United Nations

联 合 国

CMW/C/GC/4-CRC/C/GC/23

CMW/C/GC/4-CRC/C/GC/23

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约

Convention on the Rights of the Child

儿童权利公约

16 November 2017

16 November 2017

Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会

Committee on the Rights of the Child

儿童权利委员会

Joint general comment No. 4 (2017) of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and No. 23 (2017) of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on State obligations regarding the human rights of children in the context of international migration in countries of origin, transit, destination and return

关于原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国在具国际移民背景儿童的人权方面的国家义务的保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第4号和儿童权利委员会第23号联合一般性意见(2017年)

I.

一.

Introduction

导言

1.

1.

The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the Convention on the Rights of the Child contain legally binding obligations that relate both in general and specifically to the protection of the human rights of children and migrants.

《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》和《儿童权利公约》均载有与保护儿童和移民的人权一般相关和具体相关的具有法律约束力的义务。

Both Conventions contain several provisions that establish specific obligations related to the rights of children in the context of international migration in the countries of origin, transit, destination and return.

两项《公约》均载有一些条款，规定了与具国际移民背景儿童在原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国的权利有关的具体义务。

2.

2.

The present joint general comment was adopted at the same time as joint general comment No. 3 (2017) of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and No. 22 (2017) of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on the general principles regarding the human rights of children in the context of international migration.

本联合一般性意见与关于具国际移民背景儿童的人权问题一般性原则的保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第3号和儿童权利委员会第22号联合一般性意见(2017年)同时获得通过。

The drafting process included a series of global and regional consultations held between May and July 2017 with representatives of key stakeholders and experts, including children and migrant organizations, in Bangkok, Beirut, Berlin, Dakar, Geneva, Madrid and Mexico City.

起草进程包括2017年5月至7月在曼谷、贝鲁特、柏林、达喀尔、日内瓦、马德里和墨西哥城与包括儿童和各移民组织在内的重要利益攸关方的代表和专家举行的一系列国际和区域协商。

In addition, the Committees received more than 80 written contributions from States, United Nations agencies and entities, civil society organizations, national human rights institutions and other stakeholders from every region of the world between November 2015 and August 2017.

此外，从2015年11月至2017年8月，两委员会收到了各国、联合国机构和实体、民间社会组织、国家人权机构和世界各区域的其他利益攸关方提供的80多份书面材料。

II.

二.

Legal obligations of States parties to protect the rights of children in the context of international migration in their territory

缔约国在其境内保护具国际移民背景儿童的权利的法律义务

A.

A.

Age

年龄

3.

3.

The definition of the child under the Convention on the Rights of the Child provides rights and protection until the age of 18.

《儿童权利公约》所载的儿童定义规定了18岁以下的任何人所享有的权利和保护。

The Committees are concerned that children between 15 and 18 years tend to be provided much lower levels of protection, and are sometimes considered as adults or left with an ambiguous migration status until they reach 18 years of age.

两委员会感到关切的是，向15至18岁儿童提供的保护水平往往低得多，有时会将他们视为成年人，或任由他们在年满18岁前一直保持不明确的移民身份。

States are urged to ensure that equal standards of protection are provided to every child, including those above the age of 15 years and regardless of their migration status.

兹请各国确保向每名儿童，包括15岁以上的儿童提供平等标准的保护，不论他们的移民身份如何。

In accordance with the Guidelines for Alternative Care of Children, States should provide adequate follow-up, support and transition measures for children as they approach 18 years of age, particularly those leaving a care context, including by ensuring access to long-term regular migration status and reasonable opportunities for completing education, access to decent jobs and integrating into the society they live in.

根据《儿童替代性照料准则》， 各国应为接近18岁的儿童，特别是即将离开照料环境的儿童，提供适当的后续、支助和过渡措施，包括通过确保他们获得长期的正常移民身份和完成学业的合理机会，获得体面工作并融入他们所在的社会。

The child should be adequately prepared for independent living during this transition period, and competent authorities shall ensure adequate follow-up of the individual situation.

应在过渡期内使儿童为独立生活做好充分准备，主管部门应确保对儿童的个人状况采取适当的后续行动。

The Committees additionally encourage States to take protective and support measures beyond the age of 18 years.

此外，两委员会还鼓励各国在儿童18岁以后继续采取保护和支助措施。

4.

4.

To make an informed estimate of age, States should undertake a comprehensive assessment of the child’s physical and psychological development, conducted by specialist paediatricians or other professionals who are skilled in combining different aspects of development.

为了作出知情的年龄估计，各国应安排儿科专家或能够综合考虑儿童各方面发展情况的其他专业人员全面评估儿童的身心发展。

Such assessments should be carried out in a prompt, child-friendly, gender-sensitive and culturally appropriate manner, including interviews of children and, as appropriate, accompanying adults, in a language the child understands.

应以快速、关爱儿童、顾及性别问题和适合当地文化的方式开展这项评估，包括以儿童能听懂的语言与儿童进行面谈，并酌情与陪伴儿童的成年人进行面谈。

Documents that are available should be considered genuine unless there is proof to the contrary, and statements by children and their parents or relatives must be considered.

提供的文件应被视为真实文件，除非有相反的证据； 也必须考虑儿童及其父母或亲属的陈述。

The benefit of the doubt should be given to the individual being assessed.

应对被评估的个人适用疑罪从无原则。

States should refrain from using medical methods based on, inter alia, bone and dental exam analysis, which may be inaccurate, with wide margins of error, and can also be traumatic and lead to unnecessary legal processes.

各国应避免采用依据骨骼和牙齿检验分析的医学方法，这些方法可能不准确，误差幅度大，还可能造成创伤，导致不必要的法律程序。

States should ensure that their determinations can be reviewed or appealed to a suitable independent body.

各国应确保其评估结论能够由适当的独立机构进行复审或接受上诉。

B.

B.

Right to liberty (articles 16 and 17 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families;

自由权(《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第16和第17条；

article 37 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child)

《儿童权利公约》第37条)

5.

5.

Every child, at all times, has a fundamental right to liberty and freedom from immigration detention.

每名儿童在任何时候都享有免遭移民拘留的基本的人身自由和安全权。

The Committee on the Rights of the Child has asserted that the detention of any child because of their or their parents’ migration status constitutes a child rights violation and contravenes the principle of the best interests of the child.

儿童权利委员会指出，由于儿童父母的移民身份而拘留儿童，便构成对儿童权利的侵犯，违反儿童最大利益的原则。

In this light, both Committees have repeatedly affirmed that children should never be detained for reasons related to their or their parents’ migration status and States should expeditiously and completely cease or eradicate the immigration detention of children.

有鉴于此，两委员会一再申明，不得以与儿童或其父母的移民身份有关的理由拘留儿童，各国应迅速和彻底地停止或杜绝对儿童实行移民拘留的做法。

Any kind of child immigration detention should be forbidden by law and such prohibition should be fully implemented in practice.

法律应禁止对儿童实行任何形式的移民拘留，这种禁令应在实践中得到充分执行。

6.

6.

Immigration detention is understood by the Committees as any setting in which a child is deprived of his/her liberty for reasons related to his/her, or his/her parents’, migration status, regardless of the name and reason given to the action of depriving a child of his or her liberty, or the name of the facility or location where the child is deprived of liberty.

两委员会将移民拘留理解为出于与儿童或其父母的移民身份有关的原因而剥夺儿童自由的任何情况，不论剥夺儿童自由行为的名义和理由或剥夺儿童自由的设施的名称或地点如何。

“Reasons related to migration status” is understood by the Committees to be a person’s migratory or residence status, or the lack thereof, whether relating to irregular entry or stay or not, consistent with the Committees’ previous guidance.

根据两委员会以前的指导意见，两委员会将“与移民身份有关的原因”理解为一个人有或没有移民或居留身份，不论是否涉及非正常入境或逗留或其他情况。

7.

7.

In addition, both the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families have emphasized that children should not be criminalized or subject to punitive measures, such as detention, because of their or their parents’ migration status.

此外，儿童权利委员会和保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会都曾强调，不应因儿童或其父母的移民身份而对儿童定罪，或采取拘留等惩罚性措施。

Irregular entry and stay do not constitute crimes per se against persons, property or national security.

非正常入境和逗留不构成危及个人、财产或国家安全的真正的犯罪行为。

Criminalizing irregular entry and stay exceeds the legitimate interest of States parties to control and regulate migration, and leads to arbitrary detention.

将非正常入境和逗留定为犯罪超越了缔约国管控移民的正当利益，导致任意拘留。

8.

8.

The Committee on the Rights of the Child, in relation to unaccompanied and separated children, stated in 2005 that children should not be deprived of their liberty and that detention cannot be justified solely on the basis of the child being unaccompanied or separated, or on their migratory or residence status or lack thereof.

关于孤身儿童和离散儿童问题，儿童权利委员会于2005年指出，不应剥夺儿童的自由，不能只因其为孤身儿童或离散儿童，或因其移民或居留身份，或因其不具备这些身份而拘留儿童。

9.

9.

The Committees emphasize the harm inherent in any deprivation of liberty and the negative impact that immigration detention can have on children’s physical and mental health and on their development, even when they are detained for a short period of time or with their families.

两委员会强调，即使儿童被拘留的时间很短或与家人一起拘留，剥夺自由本身即会造成损害，移民拘留更会对儿童的身心健康和儿童发展造成不利影响。

The Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment has stated that “within the context of administrative immigration enforcement … the deprivation of liberty of children based on their or their parents’ migration status is never in the best interests of the child, exceeds the requirement of necessity, becomes grossly disproportionate and may constitute cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment of migrant children”.

酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员指出，“在行政移民执法的情况下…因儿童或其父母的移民身份而剥夺儿童的自由绝不符合儿童的最大利益，超过了必要性要求，变得极不相称，并且可能构成残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇”。

10.

10.

Article 37 (b) of the Convention of the Rights of the Child establishes the general principle that a child may be deprived of liberty only as a last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time.

《儿童权利公约》第37条(b)项规定了一项一般原则，即剥夺儿童自由仅应作为最后手段，期限应为最短的适当时间。

However, offences concerning irregular entry or stay cannot under any circumstances have consequences similar to those derived from the commission of a crime.

然而，涉及非正常入境或逗留的罪行在任何情况下都不会产生与犯罪行为相似的后果。

Therefore, the possibility of detaining children as a measure of last resort, which may apply in other contexts such as juvenile criminal justice, is not applicable in immigration proceedings as it would conflict with the principle of the best interests of the child and the right to development.

因此，作为最后手段拘留儿童的可能性在少年刑事司法等其他情况下可能适用，但不适用于移民程序，因为它与儿童最大利益原则和儿童的发展权相冲突。

11.

11.

Instead, States should adopt solutions that fulfil the best interests of the child, along with their rights to liberty and family life, through legislation, policy and practices that allow children to remain with their family members and/or guardians in non-custodial, community-based contexts while their immigration status is being resolved and the children’s best interests are assessed, as well as before return.

相反，各国应采取实现儿童最大利益及儿童的自由权和家庭生活权的解决方案，实行相关法律、政策和做法，在解决儿童移民身份和评估其最大利益的同时，使儿童与家人和(或)监护人留在非拘禁的社区环境中， 在儿童回返前，也应采取这样的解决方案。

When children are unaccompanied, they are entitled to special protection and assistance by the State in the form of alternative care and accommodation in accordance with the Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children.

如为孤身儿童，他们有权得到国家以符合《关于替代性儿童照料的导则》的替代照料和住宿形式提供的特别保护和援助。

When children are accompanied, the need to keep the family together is not a valid reason to justify the deprivation of liberty of a child.

如儿童有人陪伴，保持家庭团聚的需要不是剥夺儿童自由的正当理由。

When the child’s best interests require keeping the family together, the imperative requirement not to deprive the child of liberty extends to the child’s parents and requires the authorities to choose non-custodial solutions for the entire family.

当儿童的最大利益需要全家团聚时，不剥夺儿童自由的强制要求应扩展至儿童的父母，要求主管部门选择对整个家庭采取非拘禁解决方案。

12.

12.

Consequently, child and family immigration detention should be prohibited by law and its abolishment ensured in policy and practice.

因此，应在法律上禁止对儿童和家庭进行移民拘留，并在政策和实践中确保废除此类做法。

Resources dedicated to detention should be diverted to non-custodial solutions carried out by competent child protection actors engaging with the child and, where applicable, his or her family.

应将专门用于拘留的资源转用于由与儿童和(适用时)儿童家庭接触的主管儿童保护工作的行为方执行非拘禁的解决方案。

The measures offered to the child and the family should not imply any kind of child or family deprivation of liberty and should be based on an ethic of care and protection, not enforcement.

向儿童和家庭提供的措施不应意味着任何剥夺儿童或家庭自由的做法，应遵循照料和保护的道德准则，而非执法准则。

They should focus on case resolution in the best interests of the child and provide all the material, social and emotional conditions necessary to ensure the comprehensive protection of the rights of the child, allowing for children’s holistic development.

这些措施应注重以符合儿童的最大利益的方式结案，并应提供一切必要的物质、社会和情感条件，以确保全面保护儿童权利，使儿童得到全面发展。

Independent public bodies, as well as civil society organizations, should be able to regularly monitor these facilities or measures.

独立的公共机构以及民间社会组织应能够定期监测这种设施或措施。

Children and families should have access to effective remedies in case any kind of immigration detention is enforced.

在强制执行任何类型的移民拘留的情况下，儿童和家庭应能够获得有效补救。

13.

13.

In the view of the Committees, child protection and welfare actors should take primary responsibility for children in the context of international migration.

两委员会认为，儿童保护和福利行为方应对具国际移民背景儿童承担主要责任。

When a migrant child is first detected by immigration authorities, child protection or welfare officials should immediately be informed and be in charge of screening the child for protection, shelter and other needs.

当移民主管部门最初发现移民儿童时，应立即通知儿童保护或福利人员，由他们负责检查儿童在保护、收容等方面的需要。

Unaccompanied and separated children should be placed in the national/local alternative care system, preferably in family-type care with their own family when available, or otherwise in community care when family is not available.

孤身儿童和离散儿童应被安置在国家/地方的替代照料系统中，如果有家人，最好与自己的家人一起安置在家庭式照料场所，如没有家人，则应安置在社区照料场所。

These decisions have to be taken within a child-sensitive due process framework, including the child’s rights to be heard, to have access to justice and to challenge before a judge any decision that could deprive him or her of liberty, and should take into account the vulnerabilities and needs of the child, including those based on their gender, disability, age, mental health, pregnancy or other conditions.

这些决定必须在体恤儿童的正当程序框架内作出，包括保障儿童陈述意见的权利、获得司法救助的权利以及就可能剥夺其自由的任何决定向法官提出质疑的权利， 这些决定还应考虑到儿童的脆弱性和需要，包括因其性别、残疾、年龄、精神健康、怀孕或其他状况而产生的脆弱性和需要。

C.

C.

Due process guarantees and access to justice (articles 16, 17 and 18 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families;

正当程序保障和获得司法救助(《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第16、第17和第18条；

articles 12 and 40 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child)

《儿童权利公约》第12和第40条)

14.

14.

Access to justice is a fundamental right in itself and a prerequisite for the protection and promotion of all other human rights, and as such it is of paramount importance that every child in the context of international migration is empowered to claim his/her rights.

获得司法救助本身是一项基本权利，也是保护和促进其他所有人权的先决条件，因此，使每一名具国际移民背景儿童都有能力主张其权利这一点至关重要。

The responsibility of States parties requires structural and proactive interventions to ensure fair, effective and prompt access to justice.

缔约国的责任要求它们采取结构性和积极主动的干预措施，以确保公平、有效和迅速的司法救助。

The Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its general comment No. 5 (2003) on general measures of implementation of the Convention, held that an effective remedy requires effective, child-sensitive procedures.

儿童权利委员会在关于执行《公约》的一般措施的第5号一般性意见(2003年)中认为，有效的补救办法需要有效和体恤儿童的程序。

It further outlined that such procedures should guarantee the adoption of certain specific measures in order to ensure that administrative and judicial proceedings are adapted to the needs and development of children, and that the best interests of the child is a primary consideration in all such proceedings.

儿童权利委员会还指出，这种程序应保证采取某些具体措施，以确保行政和司法程序根据儿童的需要和发展作出调整，并确保在所有这些程序中，将儿童的最大利益作为首要考虑。

15.

15.

The Committees are of the view that States should ensure that their legislation, policies, measures and practices guarantee child-sensitive due process in all migration and asylum administrative and judicial proceedings affecting the rights of children and/or those of their parents.

两委员会认为，各国应确保其法律、政策、措施和做法在所有影响到儿童和(或)其父母权利的关于移民和庇护的行政和司法程序中保障体恤儿童的正当程序。

All children, including children accompanied by parents or other legal guardians, should be treated as individual rights holders, their child-specific needs considered equally and individually and their views appropriately heard and given due weight.

应当将所有儿童，包括有父母或其他法定监护人陪伴的儿童，当作持有权利的个人对待，应平等和单独地考虑他们作为儿童的特有需要，并适当听取他们的意见并给予其应有的重视。

They should have access to administrative and judicial remedies against decisions affecting their own situation or that of their parents, to guarantee that all decisions are taken in their best interests.

对影响到的儿童自己或其父母的状况的决定，儿童应能够获得行政和司法补救，以保证所有决定都是根据儿童的最大利益作出的。

Measures should be taken to avoid undue delays in migration/asylum procedures that could negatively affect children’s rights, including family reunification procedures.

应采取措施，避免移民/庇护程序，包括家庭团聚程序出现可能对儿童权利产生不利影响的不当拖延。

Unless it is contrary to the child’s best interests, speedy proceedings should be encouraged, provided that this does not restrict any due process guarantees.

只要不会限制任何正当程序保证，就应鼓励采用快速诉讼程序，除非这种做法违背儿童的最大利益。

16.

16.

Children should be able to bring complaints before courts, administrative tribunals or other bodies at lower levels that are easily accessible to them, e.g., in child protection and youth institutions, schools and national human rights institutions, and should be able to receive advice and representation in a child-friendly manner by professionals with specialized knowledge of children and migration issues when their rights have been violated.

当儿童的权利遭到侵犯时，他们应该能够向法院、行政法庭或他们易于接触的其他低级机构，如儿童保护机构和青年机构、学校和国家人权机构提出申诉，并应能够获得由具有儿童和移民问题专门知识的专业人员以适合儿童的方式提供的咨询意见和代理服务。

States should ensure standardized policies to guide authorities in offering free, quality legal advice and representation for migrant, asylum-seeking and refugee children, including equal access for unaccompanied and separated children in local authority care and undocumented children.

各国应确保制定标准化政策，指导主管部门向移民儿童、寻求庇护儿童和难民儿童提供免费和优质的法律咨询和代理服务，包括向由地方主管部门照料的孤身儿童和离散儿童以及无证儿童提供平等机会。

17.

17.

More specifically, and in particular in the context of best interest assessments and within best interest determination procedures, children should be guaranteed the right to:

更具体而言，特别是在评估最大利益时和在最大利益确定程序内，应保证儿童有权：

(a)

(a)

Access to the territory, regardless of the documentation they have or lack, and to be referred to authorities in charge of evaluating their needs in terms of protection of their rights, ensuring their procedural safeguards;

不论儿童有无证件，允许其入境并将其转交给负责评估其在权利保护方面的需要的主管部门，确保对他们的程序保障；

(b)

(b)

Be notified of the existence of a proceeding and of the decision adopted in the context of the immigration and asylum proceedings, its implications and possibilities for appeal;

被告知是否存在程序以及移民和庇护程序中作出的决定、其影响和上诉的可能性；

(c)

(c)

Have the immigration proceedings conducted by a specialized official or judge, and any interviews carried out in person by professionals trained in communicating with children;

由专门人员或法官主持移民程序，并由接受过与儿童沟通方面的培训的专业人员进行面谈；

(d)

(d)

Be heard and take part in all stages of the proceedings and be assisted without charge by a translator and/or interpreter;

陈述意见并参与程序的各个阶段，得到翻译和(或)口译人员的免费协助；

(e)

(e)

Have effective access to communication with consular officials and consular assistance, and to receive child-sensitive rights-based consular protection;

能够有效地与领事官员进行沟通并获得领事协助，得到体恤儿童和立足权利的领事保护；

(f)

(f)

Be assisted by an attorney trained and/or experienced in representing children at all stages of the proceedings and communicate freely with the representative, and have access to free legal aid;

在程序各个阶段得到在代理儿童方面接受过培训和(或)经验丰富的律师的协助并能够与代理律师自由交流，能够获得免费的法律援助；

(g)

(g)

Have the application and procedures involving children be treated as a priority, while ensuring ample time to prepare for proceedings and that all due process guarantees are preserved;

将涉及儿童的申请和程序作为优先事项，同时确保有充足时间为程序做准备，维持一切正当程序保障；

(h)

(h)

Appeal the decision to a higher court or independent authority, with suspensive effect;

就决定向上级法院或独立主管部门提起具有暂停执行效力的上诉；

(i)

(i)

For unaccompanied and separated children, have appointed a competent guardian, as expeditiously as possible, who serves as a key procedural safeguard to ensure respect for their best interests;

为孤身儿童和离散儿童尽快指定称职的监护人，这是保证尊重儿童最大利益的关键的程序性保障措施；

(j)

(j)

Be fully informed throughout the entire procedure, together with their guardian and legal adviser, including information on their rights and all relevant information that could affect them.

在整个程序中，与监护人和法律顾问一起充分了解有关儿童权利的信息和可能影响到儿童的所有相关信息。

18.

18.

The Committees recognize the negative impacts on children’s well-being of having an insecure and precarious migration status.

两委员会确认，不安全和不稳定的移民身份对儿童的福祉具有不利影响。

The Committees therefore recommend that States ensure that there are clear and accessible status determination procedures for children to regularize their status on various grounds (such as length of residence).

因此，两委员会建议各国确保设有明确和易于使用的身份确定程序，使儿童能够根据各种理由(如居留时间)获得正常身份。

19.

19.

The Committees are of the opinion that a comprehensive interpretation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child with articles 7 (a), 23 and 65 (2) of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families should imply the development and implementation of effective consular protection policies which include specific measures directed to protecting children’s rights, such as providing ongoing training to consular staff on the two Conventions, as well as on other human rights instruments, and promoting protocols on consular protection services.

两委员会认为，结合《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第16条第7款 (a)项、第23和第65条第2款对《儿童权利公约》进行全面解释应意味着，制定和执行有效的领事保护政策，其中包括旨在保护儿童权利的具体措施，如向领 事人员提供关于两项《公约》和其他人权文书的持续培训以及推动达成领事保护服务协议。

D.

D.

Right to a name, identity, and a nationality (article 29 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families;

获得姓名、身份和国籍的权利(《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第29条；

articles 7 and 8 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child)

《儿童权利公约》第7和第8条)

1.

1.

Birth registration

出生登记

20.

20.

The lack of birth registration may have many negative impacts on the enjoyment of children’s rights, such as child marriage, trafficking, forced recruitment and child labour.

不进行出生登记可能会对儿童享有权利产生许多不利影响，如童婚、贩运、强迫征募和童工劳动。

Birth registrations may also help to achieve convictions against those who have abused a child.

出生登记也可有助于对虐童者进行定罪。

Unregistered children are at particular risk of becoming stateless when born to parents who are in an irregular migration situation, due to barriers to acquiring nationality in the country of origin of the parents as well as to accessing birth registration and nationality at the place of their birth.

处于非正常移民状态的父母所生的未登记儿童特别容易成为无国籍人，因为他们在父母的原籍国获得国籍会面临障碍，在出生地获得出生登记和国籍也面临障碍。

21.

21.

The Committees urge States parties to take all necessary measures to ensure that all children are immediately registered at birth and issued birth certificates, irrespective of their migration status or that of their parents.

两委员会促请缔约国采取一切必要措施，确保在所有儿童出生后立即为其进行登记并签发出生证明，不论儿童或其父母的移民身份如何。

Legal and practical obstacles to birth registration should be removed, including by prohibiting data sharing between health providers or civil servants responsible for registration with immigration enforcement authorities;

应消除法律和实践中妨碍进行出生登记的问题，包括通过禁止卫生服务提供者或负责出生登记的公务员与移民执法部门分享数据；

and not requiring parents to produce documentation regarding their migration status.

不要求父母提供有关其移民身份的文件。

Measures should also be taken to facilitate late registration of birth and to avoid financial penalties for late registration.

还应采取措施便利补办出生登记，不对补办登记处以罚款。

Children who have not been registered should be ensured equal access to health care, protection, education and other social services.

应确保尚未得到登记的儿童能够平等地享有卫生、保护、教育和其他社会服务。

22.

22.

Should a child’s identity documents have been procured irregularly on his or her behalf and the child requests the restoration of his or her identity documents, States parties are encouraged to adopt flexible measures in the best interests of the child, specifically by issuing corrected documents and avoiding prosecution where falsification has been committed.

如果儿童的身份证件是他人代表儿童以非正常方式获得的，而且儿童本人要求恢复其原有身份证件，两委员会鼓励缔约国出于儿童的最大利益采取灵活措施，特别是在发生伪造证件的情况下，应签发经更正的证件并不予起诉。

2.

2.

Right to a nationality and safeguards against statelessness

获得国籍的权利和防止无国籍状态的保障措施

23.

23.

Article 7 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child places emphasis on the prevention of statelessness by specifying that States parties shall ensure the implementation of the rights of a child to be registered, to a name, to acquire a nationality and to know and be cared for by his or her parents.

《儿童权利公约》第7条强调应防止无国籍状态，规定缔约国应确保落实儿童进行出生登记的权利、获得姓名的权利、获得国籍的权利和知道谁是其父母并受其父母照料的权利。

The same right is enshrined for all children of migrant workers in article 29 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.

《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第29条规定，所有移民工人子女也享有同样的权利。

24.

24.

While States are not obliged to grant their nationality to every child born in their territory, they are required to adopt every appropriate measure, both internally and in cooperation with other States, to ensure that every child has a nationality when he or she is born.

虽然各国没有义务给予在其境内出生的每名儿童国籍，但必须在国内并与其他国家合作，采取一切适当措施，确保每名儿童在出生时都有国籍。

A key measure is the conferral of nationality to a child born on the territory of the State, at birth or as early as possible after birth, if the child would otherwise be stateless.

作为一项重要措施，如果在一国境内出生的儿童不入籍就会成为无国籍人，则应在儿童出生时或出生后尽快给予儿童国籍。

25.

25.

Nationality laws that discriminate with regard to the transmission or acquisition of nationality on the basis of prohibited grounds, including in relation to the child and/or his or her parents’ race, ethnicity, religion, gender, disability and migration status, should be repealed.

以被禁止的理由，包括与儿童和(或)其父母的种族、族裔、宗教、性别、残疾和移民身份有关的理由而对国籍的传承及获得作区别对待的国籍法应予废除。

Furthermore, all nationality laws should be implemented in a non-discriminatory manner, including with regard to residence status in relation to the length of residency requirements, to ensure that every child’s right to a nationality is respected, protected and fulfilled.

此外，应以非歧视的方式执行所有国籍法，包括在与居留时间要求有关的居留身份方面，以确保每名儿童取得国籍的权利得到尊重、保护和落实。

26.

26.

States should strengthen measures to grant nationality to children born in their territory in situations where they would otherwise be stateless.

各国应该加强措施，给予在其境内出生的不入籍即成为无国籍人的儿童以国籍。

When the law of a mother’s country of nationality does not recognize a woman’s right to confer nationality on her children and/or spouse, children may face the risk of statelessness.

如儿童母亲的国籍国的法律不承认妇女将国籍传给子女和(或)配偶的权利，儿童便可能面临无国籍的风险。

Likewise, where nationality laws do not guarantee women’s autonomous right to acquire, change or retain their nationality in marriage, girls in the situation of international migration who married under the age of 18 years may face the risk of being stateless, or be confined in abusive marriages out of fear of being stateless.

同样，如国籍法不能保证妇女婚后有权自主获得、改变或保留国籍，则未满18岁结婚的处于国际移民状态的女童可能面临无国籍的风险，或因害怕成为无国籍人而不得不忍受在婚姻中遭受虐待。

States should take immediate steps to reform nationality laws that discriminate against women by granting equal rights to men and women to confer nationality on their children and spouses and regarding the acquisition, change or retention of their nationality.

各国应立即采取措施，改革歧视妇女的国籍法，赋予男女将自己的国籍传给子女和配偶以及获得、改变或保留国籍方面的平等权利。

E.

E.

Family life (articles 14, 17 and 44 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families;

家庭生活(《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第14、第17和第44条；

articles 9, 10, 11, 16, 18, 19, 20 and 27 (4) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child)

《儿童权利公约》第9、第10、第11、第16、第18、第19、第20条和第27条第4款)

27.

27.

The right to protection of family life is recognized in international and regional human rights instruments, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.

家庭生活受保护的权利得到了包括《儿童权利公约》和《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》在内的国际和区域人权文书的承认。

Therefore, this right should be fully respected, protected and fulfilled in relation to every child without any kind of discrimination, regardless of their residency or nationality status.

因此，应不加任何歧视地充分尊重、保护和落实每名儿童的这项权利，不论其居留身份或国籍如何。

States should comply with their international legal obligations in terms of maintaining family unity, including siblings, and preventing separation, which should be a primary focus, in accordance with the Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children.

各国应遵守其国际法律义务，维持家庭团聚，包括兄弟姐妹团聚，防止分离，根据《关于替代性儿童照料的导则》，这应该是主要重点。

Protection of the right to a family environment frequently requires that States not only refrain from actions which could result in family separation or other arbitrary interference in the right to family life, but also take positive measures to maintain the family unit, including the reunion of separated family members.

保护享有家庭环境的权利往往要求各国不仅应避免采取可能导致家人分离或其他任意干涉享有家庭生活权的行为，而且还应采取积极措施维持家庭单位，包括争取离散家庭成员的重聚。

The Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its general comment No. 14 (2013) on the right of the child to have his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration, states that the term “parents” must be interpreted in a broad sense to include biological, adoptive or foster parents, or, where applicable, the members of the extended family or community as provided for by local custom.

儿童权利委员会关于儿童将其最大利益列为首要考虑的权利的第14号一般性意见(2013年)指出，“家长”一词必须从广义加以理解，以列入亲生、收养或领养父母，或适用时，列入当地习俗认定的大家庭成员或社会关系。

1.

1.

Non-separation

不分离

28.

28.

The right to family unity for migrants may intersect with States’ legitimate interests in making decisions on the entry or stay of non-nationals in their territory.

移民的家庭团聚权可能与国家在作出关于非国民入境或在其境内逗留的决定时所考虑的合法利益相互交织。

However, children in the context of international migration and families should not be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with their privacy and family life.

然而，具国际移民背景儿童及其家人的隐私和家庭生活不应受到任意或非法干涉。

Separating a family by deporting or removing a family member from a State party’s territory, or otherwise refusing to allow a family member to enter or remain in the territory, may amount to arbitrary or unlawful interference with family life.

将一名家庭成员从缔约国境内驱逐出境，或以其他方式拒绝一名家庭成员入境或逗留，从而造成家庭分离，可能构成任意或非法干涉家庭生活。

29.

29.

The Committees are of the view that the rupture of the family unit by the expulsion of one or both parents based on a breach of immigration laws related to entry or stay is disproportionate, as the sacrifice inherent in the restriction of family life and the impact on the life and development of the child is not outweighed by the advantages obtained by forcing the parent to leave the territory because of an immigration-related offence.

两委员会认为，以违反入境或逗留方面的移民法为由驱逐父母一方或双方从而导致家庭破裂是不相称的做法，因为限制家庭生活所必然造成的牺牲和对子女生活和发展的影响超过了强迫犯有与移民有关的罪行的父母离境所带来的好处。

Migrant children and their families should also be protected in cases where expulsions would constitute arbitrary interference with the right to family and private life.

如果驱逐构成对家庭生活权和私人生活权的任意干涉，也应保护移民儿童及其家庭。

The Committees recommend that States provide avenues for status regularization for migrants in an irregular situation residing with their children, particularly when a child has been born or has lived in the country of destination for an extended period of time, or when return to the parent’s country of origin would be against the child’s best interests.

两委员会建议各国为与子女居留在一起的非正常移民提供身份正常化的途径，特别是在子女在目的国出生或长期生活的情况下，或返回父母原籍国将违反儿童的最大利益的情况下。

Where the expulsion of parents is based on criminal offences, their children’s rights, including the right to have their best interests be a primary consideration and their right to be heard and have their views taken seriously, should be ensured, also taking into account the principle of proportionality and other human rights principles and standards.

在父母因刑事罪行而被驱逐的情况下，应确保其子女的权利，包括将其最大利益为首要考虑的权利、陈述意见和意见得到认真考虑的权利，还应考虑到相称性原则以及其他人权原则和标准。

30.

30.

The Committees are concerned about cases where children are separated from parents and placed in alternative care by child protection systems when there are no concerns related to parental abuse and neglect.

两委员会感到关切的是，在不存在父母虐待和忽视的情况下，儿童有时被儿童保护系统带离父母并安置在替代性照料场所。

Financial and material poverty, or conditions directly and uniquely attributable to such poverty, should never be the sole justification for removing a child from parental care, for receiving a child into alternative care or for preventing a child’s social reintegration.

绝不可以将经济贫困和物质贫困，或可直接造成和特别归咎于这种贫困的各种状况作为剥夺父母对儿童的照料、以替代性照料方式安置儿童或阻止儿童重新融入社会的唯一理由。

In this regard, States should provide appropriate assistance to parents and legal guardians in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities, including by providing social benefits and child allowances and other social support services regardless of the migration status of the parents or the child.

在这方面，各国应为父母和法定监护人履行其抚养子女的义务提供适当的援助，包括提供社会福利、儿童津贴和其他社会支助服务，不论父母或其子女的移民身份如何。

31.

31.

The Committees are also of the opinion that based on article 18 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, a comprehensive approach to the child’s right to a family environment in the context of migration should contemplate measures directed at enabling parents to fulfil their duties with regard to child development.

两委员会还认为，根据《儿童权利公约》第18条，若要以综合的方式对待具移民背景儿童享有家庭环境的权利，就应考虑采取措施，使父母能够履行其在儿童发展方面的职责。

Considering that irregular migration status of children and/or their parents may obstruct such goals, States should make available regular and non-discriminatory migration channels, as well as provide permanent and accessible mechanisms for children and their families to access long-term regular migration status or residency permits based on grounds such as family unity, labour relations, social integration and others.

考虑到儿童和(或)其父母的非正常移民身份可能妨碍实现这些目标，各国应提供正常和非歧视性的移民渠道，并提供常设和便利机制，让儿童及其家人有机会以家庭团聚、劳动关系、社会融入等理由获得长期的正常移民身份或居留许可。

2.

2.

Family reunification

家庭团聚

32.

32.

Under article 10 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, States parties are to ensure that applications for family reunification are dealt with in a positive, humane and expeditious manner, including facilitating the reunification of children with their parents.

《儿童权利公约》第10条规定，缔约国应确保以积极的人道主义态度迅速办理家庭团聚的申请，包括为儿童与父母团聚提供便利。

When the child’s relations with his or her parents and/or sibling(s) are interrupted by migration (in both the cases of the parents without the child, or of the child without his or her parents and/or sibling(s)), preservation of the family unit should be taken into account when assessing the best interests of the child in decisions on family reunification.

在儿童与父母和(或)兄弟姐妹的关系由于移民被中断(造成家长身边无子女，或儿童身边无家长和(或)无兄弟姐妹)的情况下，在为作出关于家庭团聚的决定而对儿童最大利益进行评估时，应考虑到维护家庭单位。

33.

33.

In the case of undocumented children in the context of international migration, States shall develop and implement guidelines, taking particular care that time limits, discretionary powers, and/or lack of transparency in administration procedures should not hinder the child’s right to family reunification.

对于具国际移民背景的无证儿童，各国应制定和实施相关准则，特别注意时间限制、酌处权和(或)行政程序缺乏透明度不应妨碍儿童享有家庭团聚的权利。

34.

34.

In the case of unaccompanied or separated children, including children separated from their parents due to the enforcement of immigration laws, such as the parents’ detention, efforts to find sustainable, rights-based solutions for them should be initiated and implemented without delay, including the possibility of family reunification.

对于孤身或离散儿童，包括由于移民法执法(如父母被拘留)而丧失与父母分离的儿童，应尽快启动和开展工作，为他们找到可持续和立足权利的解决办法，包括实现家庭团聚的可能性。

If the child has family in the country of destination, the country of origin or a third country, child protection and welfare authorities in countries of transit or destination should contact family members as soon as possible.

如果儿童在目的地国、原籍国或第三国有家人，过境国或目的地国的儿童保护部门和福利部门应尽快联系其家庭成员。

The decision as to whether a child should be reunited with his or her family in the country of origin, transit and/or destination should be based on a robust assessment in which the child’s best interests are upheld as a primary consideration and family reunification is taken into consideration, and which includes a sustainable reintegration plan where the child is guaranteed to participate in the process.

在决定儿童是否应与原籍国、过境国和(或)目的地国的家人团聚时，应作出可靠的评估，以维护儿童的最大利益为首要考虑，将家庭团聚纳入考虑，并制定一项可持续的重新融入计划，保证儿童对这一进程的参与。

35.

35.

Family reunification in the country of origin should not be pursued where there is a “reasonable risk” that such a return would lead to the violation of the human rights of the child.

当在原籍国与家人团聚存在“相当大的风险”会导致儿童人权遭到侵犯时，不应采取这种做法。

When family reunification in the country of origin is not in the best interests of the child or not possible due to legal or other obstacles to return, the obligations under article 9 and 10 of the Convention of the Rights of the Child come into effect and should govern the State’s decisions on family reunification therein.

当在原籍国家庭团聚不符合儿童的最大利益或因回返面临法律等方面的障碍而无法实现时，《儿童权利公约》第9和第10条规定的义务生效，应主导国家关于家庭团聚的决定。

Measures for parents to reunify with their children and/or regularize their status on the basis of their children’s best interests should be put in place. Countries should facilitate family reunification procedures in order to complete them in an expeditious manner, in line with the best interests of the child.

应制定措施，以儿童的最大利益为依据，使父母与子女团聚和(或)使其身份正常化。 各国应便利家庭团聚程序，以便依照儿童的最大利益迅速完成程序。

It is recommended that States apply best interest determination procedures in finalizing family reunification.

建议各国在最终完成家庭团聚工作的过程中适用最大利益确定程序。

36.

36.

When a country of destination refuses family reunification to the child and/or to his/her family, it should provide detailed information to the child, in a child-friendly and age-appropriate manner, on the reasons for the refusal and on the child’s right to appeal.

如目的地国拒绝儿童和(或)其家人团聚，该国应以有利于儿童child-friendly和适合其年龄的方式向儿童提供详细资料，说明拒绝的理由以及儿童的上诉权。

37.

37.

Children that remain in their countries of origin may end up migrating irregularly and unsafely, seeking to be reunited with their parents and/or older siblings in destination countries.

留在原籍国的儿童最终可能不正常和不安全地移民，寻求与父母和(或)哥哥姐姐在目的地国团聚。

States should develop effective and accessible family reunification procedures that allow children to migrate in a regular manner, including children remaining in countries of origin who may migrate irregularly.

各国应制定便捷有效的家庭团聚程序，使儿童，包括留在原籍国可能不正常移民的儿童能够正常移民。

States are encouraged to develop policies that enable migrants to regularly be accompanied by their families in order to avoid separation.

鼓励各国制定政策，使移民者能够正常地携家人同行，避免分离。

Procedures should seek to facilitate family life and ensure that any restrictions are legitimate, necessary and proportionate.

各项程序应设法为家庭生活提供便利，并确保限制措施是合法、必要和相称的。

While this duty is primarily for receiving and transit countries, States of origin should also take measures to facilitate family reunification.

虽然这主要是接收国和过境国的责任，但原籍国也应采取措施推动家庭团聚。

38.

38.

The Committees are aware that insufficient financial resources often hinder the exercise of the right to family reunification and that the lack of proof of adequate family income can constitute a barrier to reunion procedures.

两委员会认识到，缺乏资金往往妨碍家庭团聚权的行使，无法证明具有充足的家庭收入可能会成为团聚程序中的一个障碍。

States are encouraged to provide adequate financial support and other social services to those children and their parent(s), siblings and, where applicable, other relatives.

鼓励各国为这些儿童及其父母、兄弟姐妹和在适用情况下其他亲属提供适当的资金支助和其他社会服务。

F.

F.

Protection from all forms of violence and abuse, including exploitation, child labour and abduction, and sale or traffic in children (articles 11 and 27 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families;

防止一切形式的暴力和虐待，包括剥削、童工劳动和诱拐以及买卖或贩运儿童行为(《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第11和第27条；

articles 19, 26, 32, 34, 35 and 36 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child)

《儿童权利公约》第19、第26、第32、第34、第35和第36条)

39.

39.

Children in the context of international migration, in particular those who are undocumented, stateless, unaccompanied or separated from their families, are particularly vulnerable, throughout the migratory process, to different forms of violence, including neglect, abuse, kidnapping, abduction and extortion, trafficking, sexual exploitation, economic exploitation, child labour, begging or involvement in criminal and illegal activities, in countries of origin, transit, destination and return.

具国际移民背景的儿童，尤其是无证件、无国籍、孤身儿童或与家人离散的儿童，在整个移民过程中特别容易遭受各种形式的暴力，包括在原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国遭受忽视、虐待、绑架、诱拐和勒索、贩运、性剥削、经济剥削、童工劳动、乞讨或卷入犯罪和非法活动。

Such children are at risk of experiencing violence by State or non-State actors or witnessing violence against their parents or others, particularly when travelling or residing in an irregular manner.

这些儿童有可能遭受国家或非国家行为方实施的暴力或目睹父母或其他人遭受暴力，特别是在非正常旅行或居留时。

The Committees draw the attention of States to article 6 of the Hague Convention of 19 October 1996 on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Cooperation in Respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children under which the judicial or administrative authorities of the Contracting State have jurisdiction to take measures directed to the protection of the child’s person or property with regard to refugee children and children who, due to disturbances occurring in their country, are internationally displaced and are present on the territory as a result of their displacement.

两委员会提请各国注意1996年 10月19日《关于在父母责任和保护儿童措施方面的管辖权、适用法律、承认、执行和合作的海牙公约》第六条，其中规定，对于难民儿童及由于他们的国家发生 动乱而在国际范围内流离失所并因此来到缔约国境内的儿童，缔约国的司法或行政部门具有采取保护儿童人身或财产的措施的管辖权。

40.

40.

The Committees are also aware that restrictive migration or asylum policies, including criminalization of irregular migration, the absence of sufficient safe, orderly, accessible and affordable regular migration channels or lack of adequate child protection systems, render migrant and asylum-seeking children, including unaccompanied or separated children, particularly vulnerable to suffering violence and abuse during their migration journey and in the countries of destination.

两委员会还意识到，限制性移民或庇护政策，包括对非正常移民定罪、缺少足够安全、有序、便捷和可负担的正常移民渠道或缺少适当的儿童保护制度，导致包括孤身儿童或离散儿童在内的移民儿童和寻求庇护儿童特别容易在移民途中和目的地国遭受暴力和虐待。

41.

41.

It is essential that States take all necessary measures to prevent and combat the illicit transfer and non-return of children as well as the worst forms of child labour, including all forms of slavery, commercial sexual exploitation, the use of children for illicit activities, including begging, and hazardous work, and protect them from violence and economic exploitation.

各国必须采取一切必要措施，防止和制止非法将儿童移转和不让其返回本国的行为以及最恶劣形式的童工劳动，包括一切形式的奴役、商业性性剥削、利用儿童从事非法活动(包括乞讨和危险工作)，保护儿童免遭暴力和经济剥削。

The Committees recognize that children face gender-specific risks and vulnerabilities which should be identified and specifically addressed.

两委员会认识到，儿童面临的性别相关风险和脆弱性应得到识别和专门处理。

In many contexts, girls may be even more vulnerable to trafficking, especially for purposes of sexual exploitation.

在许多情况下，女童可能更容易遭到贩运，特别是出于性剥削目的的贩运。

Additional measures should be taken to address the particular vulnerability of girls and boys, including those who might have a disability, as well as children who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or intersex persons, to trafficking for the purposes of sexual exploitation and abuse.

应采取更多措施，处理女童和男童(包括可能患有残疾的女童和男童)以及同性恋、双性恋、跨性别或双性儿童尤其容易遭到出于性剥削和性虐待目的的贩运的情况。

42.

42.

Undocumented migrant children and parents dependent on residence or work permits, who can easily be made undocumented by their sponsor/employer, face risks of being reported to the immigration authorities by public service providers or other officials or by private individuals.

无证移民儿童及依靠居留或工作许可的父母(担保人/雇主可能轻易使其成为无证人员)面临遭公共服务提供者或其他官员或个人向移民主管部门举报的风险。

This limits their enjoyment of human rights, including protection and access to justice, and makes them more vulnerable to violence and to labour and other types of exploitation and abuse, and could be the result of policies prioritizing the detection of migrants in irregular status instead of their protection from violence, abuse and exploitation, making children more vulnerable to experiencing violence or witnessing violence against a family member.

这限制了他们享有人权，包括受到保护和获得司法救助，使他们更容易遭受暴力以及劳动剥削和虐待及其他类型的剥削和虐待， 这可能是由于政策优先注重识别身份不正常的移民，而不是保护他们免遭暴力、虐待和剥削，使得儿童更容易遭受暴力或目睹家庭成员遭受暴力。

Among other measures, effective firewalls between child protection services and immigration enforcement should be ensured.

除其他措施外，应确保在儿童保护部门与移民执法部门之间建立有效的防火墙。

43.

43.

For migrant children for whom there are indications of trafficking, sale or other forms of sexual exploitation or who may be at risk of such acts or of child marriage, States should adopt the following measures:

对于有遭到贩运、买卖或其他形式性剥削的迹象或可能面临此类行为或童婚风险的移民儿童，各国应采取以下措施：

Establish early identification measures to detect victims of sale, trafficking and abuse, as well as referral mechanisms, and in this regard carry out mandatory training for social workers, border police, lawyers, medical professionals and all other staff who come into contact with children

制定早期识别措施，识别买卖、贩运和虐待行为的受害者，设立转介机制，并向社会工作者、边防警察、律师、医务专业人员和其他所有接触儿童的工作人员提供这方面的强制性培训

Where different migration statuses are available, the most protective status (i.e., asylum or residence on humanitarian grounds) should be applied and granting such status should be determined on a case-by-case basis in accordance with the best interests of the child

在可以给予不同移民身份的情况下，应采用最具保护性的身份(即基于人道主义理由的庇护或居留)，并应依照儿童的最大利益逐案决定是否给予这种身份

Ensure that the granting of residence status or assistance to migrant child victims of sale, trafficking or other forms of sexual exploitation is not made conditional on the initiation of criminal proceedings or their cooperation with law enforcement authorities.

确保不以启动刑事诉讼或与执法当局合作为条件，向遭到买卖、贩运或其他形式的性剥削的移民儿童提供居留身份或协助。

44.

44.

Furthermore, States should take the following actions to ensure the full and effective protection of migrant children from all forms of violence and abuse:

此外，各国应采取以下行动，以确保充分和有效地保护移民儿童免遭一切形式的暴力和虐待：

Take effective measures to ensure that they are protected from any form of slavery and commercial sexual exploitation and from being used for illicit activities or from any work that would jeopardize their health, safety or morals, including by becoming party to relevant conventions of the International Labour Organization Take effective measures to protect them from all forms of violence and abuse, regardless of their migration status

采取有效措施，包括加入国际劳工组织有关公约，以保护儿童免遭任何形式的奴役和商业性性剥削，不被用于从事非法活动或任何危害其健康、安全或道德的工作 采取有效措施，保护儿童免遭一切形式的暴力和虐待，不论其移民身份如何

Recognize and address the gender-specific vulnerable situations of girls and boys and children with disabilities as potential victims of trafficking for sexual, labour and all other forms of exploitation

承认并处理女童和男童以及残疾儿童作为性剥削、劳动剥削和其他形式剥削的潜在受害者与性别有关的脆弱状况

Ensure comprehensive protection, support services and access to effective redress mechanisms, including psychosocial assistance and information about those remedies, for migrant children and their families reporting cases of violence, abuse or exploitation to police or other relevant authorities, regardless of their migration status;

确保为向警方或其他有关主管部门举报暴力、虐待或剥削事件的移民儿童及其家人提供全面的保护、支助服务和有效的补救机制，包括社会心理援助和关于补救措施的信息，不论其移民身份如何；

children and parents must be able to safely report to police or other authorities as victims or witnesses without any risk of immigration enforcement as a result

儿童和父母必须能够作为受害人或证人安全地向警方或其他主管部门进行举报，而不会因此面临任何移民执法的风险

Recognize the important role that can be played by community services and civil society organizations in regard to the protection of migrant children

确认社区服务和民间社会组织在保护移民儿童方面可以发挥重要作用

Develop comprehensive policies aimed at addressing the root causes of all forms of violence, exploitation and abuse against migrant children, including adequate resources for their proper implementation

制定全面政策，以消除针对移民儿童的一切形式的暴力、剥削和虐待行为的根源，包括为政策的正确执行提供充足资源。

G.

G.

Right to protection from economic exploitation, including underage and hazardous work, employment conditions and social security (articles 25, 27, 52, 53, 54 and 55 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families;

免受经济剥削的权利，包括不从事不符合年龄的工作和危险工作的权利；就业条件和社会保障(《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第25、第27、第52、第53、第54和第55条；

articles 26 and 32 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child)

《儿童权利公约》第26和第32条)

45.

45.

With due respect to international labour standards related to the minimum age for admission to employment and the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour, not all work carried out by migrant children who are above legal working age is exploitative or undertaken in hazardous conditions.

在适当遵守关于准予就业最低年龄及禁止和消除最恶劣形式的童工劳动的国际劳工标准的情况下，法定工作年龄以上的移民儿童从事的工作并非都具有剥削性或处于危险条件之下。

The Committees remind States that migrant children above working age, irrespective of their status, should enjoy equal treatment to that of national children in respect of remuneration, other conditions of work and terms of employment.

两委员会提醒各国，不论身份如何，达到工作年龄的移民儿童在工作报酬、其他工作条件和雇用条件方面应享有与作为国民的儿童平等的待遇。

46.

46.

States should take all appropriate legislative and administrative measures, including a gender dimension, to regulate and protect the employment of migrant children with respect to the minimum age of employment and hazardous work.

各国应采取一切适当的立法和行政措施，包括性别层面的措施，在最低就业年龄和危险工作方面监管和保护移民儿童的就业。

Given the specific risk to which migrant children are exposed, States shall also ensure that, in both law and practice, all necessary measures, including the provision of appropriate penalties, be taken by the competent authority to guarantee the effective enforcement of the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and relevant international standards and that migrant children: Enjoy fair terms of employment as well as decent working conditions, in line with internationally accepted standards

鉴于移民儿童面临的具体风险，各国还应确保在法律和实践中，由主管部门采取一切必要措施，包括规定适当的惩罚，以保证切实执行《儿童权利公约》的规定和有关国际标准，并保证移民儿童： 享有符合国际公认标准的公平就业条件和体面工作条件

Enjoy specific protective measures regulating the hours and conditions under which children can work

享有监管儿童工作时间和工作条件的具体保护措施

Are subject to periodic medical examinations attesting to their fitness for work

接受定期体检，以证明其适合工作

Have access to justice in case of violation of their rights by public or private actors, including by ensuring effective complaints mechanisms and a firewall between labour rights and immigration enforcement

在公共或私人行为方侵犯其权利时能够获得司法救助，包括确保有效的申诉机制以及劳工权利与移民执法之间的防火墙。

47.

47.

With respect to social security, migrant children and their families shall have the right to the same treatment granted to nationals, insofar as they fulfil the requirements provided for by the applicable legislation of the State and the applicable bilateral and multilateral treaties.

在社会保障方面，移民儿童及其家人应有权享有与国民同样的待遇，只要他们符合该国适用的法律以及适用的双边和多边条约的规定。

The Committees consider that in cases of necessity, States should provide emergency social assistance to migrant children and their families regardless of their migration status, without any discrimination.

两委员会认为，在必要情况下，各国应不加区分地向移民儿童及其家人提供紧急社会援助，不论其移民身份如何。

48.

48.

In cases of migrant families, including with children born to migrant parents, the Committees stress the interdependence between parental responsibilities for the upbringing and development of the child under articles 5 and 18 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and labour rights for migrant workers under relevant provisions of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.

关于移民家庭，包括移民期间生育子女的家庭，两委员会强调，《儿童权利公约》第5和第18条规定的父母对儿童的养育和发展的责任与《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》有关条款规定的移民工人的劳工权利之间存在相互依存关系。

Therefore, States should, as far as possible, take measures to ensure that the rights at work of migrant parents, including those in an irregular situation, are fully respected.

因此，各国应尽可能采取措施，确保移民父母，包括身份不正常的移民父母在工作场所的权利能得到充分尊重。

H.

H.

Right to an adequate standard of living (article 45 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families;

适足生活水准权(《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第45条；

article 27 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child)

《儿童权利公约》第27条)

49.

49.

States should ensure that children in the context of international migration have a standard of living adequate for their physical, mental, spiritual and moral development.

各国应确保具国际移民背景儿童享有足以促进其身体、智力、精神和道德发展的生活水准。

As provided in article 27 (3) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. States, in accordance with national conditions and within their means, shall take appropriate measures to assist parents and others responsible for the child to implement this right and shall in case of need provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing.

《儿童权利公约》第27条第3款规定，各国按照本国条件并在其能力范围内，应采取适当措施帮助父母或其他负责照顾儿童的人实现此项权利，并在需要时提供物质援助和支助方案，特别是在营养、衣着和住房方面。

50.

50.

States parties should develop detailed guidelines on standards of reception facilities, assuring adequate space and privacy for children and their families.

缔约国应制定关于接待设施标准的详细准则，确保儿童及其家人有足够的空间和隐私。

States should take measures to ensure an adequate standard of living in temporary locations, such as reception facilities and formal and informal camps, ensuring that these are accessible to children and their parents, including persons with disabilities, pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers.

各国应采取措施，确保接待设施及正式和非正式营地等临时场所的适足生活水准，确保这些设施及场所对儿童及其父母，包括残疾人、孕妇和哺乳期母亲无障碍。

States should ensure that residential facilities do not restrict children’s day-to-day movements unnecessarily, including de facto restriction of movement.

各国应确保居住设施不会不必要地限制儿童的日常活动，包括不存在事实上的行动限制。

51.

51.

States should not interfere with children’s right to housing by means of measures which prevent migrants from renting properties.

各国不应通过阻止移民租赁住房的手段干预儿童的住房权。

Measures should be taken to ensure that migrant children, regardless of their status, are able to access homeless shelters.

应采取措施，确保移民儿童能够进入无家可归者收容所，不论其身份如何。

52.

52.

States should develop procedures and standards to establish firewalls between public or private service providers, including public or private housing providers, and immigration enforcement authorities.

各国应制定程序和标准，在公共或私营服务提供者(包括公共或私营住房提供者)与移民执法机构之间建立防火墙。

Similarly, States should ensure that irregular migrant children are not criminalized for exercising their right to housing and that private actors, such as landlords and civil society organizations, who facilitate their exercise of this right are also not criminalized.

同样，各国应确保非正常移民儿童不会因行使住房权而被定罪，帮助他们行使这项权利的私营行为方(如房东和民间社会组织)也不会被定罪。

53.

53.

The Convention on the Rights of the Child stipulates that States parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the Convention to each child within its jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind;

《儿童权利公约》规定，缔约国应尊重《公约》所载权利，并确保其管辖范围内每一儿童均享受此种权利，不应有任何歧视；

this includes discrimination against children on the basis of their or their parents’ migration status.

这包括不因儿童或其父母的移民身份而进行歧视。

The Committees therefore urge States parties to provide equitable access to economic, social and cultural rights.

因此，两委员会促请缔约国提供实现经济、社会及文化权利的公平机会，

States are encouraged to expeditiously reform legislation, policies and practices that discriminate against migrant children and their families, including those in an irregular situation, or prevent them from effectively accessing services and benefits, for example social assistance.

鼓励各国尽快改革歧视移民儿童及其家人(包括身份不正常的移民儿童及其家人)或阻止他们切实获得服务和福利(如社会援助)的法律、政策和做法。

I.

I.

Right to health (articles 28 and 45 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families;

健康权(《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第28和第45条；

articles 23, 24 and 39 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child)

《儿童权利公约》第23、第24和第39条)

54.

54.

The Committees acknowledge that a child’s physical and mental health can be affected by a variety of factors, including structural determinants such as poverty, unemployment, migration and population displacements, violence, discrimination and marginalization.

两委员会确认，儿童的身心健康可能受到各种因素的影响，包括贫困、失业、移民和人口流离失所、暴力、歧视和边缘化等结构性决定因素。

The Committees are aware that migrant and refugee children may experience severe emotional distress and may have particular and often urgent mental health needs.

两委员会认识到，移民儿童和难民儿童可能会遭受严重的精神痛苦，可能有特殊和往往紧急的心理健康需要。

Children should therefore have access to specific care and psychological support, recognizing that children experience stress differently from adults.

因此，应承认儿童遭受的痛苦不同于成年人，从而向儿童提供特定的照料和心理支助。

55.

55.

Every migrant child should have access to health care equal to that of nationals, regardless of their migration status.

每名移民儿童都应该享有与国民平等的保健服务，不论其移民身份如何。

This includes all health services, whether preventive or curative, and mental, physical or psychosocial care, provided in the community or in health-care institutions.

这包括社区或卫生机构提供的所有预防性和治疗性卫生服务以及精神、身体或社会心理护理。

States have an obligation to ensure that children’s health is not undermined as a result of discrimination, which is a significant factor contributing to vulnerability;

各国有义务确保儿童健康不因歧视而遭到损害，歧视是造成脆弱性的重要因素；

the implications of multiple forms of discrimination should also be addressed.

还应处理多重形式歧视的影响。

Attention should be paid to addressing the gender-specific impacts of reduced access to services.

应注意消除获得服务机会不足对特定性别的影响。

In addition, migrant children should be provided full access to age-appropriate sexual and reproductive health information and services.

此外，应使移民儿童有充分机会获得适合年龄的性健康和生殖健康方面的信息和服务。

56.

56.

States are encouraged to emphasize a holistic approach to the right to health.

鼓励各国强调对健康权采取全面的方针。

Their national plans, policies, and strategies should address the health needs of migrant children and the vulnerable situations in which they may find themselves.

国家计划、政策和战略应满足移民儿童的健康需要，并应对他们可能面临的弱势处境。

Migrant children should have access to health services without being required to present a residence permit or asylum registration.

移民儿童应该不需提供居留许可或庇护登记就可以获得卫生服务。

Administrative and financial barriers to accessing services should be removed, including through the acceptance of alternative means of proving identity and residence, such as testimonial evidence.

应消除获得服务方面的行政和资金障碍，包括通过接受证明身份和居留情况的替代手段，如证词。

In addition, the Committees urge States to prohibit the sharing of patients’ data between health institutions and immigration authorities as well as immigration enforcement operations on or near public health premises, as these effectively limit or deprive migrant children or children born to migrant parents in an irregular situation of their right to health.

此外，两委员会促请各国禁止卫生机构向移民部门分享患者数据，禁止在公共卫生场所或其周围开展移民执法行动，因为这些做法实际上会限制或剥夺身份不正常的移民儿童或移民父母所生子女的健康权。

Effective firewalls should be put in place in order to ensure their right to health.

应建立有效防火墙，以确保他们享有健康权。

57.

57.

Discrimination can often exacerbate insufficient financial and legal protection, and may force migrant children to postpone treatment until they are seriously ill.

歧视往往会加剧经济和法律保护不足的状况，并可能迫使移民儿童延误治疗，直至病情严重。

Attention should be paid to resolving the issues surrounding complicated health services that require prompt and extensive responses, in which discriminatory approaches may severely affect the health of migrant children and significantly delay their treatment and recovery period.

应重视处理复杂卫生服务中需要快速大力应对的问题，在这种情况下，歧视性做法可能会严重影响移民儿童的健康，并在很大程度上延误治疗和康复期。

The commitment of health professionals should be first to their patients and to upholding children’s health as a human right.

卫生专业人员应首先对患者负责，并应将儿童的健康作为一项人权加以维护。

58.

58.

Restrictions on adult migrants’ right to health on the basis of their nationality or migration status could also affect their children’s right to health, life and development.

以国籍或移民身份为由限制成年移民的健康权也可能影响其子女的健康、生命和发展权。

Therefore, a comprehensive approach to children’s rights should include measures directed at ensuring the right to health to all migrant workers and their families, regardless of their migration status, as well as measures aimed at ensuring an intercultural approach to health policies, programmes and practices.

因此，全面的儿童权利方针应包括采取措施确保所有移民工人及其家人享有健康权，不论其移民身份如何，以及采取措施确保以跨文化的办法对待卫生政策、方案和做法。

J.

J.

Right to education and professional training (articles 30, 43 and 45 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families;

接受教育和职业培训的权利(《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第30、第43和第45条；

articles 28, 29, 30 and 31 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child)

《儿童权利公约》第28、第29、第30和第31条)

59.

59.

All children in the context of international migration, irrespective of status, shall have full access to all levels and all aspects of education, including early childhood education and vocational training, on the basis of equality with nationals of the country where those children are living.

所有具国际移民背景儿童，不论身份如何，都应在与其所在国的国民平等的基础上，充分获得各级和各方面的教育，包括幼儿教育和职业培训。

This obligation implies that States should ensure equal access to quality and inclusive education for all migrant children, irrespective of their migration status.

这项义务意味着各国应确保所有移民儿童均有机会平等获得具有包容性的优质教育，不论其移民身份如何。

Migrant children should have access to alternative learning programmes where necessary and participate fully in examinations and receive certification of their studies.

在必要时，移民儿童应有机会获得替代学习方案，参加考试并获得学业证明。

60.

60.

The Committees strongly urge States to expeditiously reform regulations and practices that prevent migrant children, in particular undocumented children, from registering at schools and educational institutions.

两委员会强烈促请各国迅速改革不让移民儿童，特别是无证儿童在学校和教育机构登记入学的规章和做法。

States should also develop effective firewalls between educational institutions and immigration authorities and prohibit the sharing of students’ data as well as immigration enforcement operations on or near school premises, as these practices limit or deprive migrant children or children of migrant workers in an irregular situation of their right to education.

各国还应在教育机构与移民主管部门之间建立有效的防火墙，禁止分享学生数据，禁止在校内或学校周围开展移民执法行动，因为这些做法会限制或剥夺非正常移民儿童或非正常移民工人的子女的受教育权。

To respect children’s right to education, States are also encouraged to avoid disruption during migration-related procedures, avoiding children having to move during the school year if possible, as well as supporting them to complete any compulsory and ongoing education courses when they reach the age of majority.

为了尊重儿童的受教育权，还鼓励各国在移民相关程序中避免中断教育，尽可能避免儿童在学年期间迁离，并帮助他们在到达成年年龄时完成义务教育和进修教育课程。

While access to upper-level education is not compulsory, the principle of non-discrimination obliges States to provide available services to every child without discrimination on the basis of their migration status or other prohibited grounds.

虽然高等教育不是义务教育，但不歧视原则要求各国向每名儿童提供现有的服务，不因其移民身份或其他被禁止的理由予以歧视。

61.

61.

States should put in place adequate measures to recognize the child’s former education by acknowledging previously obtained school certificates and/or issuing new certification based on the child’s capacities and capabilities, to avoid creating stigmatization or penalization.

各国应制定适当措施，承认儿童之前获得的学校证书并(或)根据儿童水平和能力颁发新的证书，以承认儿童之前接受的教育，避免造成污名化或不应有的惩罚。

This is equally applicable to countries of origin or third countries in the case of return.

在回返的情况下，这一点同样适用于原籍国或第三国。

62.

62.

The principle of equality of treatment requires States to eliminate any discrimination against migrant children and to adopt appropriate and gender-sensitive provisions to overcome educational barriers.

平等待遇原则要求各国消除对移民儿童的任何歧视，并通过适当和顾及性别问题的规定克服教育障碍。

This means that, where necessary, targeted measures are needed, including additional language education, additional staff and other intercultural support, without discrimination of any kind.

这意味着在必要情况下，需要采取有针对性的措施，包括额外的语言教育、 额外的工作人员和其他跨文化支助，不得有任何歧视。

States are encouraged to dedicate staff to facilitating access to education for migrant children and to promoting the integration of migrant children into schools.

鼓励各国指派专职人员为移民儿童接受教育提供便利并帮助移民儿童融入学校。

In addition, States should take measures aimed at prohibiting and preventing any kind of educational segregation, to ensure that migrant children learn the new language as a means for effective integration.

此外，各国应采取旨在禁止和预防任何形式的教育隔离的措施，以确保移民儿童通过学习新语言实现有效融入。

State efforts should include the provision of early childhood education as well as psychosocial support.

国家的努力应包括提供幼儿教育和社会心理支助。

States should also provide formal and non-formal learning opportunities, teacher training and life skills classes.

各国还应提供正式和非正式的学习机会、教师培训和生活技能课程。

63.

63.

States should develop concrete measures to foster intercultural dialogue between migrant and host communities and to address and prevent xenophobia or any type of discrimination or related intolerance against migrant children.

各国应制定具体措施，促进移民与东道国社区的文化间对话，消除和防止仇外心理或针对移民儿童的任何形式的歧视或相关不容忍行为。

In addition, integrating human rights education, including on non-discrimination, as well as migration and migrants’ rights and children’s rights, within education curricula would contribute to preventing in xenophobic or any form of discriminatory attitudes that could affect migrants’ integration in the long term.

此外，在教育课程中纳入关于不歧视等问题的人权教育以及移民现象、移民权利和儿童权利的内容将有助于防止仇外心理或可能长期影响移民融入的任何形式的歧视性态度。

III.

三.

International cooperation

国际合作

64.

64.

The Committees reaffirm the need to address international migration through international, regional or bilateral cooperation and dialogue and through a comprehensive and balanced approach, recognizing the roles and responsibilities of countries of origin, transit, destination and return in promoting and protecting the human rights of children in the context of international migration, so as to ensure safe, orderly and regular migration, with full respect for human rights and avoiding approaches that might aggravate their vulnerability.

两委员会重申，必须通过国际、区域或双边合作和对话以及全面和平衡的方针处理 国际移民问题，确认原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国在促进和保护具国际移民背景儿童人权方面的作用和责任，以便确保安全、有序和正常的移民活动，充分尊 重人权，避免采用可能加剧移民脆弱性的做法。

In particular, cross-border case management procedures should be established in an expeditious manner in conformity with the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol thereto and the 1996 Hague Convention on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Cooperation in Respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children.

具体而言，应按照《儿童权利公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、 1951年《关于难民地位的公约》及其1967年《议定书》以及1996年《关于在父母责任和保护儿童措施方面的管辖权、适用法律、承认、执行和合作的海 牙公约》迅速建立跨境案件管理程序。

In addition, cooperation could include initiatives aimed at strengthening financial and technical assistance as well as resettlement programmes to countries which host a large number of displaced persons, including children, from other countries and are in need of assistance.

此外，合作可包括旨在加强向收容大量来自其他国家的流离失所者(包括儿童)并需要援助的国家提供资金和技术援助以及重新安置方案的举措。

All practices should be fully in line with international human rights and refugee law obligations.

所有做法应充分符合国际人权法和国际难民法规定的义务。

65.

65.

In order to ensure that this comprehensive and balanced approach is consistent with the best interests of children, child protection/welfare agencies should have a key role in the development of any international, regional or bilateral agreements that affect the rights and treatment of children in the context of international migration.

为了确保这种全面和平衡的方针符合儿童的最大利益，儿童保护/福利机构应在影响具国际移民背景儿童的权利和待遇的任何国际、区域或双边协议的制定过程中发挥重要作用。

Bilateral, regional and international initiatives should be encouraged in order to facilitate family reunification, implement best interest assessment and determination, and guarantee children’s right to be heard and due process safeguards.

应鼓励双边、区域和国际举措，以促进家庭团聚、开展最大利益评估和确定工作并保障儿童陈述意见的权利和正当程序保障。

Such initiatives should ensure access to justice in cross-border situations where children whose rights are affected in the country of transit or destination need it after they have returned to the country of origin or gone to a third country.

这些举措应确保在跨境情况下寻求司法救助的机会，在儿童权利在过境国或目的地国遭到侵犯的情况下，当他们返回原籍国或前往第三国后，可能需要这样的机会。

In addition, States should ensure the participation of children and civil society organizations, including regional intergovernmental institutions, in these processes.

此外，各国应确保儿童和民间社会组织，包括区域政府间机构参与这些进程。

States should also avail themselves of technical cooperation from the international community and United Nations agencies and entities, including the United Nations Children’s Fund and the International Organization for Migration, for the implementation of migration policies in respect of children in line with the present joint general comment.

各国还应利用国际社会以及联合国机构和实体，包括联合国儿童基金会和国际移民组织提供的技术合作，根据本联合一般性意见落实与儿童有关的移民政策。

IV.

四.

Dissemination and use of the joint general comment and reporting

联合一般性意见的传播和使用以及报告工作

66.

66.

States parties should disseminate widely the present joint general comment to all stakeholders, in particular parliaments, governmental authorities, including child protection and migration authorities and personnel, and the judiciary, at all national, regional and local levels.

缔约国应向国家、区域和地方各级所有利益攸关方，特别是议会、政府主管部门，包括儿童保护主管部门和移民主管部门及其工作人员和司法机关广泛传播本联合一般性意见。

It should be made known to all children and all relevant professionals and stakeholders, including those working for and with children (i.e., judges, lawyers, police and other law enforcement entities, teachers, guardians, social workers, staff of public or private welfare institutions and shelters, and health-care providers), the media and civil society at large.

应使所有儿童以及所有相关的专业人员和利益攸关方，包括从事儿童工作的人员(即法官、律师、警察和其他执法实体、教师、监护人、社会工作者、公营和私营福利机构和收容所工作人员及卫生服务提供者)、媒体和广大民间社会，都知晓本联合一般性意见。

67.

67.

The present joint general comment should be translated into relevant languages, and child-friendly/appropriate versions and formats accessible to persons with disabilities should be made available.

本联合一般性意见应翻译成相关语文； 应提供方便/适合儿童使用的版本和对残疾人无障碍的格式。

Conferences, seminars, workshops and other events should be held to share good practices on how best to implement it.

应举行会议、研讨会、讲习班以及其他活动，分享有关如何最好地执行本联合一般性意见的良好做法。

It should also be incorporated into the formal pre- and in-service training of all concerned professionals and to technical staff in particular, as well as to child protection, migration and law enforcement authorities and personnel, and should be made available to all national and local human rights institutions and other human rights civil society organizations.

还应将其纳入所有相关专业人员(特别是技术人员)以及儿童保护、移民和执法主管机构和工作人员的正式岗前培训和在职培训，并应将其提供给所有国家和地方人权机构以及其他从事人权工作的民间社会组织。

68.

68.

States parties should include in their reports under article 73 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and article 44 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child information about the measures guided by the present joint general comments that they have implemented and their outcomes.

缔约国应在其根据《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第73条和《儿童权利公约》第44条提交的报告中说明在本联合一般性意见指导下已经实施的措施及其成果。

The present joint general comment should be read in conjunction with joint general comment No. 3 (2017) of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and No. 22 (2017) of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on the general principles regarding the human rights of children in the context of international migration. 1

本联合一般性意见应结合关于具国际移民背景儿童的人权问题一般性原则的保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第3号和儿童权利委员会第22号联合一般性意见(2017年)一起阅读。

States parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child are obliged, in terms of article 4 on implementation of rights, read with article 2 on non-discrimination, to undertake measures regarding economic, social and cultural rights to all children within their jurisdictions, to the maximum extent of their available resources and with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of these rights without prejudice to obligations that are immediately applicable according to international law.

《儿童权利公约》缔约国有义务根据结合关于不歧视的第2条一并阅读的关于实现权利的第4条，在现有资源所允许的最大限度范围内，为实现其管辖范围内所有儿童的经济、社会及文化权利采取措施，以期逐步充分实现这些权利，且不影响根据国际法立即适用的义务。

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 19 (2016) on public budgeting for the realization of children’s rights, paras. 28-34.

见儿童权利委员会关于实现儿童权利的公共预算编制的第19号一般性意见(2016年)，第28-34段。

2

2

General Assembly resolution 64/142, annex.

大会第64/142号决议附件。

3

3

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, report of the 2012 day of general discussion on the rights of all children in the context of international migration, paras. 68-69.

见儿童权利委员会，2012年关于所有具国际移民背景儿童的权利的一般性讨论日的报告，第68-69段。

Available from www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CRC/Discussions/2012/DGD2012ReportAndRecommendations.pdf.

可查阅www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CRC/Discussions/2012/DGD2012ReportAndRecommendations.pdf。

4

4

Convention on the Rights of the Child, art. 37;

《儿童权利公约》第37条；

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, arts. 16 and 17;

《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第16和第17条；

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, arts. 3 and 9;

《世界人权宣言》第三和第九条；

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 9.

《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第九条。

5

5

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, report of the 2012 day of general discussion, para. 78.

见儿童权利委员会，2012年一般性讨论日报告，第78页。

See also the United Nations Basic Principles and Guidelines on Remedies and Procedures on the Right of Anyone Deprived of Their Liberty to Bring Proceedings Before a Court (A/HRC/30/37, annex), in particular principle 21, para. 46, and guideline 21.

另见《联合国与任何被剥夺自由者向法院提起诉讼的权利有关的补救措施和程序的基本原则和准则》(A/HRC/30/37, 附件)，特别是原则21第46段和准则21。

6

6

Deprivation of liberty is defined in article 4 (2) of the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment as “any form of detention or imprisonment or the placement of a person in a public or private custodial setting which that person is not permitted to leave at will by order of any judicial, administrative or other authority”.

《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》第4条第2款将剥夺自由定义为“任何形式的拘留或监禁或将人置于公共或私人扣押之下并由于按照任何司法、行政或其他公共机关的命令而不准其凭意愿离开”。

Rule 11 of the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty states: “For the purposes of the Rules, the following definitions should apply: … (b) The deprivation of liberty means any form of detention or imprisonment or the placement of a person in a public or private custodial setting, from which this person is not permitted to leave at will, by order of any judicial, administrative or other public authority.”

《联合国保护被剥夺自由少年规则》规则11指出，“为本《规则》的目的，应采用以下定义：…(b) 剥夺自由系指对一个人采取任何形式的拘留或监禁，或将其置于公共或私人扣押之下，并由于任何司法、行政或其他公共机关的命令而不准自行离去”。

7

7

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, report of the 2012 day of general discussion, para. 78.

见儿童权利委员会，2012年一般性讨论日的报告，第78段。

8

8

See Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 2 (2013) on the rights of migrant workers in an irregular situation and members of their families, para. 24.

见保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会关于身份不正常的移民工人及其家庭成员权利的第2号一般性意见(2013年)，第24段。

9

9

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 6 (2005) on treatment of unaccompanied and separated children outside their country of origin, para. 61.

见儿童权利委员会关于远离原籍国无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的儿童待遇的第6号一般性意见(2005年)，第61段。

10

10

See A/HRC/28/68, para. 80.

见A/HRC/28/68, 第80段。

11

11

See Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 2, para. 24.

见保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第2号一般性意见，第24段。

See also Committee on the Rights of the Child, report of the 2012 day of general discussion, para. 78.

另见儿童权利委员会，2012年一般性讨论日报告，第78段。

Along the same lines, see the report of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (A/HRC/13/30), para. 58;

同样，见任意拘留问题工作组的报告(A/HRC/13/ 30)，第58段；

and the report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants (A/HRC/20/24), paras. 31 and 38.

移民人权问题特别报告员的报告(A/HRC/20/24)，第31和第38段。

12

12

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, report of the 2012 day of general discussion, para. 79.

见儿童权利委员会，2012年一般性讨论日报告，第79段。

13

13

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 6, paras. 39-40.

见儿童权利委员会第6号一般性意见，第39-40段。

14

14

See A/HRC/20/24, para. 40;

见A/HRC/20/24, 第40段；

Rights and Guarantees of Children in the Context of Migration and/or in Need of International Protection, Advisory Opinion OC−21/14 of 19 August 2014, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, para. 159;

《移民儿童和/或需要国际保护的儿童的权利和保障》，美洲人权法院《2014年8月19日OC−21/14号咨询意见》，第159段；

and A/HRC/28/68, para. 80.

A/HRC/28/68, 第80段。

15

15

See the Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children.

见《关于替代性儿童照料的导则》。

16

16

See United Nations Basic Principles and Guidelines on Remedies and Procedures on the Right of Anyone Deprived of Their Liberty to Bring Proceedings Before a Court, in particular guideline 18 (see A/HRC/30/37, para. 100).

见《联合国与任何被剥夺自由者向法院提起诉讼的权利有关的补救措施和程序的基本原则和准则》，特别是准则18(见A/HRC/30/37, 第100段)。

17

17

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, report of the 2012 day of general discussion, para. 75.

见儿童权利委员会，2012年一般性讨论日报告，第75段。

18

18

Human Rights Council resolution 25/6.

人权理事会第25/6号决议。

See also Advisory Opinion OC−21/14 of 19 August 2014, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, paras. 108-143.

另见美洲人权法院2014年8月19日OC−21/14号咨询意见，第108-143段。

19

19

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 6, paras. 20-21 and 33-38.

见儿童权利委员会第6号一般性意见，第20-21和第33-38段。

20

20

According to article 1 of the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, a stateless person is “a person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law”.

《关于无国籍人地位的公约》第一条规定，无国籍人是指“任何国家根据它的法律不认为它的公民的人”。

21

21

See Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 15 (1986) on the position of aliens under the Covenant, para. 7.

见人权事务委员会关于《公约》所规定的外侨地位的第15号一般性意见(1986年)，第7段。

22

22

Human Rights Committee, communications No. 2009/2010, Ilyasov v. Kazakhstan, Views adopted on 23 July 2014;

人权事务委员会，第2009/2010号来文，《Ilyasov诉哈萨克斯坦案》，2014年7月23日通过的意见，

No. 2243/2013, Husseini v. Denmark, Views adopted on 24 October 2014;

第2243/2013号来文，《Husseini诉丹麦案》，2014年10月24日通过的意见；

No. 1875/2009, M.G.C. v. Australia, Views adopted on 26 March 2015;

第1875/2009号来文，《M.C.G.诉澳大利亚案》，2015年3月26日通过的意见；

No. 1937/2010, Leghaei and others v. Australia, Views adopted on 26 March 2015;

第1937/2010号来文，《Leghaei等人诉澳大利亚案》，2015年3月26日通过的意见；

and No. 2081/2011, D.T. v. Canada, Views adopted on 15 July 2006.

第2081/2011号来文，《D.T.诉加拿大案》，2006年7月15日通过的意见。

23

23

See Advisory Opinion OC−21/14 of 19 August 2014, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, para. 280.

见美洲人权法院《2014年8月19日OC−21/14号咨询意见》，第280段。

24

24

See Committee on the on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 2 (2013), para. 50.

见保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第2号一般性意见(2013年)，第50段。

25

25

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, report of the 2012 day of general discussion, para. 91.

见儿童权利委员会，2012年一般性讨论日报告，第91段。

See also article 69 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.

另见《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第69条。

26

26

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 14 (2013) on the right of the child to have his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration, para. 66.

儿童权利委员会关于儿童将其最大利益列为首要考虑的权利的第14号一般性意见(2013年)，第66段。

27

27

See Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 2, para. 2.

见保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第2号一般性意见，第2段。

28

28

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, report of the 2012 day of general discussion, para. 86.

见儿童权利委员会，2012年一般性讨论日报告，第86段。

29

29

See general comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, paras. 5 and 8.

见关于儿童享有可达到的最高标准健康的权利问题的第15号一般性意见(2013)，第5和第8段。

30

30

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, report of the 2012 day of general discussion, para. 86.

见儿童权利委员会，2012年一般性讨论日报告，第86段。

31

31

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, report of the 2012 day of general discussion, para. 86.

见儿童权利委员会，2012年一般性讨论日报告，第86段。

32

32

See Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 2, para. 74.

见保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第2号一般性意见，第74段。

33

33

See article 45 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.

见《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第45条。