、项目设计、项目执行和最后评价等阶段。

9. A matter which has been of particular concern to the Committee in the examination of the reports of States parties is the adverse impact of the debt burden and of the relevant adjustment measures on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights in many countries.

9. 委员会在审查成员国报告时特别关注的一个问题就是，债务负担以及有关调整措施对许多国家享有经济、社会和文化权利的不利影响。

The Committee recognizes that adjustment programmes will often be unavoidable and that these will frequently involve a major element of austerity.

委员会注意到调整方案往往是不可避免的，并且经常涉及严重紧缩。

Under such circumstances, however, endeavours to protect the most basic economic, social and cultural rights become more, rather than less, urgent.

但在这种情况下，更有必要努力保护最基本的经济、社会和文化权利。

States parties to the Covenant, as well as the relevant United Nations agencies, should thus make a particular effort to ensure that such protection is, to the maximum extent possible, built-in to programmes and policies designed to promote adjustment.

因此，《公约》缔约国以及有关联合国机构应特别努力确保尽可能把这种保护作为促进调整的方案和政策的一项固定内容。

Such an approach, which is sometimes referred to as "adjustment with a human face" or as promoting "the human dimension of development" requires that the goal of protecting the rights of the poor and vulnerable should become a basic objective of economic adjustment.

这种有时被称作“考虑到人权的调整”或促进“发展的人权方面”的办法要求把保护穷人和脆弱者的各种权利作为经济调整的一项基本目标。

Similarly, international measures to deal with the debt crisis should take full account of the need to protect economic, social and cultural rights through, inter alia, international cooperation.

同样，处理债务危机的国际措施也应充分考虑到有必要，特别是，通过国际合作保护经济、社会和文化权利。

In many situations, this might point to the need for major debt relief initiatives.

在许多情况下，这可能意味着要主动大量减少债务。

10. Finally, the Committee wishes to draw attention to the important opportunity provided to States parties, in accordance with article 22 of the Covenant, to identify in their reports any particular needs they might have for technical assistance or development cooperation.

10. 最后，委员会想提请注意《公约》第二十二条给缔约国提供的机会，即在其报告中明确它们可能特别需要技术援助和发展合作的领域。

Notes

注

{§*}Contained in document E/1990/23.

{§*}载于E/1990/23号文件。

{§1}"The international dimensions of the right to development as a human right in relation with other human rights based on international cooperation, including the right to peace, taking into account the requirements of the new international economic order and the fundamental human needs" (E/CN.4/1334, para. 314).

{§1}“在国际上，发展权作为一项人权与基于国际合作的其他人权(如和平权)之间的关系，同时考虑到新的国际经济秩序的要求和人类基本需求”(E/CN.4/1334, 第314段)。