CESCR

CESCR

General comment No. 4:

第4号一般性意见：

The right to adequate housing (art. 11 (1) of the Covenant)

适足住房权 (《公约》第十一条第一款)

Sixth session (1991){§*}

第六届会议(1991年){§*}

1. Pursuant to article 11 (1) of the Covenant, States parties "recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuous improvement of living conditions".

1. 按照《公约》第十一条第一款，缔约各国“承认人人有权为他自己和家庭获得相当的生活水准，包括足够的食物、衣着和住房，并能不断改进生活条件。

The human right to adequate housing, which is thus derived from the right to an adequate standard of living, is of central importance for the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights.

”适足的住房之人权由来于相当的生活水准之权利，对享有所有经济、社会和文化权利是至关重要的。

2. The Committee has been able to accumulate a large amount of information pertaining to this right.

2. 委员会已积累了大量有关这一权利的资料。

Since 1979, the Committee and its predecessors have examined 75 reports dealing with the right to adequate housing.

自1979年起，本委员会及在其之前的相应机构审议了有关适足住房权利的75份报告。

The Committee has also devoted a day of general discussion to the issue at each of its third (see E/1989/22, para. 312) and fourth sessions (E/1990/23, paras. 281-285).

委员会在第三届(见E/1989/22，第312段)和第四届(E/1990/23，第281-285段)会议的一般性讨论时专门抽出一天时间讨论这一问题。

In addition, the Committee has taken careful note of information generated by the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless (1987) including the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 42/191 of 11 December 1987. {§1}

此外，委员会仔细地注意到《无家可归者收容安置国际年》(1987)提供的资料，包括大会在其1987年12月11日第42/191号决议{§1}通过的《到2000年的全球住房战略》。

The Committee has also reviewed relevant reports and other documentation of the Commission on Human Rights and the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities. {§2}

委员会还审查了人权委员会和防止歧视及保护少数小组委员会的有关报告和其他文件。 {§2}

3. Although a wide variety of international instruments address the different dimensions of the right to adequate housing {§3}article 11 (1) of the Covenant is the most comprehensive and perhaps the most important of the relevant provisions.

3. 尽管众多的国际文件从不同方面论述适足住房的权利{§3}，但《公约》第十一条第一款是有关条款中最为全面，或许是最为重要的条款。

4. Despite the fact that the international community has frequently reaffirmed the importance of full respect for the right to adequate housing, there remains a disturbingly large gap between the standards set in article 11 (1) of the Covenant and the situation prevailing in many parts of the world.

4. 尽管国际社会一再重申充分尊重适足住房权的重要性，但是在《公约》第十一条第一款中规定的水准和世界各地的普遍状况之间仍存在着令人不安的巨大差距。

While the problems are often particularly acute in some developing countries which confront major resource and other constraints, the Committee observes that significant problems of homelessness and inadequate housing also exist in some of the most economically developed societies.

在一些面临严重资源问题和受到其他限制的发展中国家内问题往往尤为严重。 与此同时，委员会认为在一些经济最为发达的社会内也存在着无家可归和住房不足之重大问题。

The United Nations estimates that there are over 100 million persons homeless worldwide and over 1 billion inadequately housed. {§4}

联合国估计，全世界有1亿多人无家可归，10亿多人无适足住房。{§4}

There is no indication that this number is decreasing.

无任何事实表明这一数字正在减少。

It seems clear that no State party is free of significant problems of one kind or another in relation to the right to housing.

很清楚，没有一个缔约国在住房权利方面不存在这种或那种严重问题。

5. In some instances, the reports of States parties examined by the Committee have acknowledged and described difficulties in ensuring the right to adequate housing.

5. 有时委员会所审查的缔约国的报告承认并描述了在确保适足住房权利方面的困难。

For the most part, however, the information provided has been insufficient to enable the Committee to obtain an adequate picture of the situation prevailing in the State concerned.

然而，在多数情况下，由于所提供的资料不足，因而委员会无法充分了解有关缔约国的普遍状况。

This general comment thus aims to identify some of the principal issues which the Committee considers to be important in relation to this right.

这份一般性意见的目的是确定委员会认为对这一权利举足轻重的一些主要问题。

6. The right to adequate housing applies to everyone.

6. 适足的住房权利适用于每个人。

While the reference to "himself and his family" reflects assumptions as to gender roles and economic activity patterns commonly accepted in 1966 when the Covenant was adopted, the phrase cannot be read today as implying any limitations upon the applicability of the right to individuals or to female-headed households or other such groups.

“他和他的家庭”的提法反映了在1966年《公约》通过时普遍接受的关于性别作用和经济活动模式的设想，而今天这一短语不应理解为对一些个人或户主为女性的家庭或其他类似群体的权利的适用性含有任何限制。

Thus, the concept of "family" must be understood in a wide sense.

因此“家庭”这一概念必须从广泛的意义上去理解。

Further, individuals, as well as families, are entitled to adequate housing regardless of age, economic status, group or other affiliation or status and other such factors.

此外，个人同家庭一样，不论其年龄、经济地位、群体或其他属性或地位和其他此类因素如何，都有权享受适足的住房。

In particular, enjoyment of this right must, in accordance with article 2 (2) of the Covenant, not be subject to any form of discrimination.

尤其是，按照《公约》第二条第二款，这一权利之享受不应受到任何歧视。

7. In the Committee's view, the right to housing should not be interpreted in a narrow or restrictive sense which equates it with, for example, the shelter provided by merely having a roof over one's head or views shelter exclusively as a commodity. Rather it should be seen as the right to live somewhere in security, peace and dignity. This is appropriate for at least two reasons.

7. 委员会认为，不应狭隘或限制性地解释住房权利，譬如，把它视为仅是头上有一遮瓦的住处或把住所完全视为一商品而已，而应该把它视为安全、和平和尊严地居住某处的权利，至少有两条理由可以认为这样理解是恰当的。

In the first place, the right to housing is integrally linked to other human rights and to the fundamental principles upon which the Covenant is premised.

首先，住房权利完全与作为《公约》之基石的其他人权和基本原则密切相关。

This "the inherent dignity of the human person" from which the rights in the Covenant are said to derive requires that the term "housing" be interpreted so as to take account of a variety of other considerations, most importantly that the right to housing should be ensured to all persons irrespective of income or access to economic resources.

就此而言，《公约》的权利源于“人身的固有尊严”，而这一“人身固有的尊严”要求解释“住房”这一术语时，应重视其他多种考虑。 最重要的是，应确保所有人不论其收入或经济来源如何都享有住房权利。

Secondly, the reference in article 11 (1) must be read as referring not just to housing but to adequate housing.

其次，第十一条第一款的提法应理解为，不仅是指住房而且是指适足的住房。

As both the Commission on Human Settlements and the Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 have stated: "Adequate shelter means … adequate privacy, adequate space, adequate security, adequate lighting and ventilation, adequate basic infrastructure and adequate location with regard to work and basic facilities - all at a reasonable cost".

人类住区委员会和《到2000年全球住房战略》都阐明：“适足的住所意味着…适足的独处居室、适足的空间、适足的安全、适足的照明和通风、适足的基本基础设施和就业和基本设备的合适地点――一切费用合情合理”。

8. Thus the concept of adequacy is particularly significant in relation to the right to housing since it serves to underline a number of factors which must be taken into account in determining whether particular forms of shelter can be considered to constitute "adequate housing" for the purposes of the Covenant.

8. 因而，适足之概念在住房权利方面尤为重要，因为它有助于强调在确定特定形式的住房是否可视为构成《公约》目的所指的“适足住房”时必须加以考虑的一些因素。

While adequacy is determined in part by social, economic, cultural, climatic, ecological and other factors, the Committee believes that it is nevertheless possible to identify certain aspects of the right that must be taken into account for this purpose in any particular context.

在某种程序上，是否适足取决于社会、经济、文化、气候、生态及其他因素，同时，委员会认为，有可能确定在任何特定的情况下为此目的必须加以考虑的住房权利的某些方面。

They include the following:

这些方面包括：

(a) Legal security of tenure.

(a) 使用权的法律保障。

Tenure takes a variety of forms, including rental (public and private) accommodation, cooperative housing, lease, owner-occupation, emergency housing and informal settlements, including occupation of land or property.

使用权的形式包罗万象，包括租用(公共和私人)住宿设施、合作住房、租赁、房主自住住房、应急住房和非正规住区，包括占有土地和财产。

Notwithstanding the type of tenure, all persons should possess a degree of security of tenure which guarantees legal protection against forced eviction, harassment and other threats.

不论使用的形式属何种，所有人都应有一定程序的使用保障，以保证得到法律保护，免遭强迫驱逐、骚扰和其他威胁。

States parties should consequently take immediate measures aimed at conferring legal security of tenure upon those persons and households currently lacking such protection, in genuine consultation with affected persons and groups;

缔约国则应立即采取措施，与受影响的个人和群体进行真诚的磋商，以便给予目前缺少此类保护的个人与家庭使用权的法律保护；

(b) Availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure.

(b) 服务、材料、设备和基础设施的可提供性。

An adequate house must contain certain facilities essential for health, security, comfort and nutrition.

一幢合适的住房必须拥有卫生、安全、舒适和营养必需之设备。

All beneficiaries of the right to adequate housing should have sustainable access to natural and common resources, safe drinking water, energy for cooking, heating and lighting, sanitation and washing facilities, means of food storage, refuse disposal, site drainage and emergency services;

所有享有适足住房权的人都应能持久地取得自然和共同资源、安全饮用水、烹调、取暖和照明能源、卫生设备、洗涤设备、食物储藏设施、垃圾处理、排水设施和应急服务；

(c) Affordability.

(c) 可承受性。

Personal or household financial costs associated with housing should be at such a level that the attainment and satisfaction of other basic needs are not threatened or compromised.

与住房有关的个人或家庭费用应保持在一定水平上，而不至于使其他基本需要的获得与满足受到威胁或损害。

Steps should be taken by States parties to ensure that the percentage of housing-related costs is, in general, commensurate with income levels.

各缔约国应采取步骤以确保与住房有关的费用之百分比大致与收入水平相称。

States parties should establish housing subsidies for those unable to obtain affordable housing, as well as forms and levels of housing finance which adequately reflect housing needs.

各缔约国应为那些无力获得便宜住房的人设立住房补助并确定恰当反映住房需要的提供住房资金的形式和水平。

In accordance with the principle of affordability, tenants should be protected by appropriate means against unreasonable rent levels or rent increases.

按照力所能及的原则，应采取适当的措施保护租户免受不合理的租金水平或提高租金之影响。

In societies where natural materials constitute the chief sources of building materials for housing, steps should be taken by States parties to ensure the availability of such materials;

在以天然材料为建房主要材料来源的社会内，各缔约国应采取步骤，保证供应此类材料。

(d) Habitability.

(d) 适居性。

Adequate housing must be habitable, in terms of providing the inhabitants with adequate space and protecting them from cold, damp, heat, rain, wind or other threats to health, structural hazards, and disease vectors.

适足的住房必须是适合于居住的，即向居住者提供足够的空间和保护他们免受严寒、潮湿、炎热、刮风下雨或其他对健康的威胁、建筑危险和传病媒介。

The physical safety of occupants must be guaranteed as well.

居住者的身体安全也应得到保障。

The Committee encourages States parties to comprehensively apply the Health Principles of Housing {§5}prepared by WHO which view housing as the environmental factor most frequently associated with conditions for disease in epidemiological analyses; i.e. inadequate and deficient housing and living conditions are invariably associated with higher mortality and morbidity rates;

委员会鼓励各缔约国全面实施卫生组织制订的《住房保健原则》{5}，这些原则认为，就流行病学分析而言，住房作为环境因素往往与疾病状况相关联，即：住房和生活条件不适和不足总是与高死亡率和高发病率相关联；

(e) Accessibility.

(e) 可获取性。

Adequate housing must be accessible to those entitled to it.

须向一切有资格享有适足住房的人提供适足的住房。

Disadvantaged groups must be accorded full and sustainable access to adequate housing resources.

必须使处境不利的群体充分和持久地得到适足住房的资源。

Thus, such disadvantaged groups as the elderly, children, the physically disabled, the terminally ill, HIV-positive individuals, persons with persistent medical problems, the mentally ill, victims of natural disasters, people living in disaster-prone areas and other groups should be ensured some degree of priority consideration in the housing sphere.

如老年人、儿童、残废人、晚期患者、人体免疫缺陷病毒阳性反应的人，身患痼疾者、精神病患者、自然灾害受害者、易受灾地区人民及其他群体等处境不利群组在住房方面应确保给予一定的优先考虑。

Both housing law and policy should take fully into account the special housing needs of these groups.

住房法律和政策应充分考虑这些群组的特殊住房需要。

Within many States parties increasing access to land by landless or impoverished segments of the society should constitute a central policy goal.

在许多缔约国内，提高社会中无地或贫穷阶层得到土地的机会应是其中心政策目标。

Discernible governmental obligations need to be developed aiming to substantiate the right of all to a secure place to live in peace and dignity, including access to land as an entitlement;

必须制定明确的政府职责，实现人人有权得到和平尊严地生活的安全之地，包括有资格得到土地。

(f) Location.

(f) 地点。

Adequate housing must be in a location which allows access to employment options, health-care services, schools, childcare centres and other social facilities.

适足的住房应处于便利就业选择、保健服务、就学、托儿中心和其他社会设施之地点。

This is true both in large cities and in rural areas where the temporal and financial costs of getting to and from the place of work can place excessive demands upon the budgets of poor households.

在大城市和农村地区都是如此，因为上下班的时间和经济费用对贫穷家庭的预算是一个极大的负担。

Similarly, housing should not be built on polluted sites nor in immediate proximity to pollution sources that threaten the right to health of the inhabitants;

同样，住房不应建在威胁居民健康权利的污染地区，也不应建在直接邻近污染的发源之处。

(g) Cultural adequacy.

(g) 文化的适足性。

The way housing is constructed, the building materials used and the policies supporting these must appropriately enable the expression of cultural identity and diversity of housing.

住房的建造方式、所用的建筑材料和支持住房的政策必须能恰当地体现住房的文化特征和多样化。

Activities geared towards development or modernization in the housing sphere should ensure that the cultural dimensions of housing are not sacrificed, and that, inter alia, modern technological facilities, as appropriate are also ensured.

促进住房领域的发展和现代化的活动应保证不舍弃住房的文化方维，尤其是还应确保适当的现代技术设施。

9. As noted above, the right to adequate housing cannot be viewed in isolation from other human rights contained in the two International Covenants and other applicable international instruments.

9. 如上所述，不应把适足的住房权利与载于国际人权两公约及其他适用的国际文件内的其他人权分隔开来。

Reference has already been made in this regard to the concept of human dignity and the principle of non-discrimination.

在这方面已提及人类尊严的概念和不歧视之原则。

In addition, the full enjoyment of other rights - such as the right to freedom of expression, the right to freedom of association (such as for tenants and other community-based groups), the right to freedom of residence and the right to participate in public decision-making - is indispensable if the right to adequate housing is to be realized and maintained by all groups in society.

此外，要使社会各阶层的适足住房权利得以实现和维持，充分享受其他权利――诸如：言论自由、结社自由(诸如租户和其他社区基础的群组)、居住自由权、参与公共决策权是必不可少的。

Similarly, the right not to be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with one's privacy, family, home or correspondence constitutes a very important dimension in defining the right to adequate housing.

同样，个人私生活、家庭、寓所或信件不受到专横或非法的干涉的权利是确定适足住房权利的一个非常重要的方面。

10. Regardless of the state of development of any country, there are certain steps which must be taken immediately.

10. 不论一国家处于何种发展状态，都必须立即采取某些措施。

As recognized in the Global Strategy for Shelter and in other international analyses, many of the measures required to promote the right to housing would only require the abstention by the Government from certain practices and a commitment to facilitating "self-help" by affected groups.

正如《全球住房战略》和其他国际分析文件中所承认的那样，促进住房权利所需的许多措施只要求政府放弃某些做法，并致力于促使受影响群体的“自助”。

To the extent that any such steps are considered to be beyond the maximum resources available to a State party, it is appropriate that a request be made as soon as possible for international cooperation in accordance with articles 11 (1), 22 and 23 of the Covenant, and that the Committee be informed thereof.

当任何这类步骤被视为超越了一缔约国可以得到的最大资源时，恰当的做法是：根据《公约》第十一条第一款、第二十二条和第二十三条尽快地要求进行国际合作，并通知委员会。

11. States parties must give due priority to those social groups living in unfavourable conditions by giving them particular consideration.

11. 各缔约国必须对处境不利的社会群组给予应有的优先考虑，对他们予以特别照顾。

Policies and legislation should correspondingly not be designed to benefit already advantaged social groups at the expense of others.

因此政策与立法的制定不应在损害其他社会群组的情况下优惠早已处于优势的社会群组。

The Committee is aware that external factors can affect the right to a continuous improvement of living conditions, and that in many States parties overall living conditions declined during the 1980s.

委员会意识到，外来因素可影响不断改进生活条件的权利，而在整个1980年代许多缔约国普遍居住条件有所下降。

However, as noted by the Committee in its general comment No. 2 (1990) (E/1990/23, annex III), despite externally caused problems, the obligations under the Covenant continue to apply and are perhaps even more pertinent during times of economic contraction.

然而，如委员会在第2号一般性意见(1990)(E/1990/23，附件三)中所指出的，尽管存在由外来因素引起的问题，《公约》规定的义务仍然适用，或许在经济紧缩时期更具有针对性。

It would thus appear to the Committee that a general decline in living and housing conditions, directly attributable to policy and legislative decisions by States parties, and in the absence of accompanying compensatory measures, would be inconsistent with the obligations under the Covenant.

因而委员会认为，如果缔约国的政策和立法决定直接造成生活和住房条件普遍下降，又无相应的不久补救措施，这是与《公约》所规定的义务不相符合的。

12. While the most appropriate means of achieving the full realization of the right to adequate housing will inevitably vary significantly from one State party to another, the Covenant clearly requires that each State party take whatever steps are necessary for that purpose.

12. 在采用充分实现适足住房权利之最适当的措施方面，一缔约国与另一缔约国之间必定会有很大差别，《公约》明确要求各缔约国采取为实现这一目的所必需的任何步骤。

This will almost invariably require the adoption of a national housing strategy which, as stated in paragraph 32 of the Global Strategy for Shelter, "defines the objectives for the development of shelter conditions, identifies the resources available to meet these goals and the most cost-effective way of using them and sets out the responsibilities and time frame for the implementation of the necessary measures".

这几乎必然要求采取一项如《全球住房战略》第32段所述的：“确定发展住房条件之目标，确定实现这些目标可利用之资源及利用这些资源最有成本效益之方法和建立实施必要措施的责任制和时间框架”的全国住房战略。

Both for reasons of relevance and effectiveness, as well as in order to ensure respect for other human rights, such a strategy should reflect extensive genuine consultation with, and participation by, all of those affected, including the homeless, the inadequately housed and their representatives.

为了具有针对性和有效性，并且确保对其他人权的尊重，这样的一项战略应体现包括无家可归者，居住简陋者和他们的代表在内的所有受影响者的广泛真诚的磋商和参与。

Furthermore, steps should be taken to ensure coordination between ministries and regional and local authorities in order to reconcile related policies (economics, agriculture, environment, energy, etc.) with the obligations under article 11 of the Covenant.

此外，应采取步骤确保各部委和地区和地方当局之间的协调，以便使有关政策(经济、农业、环境、能源等)和《公约》第十一条所规定之义务保持一致。

13. Effective monitoring of the situation with respect to housing is another obligation of immediate effect.

13. 住房情况的有效监测是具有直接效益的另一项义务。

For a State party to satisfy its obligations under article 11 (1) it must demonstrate, inter alia, that it has taken whatever steps are necessary, either alone or on the basis of international cooperation, to ascertain the full extent of homelessness and inadequate housing within its jurisdiction.

一缔约国要履行第十一条第一款所规定的义务，它必须表明其已独自或在国际合作的基础上采取了必要的步骤，查清在其管辖之内无家可归和住房简陋的详细情况。

In this regard, the revised general guidelines regarding the form and contents of reports adopted by the Committee (E/C.12/1991/1) emphasize the need to "provide detailed information about those groups within … society that are vulnerable and disadvantaged with regard to housing". They include, in particular, homeless persons and families, those inadequately housed and without ready access to basic amenities, those living in "illegal" settlements, those subject to forced evictions and low-income groups.

在这方面，关于委员会通过的报告形式和内容的经修正的一般准则(E/C.12/1991/1)强调，需要“提供关于社会中在住房方面最易受害和处境不利群组的详细情况”，它们特别包括：无家可归的个人和家庭、居住简陋和无法得到基本居住环境者、“非法”定居者、属于被强迫驱逐出屋的和低收入群组。

14. Measures designed to satisfy a State party's obligations in respect of the right to adequate housing may reflect whatever mix of public and private sector measures considered appropriate.

14. 在适足住房权利方面，一缔约国履行其义务所制定的措施可能会交融混合公共和私营部门认为合适的措施。

While in some States public financing of housing might most usefully be spent on direct construction of new housing, in most cases, experience has shown the inability of Governments to fully satisfy housing deficits with publicly built housing.

在一缔约国，公共住房资金可能最有用地用于直接建造新住房。 在多数情况下，经验表明，政府无法完全利用公共建造住房来弥补住房之不足。

The promotion by States parties of "enabling strategies", combined with a full commitment to obligations under the right to adequate housing, should thus be encouraged.

各缔约国促进“授权战略”，辅之于全面致力履行适足住房权利所规定的义务的做法应予以鼓励。

In essence, the obligation is to demonstrate that, in aggregate, the measures being taken are sufficient to realize the right for every individual in the shortest possible time in accordance with the maximum of available resources.

实质上，这种义务应表明，从总体上来说，所采取的措施足以在最短的时间内，以最大限度的资源实现个人的权利。

15. Many of the measures that will be required will involve resource allocations and policy initiatives of a general kind.

15. 许多需要采取的措施将包括资源的分配和一般性的政策办法。

Nevertheless, the role of formal legislative and administrative measures should not be underestimated in this context.

然而，在这方面不应低估正规的立法和行政措施的作用。

The Global Strategy for Shelter (paras.66-67) has drawn attention to the types of measures that might be taken in this regard and to their importance.

《全球住房战略》(第66-67段)已提请我们注意在这方面可能会采取的各种形式的措施及其重要性。

16. In some States, the right to adequate housing is constitutionally entrenched.

16. 在一些国家内，适足住房权利完全体现于宪法中。

In such cases the Committee is particularly interested in learning of the legal and practical significance of such an approach.

在这样的情况下，委员会特别感兴趣地了解这一做法的法律和实际意义。

Details of specific cases and of other ways in which entrenchment has proved helpful should thus be provided.

因而应提供证实巩固住房权颇有成效的具体事例和其他方式的详细内容。

17. The Committee views many component elements of the right to adequate housing as being at least consistent with the provision of domestic legal remedies.

17. 委员会认为，适足住房权利的许多组成因素至少是和国内法律的补救措施条款相一致的。

Depending on the legal system, such areas might include, but are not limited to: (a) legal appeals aimed at preventing planned evictions or demolitions through the issuance of court-ordered injunctions; (b) legal procedures seeking compensation following an illegal eviction; (c) complaints against illegal actions carried out or supported by landlords (whether public or private) in relation to rent levels, dwelling maintenance, and racial or other forms of discrimination; (d) allegations of any form of discrimination in the allocation and availability of access to housing; and (e) complaints against landlords concerning unhealthy or inadequate housing conditions.

依据法律体系，这样的领域可能包括，但并非仅限于此：(a) 法律上诉，以求通过法院命令防止有计划的驱逐或拆房；(b) 遭非法驱逐后要求赔偿的法律程序；(c) 对房东(公共或私人)就租金水平、住所维修、种族或其他形式的歧视方面所实施或所支持的非法行为提出上诉；(d) 在分配和提供住房方面存在的任何形式的歧视提出指控；和(e) 就不健康或不合适住房条件对房东提出起诉。

In some legal systems it would also be appropriate to explore the possibility of facilitating class action suits in situations involving significantly increased levels of homelessness.

在一些法律体系内，在无家可归者大量增加的形势下也应开拓促进集团诉讼的可能性。

18. In this regard, the Committee considers that instances of forced eviction are prima facie incompatible with the requirements of the Covenant and can only be justified in the most exceptional circumstances, and in accordance with the relevant principles of international law.

18. 在这方面，委员会认为，强迫驱逐的事例显然是与《公约》的要求格格不入的。只有按照国际法的有关原则，在某些特别例外的条件下才是允许的。

19. Finally, article 11 (1) concludes with the obligation of States parties to recognize "the essential importance of international cooperation based on free consent".

19. 最后，第十一条第一款的末尾规定，各缔约国有义务承认“基于自愿同意的国际合作的重要性”。

Traditionally, less than 5 per cent of all international assistance has been directed towards housing or human settlements, and often the manner by which such funding is provided does little to address the housing needs of disadvantaged groups. States parties, both recipients and providers, should ensure that a substantial proportion of financing is devoted to creating conditions leading to a higher number of persons being adequately housed.

用于住房或人类住区的经费历来不到所有国际援助的5%，而且这些资金提供的方式往往没有用于满足处境不利群组的住房需要，各缔约国，不论是受援国还是援助国，应确保大量资金完全用于创造条件使更多的人能够得到适足住房。

International financial institutions promoting measures of structural adjustment should ensure that such measures do not compromise the enjoyment of the right to adequate housing.

促进结构调整措施的国际金融机构应保证这样的措施不会有损于享有适足住房的权利。

States parties should, when contemplating international financial cooperation, seek to indicate areas relevant to the right to adequate housing where external financing would have the most effect.

各缔约国应在考虑国际财政合作时，努力指出与适足住房权利有关的外来资助最见成效的领域。

Such requests should take full account of the needs and views of the affected groups.

这样的要求应充分考虑受影响群组的需求和观点。

Notes

注

{§*} Contained in document E/1992/23.

{§*} 载于E/1992/23号文件。

{§1}Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-third Session, Supplement No. 8, addendum (A/43/8/Add.1).

{§1}《大会第四十三届会议正式记录，补编第8号》，增编(A/43/B/Add.1)。

{§2}Commission on Human Rights resolutions 1986/36 and 1987/22; reports by Mr. Danilo Türk, Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1990/19, paras. 108-120; E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/17, paras. 137-139); see also Sub-Commission resolution 1991/26.

{§2}人权委员会第1986/36号决议和第1987/22号决议；小组委员会特别报告员丹尼洛 •蒂尔克先生的报告(E/CN.4/Sub.2/1990/19, 第108-120段， E/CN.4/Sub.2/1991/17, 第137-139段)；另见小组委员会第1991/26号决议。

{§3}See, for example, article 25 (1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 5 (e) (iii) of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, article 14 (2) of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, article 27 (3) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, article 10 of the Declaration on Social Progress and Development, section III (8) of the Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements, 1976 (Report of Habitat: United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.76.IV.7 and corrigendum, chap. I), article 8 (1) of the Declaration on the Right to Development and the ILO Recommendation Concerning Workers' Housing, 1961 (No. 115)).

{§3}例如，见《世界人权宣言》第二十五条第一款，《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第五条(辰)项(3)目，《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十四条第2款，《儿童权利公约》第27条第3款，《社会进步和发展宣言》第10条，《温哥华人类住区宣言》(1976)第三节第(8)段(联合国生境――人类住区会议报告(联合国出版物，出售品编号E.76.IV.7和更正)，第一章)《发展权利宣言》第8条第1款和《劳工组织关于工人住房建议》，1961年(第115号)。

{§4}See note 1.

{§4}见注1。

{§5}Geneva, World Health Organization, 1990.

{§5}日内瓦，世界卫生组织，1990年。