| CRC/GC/13 CRC_GC_13E.docx (English) | CRC/GC/13 CRC_GC_13C.docx (Chinese) |
| CRC | CRC |
| General comment No. 13 (2011) | 第13号一般性意见(2011年) |
| The right of the child to freedom from all forms of violence | 儿童免遭一切形式暴力侵害的权利 |
| Document CRC/C/GC/13 | Document CRC/C/GC/13 |
| I. Introduction | 一. 导言 |
| Article 19 states the following: | 1. 第19条规定： |
| “1. States Parties shall take all appropriate
legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect
the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or
abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation,
including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal
guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child. | “1. 缔约国应采取一切适当的立法、行政、社会和教育措施，保护儿 童在受父母、法定监护人或其他任何负责照管儿童的人的照料时，不致受 到任何形式的身心摧残、伤害或凌辱，忽视或照料不周，虐待或剥削，包括性侵犯。 |
| “2. Such protective measures should, as appropriate,
include effective procedures for the establishment of social programmes
to provide necessary support for the child and for those who have the
care of the child, as well as for other forms of prevention and for
identification, reporting, referral, investigation, treatment and
follow-up of instances of child maltreatment described heretofore, and,
as appropriate, for judicial involvement.” | “2. 这类保护性措施应酌情包括采取有效程序以建立社会方案，向儿 童和负责照管儿童的人提供必要的支助，采取其他预防形式，查明、报 告、查询、调查、处理和追究前述的虐待儿童事件，以及在适当时进行司法干预。 ” |
| Rationale for the present general comment. | 2. 提出本项一般性意见的理由。 |
| The Committee on the Rights of the Child
(hereinafter: the Committee) issues the present general comment on
article 19 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (hereinafter:
the Convention), since the extent and intensity of violence exerted on
children is alarming. | 儿童权利委员会(下称“委员会”) 鉴于对儿童施暴现象的广度及强度达到令人震惊的地步，特此发表本项关于《儿童权利公约》(下称《公约》)第19条的一般性意见。 |
| Measures to end violence must be massively
strengthened and expanded in order to effectively put an end to these
practices which jeopardize children’s development and societies’
potential non-violent solutions for conflict resolution. | 为切实结束有损儿童发展及社会上可能的非暴力的冲突解决办法的做法，必须大规模加强和扩大各种旨在制止暴力的措施。 |
| Overview. | 3. 概述。 |
| The general comment is based on the following fundamental assumptions and observations: | 一般性意见基于以下基本假定和观点： |
| (a) “No violence against children is justifiable; all violence against children is preventable”; | “任何针对儿童的暴力行为均不可原谅；所有对儿童施暴的现象都可预防”； |
| (b) A child rights-based approach to child caregiving
and protection requires a paradigm shift towards respecting and
promoting the human dignity and the physical and psychological integrity
of children as rights-bearing individuals rather than perceiving them
primarily as “victims”; | 以儿童权利为基础的照料和保护儿童的方针需要做出范式的转变，尊重和促进儿童的人格尊严及身心健全，将儿童作为拥有权利的个人，而非主要将他们视为“受害者”； |
| (c) The concept of dignity requires that every child
is recognized, respected and protected as a rights holder and as a
unique and valuable human being with an individual personality, distinct
needs, interests and privacy; | 尊严的概念要求每个儿童被作为权利拥有者及具有个体人格、特殊需要、利益和隐私的独特而宝贵的个人受到承认、尊重和保护； |
| (d) The principle of the rule of law should apply fully to children as it does to adults; | 法治的原则应当象适用于成人一样充分适用于儿童； |
| (e) Children’s rights to be heard and to have their
views given due weight must be respected systematically in all
decision-making processes, and their empowerment and participation
should be central to child caregiving and protection strategies and
programmes; | 在一切决策进程中必须系统地尊重儿童的意见受到听取和应有重视的权利，对儿童的给权赋能和儿童的参与应当成为各种照料和保护儿童战略及方案的核心； |
| (f) The right of children to have their best
interests be a primary consideration in all matters involving or
affecting them must be respected, especially when they are victims of
violence, as well as in all measures of prevention; | 必须尊重儿童使自己的最大利益在一切涉及和影响儿童事务(特别是当儿童作为暴力受害者时)以及一切预防措施中作为首要考虑的权利； |
| (g) Primary prevention, through public health,
education, social services and other approaches, of all forms of
violence is of paramount importance; | 对一切形式暴力的基本预防至关重要，可通过公共卫生、教育、社会服务和其他方针实施； |
| (h) The Committee recognizes the primary position of
families, including extended families, in child caregiving and
protection and in the prevention of violence. | 委员会承认家庭包括大家庭在照料和保护儿童及预防暴力方面的首要地位。 |
| Nevertheless, the Committee also recognizes that the
majority of violence takes place in the context of families and that
intervention and support are therefore required when children become the
victims of hardship and distress imposed on, or generated in, families; | 但是，委员会也承认，大多数暴力行为发生在家庭范围内，因此当儿童成为家庭所施加或源于家庭的苦难和痛苦的受害者时，需要进行干预和支持； |
| (i) The Committee is also aware of widespread and
intense violence applied against children in State institutions and by
State actors including in schools, care centres, residential homes,
police custody and justice institutions which may amount to torture and
killing of children, as well as violence against children frequently
used by armed groups and State military forces. | 委员会也意识到在国家机构及国家行为者包括学校、照看中心、寄宿之家、警方拘留所和司法机构中广泛存在严重的针对儿童的暴力行为，有可能构成酷刑和杀害儿童行为，还有武装群体和国家军事力量经常对儿童采取的暴力行为。 |
| Definition of violence. | 4. 暴力的定义。 |
| For the purposes of the present general comment,
“violence” is understood to mean “all forms of physical or mental
violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment
or exploitation, including sexual abuse” as listed in article 19,
paragraph 1, of the Convention. | 为本一般性意见的目的，对“暴力”的理解是指《公约》第19条第1款所列“任何形式的身心摧残、伤害或凌辱，忽视或照料不周，虐待或剥削，包括性侵犯”。 |
| The term violence has been chosen here to represent
all forms of harm to children as listed in article 19, paragraph 1, in
conformity with the terminology used in the 2006 United Nations study on
violence against children, although the other terms used to describe
types of harm (injury, abuse, neglect or negligent treatment,
maltreatment and exploitation) carry equal weight. | 这里按照2006年联合国研究暴力侵害儿童行为问题报告中使用的术语，选用暴力一词代表第19条第1款中所列的对儿童的各种形式的伤害，虽然其他用来描述伤害类型(摧残、凌辱、忽视或照料不周、虐待和剥削)具有同等的分量。 |
| In common parlance the term violence is often understood to mean only physical harm and/or intentional harm. | 在通常的用语中，暴力一词往往被理解为只指身体伤害和/或故意伤害。 |
| However, the Committee emphasizes most strongly that
the choice of the term violence in the present general comment must not
be interpreted in any way to minimize the impact of, and need to
address, non-physical and/or non-intentional forms of harm (such as,
inter alia, neglect and psychological maltreatment). | 但是，委员会特别强调，在本一般性意见中选择暴力一词绝不能被解释为从轻对待非人身和/或非故意伤害形式(如忽视和心理虐待)的影响及应对这些现象的必要性。 |
| States’ obligations and the responsibilities of family and other actors. | 5. 国家的义务和家庭及其他行为者的责任。 |
| References to “States parties” relate to the
obligations of States parties to assume their responsibilities towards
children not only at the national level, but also at the provincial and
municipal levels. | 提到“缔约国”是要联系缔约国的义务，即不仅在国家层面对儿童要承担责任，在省市层面上也要承担责任。 |
| These special obligations are due diligence and the
obligation to prevent violence or violations of human rights, the
obligation to protect child victims and witnesses from human rights
violations, the obligation to investigate and to punish those
responsible, and the obligation to provide access to redress human
rights violations. | 这些特殊义务是指应有注意和防止暴力或侵犯人权的义务，保护儿童受害者和证人的人权不受侵犯的义务，调查和惩处责任者的义务，为侵犯人权行为提供救济渠道的义务。 |
| Regardless of whether violence takes place, States
parties have a positive and active obligation to support and assist
parents and other caregivers to secure, within their abilities and
financial capacities and with respect for the evolving capacities of the
child, the living conditions necessary for the child’s optimal
development (arts. 18 and 27). | 不论是否发生暴力行为，缔约国均负有正面和主动的义务，要支持和协助家长及其他照料者在其能力和财力范围内根据儿童能力的发展情况确保儿童最佳发展所必须的生活条件(第18和27条)。 |
| States parties, furthermore, shall ensure that all
persons who, within the context of their work, are responsible for the
prevention of, protection from, and reaction to violence and in the
justice systems are addressing the needs and respecting the rights of
children. | 而且，缔约国应确保所有在工作中负责预防、保护和应对暴力行为者及在司法系统工作者应注意儿童的需要，尊重儿童的权利。 |
| Evolution of general comment No. 13. | 6. 第13号一般性意见的演变。 |
| The present general comment builds on the existing
guidance provided by the Committee in its review of States parties’
reports and the respective concluding observations, the recommendations
of two days of general discussion on violence against children, held in
2000 and 2001, general comment No. 8 (2006) on the right of the child to
protection from corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms
of punishment, and references in other general comments to the topic of
violence. | 本一般性意见是基于现有的委员会审议缔约国报告时提出的指导意见以及相应的结论性意见、
2000和2001年举行的为期共两天的关于暴力侵害儿童问题的一般性讨论的建议、关于儿童受保护免遭体罚和其他残忍或不人道形式惩罚的第8号一般性意见
(2006年)以及其他一般性意见中对暴力问题的评述。 |
| The present general comment draws attention to the
recommendations of the 2006 report of the independent expert for the
United Nations study on violence against children (A/61/299) and calls
on States parties to implement those recommendations without delay. | 本一般性意见提请注意联合国研究暴力侵害儿童行为问题独立专家2006年的报告 (A/61/299)，呼吁缔约国不加拖延地执行这些建议。 |
| It calls attention to the detailed guidance available in the Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children. | 委员会提请注意《关于替代性儿童照料的导则》中提出的详细指导。 |
| It also draws on the expertise and experience of
United Nations agencies, Governments, non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), community organizations, development agencies, and children
themselves in seeking to implement article 19 in practice. | 委员会还吸收了努力在实践中执行第19条的联合国各机构、各国政府、非政府组织、社区组织、发展机构以及儿童自己的专业知识和经验。 |
| Article 19 in context. | 7. 在整体背景下看待第19条。 |
| The Committee recognizes that: | 委员会承认： |
| (a) Article 19 is one of many provisions in the Convention directly relating to violence. | 第19条是《公约》中直接涉及暴力问题的许多条款之一。 |
| The Committee also recognizes the direct relevance to
article 19 of the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child
prostitution and child pornography and the Optional Protocol on the
involvement of children in armed conflict. | 委员会也承认，《关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题任择议定书》和《关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》都与第19条直接有关。 |
| However, the Committee holds that article 19 forms
the core provision for discussions and strategies to address and
eliminate all forms of violence in the context of the Convention more
broadly; | 但是，委员会认为，第19条是更广泛地在《公约》背景下处理和消除各种形式暴力的讨论和战略的核心条款； |
| (b) Article 19 is strongly linked to a broad range of provisions in the Convention beyond those relating directly to violence. | 除了那些直接涉及暴力问题的条款外，第19条还与《公约》中的大量条款有着强有力的联系。 |
| In addition to the articles containing the rights
identified as principles of the Convention (see section V of the present
general comment), implementation of article 19 must be situated in the
context of articles 5, 9, 18 and 27; | 除了载有被视为《公约》原则的权利的那些条款外(见本一般性意见第五节)，第19条的执行必须置于第5、9、18和27条的背景下； |
| (c) Children’s rights to respect for their human
dignity, physical and psychological integrity and to equal protection
under the law are also recognized in other international and regional
human rights instruments; | 儿童在人格尊严和身心健全方面受到尊重以及得到法律之下平等保护的权利也得到其他国际和区域人权文书的承认； |
| (d) Implementation of article 19 requires cooperation
within and between national, regional and international human rights
bodies, mechanisms and United Nations agencies; | 执行第19条需要国家、区域和国际人权机构、机制以及联合国各机构内部和相互之间的合作； |
| (e) Cooperation is needed in particular with the
Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against
Children, who has the mandate to promote the implementation of the
recommendations of the United Nations study on violence against children
in close collaboration with Member States and a wide range of partners,
including United Nations agencies and organizations, civil society
organizations and children, in order to safeguard the child’s right to
freedom from all forms of violence. | 尤其需要与暴力侵害儿童行为问题秘书长特别代表进行合作，代表的任务是推动执行联合国研究暴力侵害儿童行为问题报告的建议，与会员国及广泛的伙伴进行密切协作，包括联合国各机构和组织、民间社会组织和儿童，以保障儿童不受一切形式暴力侵害的权利。 |
| Dissemination. | 8. 传播。 |
| The Committee recommends that States parties widely
disseminate the present general comment within government and
administrative structures, to parents, other caregivers, children,
professional organizations, communities and civil society at large. | 委员会建议，缔约国在政府和行政架构内向父母、其他照料者、儿童、专业组织、社区和整个民间社会广泛传播本一般性意见。 |
| All channels of dissemination, including print media, the Internet and children’s own communication means, should be used. | 应当使用各种传播渠道，包括纸质媒体、互联网和儿童自己的交流渠道。 |
| This will necessitate translating it into relevant
languages, including sign languages, Braille and easy-to-read formats
for children with disabilities. | 这就需要将一般性意见译成相关语言，包括手语、布莱叶盲文和方便残疾儿童阅读的版本。 |
| It also requires making culturally appropriate and
child-friendly versions available, holding workshops and seminars,
implementing age- and disability-specific support to discuss its
implications and how best to implement it, and incorporating it into the
training of all professionals working for and with children. | 还要求提供适合特定文化和适合儿童的版本，举行讲习班和研讨会，提供针对具体年龄段和具体残疾情况的支持，讨论其影响及最佳执行办法，并将其纳入所有从事儿童工作和工作中涉及儿童的专业人员的培训中。 |
| Reporting requirements under the Convention. | 9. 《公约》下的报告要求。 |
| The Committee refers States parties to the reporting
requirements outlined in the treaty-specific reporting guidelines
(CRC/C/58/Rev.2 and Corr.1), in general comment No. 8 (para. 53), and in
the concluding observations of the Committee adopted following the
dialogues with representatives of States parties. | 委员会请缔约国参阅专门条约报告准则 (CRC/C/58/Rev.2和Corr.1)、第8号一般性意见(第53段)及委员会在与缔约国代表对话后通过的结论性意见中列出的报告要求。 |
| The current general comment consolidates and
specifies the measures on which States parties are expected to give
information in the reports to be submitted under article 44 of the
Convention. | 本一般性意见综合和明确了希望缔约国在按照《公约》第44条所提交的报告中提供相关信息的措施。 |
| The Committee also recommends that States parties
include information on progress made towards implementing the
recommendations of the United Nations study on violence against children
(A/61/299, para. 116). | 委员会还建议缔约国在报告中列入执行联合国研究暴力侵害儿童行为问题报告 (A/61/299，第116段)方面取得的进展情况的信息。 |
| Reporting should comprise laws and other regulations
taken to prohibit violence and to intervene appropriately when violence
occurs and also measures for the prevention of violence,
awareness-raising activities and the promotion of positive, non-violent
relationships. | 报告应包括为禁止暴力和在发生暴力时适当干预而通过的法律和其他规范以及有关预防暴力、提高意识活动和倡导积极、非暴力关系的活动的措施。 |
| In the reports it should be furthermore specified who
has responsibility for the child and family at each stage of
intervention (including prevention), what those responsibilities are, at
what stage and under what circumstances professionals can intervene,
and how different sectors work together. | 报告中还应当进一步明确在每个干预阶段(包括预防)中谁对儿童和家庭负有责任，负有哪些责任，在什么阶段和什么情形下专业人员可以干预，不同部门如何共同开展工作。 |
| Additional sources of information. | 10. 其他资料来源。 |
| The Committee also encourages United Nations
agencies, national human rights institutions, NGOs and other competent
bodies to provide it with relevant information on the legal status and
prevalence of all forms of violence and progress towards their
elimination. | 委员会也鼓励联合国各机构、国家人权机构、非政府组织和其他职能部门向委员会提供关于各种形式暴力行为的法律地位、蔓延程度及消除工作进展方面的相关信息。 |
| II. Objectives | 二. 目标 |
| The present general comment seeks: | 11. 本一般性意见旨在： |
| (a) To guide States parties in understanding their
obligations under article 19 of the Convention to prohibit, prevent and
respond to all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse,
neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation of
children, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal
guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child, including
State actors; | 指导缔约国理解其在《公约》第19条下负有的义务，即,在儿童受父母、法定监护人或其他任何负责照管儿童的包括国家行为者的照料时，禁止、防止和处理对儿童的一切形式的身心摧残、伤害或凌辱，忽视或照料不周，虐待或剥削，包括性侵犯； |
| (b) To outline the legislative, judicial, administrative, social and educational measures that States parties must take; | 列出缔约国必须采取的立法、司法、行政、社会和教育措施； |
| (c) To overcome isolated, fragmented and reactive
initiatives to address child caregiving and protection which have had
limited impact on the prevention and elimination of all forms of
violence; | 克服孤立、分散和被动地处理儿童照料和保护问题的举措，因为这类举措对防止和消除一切形式暴力行为的效果有限； |
| (d) To promote a holistic approach to implementing
article 19 based on the Convention’s overall perspective on securing
children’s rights to survival, dignity, well-being, health, development,
participation and non-discrimination – the fulfilment of which are
threatened by violence; | 以《公约》关于确保儿童的生存、尊严、福利、健康、发展、参与和不歧视权利的整体视角为基础，提倡对第19条的执行采取整体方针，上述种种权利的落实均受到暴力的威胁； |
| (e) To provide States parties and other stakeholders
with a basis on which to develop a coordinating framework for
eliminating violence through comprehensive child rights-based caregiving
and protection measures; | 提供一个基础，供缔约国和其他的利害关系方制订通过全面的基于儿童权利的照料和保护措施消除暴力行为的协调框架； |
| (f) To highlight the need for all States parties to move quickly to fulfil their obligations under article 19. | 强调所有缔约国需要迅速行动起来，履行第19条下的义务。 |
| III. Violence in children’s lives | 三. 儿童生活中的暴力问题 |
| Challenges. | 12. 挑战。 |
| The Committee acknowledges and welcomes the numerous
initiatives developed by Governments and others to prevent and respond
to violence against children. | 委员会确认并欢迎各国政府和其他方面制订的预防和应对暴力侵害儿童行为的众多举措。 |
| In spite of these efforts, existing initiatives are in general insufficient. | 虽然作出了这些努力，但现有的举措总体而言仍然不足。 |
| Legal frameworks in a majority of States still fail
to prohibit all forms of violence against children, and where laws are
in place, their enforcement is often inadequate. | 大多数国家中的法律框架仍然没有禁止一切形式暴力侵害儿童行为，有法律时执法工作也不够。 |
| Widespread social and cultural attitudes and practices condone violence. | 普遍的社会和文化观念及习俗宽容暴力。 |
| The impact of measures taken is limited by lack of
knowledge, data and understanding of violence against children and its
root causes, by reactive efforts focusing on symptoms and consequences
rather than causes, and by strategies which are fragmented rather than
integrated. | 由于对暴力侵害儿童现象及其根源缺乏了解、数据和理解，由于被动性的工作侧重于表象和后果而不是根源，由于相关战略是分散性而不是整体性的，从而限制了所采取措施的效果。 |
| Resources allocated to address the problem are inadequate. | 为解决这个问题而分配的资源也不够。 |
| The human rights imperative. | 13. 人权的要求。 |
| Addressing and eliminating the widespread prevalence
and incidence of violence against children is an obligation of States
parties under the Convention. | 处理和消除暴力侵害儿童现象的广泛蔓延和发生是缔约国在《公约》下的一项义务。 |
| Securing and promoting children’s fundamental rights
to respect for their human dignity and physical and psychological
integrity, through the prevention of all forms of violence, is essential
for promoting the full set of child rights in the Convention. | 通过防止各种形式的暴力行为，确保和促进儿童的基本权利，尊重其人格尊严和身心健全，对于促进《公约》中的全部儿童权利具有根本重要性。 |
| All other arguments presented here reinforce but do not replace this human rights imperative. | 此处提出的所有其他论点是巩固而不是代替这一人权方面的要求。 |
| Strategies and systems to prevent and respond to violence must therefore adopt a child rights rather than a welfare approach. | 因此，预防和应对暴力问题的战略和体系必须采取一个出于儿童权利而不是福利的方针。 |
| (See para. 53 for more details). | (详见第35段。) |
| Societal development and children’s contribution. | 14. 社会的发展和儿童的贡献。 |
| A respectful, supportive child-rearing environment
free from violence supports the realization of children’s individual
personalities and fosters the development of social, responsible and
actively contributing citizens in the local community and larger
society. | 一个消除暴力、尊重和扶持性的儿童养育环境会支持儿童个体人格的实现，有助于为当地社区乃至整个社会培养社会性、负责和积极贡献的公民。 |
| Research shows that children who have not experienced
violence and who develop in a healthy manner are less likely to act
violently, both in childhood and when they become adults. | 研究表明，未曾受过暴力并以健康方式成长起来的儿童在儿童时代和成年以后出现暴力行为的可能性较低。 |
| Preventing violence in one generation reduces its likelihood in the next. | 在上一代防止暴力能够降低下一代发生暴力的可能性。 |
| Implementation of article 19 is therefore a key
strategy for reducing and preventing all forms of violence in societies
and for promoting “social progress and better standards of life” and
“freedom, justice and peace in the world” for the “human family” in
which children have a place and a value equal to that of adults
(Convention preamble). | 因此，为在社会中减少和预防一切形式暴力，推动儿童与成人享有同等地位和价值的“人类家庭”的“社会进步及更高的生活水平”以及“世界自由、正义与和平”(《公约》序言)，落实第19条是一项关键战略。 |
| Survival and development – the devastating impact of violence against children. | 15. 生存和发展－暴力侵害儿童的毁灭性影响。 |
| Children’s survival and their “physical, mental,
spiritual, moral and social development” (art. 27, para. 1) are severely
negatively impacted by violence, as described below: | 如下所述，儿童的生存和“生理、心理、精神、道德和社会发展”(第27条第1款)受到暴力的严重不利影响。 |
| (a) The short- and long-term health consequences of
violence against children and child maltreatment are widely recognized.
They include: fatal injury; non-fatal injury (possibly leading to
disability); physical health problems (including failure to thrive,
later lung, heart and liver disease and sexually transmitted
infections); cognitive impairment (including impaired school and work
performance); psychological and emotional consequences (such as feelings
of rejection and abandonment, impaired attachment, trauma, fear,
anxiety, insecurity and shattered self-esteem); mental health problems
(such as anxiety and depressive disorders, hallucinations, memory
disturbances and suicide attempts); and health-risk behaviours (such as
substance abuse and early initiation of sexual behaviour); | 暴
力侵害儿童和虐待儿童行为的短期和长期健康后果得到广泛承认，包括：致命性伤害；非致命性伤害(可能导致残疾)；生理健康问题(包括以后死于肺病、心脏
病、肝病和性传播感染病)；认知障碍(包括就学和工作能力受损)；心理和情感后果(如被排斥和摒弃感、依恋障碍、创伤、恐惧、焦虑、不安全感和自尊受
损)；心理健康问题(如焦虑和抑郁性紊乱，幻觉、记忆障碍和自杀企图)；以及健康高风险行为(如药物滥用和过早开始性行为)； |
| (b) Developmental and behavioural consequences (such
as school non-attendance and aggressive, antisocial, self-destructive
and interpersonal destructive behaviours) can lead, inter alia, to
deterioration of relationships, exclusion from school and coming into
conflict with the law). | 发育和行为方面的后果(如逃学以及侵犯性、反社会、自我毁灭和人际损害行为)会造成关系的恶化、被学校开除和触犯法律。 |
| There is evidence that exposure to violence increases
a child’s risk of further victimization and an accumulation of violent
experiences, including later intimate partner violence. | 有证据表明，接触暴力会使儿童增加进一步受害和累积暴力经历的风险，包括以后的亲密伴侣暴力。 |
| (c) The impact on children, in particular
adolescents, of high-handed or “zero tolerance” State policies in
response to child violence is highly destructive as it is a punitive
approach victimizing children by reacting to violence with more
violence. | 对于儿童暴力问题采取高压或“零容忍”的国家政策对儿童特别是青少年的影响具有高度的破坏性，因为这是一种惩罚性方针，针对暴力施以更大的暴力，从而使儿童成为受害者。 |
| Such policies are often shaped by public concerns
over citizens’ security and by the high profile given to these issues by
mass media. | 此类政策的形成往往是由于公众对公民安全的关切以及大众媒体对这些问题的大量报导。 |
| State policies on public security must carefully
consider the root causes of children’s offences in order to provide a
way out of a vicious circle of retaliating violence with violence. | 关于公共安全的国家政策必须仔细考虑儿童犯罪问题的根源，从而找到结束以暴制暴的恶性循环的办法。 |
| The cost of violence against children. | 16. 暴力侵害儿童行为的代价。 |
| The human, social and economic costs of denying children’s rights to protection are enormous and unacceptable. | 儿童被剥夺受保护的权利，会产生巨大和无法接受的人力、社会和经济代价。 |
| Direct costs may include medical care, legal and social welfare services and alternative care. | 直接代价可包括医疗、法律和社会福利服务和替代照料。 |
| Indirect costs may include possible lasting injury or
disability, psychological costs or other impacts on a victim’s quality
of life, disruption or discontinuation of education, and productivity
losses in the future life of the child. | 间接代价可包括可能的持久伤害或残疾，心理代价或其他对受害者生活质量的影响，教育的中断或停止，儿童今后生活中生产能力的丧失。 |
| They also include costs associated with the criminal
justice system as a result of crimes committed by children who have
experienced violence. | 这些代价还包括有暴力经历的儿童犯罪带来的刑事司法体系方面的费用。 |
| The social costs arising from a demographic imbalance
due to the discriminatory elimination of girls before birth are high
and have potential implications for increased violence against girls
including abduction, early and forced marriage, trafficking for sexual
purposes and sexual violence. | 由于歧视性地消除女性胎儿，造成人口比例失衡，由此带来高昂的社会费用，并有可能引发更多针对女孩的暴力行为，包括绑架、早婚和强迫婚姻、为性目的贩运人口和性暴力。 |
| IV. Legal analysis of article 19 | 四. 对第19条的法律分析 |
| A. Article 19, paragraph 1 | A. 第19条第1款 |
| 1. “… all forms of …” | 1. “… 任何形式的 …” |
| No exceptions. | 17. 无一例外。 |
| The Committee has consistently maintained the
position that all forms of violence against children, however light, are
unacceptable. | 委员会一贯秉持的立场是，任何形式的暴力侵害儿童行为，无论多么轻微，均不可接受。 |
| “All forms of physical or mental violence” does not leave room for any level of legalized violence against children. | “一切形式的身体或精神暴力”杜绝了任何程度的暴力侵害儿童的合法化空间。 |
| Frequency, severity of harm and intent to harm are not prerequisites for the definitions of violence. | 频率、伤害严重程度和伤害意向均不是暴力定义的前提。 |
| States parties may refer to such factors in
intervention strategies in order to allow proportional responses in the
best interests of the child, but definitions must in no way erode the
child’s absolute right to human dignity and physical and psychological
integrity by describing some forms of violence as legally and/or
socially acceptable. | 缔约国在干预战略中可援引这些因素，以便根据儿童的最大利益作出适度的应对，但绝不允许在定义中称某些形式的暴力为法律上和/或社会上可以接受的，从而侵蚀儿童享有人格尊严和身心健全的绝对权利。 |
| The need for child rights-based definitions. | 18. 需要基于儿童权利的定义。 |
| States parties need to establish national standards
for child well-being, health and development as securing these
conditions is the ultimate goal of child caregiving and protection. | 缔约国需要确立有关儿童福利、健康和发展的国家标准，因为确保上述条件是儿童照料和保护的最终目的。 |
| Clear operational legal definitions are required of
the different forms of violence outlined in article 19 in order to ban
all forms of violence in all settings. | 为禁止各种环境中一切形式的暴力，需要对第19条中所列不同形式的暴力规定明确的可操作的法律定义。 |
| These definitions must take into account the guidance
provided in the present general comment, must be sufficiently clear to
be usable and should be applicable in different societies and cultures. | 这些定义必须考虑到本一般性意见中提供的指导，必须足够清楚以便使用，并应当可适用于不同的社会和文化。 |
| Efforts to standardize definitions internationally
(in order to facilitate data collection and cross-country exchange of
experiences) should be encouraged. | 应当鼓励国际上实现定义标准化的努力(以便利数据收集和各国之间交流经验)。 |
| Forms of violence – overview. | 19. 暴力的形式－综述。 |
| The following non-exhaustive lists outlining forms of
violence apply to all children in all settings and in transit between
settings. | 以下所列暴力形式的非详尽清单适用于不同环境中和介于不同环境之间的全体儿童。 |
| Children can experience violence at the hands of adults, and violence may also occur among children. | 儿童有可能遭受成人的暴力，儿童之间也可能发生暴力。 |
| Furthermore, some children harm themselves. | 而且，有些儿童会自我伤害。 |
| The Committee recognizes that forms of violence often co-occur and that they can span the categories used here for convenience. | 委员会承认不同暴力形式常常并发，而且可能跨越此处为方便起见所列的类别。 |
| Both girls and boys are at risk of all forms of violence, but violence often has a gender component. | 女童和男童都会面临一切形式暴力的危险，但暴力往往具有性别的成分。 |
| For example, girls may experience more sexual
violence at home than boys whereas boys may be more likely to encounter –
and experience violence within – the criminal justice system. | 例如，在家庭中女孩可能比男孩遭受更多性暴力，而男孩则更有可能遭遇刑事司法系统并在该系统中经受暴力。 |
| (See also para. 72 (b) on the gender dimensions of violence). | (参见关于暴力性别层面的第72 (b)段)。 |
| Neglect or negligent treatment. | 20. 忽视或忽略对待。 |
| Neglect means the failure to meet children’s physical
and psychological needs, protect them from danger, or obtain medical,
birth registration or other services when those responsible for
children’s care have the means, knowledge and access to services to do
so. | 忽视指未能满足儿童的生理和心理需要，未能保护儿童不受危险，在负责照料儿童者有办法、知识和途径向相关部门获得医疗、出生登记或其他服务时没有做到。 |
| It includes: | 它包括： |
| (a) Physical neglect: failure to protect a child from
harm, including through lack of supervision, or failure to provide the
child with basic necessities including adequate food, shelter, clothing
and basic medical care; | 生理忽视：未能保护儿童不受伤害，包括由于缺少监管的原因；或未能为儿童基本必需品，包括充足的食物、居所、衣服和基本医疗； |
| (b) Psychological or emotional neglect: including
lack of any emotional support and love, chronic inattention to the
child, caregivers being “psychologically unavailable” by overlooking
young children’s cues and signals, and exposure to intimate partner
violence, drug or alcohol abuse; | 心理或情感忽视：包括缺少任何情感支持和爱，对儿童长期疏忽，照料者由于忽视幼儿的暗示和信号而“心理缺失”，接触亲密伙伴暴力、药物滥用或酗酒； |
| (c) Neglect of children’s physical or mental health: withholding essential medical care; | 忽视儿童的生理或精神健康：不提供基本医疗； |
| (d) Educational neglect: failure to comply with laws
requiring caregivers to secure their children’s education through
attendance at school or otherwise; and | 教育忽视：未遵守要求照料者确保儿童通过入学或其他方式受教育的法律； |
| (e) Abandonment: a practice which is of great concern
and which can disproportionately affect, inter alia, children out of
wedlock and children with disabilities in some societies. | 遗弃：这一做法引起大量关切，在有些社会中更容易发生在非婚生儿童和残疾儿童身上。 |
| Mental violence. | 21. 精神暴力。 |
| “Mental violence”, as referred to in the Convention,
is often described as psychological maltreatment, mental abuse, verbal
abuse and emotional abuse or neglect and this can include: | 《公约》中提到的“精神暴力”往往被描述为心理虐待、精神凌辱、辱骂、情感凌辱或忽视，它可包括： |
| (a) All forms of persistent harmful interactions with
the child, for example, conveying to children that they are worthless,
unloved, unwanted, endangered or only of value in meeting another’s
needs; | 各种形式对儿童的长期损害性接触，如告诉儿童他们没有用、没人爱、讨嫌、有危险，或者说他们唯一价值在于满足他人需要； |
| (b) Scaring, terrorizing and threatening; exploiting
and corrupting; spurning and rejecting; isolating, ignoring and
favouritism; | 吓唬、恐吓和威胁；剥削和腐蚀；蔑视和排斥；孤立、无视和偏心； |
| (c) Denying emotional responsiveness; neglecting mental health, medical and educational needs; | 拒绝情感回应；忽视心理健康、医疗和教育需要； |
| (d) Insults, name-calling, humiliation, belittling, ridiculing and hurting a child’s feelings; | 侮辱、责骂、羞辱、轻视、取笑和伤害儿童的情感； |
| (e) Exposure to domestic violence; | 接触家庭暴力； |
| (f) Placement in solitary confinement, isolation or humiliating or degrading conditions of detention; and | 单独禁闭、隔离或羞辱性或有辱人格的拘押； |
| (g) Psychological bullying and hazing by adults or
other children, including via information and communication technologies
(ICTs) such as mobile phones and the Internet (known as
“cyberbullying”). | 来自成人和其他儿童的心理欺凌和欺负，包括通过信息和通信技术(信通技术)如手机和互联网(称为“网络欺凌”)。 |
| Physical violence. | 22. 人身暴力。 |
| This includes fatal and non-fatal physical violence. | 这包括致命和非致命性人身暴力。 |
| The Committee is of the opinion that physical violence includes: | 委员会认为，人身暴力包括： |
| (a) All corporal punishment and all other forms of torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; and | 所有体罚和所有其他形式的酷刑，残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚； |
| (b) Physical bullying and hazing by adults and by other children. | 来自成人和其他儿童的人身欺凌和欺负。 |
| Children with disabilities may be subject to particular forms of physical violence such as: | 23. 残疾儿童可能遭受特殊形式的人身暴力，如： |
| (a) Forced sterilization, particularly girls; | 强迫绝育，特别是女孩； |
| (b) Violence in the guise of treatment (for example
electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) and electric shocks used as “aversion
treatment” to control children’s behaviour); and | 以治疗为掩盖的暴力(如作为控制儿童行为“逆向治疗”办法而使用的电惊厥治疗和电击； |
| (c) Deliberate infliction of disabilities on children
for the purpose of exploiting them for begging in the streets or
elsewhere. | 故意使儿童致残，以便利用他们沿街或在其他地方乞讨。 |
| Corporal punishment. | 24. 体罚。 |
| In general comment No. 8 (para. 11), the Committee
defined “corporal” or “physical” punishment as any punishment in which
physical force is used and intended to cause some degree of pain or
discomfort, however light. | 在第8号一般性意见(第11段)中，委员会将“身体”或“人身”处罚定义为任何使用人身暴力并旨在造成某种程度疼痛或不适(无论如何轻微)的处罚。 |
| Most involves hitting (“smacking”, “slapping”,
“spanking”) children, with the hand or with an implement - a whip,
stick, belt, shoe, wooden spoon, etc. | 大多数涉及用手或某种工具――鞭子、棍子、皮带、鞋子、木铲等――打(“拍”、“搧”、“打屁股”)儿童。 |
| But it can also involve, for example, kicking,
shaking or throwing children, scratching, pinching, biting, pulling hair
or boxing ears, caning, forcing children to stay in uncomfortable
positions, burning, scalding, or forced ingestion. | 但也可能涉及踢、晃、扔、抓挠、捏掐、嘶咬、抓头发或打耳光、笞责、强迫儿童保持难受姿势、烧、烫或强迫吞咽。 |
| In the view of the Committee, corporal punishment is invariably degrading. | 委员会认为，体罚总是有辱人格的。 |
| Other specific forms of corporal punishment are
listed in the report of the independent expert for the United Nations
study on violence against children (A/61/299, paras. 56, 60 and 62). | 其他具体的体罚形式列于联合国研究暴力侵害儿童行为问题独立专家的报告中(A/61/299，第56、60和62段)。 |
| Sexual abuse and exploitation. | 25. 性侵犯和剥削。 |
| Sexual abuse and exploitation includes: | 性侵犯和剥削包括： |
| (a) The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful or psychologically harmful sexual activity; | 引诱或胁迫儿童从事任何非法或具有心理伤害性的性活动； |
| (b) The use of children in commercial sexual exploitation; and | 利用儿童进行商业性剥削； |
| (c) The use of children in audio or visual images of child sexual abuse; | 利用儿童制作儿童性侵犯音像品； |
| (d) Child prostitution, sexual slavery, sexual
exploitation in travel and tourism, trafficking (within and between
countries) and sale of children for sexual purposes and forced marriage. | 儿童卖淫、性奴役、旅行和旅游中的性剥削、(在国家内部和国家之间)贩运和买卖儿童用于性目的和强迫婚姻。 |
| Many children experience sexual victimization which
is not accompanied by physical force or restraint but which is
nonetheless psychologically intrusive, exploitive and traumatic. | 许多儿童的性受害经历虽没有伴随人身暴力或限制，但仍然造成心理上的侵扰、压迫和创伤 |
| Torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. | 26. 酷刑及非人或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。 |
| This includes violence in all its forms against
children in order to extract a confession, to extrajudicially punish
children for unlawful or unwanted behaviours, or to force children to
engage in activities against their will, typically applied by police and
law-enforcement officers, staff of residential and other institutions
and persons who have power over children, including non-State armed
actors. | 这包括出于以下目的而对儿童采取的所有形式的暴力：逼供、对儿童的非法或不佳行为进行法外处罚，强迫儿童从事违背自身意愿的活动，通常由警察和执法官员、寄宿机构和其他机构人员以及对儿童拥有权力者包括非国家武装行为人等采用。 |
| Victims are often children who are marginalized,
disadvantaged and discriminated against and who lack the protection of
adults responsible for defending their rights and best interests. This
includes children in conflict with the law, children in street
situations, minorities and indigenous children, and unaccompanied
children. | 受害儿童往往是被边缘化、处于不利地位、遭受歧视并缺少负责捍卫这些儿童权利和最大利益的成人保护的群体，包括违法儿童、街头儿童、少数民族儿童和土著儿童以及孤身儿童。 |
| The brutality of such acts often results in life-long physical and psychological harm and social stress. | 此类行为的残暴往往导致终生的生理和心理伤害及社会压力。 |
| Violence among children. | 27. 儿童之间的暴力。 |
| This includes physical, psychological and sexual
violence, often by bullying, exerted by children against other children,
frequently by groups of children, which not only harms a child’s
physical and psychological integrity and well-being in the immediate
term, but often has severe impact on his or her development, education
and social integration in the medium and long term. | 这些包括人身、心理和性暴力，经常采取一些儿童――往往是成群的儿童――欺凌其他儿童的形式，这不仅伤害儿童当时的身心健全和幸福，而且对中长期发展、教育和社会融入造成严重后果。 |
| Also, violence by youth gangs takes a severe toll on children, whether as victims or as participants. | 而且，青年团伙的暴力会使儿童付出沉重代价，无论是作为受害者还是参与者。 |
| Although children are the actors, the role of adults
responsible for these children is crucial in all attempts to
appropriately react and prevent such violence, ensuring that measures do
not exacerbate violence by taking a punitive approach and using
violence against violence. | 虽然行为人是儿童，但对这些儿童负有责任的成年人有关键性作用，应努力适当地反对和防止此类暴力，确保不会通过采取处罚办法和以暴制暴而采取加重暴力的措施。 |
| Self-harm. | 28. 自我伤害。 |
| This includes eating disorders, substance use and
abuse, self-inflicted injuries, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts and
actual suicide. | 这包括饮食紊乱、药物使用和滥用、自我戗害、自杀想法、自杀企图和自杀。 |
| Suicide among adolescents is of particular concern to the Committee. | 委员会特别关注青少年自杀问题。 |
| Harmful practices. | 29. 有害习俗。 |
| These include, but are not limited to: | 这些包括但不限于： |
| (a) Corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms of punishment; | 体罚和其他残忍或有辱人格的处罚形式； |
| (b) Female genital mutilation; | 女性外阴残割； |
| (c) Amputations, binding, scarring, burning and branding; | 斩断手脚、捆绑、制造伤疤、烧灼和烙印； |
| (d) Violent and degrading initiation rites; force-feeding of girls; fattening; virginity testing (inspecting girls’ genitalia); | 强暴和有辱人格的成年礼；对女孩的强行喂食；增肥；童贞检验(检查女童的生殖器)； |
| (e) Forced marriage and early marriage; | 强迫婚姻和早婚； |
| (f) “Honour” crimes; “retribution” acts of violence
(where disputes between different groups are taken out on children of
the parties involved); dowry-related death and violence; | “荣誉”犯罪；“报复性”暴力行为(不同群体之间的争端以所涉各方的儿童为复仇对象)；与嫁妆有关的致死和暴力问题； |
| (g) Accusations of “witchcraft” and related harmful practices such as “exorcism”; | “巫术”指控和相关有害习俗，如“驱魔”； |
| (h) Uvulectomy and teeth extraction. | 悬雍垂(部分)切除术和拔牙。 |
| Violence in the mass media. | 30. 大众媒体中的暴力。 |
| Mass media, especially tabloids and the yellow press,
tend to highlight shocking occurrences and as a result create a biased
and stereotyped image of children, in particular of disadvantaged
children or adolescents, who are often portrayed as violent or
delinquent just because they may behave or dress in a different way. | 大众媒体，特别是小报和黄色报刊往往突出耸人听闻的事件，从而形成对儿童持偏见和成见，特别是弱势儿童或青少年，往往被描绘成暴力或违法者，而原因仅仅是他们有着不同的行为或着装方式。 |
| Such stirred-up stereotypes pave the way for State
policies based on a punitive approach, which may include violence as a
reaction to assumed or factual misdemeanours of children and young
persons. | 这种煽动出来的定型观念为国家基于处罚办法的政策铺就了道路，而惩罚办法可能包括以暴力来反击儿童和青年人假想中或事实上的不当行为。 |
| Violence through information and communications technologies. | 31. 使用信息和通信技术的暴力。 |
| Child protection risks in relation to ICT comprise the following overlapping areas: | 涉及信通技术的儿童保护方面的风险包括下述相互重合的领域： |
| (a) Sexual abuse of children to produce both visual and audio child abuse images facilitated by the Internet and other ICT; | 对儿童的性侵犯，利用互联网和其他信通技术生产虐待儿童的音像； |
| (b) The process of taking, making, permitting to
take, distributing, showing, possessing or advertising indecent
photographs or pseudophotographs (“morphing”) and videos of children and
those making a mockery of an individual child or categories of
children; | 拍摄、制作、允许拍摄、颁发、展示、持有或促销不正当照片或假照片(“合成照片”)和儿童视频以及嘲弄某个儿童或某类儿童的视频； |
| (c) Children as users of ICT: | 儿童作为信通技术使用者： |
| (i) As recipients of information, children may be
exposed to actually or potentially harmful advertisements, spam,
sponsorship, personal information and content which is aggressive,
violent, hateful, biased, racist, pornographic, unwelcome and/or
misleading; | 作为信息接收者，儿童可能接触现实或潜在的有害广告、垃圾邮件、赞助、具有攻击、暴力、仇恨、偏见、种族主义、色情、不当和/或误导性的个人信息和内容； |
| (ii) As children in contact with others through ICT,
children may be bullied, harassed or stalked (child “luring”) and/or
coerced, tricked or persuaded into meeting strangers off-line, being
“groomed” for involvement in sexual activities and/or providing personal
information; | 由于儿童通过信通技术与他人联系，可能受到欺凌、骚扰或跟踪(儿童“引诱”)和/或受到胁迫、欺骗或劝诱从而与联系人会面，被“培养”从事性活动和/或提供个人信息； |
| (iii) As actors, children may become involved in
bullying or harassing others, playing games that negatively influence
their psychological development, creating and uploading inappropriate
sexual material, providing misleading information or advice, and/or
illegal downloading, hacking, gambling, financial scams and/or
terrorism. | 作为行为者，儿童有可能参与欺凌或骚扰他人，玩不利于其心理发育的游戏，创建和上传不当性材料，提供误导信息或建议，和/或非法下载、黑客行为、赌博、金融欺诈和/或恐怖主义。 |
| Institutional and system violations of child rights. | 32. 机构和体制对儿童权利的侵犯。 |
| Authorities at all levels of the State responsible
for the protection of children from all forms of violence may directly
and indirectly cause harm by lacking effective means of implementation
of obligations under the Convention. | 负责保护儿童不受一切形式暴力的国家各级当局由于缺乏有效的履行《公约》义务的手段而直接或间接造成伤害。 |
| Such omissions include the failure to adopt or revise
legislation and other provisions, inadequate implementation of laws and
other regulations and insufficient provision of material, technical and
human resources and capacities to identify, prevent and react to
violence against children. | 此类疏忽包括未能通过或修订立法和其他规定，执行法律和其他规定的工作不够充分，提供的物质、技术和人力资源不足，查明、预防和反击暴力侵害儿童行为的能力不足。 |
| It is also an omission when measures and programmes
are not equipped with sufficient means to assess, monitor and evaluate
progress or shortcomings of the activities to end violence against
children. | 如果措施和方案没有配备充足的评估、监测和评价结束暴力侵害儿童行为活动的进展或缺陷的手段，也是一种疏忽。 |
| Also, in the commission of certain acts,
professionals may abuse children’s right to freedom from violence, for
example, when they execute their responsibilities in a way that
disregards the best interests, the views and the developmental
objectives of the child. | 而且，职业工作者的某些行为可能会违反儿童不受暴力侵害的权利，例如，当他们在履行职责时无视儿童的最大利益、意见和发展目标时。 |
| 2. “while in the care of…” | 2. “在受…的照料时” |
| Definition of “caregivers”. | 33. “照料者”的定义。 |
| The Committee considers that, while respecting the
evolving capacities and progressive autonomy of the child, all human
beings below the age of 18 years are nonetheless “in the care of”
someone, or should be. | 委员会认为，在尊重儿童的能力发展和逐渐自主的同时，所有年龄在18岁以下的人仍在或应当由他人“照料”。 |
| There are only three conditions for children:
emancipated, in the care of primary or proxy caregivers, or in the de
facto care of the State. | 对于儿童来说，只有三种状况：不受约束，由首要或代理照料者照料，或实际由国家照料。 |
| The definition of “caregivers”, referred to in
article 19, paragraph 1, as “parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other
person who has the care of the child”, covers those with clear,
recognized legal, professional-ethical and/or cultural responsibility
for the safety, health, development and well-being of the child,
primarily: parents, foster parents, adoptive parents, caregivers in
kafalah of Islamic law, guardians, extended family and community
members; education, school and early childhood personnel; child
caregivers employed by parents; recreational and sports coaches –
including youth group supervisors; workplace employers or supervisors;
and institutional personnel (governmental or non-governmental) in the
position of caregivers - for example responsible adults in health-care,
juvenile-justice and drop-in and residential-care settings. | 第
19条第1款中所述“照料者”的定义为“父母、法定监护人或其他任何负责照料儿童的人”，其中涵盖那些对儿童的安全、健康、发展和幸福具有明确、获得承认
的法律、职业－道德和/或文化责任者，主要是：父母、养父母、收养父母、伊斯兰法的“卡法拉”中的照料者、监护人、大家庭和社区成员；教育、学校和幼儿机
构工作人员；父母雇用的保姆；休闲和运动教练――包括青少年照管者；工作场所雇主或监管人；和从事照料工作的机构工作人员(包括政府和非政府的)――如在
保健、少年司法和收留及寄宿照料机构负有责任的成人。 |
| In the case of unaccompanied children, the State is the de facto caregiver. | 对于孤身儿童，国家是事实上的照料者。 |
| Definition of care settings. | 34. 照料环境的定义。 |
| Care settings are places where children spend time
under the supervision of their “permanent” primary caregiver (such as a
parent or guardian) or a proxy or “temporary” caregiver (such as a
teacher or youth group leader) for periods of time which are short-term,
long-term, repeated or once only. | 照料环境是指儿童在其“永久”首要照料者(如一位家长或监护人)或代理或“临时”照料者(如老师或青少年组长)的监护下，短期、长期、多次或一次性待过的场所。 |
| Children will often pass between caregiving settings
with great frequency and flexibility but their safety in transit between
these settings is still the responsibility of the primary caregiver –
either directly, or via coordination and cooperation with a proxy
caregiver (for example to and from school or when fetching water, fuel,
food or fodder for animals). | 儿童常常来往于不同的照料环境中，频率很高，灵活性也很大，但其在来往过程中的安全仍然是首要照料者的责任――或者是直接责任，或者经与代理照料者的协调和合作(例如往返学校或出去取水、取柴火、取食物或为动物取草料)。 |
| Children are also considered to be “in the care of” a
primary or proxy caregiver while they are physically unsupervised
within a care setting, for example while playing out of sight or surfing
the Internet unsupervised. | 在一个照料环境之内，即使儿童不受人身监管时，也被视为受首要或代理照料者的“照料”，例如当他们在照料者视线外玩耍或不受监控地上网时。 |
| Usual care settings include family homes, schools and
other educational institutions, early childhood care settings,
after-school care centres, leisure, sports, cultural and recreational
facilities, religious institutions and places of worship. | 通常的照料环境包括家宅，学校和其他教育机构，托儿设施，放学后照管中心，休闲、体育、文化和娱乐设施，宗教机构和礼拜场所。 |
| In medical, rehabilitative and care facilities, at
the workplace and in justice settings children are in the custody of
professionals or State actors, who must observe the best interests of
the child and ensure his or her rights to protection, well-being and
development. | 在医疗、康复和照料设施中，在工作场所和司法机构中，儿童受专业工作者或国家行为人的监护，后者必须遵守儿童的最大利益并确保其受保护权、幸福权和发展权。 |
| A third type of setting in which children’s
protection, well-being and development also must be secured, are
neighbourhoods, communities and camps or settlements for refugees and
people displaced by conflict and/or natural disasters. | 必须确保儿童受保护、幸福和发展的第三类环境是难民和冲突和/或自然灾害造成的流离失所者的邻里社区及营地或定居点。 |
| Children without obvious primary or proxy caregivers. | 35. 缺少明显的首要或代理照料者的儿童。 |
| Article 19 also applies to children without a primary
or proxy caregiver or another person who is entrusted with the
protection and well-being of the child such as, for instance, children
in child-headed households, children in street situations, children of
migrating parents or unaccompanied children outside their country of
origin. | 第19条也适用于没有首要或代理照料者也没有人负责保护和保证其幸福的儿童，如儿童为家长的家庭中的儿童，街头流浪儿童，移民父母的子女或离开原籍国的孤身儿童。 |
| The State party is obliged to take responsibility as
the de facto caregiver or the one “who has the care of the child”, even
if these children are not within the context of physical care settings
such as foster homes, group homes or NGO facilities. | 缔约国有义务负起事实照料者或“照料儿童”者的职责，即使这些儿童不在具体的照料环境如收养家庭、群体之家或非政府组织设施中。 |
| The State party is under the obligation “to ensure
the child such protection and care as is necessary for his or her
well-being” (art. 3, para. 2) and to “ensure alternative care” to “a
child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or her family
environment” (art. 20). | 缔约国有义务“确保儿童享有其幸福所必需的保护和照料”(第3条第2款)，并“确保”“暂时或永久脱离家庭环境的儿童”“得到其他方式的照顾”(第20条)。 |
| There are different ways to guarantee the rights of
these children, preferably in family-like care arrangements, which must
be carefully examined with respect to the risk of these children being
exposed to violence. | 保障这些儿童权利有不同方式，最好是采取类似家庭的照料安排，对此必须仔细审查这些儿童遭受暴力的风险。 |
| Perpetrators of violence. | 36. 暴力行为人。 |
| Children may be subjected to violence by primary or
proxy caregivers and/or by others against whom their caregiver does
provide protection (for example neighbours, peers and strangers). | 儿童有可能遭受来自首要或代理照料者的暴力，也可能遭受其他人的暴力，即在其照料者没有为其提供免受这些人暴力的保护情况下(如邻居，伙伴和陌生人)。 |
| Furthermore, children are at risk of being exposed to
violence in many settings where professionals and State actors have
often misused their power over children, such as schools, residential
homes, police stations or justice institutions. | 此外，儿童在许多环境下面临受到暴力的风险，在这些环境中，专业工作者和国家行为人常常滥用其对儿童的权力，如学校、寄宿之家、警察局或司法机构。 |
| All of these conditions fall under the scope of
article 19, which is not limited to violence perpetrated solely by
caregivers in a personal context. | 所有这些情况都属于第19条的范围，它不仅限于仅由照料者在个人背景下所犯的暴力行为。 |
| 3. “shall take …” | 3. “应采取 …” |
| “Shall take” is a term which leaves no leeway for the discretion of States parties. | 37. “应采取”一语没有为缔约国留出自由裁量的余地。 |
| Accordingly, States parties are under strict
obligation to undertake “all appropriate measures” to fully implement
this right for all children. | 据此，缔约国有严格义务采取“一切适当的措施”充分落实所有儿童的这项权利。 |
| 4. “all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures” | 4. “一切适当的立法、行政、社会和教育措施” |
| General measures of implementation and monitoring. | 38. 一般的执行和监测措施。 |
| The Committee draws the attention of States parties
to general comment No. 5 (2003) on general measures of implementation of
the Convention on the Rights of the Child. | 委员会提请缔约国注意关于执行《儿童权利公约》的一般措施的第5号一般性意见(2003年)。 |
| The Committee also refers States parties to its
general comment No. 2 (2002) on the role of independent national human
rights institutions in the promotion and protection of the rights of the
child. | 委员会还请缔约国参看关于独立的国家人权机构在增进和保护儿童权利方面的作用的第2号一般性意见(2002年)。 |
| These measures of implementation and monitoring are essential to bring article 19 into reality. | 这些执行和监测措施对于落实第19条具有根本重要性。 |
| “All appropriate…measures”. | 39. “一切适当的…措施”。 |
| The term “appropriate” refers to the broad range of
measures cutting across all sectors of Government, which must be used
and be effective in order to prevent and respond to all forms of
violence. | “适当”是指跨越政府各个部分的广泛的措施，必须予以使用并须切实有效，从而预防和应对一切形式的暴力。 |
| “Appropriate” cannot be interpreted to mean acceptance of some forms of violence. | “适当”不能被理解为指接受某种形式的暴力。 |
| An integrated, cohesive, interdisciplinary and
coordinated system is required, which incorporates the full range of
measures identified in article 19, paragraph 1, across the full range of
interventions listed in paragraph 2. | 需要一个完整、紧凑、跨领域和协调的体系，其中列入第19条第1款中所列的全部措施，并涵盖第2款中所列的全部干预。 |
| Isolated programmes and activities which are not
integrated into sustainable and coordinated government policy and
infrastructures will have limited effects. | 没有融入持续和协调的政府政策和基础设施的孤立方案和活动的效果有限。 |
| Child participation is essential in the development, monitoring and evaluation of the measures outlined here. | 儿童的参与对于此处所列措施的制订、监测和评价至关重要。 |
| Legislative measures refer to both legislation, including the budget, and the implementing and enforcing measures. | 40. 立法措施既指包括预算在内的法律，也指落实和执行措施。 |
| They comprise national, provincial and municipal laws
and all relevant regulations, which define frameworks, systems,
mechanisms and the roles and responsibilities of concerned agencies and
competent officers. | 它们包括国家、省、市法律和所有相关规定，定义框架、系统、机制和相关机构及主管官员的作用和职责。 |
| State parties that have not yet done so must: | 41. 尚未作到的缔约国必须： |
| (a) Ratify the two Optional Protocols to the
Convention, and other international and regional human rights
instruments that provide protection for children, including the
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional
Protocol and the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or
Degrading Treatment or Punishment; | 批准《公约》的两项任择议定书和其他对儿童提供保护的国际及区域人权文书，包括《残疾人权利公约》及其《任择议定书》和《禁止酷刑及其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》； |
| (b) Review and withdraw declarations and reservations
contrary to the object and purpose of the Convention or otherwise
contrary to international law; | 审查和撤销有违《公约》目的和宗旨或违反国际法的声明和保留； |
| (c) Strengthen cooperation with treaty bodies and other human rights mechanisms; | 加强与条约机构及其他人权机制的合作； |
| (d) Review and amend domestic legislation in line
with article 19 and its implementation within the holistic framework of
the Convention, establishing a comprehensive policy on child rights and
ensuring absolute prohibition of all forms of violence against children
in all settings and effective and appropriate sanctions against
perpetrators; | 在《公约》整体框架内依照第19条及其落实情况审查和修订国内法律，规定一个全面的儿童权利政策，确保绝对禁止所有环境中一切形式暴力侵害儿童行为，确保对行为人作出切实和适当的处罚； |
| (e) Provide adequate budget allocations for the
implementation of legislation and all other measures adopted to end
violence against children; | 提供充足的预算拨款，执行为结束暴力侵害儿童行为而通过的法律和所有其他措施； |
| (f) Ensure the protection of child victims and witnesses and effective access to redress and reparation; | 确保保护受害儿童和证人，确保有效诉诸救济和赔偿； |
| (g) Ensure that relevant legislation provides adequate protection of children in relation to media and ICT; | 确保相关法律为儿童提供媒体和信通技术方面的充分保护； |
| (h) Establish and implement social programmes to
promote optimal positive child-rearing by providing, through integrated
services, necessary support for the child and for those who have the
care of the child; | 建立和执行社会方案，推动优化和积极的儿童养育，通过综合服务为儿童及照料儿童者提供必要的支持； |
| (i) Enforce law and judicial procedures in a
child-friendly way, including remedies available to children when rights
are violated; | 以对儿童友好的方式执行法律和司法程序，包括在儿童权利受侵犯时为其提供救济； |
| (j) Establish and support an independent national institution of children’s rights. | 设立和支持独立的国家儿童权利机构。 |
| Administrative measures should reflect governmental
obligations to establish policies, programmes, monitoring and oversight
systems required to protect the child from all forms of violence. These
include: | 42. 行政措施应反映国家有义务建立为保护儿童免受一切形式暴力侵害所必须的政策、方案及监测和监管体系，包括： |
| (a) At the national and sub-national government levels: | 在国家和次国家的政府层面上： |
| (i) Establishing a government focal point to coordinate child protection strategies and services; | 确定政府协调部门，协调各种儿童保护战略和服务； |
| (ii) Defining the roles, responsibilities and
relationships between stakeholders on inter-agency steering committees
with a view to their effectively managing, monitoring and holding
accountable the implementing bodies at national and subnational levels; | 界定机构间指导委员会各种利害关系方的作用、职责及相互关系，使之切实管理、监测国家和次国家层面的执行机构并对其问责； |
| (iii) Ensuring that the process of decentralizing services safeguards their quality, accountability and equitable distribution; | 确保各机构的去集中化进程保障质量、问责和公正分配； |
| (iv) Implementing systematic and transparent
budgeting processes in order to make the best use of allocated resources
for child protection, including prevention; | 执行系统和透明的预算进程，以实现对儿童保护包括预防所分配资源的最佳利用； |
| (v) Establishing a comprehensive and reliable
national data collection system in order to ensure systematic monitoring
and evaluation of systems (impact analyses), services, programmes and
outcomes based on indicators aligned with universal standards, and
adjusted for and guided by locally established goals and objectives; | 建立一个全面和可靠的国家数据收集系统，以确保根据符合普遍标准的指标来系统监测和评价各种体系(影响分析)、服务、方案和结果，并根据当地确定的目标和宗旨加以调整和以之为指导； |
| (vi) Providing independent national human rights
institutions with support and promoting the establishment of specific
child rights mandates such as child rights ombudsmen where these do not
yet exist. | 为独立国家人权机构提供支持，推动建立具体的儿童权利任务负责人，例如，没有儿童权利监察员的应予以设立。 |
| (b) At the levels of governmental, professional and civil society institutions: | 在政府、专业和民间社会机构层面上： |
| (i) Developing and implementing (through participatory processes which encourage ownership and sustainability): | (通过鼓励自主权和持续的参与性进程)制订和实施： |
| a. Intra- and inter-agency child protection policies; | a. 机构内和机构间儿童保护政策； |
| b. Professional ethics codes, protocols, memoranda of
understanding and standards of care for all childcare services and
settings (including daycare centres, schools, hospitals, sport clubs and
residential institutions etc.); | b. 针对所有儿童照料服务和环境(包括日托中心、学校、医院、运动俱乐部和寄宿机构等)的职业道德规范、行为守则、谅解备忘录和照料标准； |
| (ii) Involving academic teaching and training institutions with regard to child protection initiatives; | 使学术教育和培训机构参与儿童保护举措； |
| (iii) Promoting good research programmes. | 推动优秀研究方案。 |
| Social measures should reflect governmental
commitment to fulfilling child protection rights and provide for basic
and targeted services. | 43. 社会措施应反映政府对于落实儿童保护权利的承诺，并设立基本和有针对性的服务。 |
| They can be initiated and implemented by both State and civil society actors under the responsibility of the State. | 它们可以由国家或国家主管的民间社会行为者启动和实施。 |
| Such measures include: | 这些措施包括： |
| (a) Social policy measures to reduce risk and prevent violence against children, for example: | 减少暴力侵害儿童风险及预防的国家政策措施，如： |
| (i) Integration of child caregiving and protection measures into mainstream systems of social policy; | 将儿童照料和保护措施融入主流社会政策系统； |
| (ii) Identification and prevention of factors and
circumstances which hinder vulnerable groups’ access to services and
full enjoyment of their rights (including indigenous and minority
children and children with disabilities, among others); | 确定和排除阻碍弱势群体获得服务和充分享有自身权利(包括土著和少数群体儿童及残疾儿童等)的因素和环境； |
| (iii) Poverty reduction strategies, including financial and social support to families at risk; | 减贫战略，包括对风险家庭的资金和社会支持； |
| (iv) Public health and safety, housing, employment and education policies; | 公共保健和安全，住房、就业和教育政策； |
| (v) Improved access to health, social welfare and justice services; | 改进获取保健、社会福利和司法服务的途径； |
| (vi) “Child-friendly cities” planning; | “有利于儿童的城市”规划； |
| (vii) Reduced demand for and access to alcohol, illegal drugs and weapons; | 减少酒精、非法药物和武器需要和供给渠道； |
| (viii) Collaboration with the mass media and the ICT
industry to devise, promote and enforce global standards for child
caregiving and protection; | 与大众媒体和信通技术产业合作，设计、倡导和执行关于儿童照料和保护的全球标准； |
| (ix) Development of guidelines for protecting
children from information and material produced by mass media
disrespecting the human dignity and integrity of the child, abolishing
stigmatizing language, refraining from the dissemination of
re-victimizing reports on events in family or elsewhere affecting a
child and promoting professional methods of investigation based on the
use of diverse sources which can be examined by all parties involved; | 拟订准则，保护儿童不受大众媒体制作的不尊重儿童人格尊严和完整的信息和材料，废除丑化性语言，避免传播有关家庭或其他地方影响儿童事件因而会造成二次伤害的报告，推动使用可由所涉各方审查的不同来源信息的专业调查方法； |
| (x) Opportunities for children to express their view
and expectations in the media and be not only engaged in children’s
programmes, but also involved in the production and transmission of all
kinds of information, including as reporters, analysts and commentators
in order to support an adequate image of children and childhood in the
public. | 使儿童有机会通过媒体表达自身的观点和期望，不仅参与儿童的方案，而且参与制作和传播各种信息，包括作为记者、分析员和评论员，以支持在公众中塑造适当的儿童和儿童期形象。 |
| (b) Social programmes to support the child
individually and to support the child’s family and other caregivers to
provide optimal positive child-rearing, for example: | 支持单个儿童、儿童家庭和其他照料者的社会方案，实现优化和积极的儿童养育，例如： |
| (i) For children: childcare, early child development
and after-school care programmes; child and youth groups and clubs;
counselling support to children experiencing difficulties (including
self-harm); 24-hour toll-free child helplines with trained personnel;
foster family services which are subject to periodic review; | 对儿童：托儿、幼儿发展和放学后照料方案；少年小组和俱乐部；对经受困难儿童(包括自我伤害儿童)提供咨询支持；由受过培训的人员提供24小时免费儿童热线；定期接受审查的收养家庭服务； |
| (ii) For families and other caregivers:
community-based mutual-help groups to address psychosocial and economic
challenges (for example parenting and micro-credit groups); welfare
programmes to support families’ standard of living, including direct
allowances to children at a certain age; counselling support to
caregivers having difficulties with employment, housing and/or
child-rearing; therapeutic programmes (including mutual help groups) to
assist caregivers with challenges related to domestic violence,
addictions to alcohol or drugs or with other mental health needs. | 对
家庭和其他照料者：解决心理社会和经济困难的社区互助组(如抚养小组和小型信贷群体)；通过福利方案支助家庭生活标准，如对一定年龄段儿童的直接津贴、对
有就业困难的照料者的咨询支持、住房和/或儿童养育；对有家庭暴力、酗酒或药物滥用问题或其他精神健康需要的照料者的治疗方案(包括互助组)。 |
| Educational measures should address attitudes,
traditions, customs and behavioural practices which condone and promote
violence against children. | 44. 教育措施应消除宽容和提倡对儿童使用暴力的态度、传统、风俗和习惯。 |
| They should encourage open discussion about violence, including the engagement of media and civil society. | 教育措施应鼓励就暴力问题开展公开讨论，包括让媒体和民间社会参与。 |
| They should support children’s life skills, knowledge
and participation and enhance the capacities of caregivers and
professionals in contact with children. | 应支持儿童的生活技能、知识和参与，提高照料者和专业工作者与儿童接触的能力。 |
| They can be initiated and implemented by both State and civil society actors under the responsibility of the State. | 可由国家或国家负责的民间社会行为者启动和执行。 |
| Specific examples include, but are not limited to: | 具体例子包括但不限于： |
| (a) For all stakeholders: public information
programmes, including awareness campaigns, via opinion leaders and the
media, to promote positive child-rearing and to combat negative societal
attitudes and practices which condone or encourage violence;
dissemination of the Convention, the present general comment and State
party reports in child friendly and accessible formats; supporting
measures to educate and advise on protection in the context of ICTs; | 对所有利害关系方：公共信息方案，包括通过意见领袖和媒体开展宣传活动，提倡积极的儿童养育，打击宽容或鼓励暴力的负面社会态度和习俗；以方便儿童和容易获得的方式宣传《公约》、本一般性意见以及缔约国的报告；支持采取措施提供有关信通技术背景下保护工作的教育和咨询； |
| (b) For children: provision of accurate, accessible
and age-appropriate information and empowerment on life skills,
self-protection and specific risks, including those relating to ICTs and
how to develop positive peer relationships and combat bullying;
empowerment regarding child rights in general - and in particular on the
right to be heard and to have their views taken seriously - through the
school curriculum and in other ways; | 对儿童：提供有关生活技能、
自我保护和特殊风险的准确、方便获得并有年龄针对性的信息和支持，包括与信通技术有关的内容以及如何培养积极的伙伴关系和应对欺凌；通过学校课程和其他方
式开展的关于整体儿童权利的给权赋能活动――特别是关于使自己意见得到听取和认真考虑的权利； |
| (c) For families and communities: education on
positive child-rearing for parents and caregivers; provision of accurate
and accessible information on specific risks and how to listen to
children and take their views seriously; | 对家庭和社区：对家长和照料者提供有关积极儿童养育理念的教育；提供有关具体风险、如何听取和认真对待儿童意见方面的准确和容易获取的信息； |
| (d) For professionals and institutions (government and civil society): | 对专业人员和机构(政府和民间社会)： |
| (i) Providing initial and in-service general and
role-specific training (including inter-sectoral where necessary) on a
child rights approach to article 19 and its application in practice, for
all professionals and non-professionals working with, and for, children
(including teachers at all levels of the educational system, social
workers, medical doctors, nurses and other health professionals,
psychologists, lawyers, judges, police, probation and prison officers,
journalists, community workers, residential caregivers, civil servants
and public officials, asylum officers and traditional and religious
leaders); | 对从事儿童工作或工作中涉及儿童的所有专业人员和非专业人员(包括各级教育系统的教师、
社会工作者、医生、护士和其他卫生工作者、心理学者、律师、法官、警察、缓刑察看官员和监狱官、记者、社区工作者、寄宿机构照料者、公务员和公共机构官
员、庇护官员以及传统和宗教领袖)就对第19条及其具体落实采取儿童权利的方针提供岗前和在岗的一般培训和针对具体职业的培训(包括必要时开展跨部门培
训)； |
| (ii) Developing officially recognized certification
schemes in association with educational and training institutions and
professional societies in order to regulate and acknowledge such
training; | 与教育和培训机构及专业学会联合，开发官方承认的认证机制，以规范和承认此类培训； |
| (iii) Ensuring that the Convention is part of the
educational curriculum of all professionals expected to work with and
for children; | 确保《公约》成为将从事儿童工作或在工作中涉及儿童的所有专业人员教育课程的内容； |
| (iv) Supporting “child-friendly schools” and other initiatives which include, inter alia, respect for children’s participation; | 支持“儿童友好”学校和包括尊重儿童参与等内容的其他举措； |
| (v) Promoting research on child caregiving and protection. | 推动关于儿童照料和保护问题的研究。 |
| B. Article 19, paragraph 2 | B. 第19条，第2款 |
| “such protective measures should, as appropriate, include…” | 这类保护性措施应酌情包括…” |
| Range of interventions. | 45. 各种干预措施。 |
| A holistic child protection system requires the
provision of comprehensive and integrated measures across the full range
of stages identified in article 19, paragraph 2, taking account of the
socio-cultural traditions and legal system of the respective State
party. | 为建立全面的儿童保护体系，需要针对第19条第2款中指出的各个阶段制定全面、综合的措施，同时应考虑到各缔约国的社会文化传统和法律体系。 |
| Prevention. | 46. 预防。 |
| The Committee emphasizes in the strongest terms that
child protection must begin with proactive prevention of all forms of
violence as well as explicitly prohibit all forms of violence. | 委员会以最强烈措辞强调，儿童保护必须从积极预防及明令禁止一切形式的暴力开始。 |
| States have the obligation to adopt all measures
necessary to ensure that adults responsible for the care, guidance and
upbringing of children will respect and protect children’s rights. | 缔约国有义务实行一切必要措施，确保负责照料、教导和抚养儿童的成人尊重并保护儿童的权利。 |
| Prevention includes public health and other measures
to positively promote respectful child-rearing, free from violence, for
all children, and to target the root causes of violence at the levels of
the child, family, perpetrator, community, institution and society. | 预防工作包括：采取公共卫生和其他措施；积极推广以尊重儿童、儿童的扶养一律不得使用暴力方式；从儿童本身、家庭、行为人、社区、机构和社会等各层面入手，从根本上解决暴力问题。 |
| Emphasis on general (primary) and targeted
(secondary) prevention must remain paramount at all times in the
development and implementation of child protection systems. | 发展和落实儿童保护体系的过程中，无论何时都应保持以一般(初级)和专门(二级)预防措施为重。 |
| Preventive measures offer the greatest return in the long term. | 预防性措施的长期效果最好。 |
| However, commitment to prevention does not lessen States’ obligations to respond effectively to violence when it occurs. | 即便开展了预防工作，一旦暴力问题发生，缔约国同样有义务有效地应对。 |
| Prevention measures include, but are not limited to: | 47. 预防手段包括但不限于以下措施： |
| (a) For all stakeholders: | 对所有利益攸关方： |
| (i) Challenging attitudes which perpetuate the
tolerance and condoning of violence in all its forms, including gender,
race, colour, religion, ethnic or social origin, disability and other
power imbalances; | 反对一切形式的延续不容忍、纵容暴力的态度，包括关于性别、种族、肤色、宗教、民族或社会出身、残疾或其他力量不平衡的态度。 |
| (ii) Disseminating information regarding the
Convention’s holistic and positive approach to child protection through
creative public campaigns, schools and peer education, family, community
and institutional educational initiatives, professionals and
professional groups, NGOs and civil society; | 传播信息，使公众了解《公约》如何以全面、积极的方式，通过有创意的公共宣传、学校和同伴教育、家庭、社区和机构教育举措，依靠专业人员和专业团体、非政府组织和民间社会开展儿童保护工作； |
| (iii) Developing partnerships with all sectors of society, including children themselves, NGOs and the media; | 与社会各部门展伙伴关系，包括儿童本身、非政府组织和媒体； |
| (b) For children: | 对儿童： |
| (i) Registering all children to facilitate their access to services and redress procedures; | 为所有儿童登记，便于他们利用各种服务和补救程序； |
| (ii) Supporting children to protect themselves and
their peers through awareness of their rights and development of social
skills as well as age-appropriate empowerment strategies; | 帮助儿童认识自身的权利、发展社会技能，并制定适合其年龄的赋权策略，从而让儿童能够保护自己及其同伴； |
| (iii) Implementing “mentoring” programmes that engage
responsible and trusted adults in the lives of children identified as
needing extra support beyond that provided by their caregivers; | 如发现有儿童需要其照料者无法提供的额外支持，应实施“辅导”计划，并让有关儿童身边负责的、受信赖的成人参与其中； |
| (c) For families and communities: | 对家庭和社区： |
| (i) Supporting parents and caregivers to understand,
embrace and implement good child-rearing, based on knowledge of child
rights, child development and techniques for positive discipline in
order to support families’ capacity to provide children with care in a
safe environment; | 帮助父母和照料者了解、认同并实施良好的儿童抚养方式，即基于对儿童权利、儿童发展及积极的管教方法的了解的抚养方式，从而帮助家庭发展在安全环境中为儿童提供照料的能力； |
| (ii) Providing pre- and post-natal services, home
visitation programmes, quality early-childhood development programmes,
and income-generation programmes for disadvantaged groups; | 提供产前产后服务、家访方案、优质的幼儿发展方案，为弱势群体提供创收方案； |
| (iii) Strengthening the links between mental health services, substance abuse treatment and child protection services; | 加强精神卫生服务、药物滥用治疗和儿童保护服务之间的联系； |
| (iv) Providing respite programmes and family support centres for families facing especially difficult circumstances; | 为处境特别困难的家庭提供临时方案和家庭支持中心服务； |
| (v) Providing shelters and crisis centres for parents (mostly women) who have experienced violence at home and their children; | 为在家中遭受暴力的家长(通常是妇女)及其子女开设庇护场所和危机中心； |
| (vi) Providing assistance to the family by adopting
measures that promote family unity and ensure for children the full
exercise and enjoyment of their rights in private settings, abstaining
from unduly interfering in children’s private and family relations,
depending on circumstances. | 为家庭提供援助应采取促进家庭团结、确保儿童在私人环境中能充分行使并享受其权利的措施，同时视具体情况，避免不当地干涉儿童的个人和家庭关系。 |
| (d) For professionals and institutions (Government and civil society): | 对专业人员和机构(政府和民间社会)： |
| (i) Identifying prevention opportunities and informing policy and practice on the basis of research studies and data collection; | 发现开展预防工作的机会，研究和采集数据，为政策和做法提供参考； |
| (ii) Implementing, through a participatory process,
rights-based child protection policies and procedures and professional
ethics codes and standards of care; | 通过参与式的过程，实施基于权利的儿童权利保护政策、程序及职业道德和照料标准； |
| (iii) Preventing violence in care and justice
settings by, inter alia, developing and implementing community-based
services in order to make use of institutionalization and detention only
as a last resort and only if in the best interest of the child. | 防止照料和司法环境中的暴力行为，这方面工作之一是筹划并实施社区服务，这样机构照料和监禁就可作为最后手段，只有在符合儿童最大利益时才使用。 |
| Identification. | 48. 查明。 |
| This includes identifying risk factors for particular
individuals or groups of children and caregivers (in order to trigger
targeted prevention initiatives) and identifying signs of actual
maltreatment (in order to trigger appropriate intervention as early as
possible). | 包括查明特定个人、儿童群体或照料者的风险因素(以便启动专门预防措施)，以及查明实际虐待行为的迹象(以便尽早启动适当干预措施)。 |
| This requires that all who come in contact with
children are aware of risk factors and indicators of all forms of
violence, have received guidance on how to interpret such indicators,
and have the necessary knowledge, willingness and ability to take
appropriate action (including the provision of emergency protection). | 为此，需要所有与儿童有接触的人认识到一切形式的暴力的风险因素和迹象，并在如何解读这些迹象方面受过指导，有必要的知识、意愿和能力以采取妥善行动(包括提供紧急保护)。 |
| Children must be provided with as many opportunities
as possible to signal emerging problems before they reach a state of
crisis, and for adults to recognize and act on such problems even if the
child does not explicitly ask for help. | 应为儿童提供尽可能多的机会，使其能在问题出现但未发展成危机之前发出信号，以便成人发现问题并采取行动，即便儿童没有明确求助。 |
| Particular vigilance is needed when it comes to
marginalized groups of children who are rendered particularly vulnerable
due to their alternative methods of communicating, their immobility
and/or the perceived view that they are incompetent, such as children
with disabilities. | 特别需要警惕的是，边缘化的儿童群体沟通方式与一般儿童不同，不具行动能力，且/或被认为能力不足，例如残疾儿童，因此尤其容易出现问题。 |
| Reasonable accomodation should be provided to ensure
that they are able to communicate and signal problems on an equal basis
with others. | 应提供合理的住宿，确保这些儿童能够与外界沟通，并像其他儿童一样能在出现问题时发出信号。 |
| Reporting. | 49. 报告。 |
| The Committee strongly recommends that all States
parties develop safe, well-publicized, confidential and accessible
support mechanisms for children, their representatives and others to
report violence against children, including through the use of 24-hour
toll-free hotlines and other ICTs. | 委员会强烈建议所有缔约国建立安全、公众了解、保密、可利用的支持机制，让儿童、其代表及其他人能够报告暴力侵害儿童的行为，包括通过开设24小时免费热线及使用其他信息通信技术这样做。 |
| The establishment of reporting mechanisms includes:
(a) providing appropriate information to facilitate the making of
complaints; (b) participation in investigations and court proceedings;
(c) developing protocols which are appropriate for different
circumstances and made widely known to children and the general public;
(d) establishing related support services for children and families; and
(e) training and providing ongoing support for personnel to receive and
advance the information received through reporting systems. | 建立报告机制的工作包括：(a) 提供适当的信息以协助申诉；(b) 参与调查和庭审程序；(c) 针对不同情况制定广为儿童及公众所知的规章；(d) 为儿童和家庭提供相关支持服务；(e) 为有关人员开展培训并持续提供支持，帮助其了解并推广通过报告制度获得的信息。 |
| Reporting mechanisms must be coupled with, and should
present themselves as help-oriented services offering public health and
social support, rather than as triggering responses which are primarily
punitive. | 建立报告机制的同时，还需提供着眼于帮助的公共卫生和社会支持服务，而报告机制本身也应采取这种形式，而不应令人感到这些机制会引起以处罚为主的回应。 |
| Children’s right to be heard and to have their views taken seriously must be respected. | 必须尊重儿童的倾诉权及意见受到认真对待的权利。 |
| In every country, the reporting of instances,
suspicion or risk of violence should, at a minimum, be required by
professionals working directly with children. | 至少各国直接与儿童接触的专业人员应报告暴力事件、疑似暴力事件或暴力风险。 |
| When reports are made in good faith, processes must be in place to ensure the protection of the professional making the report. | 如实报告之后，还须有相关进程，以确保提交报告的专业人员受到保护。 |
| Referral. | 50. 转交。 |
| The person receiving the report should have clear
guidance and training on when and how to refer the issue to whichever
agency is responsible for coordinating the response. | 应为接收报告的人员提供明确的指导和培训，使其了解何时及如何将有关问题转交负责协调应对的机构。 |
| Following this, intersectoral referrals may be made
by trained professionals and administrators when children are found to
be in need of protection (immediate or longer-term) and specialized
support services. | 随后，如儿童需要保护(即时或长期保护)和专门的支持服务，可由经培训的专业人员和管理者跨部门转交报告。 |
| Professionals working within the child protection
system need to be trained in inter-agency cooperation and protocols for
collaboration. | 儿童保护系统内的专业人员需要接受部门间合作及协作规章方面的培训。 |
| The process will involve: (a) a participatory,
multi-disciplinary assessment of the short- and long-term needs of the
child, caregivers and family, which invites and gives due weight to the
child’s views as well as those of the caregivers and family; (b) sharing
of the assessment results with the child, caregivers and family; (c)
referral of the child and family to a range of services to meet those
needs; and (d) follow-up and evaluation of the adequateness of the
intervention. | 转交过程包括：(a)
对儿童、照料者和家庭的短期及长期需求进行多方面的参与式评估，评估过程中应倾听儿童、照料者和家庭的意见，并对这些意见予以应有的重视；(b)
与儿童、照料者和家庭交流评估结果；(c) 为儿童和家庭提供服务信息，以满足其需求；(d) 开展后续行动，评估干预措施是否足够。 |
| Investigation. | 51. 调查。 |
| Investigation of instances of violence, whether
reported by the child, a representative or an external party, must be
undertaken by qualified professionals who have received role-specific
and comprehensive training, and require a child rights-based and
child-sensitive approach. | 无论是儿童、其代表还是外部某一当事方报告的暴力事件，都必须由接受过全面专门培训的合格专业人员开展调查，且工作方式应基于儿童权利、为儿童着想。 |
| Rigorous but child-sensitive investigation procedures
will help to ensure that violence is correctly identified and help
provide evidence for administrative, civil, child-protection and
criminal proceedings. | 严格但为儿童着想的调查程序有助于确保正确查明暴力事件，并为行政、民事、儿童保护及刑事程序提供证据。 |
| Extreme care must be taken to avoid subjecting the child to further harm through the process of the investigation. | 必须格外小心，避免使儿童在调查过程中进一步受到伤害。 |
| Towards this end, all parties are obliged to invite and give due weight to the child’s views. | 为此，各方有义务倾听儿童的意见，并对其意见给予应有的重视。 |
| Treatment. | 52 治疗。 |
| “Treatment” is one of the many services needed to
“promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration”
for children who have experienced violence, and must take place “in an
environment which fosters the health, self-respect and dignity of the
child” (art. 39). | 遭受暴力的儿童“身心得以康复并重返社会”需要多种服务，“治疗”是其中之一，这种治疗必须“在一种能促进儿童的健康、自尊和尊严的环境中进行”(第39条)。 |
| In this respect attention must be given to: (a)
inviting and giving due weight to the child’s views; (b) the safety of
the child; (c) the possible need for her or his immediate safe
placement; and (d) the predictable influences of potential interventions
on the child’s long-term well-being, health and development. | 这方面必须注意的是：(a) 倾听儿童的意见，并对其意见给予足够重视；(b) 儿童的安全；(c)有关儿童是否需要立即安全安置；(d) 可能使用的干预手段对儿童的长期福利、健康和发展有何可预见的影响。 |
| Medical, mental health, social and legal services and
support may be required for children upon identification of abuse, as
well as longer-term follow-up services. | 发现儿童遭受虐待后，可能需要为其提供医疗、精神卫生、社会及法律服务和支持以及长期后续服务。 |
| A full range of services, including family group conferencing and other similar practices, should be made available. | 应提供各种服务，如家庭小组会议及其他类似做法。 |
| Services and treatment for perpetrators of violence, especially child perpetrators, are also needed. | 还需为暴力行为人，特别是这种儿童，提供服务和治疗。 |
| Children who are aggressive towards other children have often been deprived of a caring family and community environment. | 对其他儿童表现出攻击性的儿童往往缺乏关爱的家庭和社区环境。 |
| They must be regarded as victims of their child-rearing conditions, which imbue them with frustration, hatred and aggression. | 应将他们视为其抚养环境的受害者，是这种环境令他们充满失望、仇恨和攻击性。 |
| Educational measures must have priority and be directed to improve their pro-social attitudes, competencies and behaviours. | 必须以教育手段为重，通过教育使其态度更加认同社会、能力有所提高、行为得到改善。 |
| Simultaneously, the life conditions of these children
must be examined in order to promote their care and support and that of
other children in the family and neighbourhood. | 同时，必须审视这些儿童的生活条件，以提高对他们及其家中和邻里其他儿童的照料和支持水平。 |
| In terms of children who harm themselves, it is
recognized that this is a result of severe psychological distress and
may be a result of violence by others. | 对有自我伤害行为的儿童，目前认为是严重的心理问题所致，可能是由于曾遭受他人的暴力行为。 |
| Self-harm should not be criminalized. | 自我伤害不应入刑。 |
| Interventions must be supportive and not in any way punitive. | 干预手段必须是支持性质的，决不能带有惩罚性质。 |
| Follow-up. | 53. 后续行动。 |
| The following must always be clear: (a) who has
responsibility for the child and family from reporting and referral all
the way through to follow-up; (b) the aims of any course of action taken
– which must be fully discussed with the child and other relevant
stakeholders; (c) the details, deadlines for implementation and proposed
duration of any interventions; and (d) mechanisms and dates for the
review, monitoring and evaluation of actions. | 无论何时都
必须明确以下方面：(a) 从报告和转交案件起直到后续行动，有关儿童及其家庭由谁负责；(b)
任何一项行动目的何在—这一点必须与儿童当事人和其他利益攸关方充分探讨；(c)实施的细节和最后期限，以及干预手段建议为期多久；(d)
如何及何时对行动开展审查、监督和评估。 |
| Continuity between stages of intervention is essential and this may best be achieved through a case management process. | 各个干预阶段之间必须保持连续，做到这一点的最好方法是实行案件管理程序。 |
| Effective help requires that actions, once decided through a participatory process, must not be subject to undue delay. | 通过参与式的进程决定采取何种行动后，必须立即采取行动，不得拖延，这样才能实现有效帮助。 |
| The follow-up must be understood in the context of
article 39 (recovery and reintegration), article 25 (periodic review of
treatment and placements), article 6, paragraph 2 (right to development)
and article 29 (aims of education which present intentions and
aspirations for development). | 后续行动必须结合以下条款理解：第39条(康复及重返社会)、第25条(定期审查及安置)、第6条第2款(发展权)及第29条(教育的目的，其中体现了发展的方向和愿望)。 |
| Contact of the child with both parents should be
ensured in accordance with article 9, paragraph 3, unless this is
contrary to the best interests of the child. | 应根据第9条第3款，确保儿童与父母双方保持联系，除非这样有悖儿童的最佳利益。 |
| Judicial involvement. | 54. 司法介入。 |
| At all times and in all cases, due process must be respected. | 无论何时，处理所有案件都必须尊重正当程序。 |
| In particular, the protection and the further
development of the child and his or her best interests (and the best
interests of other children where there is a risk of a perpetrator
reoffending) must form the primary purpose of decision-making, with
regard given to the least intrusive intervention as warranted by the
circumstances. | 具体而言，决策的首要目的应为保护涉案儿童、扩展其最佳利益(如行为人可能再犯，则也包括其他儿童的最佳利益)，同时应考虑视具体情况选择干扰最小的干预手段。 |
| Furthermore, the Committee recommends the respect of the following guarantees: | 此外，委员会建议实现以下方面的保障： |
| (a) Children and their parents should be promptly and
adequately informed by the justice system or other competent
authorities (such as the police, immigration, or educational, social or
health-care services); | 司法系统或其他主责机关(警察、移民、教育或医疗保健服务机关)应及时向儿童及其父母提供充分信息； |
| (b) Child victims of violence should be treated in a
child-friendly and sensitive manner throughout the justice process,
taking into account their personal situation, needs, age, gender,
disability and level of maturity and fully respecting their physical,
mental and moral integrity; | 在整个司法进程中，应以适合儿童、为儿童着想的方式对待遭受暴力的儿童，应考虑其个人情况、需求、年龄、性别、是否残疾及成熟程度，并充分尊重其生理、精神和道德健全； |
| (c) Judicial involvement should be preventive where
possible, proactively encouraging positive behaviour as well as
prohibiting negative behaviour. | 可能的情况下，司法介入应为预防性质，应大力鼓励正面行为，禁止负面行为。 |
| Judicial involvement should be an element of a
coordinated and integrated approach across sectors, supporting and
facilitating other professionals to work with children, caregivers,
families and communities, and facilitating access to the full range of
child caregiving and protection services available; | 司法参与应以各部门协调的综合方式进行，支持并协助其他专业人员与儿童、照料者、家庭和社区打交道，并协助他们利用各种可用的儿童照料和保护服务； |
| (d) In all proceedings involving children victims of
violence, the celerity principle must be applied, while respecting the
rule of law. | 在所有涉及暴力受害者儿童的程序中，都必须遵守从速原则，同时尊重法治。 |
| Judicial involvement may consist of the following: | 55. 司法介入可包括以下方面： |
| (a) Differentiated and mediated responses such as
family group conferencing, alternative dispute-resolution mechanisms,
restorative justice and kith and kin agreements (where processes are
human-rights respecting, accountable and managed by trained
facilitators); | 有区别、有指导的处理方式，如家庭小组会议、非诉讼纠纷解决机制、修复性司法及亲朋协议(其中的各种程序都应尊重人权、责任分明、由受过培训的协调员管理)； |
| (b) Juvenile or family court intervention leading to a specific measure of child protection; | 青少年或家庭法院进行干预，随后实行某项具体的儿童保护措施； |
| (c) Criminal law procedures, which must be strictly
applied in order to abolish the widespread practice of de jure or de
facto impunity, in particular of State actors; | 刑法程序，必须严格运用这些程序，以消除普遍存在的实际上或法律上的有罪不罚，特别是对国家行为方有罪不罚； |
| (d) Disciplinary or administrative proceedings
against professionals for neglectful or inappropriate behaviour in
dealing with suspected cases of child maltreatment (either internal
proceedings in the context of professional bodies for breaches of codes
of ethics or standards of care, or external proceedings); | 适用于在处理虐待儿童疑似案件过程中有疏忽或不妥行为的工作人员的规范或行政程序(专门机构处理违反职业道德或照料标准的行为的内部程序，或者是外部程序)； |
| (e) Judicial orders to ensure compensation and rehabilitation for children who have suffered from violence in its various forms. | 司法裁决，目的是确保遭受各种形式的暴力的儿童获得赔偿并康复； |
| When appropriate, juvenile or family specialized
courts and criminal procedures should be established for child victims
of violence. | 56. 适当情况下，应为暴力的儿童受害者设立专门的少年或家庭法院及刑事程序。 |
| This could include the establishment of specialized
units within the police, the judiciary and the prosecutor’s office with
the possibility of providing accomodations in the judicial process to
ensure equal and fair participation of children with disabilities. | 这包括警方、司法和检察官办公室设立专门的部门，这些部门可在司法进程中提供住宿，以确保残疾儿童的平等、公平参与。 |
| All professionals working with and for children and
involved in such cases should receive specific interdisciplinary
training on the rights and needs of children of different age groups, as
well as on proceedings that are adapted to them. | 所有在工作中与儿童打交道、为儿童服务、或参与此类案件的专业人员都应接受专门的跨行业培训，以了解不同年龄段儿童的权利和需求及适合他们的程序。 |
| While implementing a multidisciplinary approach, professional rules on confidentiality should be respected. | 如采取跨行业的方式，应遵守职业守则和保密原则。 |
| The decision to separate a child from his or her
parent(s) or family environment must be made only when it is in the
child’s best interests (art. 9 and art. 20, para. 1). | 只有在符合儿童的最大利益的情况下才能作出将儿童带离其父母或家庭环境的决定(第9条和第20条第1段)。 |
| However, in cases of violence where perpetrators are
primary caregivers, within the child rights safeguards listed above, and
depending on the severity and other factors, intervention measures
focusing on social and educational treatment and a restaurative approach
are often preferable to a purely punitive judicial involvement. | 但如果暴力案件中犯罪者是主要照料者，上述儿童权利保障措施中，视情节严重及其他因素，以社会和教育手段为主的干预措施及恢复性质的方法通常好于单纯的惩罚性司法措施。 |
| Effective remedies should be available, including
compensation to victims and access to redress mechanisms and appeal or
independent complaint mechanisms. | 应提供有效补救，包括对受害者的赔偿、可用的补救机制及上诉或独立的申诉机制。 |
| Effective procedures. | 57. 有效的程序。 |
| Such protective measures as mentioned in article 19,
paragraphs 1 and 2, and as integrated into a systems-building approach
(see para. 71), require “effective procedures” to ensure their
enforcement, quality, relevance, accessibility, impact and efficiency. | 第19条第1和第2款中提及的、包含在体系建设的方法之中的保护性措施(见第71段)需要“有效程序”来确保其执行、质量、实效、可用性、影响和效率。 |
| Such procedures should include: | 这些程序应包括： |
| (a) Inter-sectoral coordination, mandated by protocols and memorandums of understanding as necessary; | 部门内协调，必要时应在规章和谅解备忘录中作此要求； |
| (b) The development and implementation of systematic and ongoing data collection and analysis; | 制定并实施系统的、持续的数据收集和分析方案； |
| (c) The development and implementation of a research agenda; and | 制定并实施研究计划； |
| (d) The development of measurable objectives and
indicators in relation to policies, processes and outcomes for children
and families. | 制定关于儿童和家庭问题的政策、程序和成果的可衡量的目标和指标。 |
| Outcome indicators should focus on the child’s
positive development and well-being as a rights-bearing person, beyond a
purely narrow focus on incidence, prevalence and types or extent of
violence. | 58. 成果指标不应只狭隘地关注事件、普遍性及暴力的类型和程度，而应关注儿童作为享有权利的人的正面发展及福利。 |
| Child death reviews, critical injury reviews,
inquests and systemic reviews must also be taken into account when
identifying the underlying causes of violence and in recommending
corrective courses of actions. | 查明暴力的深层原因及提出修正做法建议时，儿童死亡审查、危重损伤检查、审讯及有系统的审查是必须考虑的因素。 |
| Research must build on the existing body of
international and national child protection knowledge and benefit from
interdisciplinary and international collaboration in order to maximize
complementarity. | 研究必须以现有的国际和国内儿童保护方面的知识为基础，同时利用跨学科及国际合作，以实现最大程度的互补。 |
| (See also para. 72 (j) on accountability in relation to national coordinating frameworks). | (另见关于国内协调框架问责制的第72款(j)项)。 |
| V. Interpretation of article 19 in the broader context of the Convention | 五. 在《公约》的大背景下解读第19条 |
| Definition of a child rights approach. | 59. 确定一项儿童权利方针。 |
| Respect for the dignity, life, survival, well-being,
health, development, participation and non-discrimination of the child
as a rights-bearing person should be established and championed as the
pre-eminent goal of States parties’ policies concerning children. | 儿童享有尊严、生命、生存、福利、健康、发展、参与和不受歧视的权利，应尊重这些权利，并倡导将此作为缔约国儿童政策的首要目标。 |
| This is best realized by respecting, protecting and fulfilling all of the rights in the Convention (and its Optional Protocols). | 要实现这一点，最好的方法是尊重、保护并实现《公约》(及其任择议定书)规定的权利。 |
| It requires a paradigm shift away from child
protection approaches in which children are perceived and treated as
“objects” in need of assistance rather than as rights holders entitled
to non-negotiable rights to protection. | 为此需要转变模式，在儿童保护方法上不应再将儿童视为需要援助的“对象”而非享有不容质疑的受保护权的持权者。 |
| A child rights approach is one which furthers the
realization of the rights of all children as set out in the Convention
by developing the capacity of duty bearers to meet their obligations to
respect, protect and fulfil rights (art. 4) and the capacity of rights
holders to claim their rights, guided at all times by the rights to
non-discrimination (art. 2), consideration of the best interests of the
child (art. 3, para. 1), life, survival and development (art. 6), and
respect for the views of the child (art. 12). | 儿童权利的
方法能够发展承担职责者履行尊重、保护并实现权利的义务的能力(第4条)及享有权利者争取权利的能力，从而推进实现《公约》规定的儿童的所有权利，并始终
以下权利为指导：不受歧视(第2条)；考虑儿童的最大利益(第3条第1款)；生命、存活与发展权(第6条)；尊重儿童的意见(第12条)。 |
| Children also have the right to be directed and
guided in the exercise of their rights by caregivers, parents and
community members, in line with children’s evolving capacities (art. 5). | 儿童还有权按其不同阶段的接受能力在行使权利的过程中接受照料者、父母和社区成员的指导和指引(第5条)。 |
| This child rights approach is holistic and places
emphasis on supporting the strengths and resources of the child
him/herself and all social systems of which the child is a part: family,
school, community, institutions, religious and cultural systems. | 这是一种综合的儿童权利方法，重点在于支持儿童自身及其所属的各个系统――家庭、学校、社区、机构、宗教和文化系统--的力量和资源。 |
| Article 2 (non-discrimination). | 60. 第2条(不受歧视)。 |
| The Committee stresses that States parties shall take
adequate measures to assure to every child the right to protection from
all forms of violence “without discrimination of any kind, irrespective
of the child’s or his or her parent’s or legal guardian’s race, colour,
sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic
or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status”. | 委员会强调，缔约国应采取适足措施，确保所有儿童享有受到保护免遭任何形式的暴力的权利，“不因儿童或其父母或法定监护人的种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、民族、族裔或社会出身、财产、伤残、出生或其他身份而有任何差别”。 |
| This includes discrimination based on prejudices
towards commercially sexually exploited children, children in street
situations or children in conflict with the law or based on children’s
clothing and behaviour. | 此处所指歧视包括受到商业性剥削的儿童、流落街头的儿童或与法律发生冲突的儿童因偏见受到的歧视，以及儿童应穿着和行为受到的歧视。 |
| States parties must address discrimination against
vulnerable or marginalized groups of children, such as outlined in
paragraph 72 (g) of the present general comment, and make proactive
efforts to ensure that such children are assured their right to
protection on an equal basis with all other children. | 缔约国必须解决本一般性意见第72段(g)小段中所列的歧视弱势或边缘儿童群体的问题，并积极努力，确保这些儿童享有与所有其他儿童同等的受保护的权利。 |
| Article 3 (best interests of the child). | 61. 第3条(儿童的最大利益)。 |
| The Committee emphasizes that the interpretation of a
child’s best interests must be consistent with the whole Convention,
including the obligation to protect children from all forms of violence. | 委员会强调，解读儿童的最大利益必须遵守整个《公约》，包括保护儿童免遭任何形式的暴力的义务。 |
| It cannot be used to justify practices, including
corporal punishment and other forms of cruel or degrading punishment,
which conflict with the child’s human dignity and right to physical
integrity. | 不能以儿童的最大利益为由采取有损儿童人格尊严及人身安全权的举动，如体罚或其他形式的残忍或有辱人格的惩罚。 |
| An adult’s judgment of a child’s best interests
cannot override the obligation to respect all the child’s rights under
the Convention. | 成人在判断儿童的最大利益时，不能不顾其尊重儿童按《公约》享有的一切权利的义务。 |
| In particular, the Committee maintains that the best interests of the child are best served through: | 具体而言，委员会认为，应通过以下方式实现儿童的最大利益： |
| (a) Prevention of all forms of violence and the
promotion of positive child-rearing, emphasizing the need for a focus on
primary prevention in national coordinating frameworks; | 防止一切形式的暴力，促进正面的儿童抚养方式，在国家协调框架中应强调初级预防； |
| (b) Adequate investment in human, financial and
technical resources dedicated to the implementation of a child
rights-based and integrated child protection and support system. | 在人力、资金和技术资源方面投入充足资金，专门用于实施基于儿童权利的儿童保护支持综合系统。 |
| Article 6 (life, survival and development). | 62. 第6条(生命、生存和发展)。 |
| Protection from all forms of violence must be
considered not only in terms of the child’s right to “life” and
“survival”, but also in terms of their right to “development”, which
must be interpreted in line with the overall goal of child protection. | 对于保护儿童免遭一切形式的暴力这一问题，不仅应考虑儿童的“生命”和“生存”权，还应考虑其“发展”权，并且解读“发展”权应以儿童保护的总体目标为依据。 |
| Thus, the obligation of the State party includes
comprehensive protection from violence and exploitation which would
jeopardize a child’s right to life, survival and development. | 因此，全面保护儿童免遭暴力和剥削也包括在缔约国的义务之中，因为这些行为有损儿童的生命权、生存权和发展权。 |
| The Committee expects States to interpret
“development” in its broadest sense as a holistic concept, embracing the
child’s physical, mental, spiritual, moral, psychological and social
development. | 委员会希望缔约国对“发展”进行最广义的解读，将其视为一个综合概念，儿童的生理、心智、精神、道德、心理和社会发展都包括在内。 |
| Implementation measures should be aimed at achieving the optimal development for all children. | 执行措施应以所有儿童实现最大发展为目的。 |
| Article 12 (right to be heard). | 63. 第12条(发表意见权)。 |
| The Committee is of the opinion that child participation promotes protection and child protection is key to participation. | 委员会认为，儿童的参与能够促进保护工作，儿童保护是参与的关键。 |
| The child’s right to be heard commences already with very young children who are particularly vulnerable to violence. | 年幼的儿童即有发表意见的权利，他们尤其容易遭受暴力。 |
| Children’s views must be invited and given due weight as a mandatory step at every point in a child protection process. | 必须倾听儿童的意见，并对其意见给予应有的重视，在儿童保护程序的任何一个环节都必须做到这一点。 |
| The child’s right to be heard has particular
relevance in situations of violence (see the Committee’s general comment
No. 12 (2009), paras. | 在遭受暴力的情况下，儿童发表意见的权利尤为重要(见委员会第12号一般性意见(2009年)第118段)。 |
| 118 ff). With regard to family and child-rearing, the
Committee expressed that this right plays a preventive role against all
forms of violence in the home and family. | 关于家庭和抚养儿童的问题，委员会表示，这一权利的作用在于防止发生在家庭中和家庭成员间的一切形式的暴力。 |
| The Committee furthermore underlines the importance
of children’s participation in the development of prevention strategies
in general and in school, in particular in the elimination and
prevention of bullying, and other forms of violence in school. | 委员会还强调，应让儿童参与制定一般预防战略及学校预防战略，特别是参与在学校中消除及防止欺凌和其他形式的暴力行为的工作。 |
| Initiatives and programmes that are aimed at strengthening children’s own capacities to eliminate violence should be supported. | 应支持加强儿童自身消除暴力的能力的举措和方案。 |
| As the experience of violence is inherently
disempowering, sensitive measures are needed to ensure that child
protection interventions do not further disempower children but rather
contribute positively to their recovery and reintegration via carefully
facilitated participation. | 遭受暴力必然使儿童的权利受损，因此需要周到的措施，确保儿童保护方面的干预行动不会使儿童的权利进一步受损，而是通过精心组织的参与对其康复和重新融入社会产生积极影响。 |
| The Committee notes that barriers to participation are faced by particularly marginalized and/or discriminated groups. | 委员会指出，特别边缘化和/或受到歧视的群体在参与方面面临障碍。 |
| Addressing these barriers is especially relevant for
child protection, as such children are often among those most affected
by violence. | 扫除这些障碍对儿童保护尤为重要，因为这些儿童受到暴力的影响往往最大。 |
| The following two articles of the Convention also
have all-embracing relevance which gives them particular significance
for the implementation of article 19. | 64. 此外，《公约》中的以下两条与各方面都十分相关，因此对第19条的实施尤为重要。 |
| Article 4 (appropriate measures). | 65. 第4条(适当的措施)。 |
| Article 4 obliges States parties to undertake all
appropriate measures to implement all the rights in the Convention,
including article 19. | 根据第4条，各国有义务采取一切适当的措施，落实《公约》规定的所有权利，包括第19条。 |
| In applying article 4 of the Convention, it must be
noted that the right to protection from all forms of violence outlined
in article 19 is a civil right and freedom. | 实行《公约》第4条时必须注意的是，第19条规定的受保护免遭一切形式暴力的权利属于公民权利和自由。 |
| Implementation of article 19 is therefore an immediate and unqualified obligation of States parties. | 因此，缔约国有义务直接、无条件地实施第19条。 |
| In the light of article 4, whatever their economic
circumstances, States are required to undertake all possible measures
towards the realization of the rights of the child, paying special
attention to the most disadvantaged groups (see the Committee’s general
comment No. 5, para. 8). | 根据第4条，缔约国无论经济状况如何，都应采取一切可能的措施，争取实现儿童的权利，同时应特别关注弱势群体(见委员会第5号一般性意见第8段)。 |
| The article stresses that available resources must be utilized to the maximum extent. | 第4条强调，必须最大限度地调动可用资源。 |
| Article 5 (direction and guidance consistent with evolving capacities). | 66. 第5条(视儿童不同阶段的接受能力进行指导和引导)。 |
| Implementation of article 19 requires recognition of,
and support for, the primary importance of parents, extended families,
legal guardians and community members in the caregiving and protection
of children and the prevention of violence. | 为实施第19条，应认识到父母、家人、法定监护人和社区成员对于照料和保护儿童及防止暴力至关重要，并对此予以支持。 |
| This approach is consistent with article 5, which
promotes respect for the responsibilities, rights and duties of
caregivers to provide, in a manner consistent with the evolving
capacities of the child, appropriate direction and guidance in the
exercise by the child of the rights recognized in the Convention
(including in article 19). (See also para. | 这种方式符合第5条，该条鼓励尊重照料者的责任、权利和职责，即视儿童不同阶段的接受能力提供适当的指导和引导，帮助其行使《公约》中承认的权利(包括第19条)。 |
| 72 (d) on the primacy of familes in the context of national coordinating frameworks and other articles relevant to families). | (另见第72段(d)项，家庭在国家协调框架中的重要性，以及其他与家庭有关的条款)。 |
| Other relevant articles. | 67. 其他相关条款。 |
| The Convention contains numerous articles which relate explicitly or implicitly to violence and child protection. | 《公约》中载有若干与暴力和儿童保护直接或间接相关的条款。 |
| Article 19 should be read in conjunction with these articles. | 第19条应与这些条款一并解读。 |
| These comprehensive references demonstrate the need
to take account of the pervasive threat to the implementation of child
rights by violence in all its forms and to ensure the protection of
children in all situations of life and development. | 从这些全面的条款可以看出，需要考虑到，各种形式的暴力时刻威胁着儿童权利的落实，还要确保儿童无论处于何种生活和发展情况下都受到保护。 |
| VI. National coordinating framework on violence against children | 六. 暴力侵害儿童问题国家协调框架 |
| Beyond national plans of action. | 68. 国家行动计划之外。 |
| The Committee recognizes that many national plans of
action adopted by States parties to implement the rights of the child
include measures to prohibit, prevent and eliminate all forms of
violence against children. | 委员会看到，缔约国为落实儿童权利采取了若干国家行动计划，包括为禁止、预防和消除一切形式的暴力侵害儿童行为采取的措施。 |
| Such plans of action, while contributing to more
enjoyment by children of their rights, have nevertheless faced many
challenges in their implementation, monitoring, evaluation and
follow-up. | 这些行动计划有助于儿童更好地享有权利，但在实施、监督、评估及后续行动方面仍面临许多挑战。 |
| For example, they have often lacked links with the overall development policy, programmes, budget and coordinating mechanisms. | 例如，这些计划与总体发展政策、方案、预算和协调机制间往往缺乏联系。 |
| In order to establish a more feasible and flexible
instrument, the Committee is proposing a “coordinating framework on
violence against children” for all child rights-based measures to
protect children from violence in all its forms and to support a
protective environment. | 为找到更为可行且灵活的工具，委员会建议，建立“暴力侵害儿童问题协调框架”，其中包括所有基于儿童权利的措施，以保护儿童免遭一切形式的暴力，并创造一个保护儿童的环境。 |
| Such a coordinating framework can be used in place of
national plans of action where these do not yet exist or where they are
proving unwieldy. | 在尚无国家行动计划或国家行动计划薄弱的情况下，可用这一协调框架作为替代。 |
| Where national plans of action are being effectively
implemented already, the coordinating framework can nonetheless
complement those efforts, stimulate discussion and generate new ideas
and resources to improve their functioning. | 即使国家行动计划已得到有效执行，协调框架也可作为补充，促进讨论，带来新想法和资源，从而改善计划的运行。 |
| National coordinating framework on violence against children. | 69. 暴力侵害儿童问题国家协调框架。 |
| This coordinating framework can provide a common
frame of reference and a mechanism for communication among Government
ministries and also for State and civil society actors at all levels
with regard to needed measures, across the range of measures and at each
stage of intervention identified in article 19. | 该协调框架可作为共同的参照框架，也可作为政府各部门及国家和各层次的民间社会行为方间的沟通机制，以便在各种措施中以及在第19条所述干预工作的各个阶段选择需要的措施。 |
| It can promote flexibility and creativity and allow
for the development and implementation of initiatives led simultaneously
by both Government and community, but which are nonetheless contained
within an overall cohesive and coordinated framework. | 该框架可促进灵活性和创造性，以便制定并实施由政府和社区同时牵头、但仍在一个总体上一贯、协调的框架内的举措。 |
| In previous reccommendations and general comments,
including its general comment No. 5 on general measures of
implementation, the Committee has already urged States parties to
develop plans and strategies for specific aspects of the Convention (for
example juvenile justice or early childhood). | 在以往的建议和一般性意见，包括在第5号一般性意见中，委员会已敦促各缔约国为《公约》的各个具体方面制定计划和战略(例如在青少年司法或童年早期方面)。 |
| It is in this context that the Committee recommends
the development of a national coordinating framework on protection
against all forms of violence, including comprehensive prevention
measures. | 鉴于此，委员会建议，应在保护儿童免遭一切形式的暴力方面建立国家协调框架，其中应包括全面的预防措施。 |
| Different starting points. | 70. 不同的起点。 |
| The Committee acknowledges that protecting children
from all forms of violence is highly challenging in most countries and
that States parties are designing and implementing measures from very
different starting points, in terms of existing legal, institutional and
service infrastructures, cultural customs and professional
competencies, as well as levels of resources. | 委员会了解，对多数国家来说，保护儿童免遭一切形式暴力的任务艰巨；各缔约国的现行法律、体制和服务基础设施、文化习俗和专业能力以及资源水平各不相同，因此制定及实施措施的起点各异。 |
| The process of developing a national coordinating framework. | 71. 制定国家协调框架的进程。 |
| There is no single model for such coordinating frameworks for freedom from all forms of violence. | 在保护儿童免遭一切形式的暴力方面，协调框架没有单一模式。 |
| Some countries have invested in a discrete system of
protecting children whereas others prefer to integrate protection issues
into mainstream systems of implementing the rights of children. | 一些国家投资建立了单独的儿童保护体系，另一些国家更愿意将保护问题纳入落实儿童权利的主流体系。 |
| Experience shows that the process of developing a system is essential to its successful implementation. | 经验表明，体系的发展进程对其能否成功实施至关重要。 |
| Skilful facilitation is required to ensure the
participation of and ownership by senior representatives of all
stakeholder groups, possibly through a multidisciplinary working group
which has appropriate decision-making power, which meets regularly and
which is prepared to be ambitious. | 需要通过巧妙的协助确保各利益攸关方群体的高级代表的参与及自主权。 为此，一种可能的方法是设立具有适当决策权的跨学科工作组，工作组应定期开会，且准备好为远大目标而努力。 |
| A system of prevention and protection against all
forms of violence should build on the strengths in existing formal and
informal structures, services and organizations. | 预防和保护儿童免遭一切形式的暴力的体系应利用现有的正式和非正式机制、服务和组织的力量。 |
| Gaps should be identified and filled, based on the
obligations outlined in article 19 and the Convention more broadly, and
in other international and regional human rights instruments, and
supported by the guidance provided in the United Nations study on
violence against children, the present general comment and additional
implementation supports. | 应根据第19条、整个《公约》及其他国际和区域人权文书规定的义务，借助《联合国关于暴力侵害儿童问题的研究报告》的指导、本一般性意见及其他实施方面的支持，查明并弥补不足之处。 |
| National planning should be a transparent and
inclusive process, with full disclosure to the general public and
assurance of the involvement of Government, NGOs, research and
professional practice experts, parents and children. | 国家规划进程应透明且开放，所有信息都应向公众披露，并确保政府、非政府组织、科研和实际工作专家、家长和儿童的参与。 |
| It should be accessible and understandable to both children and adults. | 应让儿童和成人都能接触到并理解这一进程。 |
| The national coordinating framework should be fully
costed and financed, including human and technical resources, and
presented, if possible, within the national child budget. | 应计算国家协调框架的代价，并为其提供充足资金，人员和技术资源都应计算在内。 如有可能，应将其列入国家儿童预算。 |
| Elements to be mainstreamed into national coordinating frameworks. | 72. 应归入国家协调框架的方面。 |
| The following elements need to be mainstreamed across
the measures (legislative, administrative, social and educational) and
stages of intervention (from prevention through to recovery and
reintegration): | 对于各种措施(法律、行政、社会和教育措施)，以及在干预的各个阶段(从预防到康复和重新融入)，以下方面都应归入国家协调框架： |
| (a) Child rights approach. | 儿童权利的方针。 |
| This approach is based on the declaration of the
child as a rights holder and not a beneficiary of benevolent activities
of adults. | 这种方针依据的观点是：儿童是权利持有者，不是成人善举的受益者。 |
| It includes respecting and encouraging consultation
and cooperation with, and the agency of, children in the design,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the coordinating framework
and specific measures therein, taking account of the age and evolving
capacities of the child or children; | 具体做法包括尊重并鼓励与儿童协商及合作，或依靠儿童制定、实施、监督及评估协调框架及其下的具体措施，同时考虑到儿童的年龄及不同阶段的能力。 |
| (b) The gender dimensions of violence against children. | 暴力侵害儿童问题中的性别因素。 |
| States parties should ensure that policies and
measures take into account the different risks facing girls and boys in
respect of various forms of violence in various settings. | 各缔约国应确保其政策和措施考虑到：对于各种环境下各种形式的暴力，男女儿童面临的风险不同。 |
| States should address all forms of gender discrimination as part of a comprehensive violence-prevention strategy. | 各国应将处理一切形式的性别歧视作为全面的暴力预防战略的内容之一。 |
| This includes addressing gender-based stereotypes,
power imbalances, inequalities and discrimination which support and
perpetuate the use of violence and coercion in the home, in school and
educational settings, in communities, in the workplace, in institutions
and in society more broadly. | 这包括消除基于性别的成见、力量不平衡、不平等和歧视，这些问题使得使用暴力和威胁的现象在家中、学校和教育场所、社区、工作场所、机构和整个社会得到支持并得以延续。 |
| Men and boys must be actively encouraged as strategic
partners and allies, and along with women and girls, must be provided
with opportunities to increase their respect for one another and their
understanding of how to stop gender discrimination and its violent
manifestations; | 应积极鼓励男性和男童成为战略伙伴和同盟，还应为他们及女性和女童提供机会，使大家更加相互尊重，更好地了解如何消除性别歧视及由此导致的暴力行为； |
| (c) Primary (general) prevention. | 初级(一般)预防。 |
| See paragraph 42 of the present general comment for details; | 详见本一般性评论第42段； |
| (d) The primary position of families in child caregiving and protection strategies. | 家庭在儿童照料和保护战略中的首要地位。 |
| Families (including extended families and other forms
of family-type care arrangements) have the greatest potential to
protect children and to prevent violence. | 在保护儿童、预防暴力方面，潜力最大的就是家庭(包括大家庭和其他形式的家庭类照料方式)。 |
| Families can also support and empower children to protect themselves. | 家庭还可以为儿童提供支持，使他们有力量保护自己。 |
| The need to strengthen family life, support families
and work with families with challenges must therefore be a priority
child protection activity at every stage of intervention, particularly
prevention (through establishing good child caregiving) and in early
intervention. | 干预的各个阶段都需要以加强家庭生活、支持家庭及与困难家庭合作为儿童保护优先工作，预防(形成良好的儿童照料)和早期干预阶段尤为如此。 |
| However, the Committee also recognizes that much of
the violence experienced by children, including sexual abuse, takes
place within a family context and stresses the necessity of intervening
in families if children are exposed to violence by family members; | 但委员会也认识到，包括性侵犯在内的暴力侵害儿童行为中，很多都发生在家庭环境中。委员会强调，在儿童可能遭受家庭成员暴力侵害的情况下，干预是必要的； |
| (e) Resilience and protective factors. | 抗御力和保护因素。 |
| It is of critical importance to understand resilience
and protective factors, i.e. internal and external strengths and
supports which promote personal security and reduce abuse and neglect
and their negative impact. | 至关重要的是要了解抗御力和保护因素，即内部和外部的力量和支持，这些因素能够加强人身安全，减少虐待和忽视行为及其负面影响。 |
| Protective factors include stable families; nurturing
child-rearing by adults who meet the child’s physical and psychosocial
needs; positive non-violent discipline; secure attachment of the child
to at least one adult; supportive relationships with peers and others
(including teachers); a social environment that fosters pro-social,
non-violent and non-discriminatory attitudes and behaviours; high levels
of community social cohesion; and thriving social networks and
neighbourhood connections; | 保护因素包括：稳定的家庭；成人以有利成长的方式抚
养儿童，满足儿童的生理和心理需求；正面、非暴力的管教；儿童与至少一名成人有稳定联系；能够从与同伴和他人(包括教师)的关系中得到支持；社会环境应有
利于支持社会交往、非暴力、不歧视的态度和行为；社区中高度的社会团结；繁荣的社会网络和邻里联系； |
| (f) Risk factors. | 风险因素。 |
| Proactive, tailored measures need to be taken to
reduce the risk factors to which individual children or groups of
children may be exposed in general or in particular contexts. | 需要采取积极的专门措施，减少儿童个人或群体在一般情况或某些特定情况下可能面临的风险因素。 |
| This includes parental risk factors such as substance
abuse, mental health problems and social isolation as well as family
risk factors such as poverty, unemployment, discrimination and
marginalization. | 具体包括：药物滥用、精神健康问题和社会隔绝等来自父母的风险因素；贫困、失业、歧视和边缘化等来自家庭的风险因素。 |
| At a universal level all children aged 0-18 years are
considered vulnerable until the completion of their neural,
psychological, social and physical growth and development. | 对于所有0至18岁儿童，在完成神经、心理、社会和生理的成长及发展之前，一般将其视为弱势群体。 |
| Babies and young children are at higher risk due to
the immaturity of their developing brain and their complete dependency
on adults. | 婴儿和低龄儿童脑部尚未发育成熟，完全依靠成人，因此面临的风险更高。 |
| Both girls and boys are at risk, but violence often has a gender component; | 男童和女童都面临风险，但暴力问题通常都有性别因素； |
| (g) Children in potentially vulnerable situations. | 处于潜在危险处境中的儿童。 |
| Groups of children which are likely to be exposed to
violence include, but are not limited to, children: not living with
their biological parents, but in various forms of alternative care; not
registered at birth; in street situations; in actual or perceived
conflict with the law; with physical disabilities, sensory disabilities,
learning disabilities, psychosocial disabilities and congenital,
acquired and/or chronic illnesses or serious behavioural problems; who
are indigenous and from other ethnic minorities; from minority religious
or linguistic groups; who are lesbian, gay, transgender or transsexual;
at risk of harmful traditional practices; in early marriage (especially
girls, and especially but not exclusively forced marriage); in
hazardous child labour, including the worst forms; who are on the move
as migrants or refugees, or who are displaced and/or trafficked; who
have already experienced violence; who experience and witness violence
in the home and in communities; in low socio-economic urban
environments, where guns, weapons, drugs and alcohol may be easily
available; living in accident- or disaster-prone areas or in toxic
environments; affected by HIV/AIDS or who are themselves HIV infected;
who are malnourished; looked after by other children; who are themselves
carers and heads of households; born to parents who are themselves
still under 18; who are unwanted, born prematurely or part of a multiple
birth; hospitalized with inadequate supervision or contact with
caregivers; or exposed to ICTs without adequate safeguards, supervision
or empowerment to protect themselves. | 可能面临暴力风险的儿童群体
包括但不仅限于：生身父母不在身边，受到各种形式的替代性照料的儿童；出生时未登记的儿童；流落街头的儿童；与法律有实际或可见的冲突；有肢体残疾、感觉
残疾、学习障碍、心理障碍、认知疾病、获得性及/或慢性疾病或严重行为障碍的儿童；土著儿童和其他少数族裔的儿童；宗教或语言少数群体的儿童；男女同性
恋、变性或跨性别儿童；可能受害于传统习俗的儿童；早婚儿童(尤其是女童，尤其但不限于强迫婚姻的情况下)；从事危害性童工，包括最有害的童工形式的儿
童；搬迁中的移徙或难民儿童、流离失所和/或遭贩运的儿童；曾遭受暴力的儿童；在家中或社区中遭受或目睹暴力行为的儿童；经济社会及城镇化水平较低的环境
下的儿童，儿童在这种环境下可能很容易接触到枪支、武器、毒品和酒精；居住在事故、灾害多发地区，或受有毒物质污染的地区的儿童；受到艾滋病毒/艾滋病影
响、或感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的儿童；营养不良的儿童；由其他儿童照料的儿童；本身是照料者或户主的儿童；父母未满18岁的儿童；被遗弃儿童、早产或本身是
多胎之一的儿童；住院时监护不周或与照料者接触不够；在保障、监督不力或自身权利不足，因而难以自我保护的情况下接触信息和通信技术。 |
| Children in emergencies are extremely vulnerable to
violence when, as a consequence of social and armed conflicts, natural
disasters and other complex and chronic emergencies, social systems
collapse, children become separated from their caregivers and caregiving
and safe environments are damaged or even destroyed; | 在社会和武装冲突、自然灾害或其他复杂、长期的紧急状态下，社会体系崩溃，使儿童与其照料者分离，照料及安全的环境受到破坏甚至毁坏，这种紧急状态下的儿童极易受到暴力侵害； |
| (h) Resource allocation. | 资源配置。 |
| Human, financial and technical resources needed
across different sectors must be allocated to the maximum extent of
available resources. | 必须将现有资源最大限度地分配给各部门，为其提供所需的人员、资金和技术资源。 |
| Robust monitoring mechanisms must be developed and
implemented to ensure accountability regarding allocation of budgets and
their efficient utilization; | 必须制定并实施有力的监督机制，以确保在预算的分配及其有效利用方面的问责制； |
| (i) Coordination mechanisms. | 协调机制。 |
| Mechanisms must be explicitly outlined to ensure
effective coordination at central, regional and local levels, between
different sectors and with civil society, including the empirical
research community. | 必须明确规定协调机制，以便在中央、区域和地方层面确保各部门间以及同包括实证研究界在内的民间社会的有效协调。 |
| These mechanisms must be supported by the administrative measures outlined above; | 这些机制必须有上述行政措施的支持； |
| (j) Accountability. | 问责制。 |
| It must be ensured that States parties, national and
local agencies and organizations, and relevant civil society
stakeholders proactively and cooperatively establish and apply
standards, indicators, tools, and systems of monitoring, measurement and
evaluation to fulfil their obligations and commitments to protect
children from violence. | 必须确保缔约国、国家和地方机关和组织及有关民间社会利益攸关方积极且相互配合地制定并运用标准、指标、工具及监控体系、衡量及评估手段，以便履行自己保护儿童免遭暴力侵害的义务和承诺。 |
| The Committee has consistently expressed its support
for systems of accountability, including in particular through data
collection and analysis, indicator construction, monitoring and
evaluation as well as support for independent human rights institutions. | 委员会一贯表示支持问责体系，尤其是支持收集分析数据、制定指标、开展监控和评估、支持独立的人权机构等方法。 |
| The Committee recommends that States parties publish
an annual report on progress made with regard to the prohibition,
prevention and elimination of violence, submit it to parliament for
consideration and discussion, and invite all relevant stakeholders to
respond to the information contained therein. | 委员会建议缔约国公布年度报告，说明禁止、预防和消除暴力的工作有何进展，并将报告提交议会审议并讨论，同时请所有有关利益攸关方就报告中所述的情况作出回应。 |
| VII. Resources for implementation and the need for international cooperation | 七. 执行工作的资源及国际合作需要 |
| States parties’ obligations. | 73. 缔约国的义务。 |
| In the light of States parties’ obligations under
articles 4 and 19, inter alia, the Committee considers that resource
constraints cannot provide a justification for a State party’s failure
to take any, or enough, of the measures that are required for child
protection. | 根据《公约》第4和第19条等条款所规定的缔约国的义务，委员会认为，缔约国不能以资源紧缺为由而不采取任何或足够的儿童保护的必要措施。 |
| States parties are therefore urged to adopt
comprehensive, strategic and time-bound coordinating frameworks for
child caregiving and protection. | 因此，委员会促请缔约国制定全面、战略性且有规定时限的儿童照料和保护协调框架。 |
| In particular the Committee highlights the necessity
to consult with children in the development of these strategies,
frameworks and measures. | 委员会特别强调，需要与儿童协商制定这些战略、框架和措施。 |
| Sources of support. | 74. 支助来源。 |
| Within the context of different starting points
highlighted in paragraph 70, and on the understanding that budgets at
national and decentralized levels should be the primary source of funds
for child caregiving and protection strategies, the Committee draws the
attention of States parties to the avenues of international cooperation
and assistance outlined in articles 4 and 45 of the Convention. | 鉴于第70段所述起点不同的情况，且儿童照料和保护战略的资金主要应来自中央和地方一级预算，委员会请缔约国注意《公约》第4和第45条所述的国际合作和援助渠道。 |
| The Committee calls upon the following partners to
support, both financially and technically, child protection programmes,
including training, which take full account of the requirements
stipulated in article 19 and the Convention more broadly: States parties
providing development cooperation; donor institutions (including the
World Bank, private sources and foundations); United Nations agencies
and organizations; and other international and regional bodies and
organizations. | 委员会呼吁以下伙伴在资金和技术上支持培训等充分考虑到第19条及整个《公约》的规定的儿童保护方案：提供发展援助的缔约国；捐助机构(包括世界银行、私营部门资金和基金)；联合国机构和组织；其他国际和区域机构和组织。 |
| This financial and technical support should be
provided systematically through strong and equitable partnerships, at
the national and international levels. | 应借助强大、平等的伙伴关系，系统地在国内和国际上提供资金和技术支持。 |
| Child rights-based protection programmes should be
one of the main components in assisting sustainable development in
countries receiving international assistance. | 基于儿童权利的保护方案应是帮助援助接收国实现可持续发展的主要因素之一。 |
| The Committee also encourages such bodies to continue
to work with the Committee, the Special Representative of the
Secretary-General on Violence against Children and other international
and regional human rights mechanisms to advance this goal. | 委员会还鼓励这些机构继续与委员会、负责暴力侵害儿童问题的秘书长特别代表及其他国际和区域人权机制合作，以推进这一目标。 |
| Resources needed at the international level. | 75. 国际层面所需的资源。 |
| Investment is also needed in the following areas at
the international level to assist States parties to fulfil their
obligations in relation to article 19: | 以下领域也需要来自国际方面的投资，以帮助各缔约国履行与第19条有关的义务： |
| (a) Human resources: improved communication,
cooperation and individual exchange within and between professional
associations (for example medical, mental health, social work, legal,
education, child maltreatment, academic/research, child rights and
training organizations/institutions); improved communication and
cooperation within and between civil society groups (for example
research communities, NGOs, child-led organizations, faith-based
organizations, organizations of persons with disabilities, community and
youth groups, and individual experts involved in the development and
exchange of knowledge and practice); | 人力资源：改善专业协会内部和
相互间的沟通、合作及个别交流(如医疗、精神卫生、社会工作、法律、教育、虐待儿童问题、学术/研究、儿童权利和培训组织/机构)；改善民间社会组织(如
研究界、非政府组织、儿童主导的组织、信仰组织、残疾人组织、社区和青年组织、参与知识及做法开发交流工作的专家)内部和相互间的沟通及合作； |
| (b) Financial resources: improved coordination,
monitoring and evaluation of donor aid; further development of financial
and human capital analyses in order for economists, researchers and
States parties to fully measure the costs of implementing holistic child
protection systems (with an emphasis on primary prevention) versus the
costs of managing the direct and indirect (including intergenerational)
impact of violence at the individual, community, national and even
international levels; and reviews by international financial
institutions of “their policies and activities to take account of the
impact they may have on children”; | 资金：改善捐助方援助的协调、监控
和评估；进一步开展资金和人力资本分析，以便经济学家、研究人员和各缔约国能够充分权衡执行综合儿童保护体系所需的成本(重点是初级预防)与管理暴力对个
人、社区、国家甚至在国际上产生的直接及间接(包括代际)影响所需的成本；国际金融机构审查“其政策和活动有可能对儿童造成的影响”； |
| (c) Technical resources: evidence-based indicators,
systems, models (including model legislation), tools, guidelines,
protocols and practice standards for use by communities and
professionals, with guidance on their adaptation to different contexts; a
platform for systematic sharing and accessing of information (knowledge
and practice); universally established clarity and transparency in
budgeting for child rights and child protection, as well as in outcome
monitoring of child protection during up and down cycles of economies
and challenging circumstances (technical assistance should be
established over time, through information, models and related
training). | 技术资源：提供基于证据的指标、体系、示范(包括示范立法)、工具、指导原则、章程和
操作标准，供社区和专业人员使用，同时提供指南，说明如何在各种具体情况下适用这些技术资源；提供一个平台，用于系统地共享并利用信息(知识和做法)；儿
童权利和儿童保护预算普遍做到明确、透明，经济波动的各个时期及困难时期的儿童保护成果监控也应如此(应通过提供信息、示范及相关培训逐步开展技术援
助)。 |
| Regional and international cross-border cooperation. | 76. 区域及国际上的跨国合作。 |
| In addition to development assistance, cooperation is
also needed to address child protection issues which cut across
national borders such as: cross-border movement of children – either
unaccompanied or with their families – either voluntarily or under
duress (for example due to conflict, famine, natural disasters or
epidemics) which can put children at risk of harm; cross-border
trafficking of children for labour, sexual exploitation, adoption,
removal of body parts or other purposes; conflict which cuts across
borders and which may compromise a child’s safety and access to
protection systems, even if the child remains in the country of origin;
and disasters that impact several countries simultaneously. | 除
提供发展援助之外，还需开展合作，解决跨越国界的儿童保护问题，如：可能使儿童遭受伤害的儿童跨国流动—无人陪伴或有家人陪伴的自愿或被迫流动(如冲突、
饥荒、自然灾害或疾病爆发所致的流动)；出于劳工、性剥削、领养、摘取器官等目的跨国贩运儿童；可能有损儿童安全、影响其利用保护体系的跨国冲突，即便儿
童留在原籍国；同时影响多国的灾难。 |
| Specific legislation, policies, programmes and
partnerships may be required to protect children affected by
cross-border child protection issues (for example cybercrime and
extraterritorial prosecution of those who sexually abuse children
through travel and tourism and traffickers of families and children),
whether these children are in traditional caregiving situations or where
the State is the de facto caregiver, as in the case of unaccompanied
children. | 可能需要专门的法律、政策、方案和伙伴关系，保护受跨国界儿童保护问题(如网络犯罪，以及对通过旅行及旅游对儿童进行性侵犯的人和贩运家庭和儿童的罪犯进行域外起诉)影响的儿童，无论他们接受常规照料还是实际上由国家照料，如无人陪伴儿童。 |
| Notes | 注 |
| Report of the independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against children (A/61/299), para. 1. | 联合国研究暴力侵害儿童行为问题独立专家的报告(A/61/299)，第1段。 |
| Translations of the Convention into other languages do not necessarily include exact equivalents of the English term “violence”. | 《公约》的其他语文译本并不一定含有与英文“violence”完全对应的词。 |
| General Assembly resolution 64/142, annex. | 大会第64/142号决议，附件。 |
| See the Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving
Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime (Economic and Social Council
resolution 2005/20, annex). | 见关于在涉及罪行的儿童被害人和证人的事项上坚持公理的准则（经济及社会理事会第2005/20号决议，附件）。 |
| See Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, independent expert for the
United Nations Secretary-General’s study on violence against children,
World Report on Violence against Children (Geneva, 2006), pp. 63-66. | 见联合国秘书长关于暴力侵害儿童行为问题独立专家保罗 •塞尔吉奥 •皮涅罗的著作，《暴力侵害儿童问题世界报告》（2006年，日内瓦），第63-66页。 |
| States parties are also obliged to support caregivers to prevent accidents (art. 19 and art. 24, para. 2 (e)). | 缔约国也有义务支持照料者预防事故（第19条和第24条第2款 (e)项）。 |
| In many countries children are abandoned because parents and caregivers living in poverty do not have the means to support them. | 在许多国家，儿童被遗弃的原因是父母和照料者生活贫穷，无力抚养。 |
| According to the definition, neglect is a failure of care when parents have the means to meet their children’s needs. | 从定义上讲，忽视是指父母在有办法满足子女需要时未能提供照料。 |
| The Committee has often urged States parties to
“render appropriate assistance to parents and legal guardians in the
performance of their child-rearing responsibilities” (art. 18, para. 2
of the Convention). | 委员会经常促请缔约国“在父母和法定监护人履行其抚养儿童的责任方面给予适当协助”（《公约》第18条第2款）。 |
| “Hazing” refers to rituals and other activities
involving harassment, violence or humiliation which are used as a way of
initiating a person into a group. | “欺负”是指为使某人加入某个群体而采取的涉及骚扰、暴力或羞辱的仪式和其他活动。 |
| Sexual abuse comprises any sexual activities imposed
by an adult on a child, against which the child is entitled to
protection by criminal law. | 性侵犯包括成人对儿童施加的任何儿童依据刑法有权受保护免于遭受的性活动。 |
| Sexual activities are also considered as abuse when
committed against a child by another child, if the child offender is
significantly older than the child victim or uses power, threat or other
means of pressure. | 在一名儿童对另一名儿童采取性活动，而侵犯者比受害者大很多或使用强力、威胁或其他强制手段时，也被视为侵犯。 |
| Sexual activities between children are not considered
as sexual abuse if the children are older than the age limit defined by
the State party for consensual sexual activities. | 如果儿童年龄超过缔约国规定的双方同意的性活动的最低年龄限制，则儿童之间的性活动不被视为性侵犯。 |
| Information technologies such as the Internet and
mobile phones have great potential as positive tools to help keep
children safe and as a way to report suspected or actual violence or
maltreatment. | 互联网和移动电话等信息技术有很大的潜力，可以成为帮助保证儿童安全和举报暴力和虐待嫌疑或行为的积极工具。 |
| A protective environment needs to be created through
regulation and monitoring of information technologies including
empowering children to safely use these technologies. | 需要通过信息技术规范和监测，包括培养儿童安全使用这些技术的能力，来创建保护性的环境。 |
| Exposure to pornography can lead to an increase in
child-on-child sexual abuse as children exposed to pornography “try out”
what they have seen in practice with younger children or those to whom
they have easy access and over whom they have control. | 接触色情制品会导致儿童对儿童的性侵犯增加，因为接触色情制品的儿童会对比自己更小的儿童或他们容易接触到的人以及他们能够控制的人“尝试”自己所见到的东西。 |
| Adapted from a table developed by the EUKids Online
project, cited in AUPs in Context: Establishing Safe and Responsible
Online Behaviours (Becta, 2009), p. 6. | 改写自“欧盟儿童”在线项目所编制的一份表格，引自《在大背景下研究可接受的用户政策问题：建立安全和负责的上网行为》(Becta，2009年)，第6页。 |
| See also the Rio de Janeiro Declaration and Call for
Action to Prevent and Stop Sexual Exploitation of Children and
Adolescents. Available from
http://iiicongressomundial.net/congresso/arquivos/Rio%20Declaration%20and%20Call%20for%20Action%20-%20FINAL%20Version.pdf. | 并见《禁止对儿童和青少年性剥削里约热内卢宣言及行动呼吁》，见于以下网址： congresso/arquivos/Rio%20Declaration%20and%20Call%20for%20Action%20-%20FINAL%20Version.pdf. |
| In line with the Committee’s previous recommendation
to States parties to increase the age for marriage to 18 years for both
girls and boys (general comment No. 4 (2003) on adolescent health and
development in the context of the Convention of the Rights of the Child,
para. 20), and given their specific vulnerability to maltreatment, the
Committee considers that article 19 applies also to children under the
age of 18 who have attained majority or emancipation through early
marriage and/or forced marriage. | 按照和会以前对缔约国关于将男孩和女孩
的最低结婚年龄限制提高到18岁的建议(关于结合《儿童权利公约》保护青少年健康和发展的第4号一般性意见(2003年)，第20段)，并鉴于他们尤其容
易受到虐待，委员会认为第19条也适用于由于早婚和/或强迫婚姻而步入成年或失去约束的年龄在18岁以下的儿童。 |
| The United Nations study on violence against children
describes settings in which violence against children occurs; see also
the detailed guidance available in the Guidelines for the Alternative
Care of Children. | 联合国研究暴力侵害儿童行为问题的报告描述了发生暴力侵害儿童行为的各种环境；并见《关于替代性儿童照料的导则》中的详细指导。 |
| As defined in the Committee’s general comment No. 6 (2005), para. 7. | 定义见于第6号一般性意见 (2005年)，第7段。 |
| See in particular paras. 9 (range of measures
required), 13 and 15 (regarding withdrawal and eligibility of
reservations), and 66 and 67 (dissemination of the Convention). | 具体见第9段（需要采取的措施的范围）、第13和15段（关于保留的撤销和资格）、第66和67段（《公约》的传播）。 |
| In the context of “sanctions”, the term “perpetrators” excludes children who harm themselves. | 在“处罚”的上下文内，“行为人”一语不包括自我伤害的儿童。 |
| The treatment of children who harm other children must be educational and therapeutic. | 对伤害其他儿童的儿童必须作教育和治疗处理。 |
| 18 See general comment No. 2, in particular paras. 1, 2, 4 and 19. | 见第2号一般性意见，特别是第1、2、4和19段。 |
| 19 The detailed guidance available in the Guidelines
for the Alternative Care of Children should also be taken into account
at each stage. | 在各个阶段还应考虑《关于儿童的替代照料准则》中的具体指导原则。 |
| 20 Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 17
(1989) on the rights of the child; European Court of Human Rights,
Olsson vs. Sweden (No. 1), Judgement of 24 March 1988, Series A No. 130,
para. 81; Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Velásquez Rodríguez vs.
Honduras, Judgement on the Merits, 10 January 1989, Series C, No. 3,
para. 172. | 人权事务委员会，关于儿童权利的第17号（1989年）一般性意见；欧洲人权法
院，Olsson诉瑞典（第1号），1988年3月24日的判决，《汇编A》，第130号，第81段；美洲人权法院，Velásquez
Rodríguez诉洪都拉斯，就案情作出的判决，1989年1月10日，《汇编C》，第3号，第172段。 |
| Paragraphs 48 ff can also be applied to processes in informal and customary systems of justice. | 第48段及以后诸段也可用于非正规或习俗司法制度下的进程。 |
| See also the Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and Witnesses of Crime. | 另见《儿童被害人和证人刑事司法事项导则》。 |
| See also: Guidelines of the Committee of Ministers of
the Council of Europe on child friendly justice, adopted on 17 November
2010; Guidelines on Justice in Matters involving Child Victims and
Witnesses of Crime; and General Assembly resolution 65/213. | 另见：欧洲委员会部长委员会2010年11月17日通过的关于适合儿童的司法的导则；《儿童被害人和证人刑事司法事项导则》；大会第65/213号决议。 |
| See also the overarching recommendations of the
independent expert for the United Nations study on violence against
children (A/61/299), para. 96. | 另见负责联合国研究暴力侵害儿童问题独立专家的总体建议（A/61/299），第96段。 |
| See also the Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children. | 另见《关于儿童的替代照料准则》。 |
| In some societies, in contrast to non-indigenous
families, “neglect” as distinct from “abuse” is the primary reason
leading to the removal of indigenous children from their families. | 有些社会中，土著家庭的儿童被带离家庭的首要原因并非“虐待”，而是“忽视”，这与非土著家庭中正相反。 |
| Non-punitive family support services and
interventions directly addressing causes (such as poverty, housing and
historical circumstances) are often more appropriate. | 非惩罚性家庭支持服务和干预能够直接解决根本原因（如贫困、住房和历史境遇），因此通常更为合适。 |
| Specific efforts are required to address
discrimination in the provision of services and the range of
intervention options available to indigenous and other minority
communities. | 需要针对服务提供方面的歧视和土著及其他少数群体社区可用的干预手段的多样性开展工作。 |
| See general comment No. 5 (paras. 61, 62 and 64) on:
the need for the mainstreaming of children’s rights into international
cooperation and technical assistance; the need for such cooperation and
assistance to be guided by, and to fully promote implementation of, the
Convention; the allocation of a substantive part of international aid
and assistance specifically to children; and the need for Poverty
Reduction Strategy Papers and sector-wide approaches to development to
include a strong focus on children’s rights. | 见第5号一般
性意见（第61、第62和第
64段）以下内容：需要将儿童权利主流化，纳入国际合作和技术援助；开展这些合作和援助需要以《公约》为指导，并充分执行《公约》；将国际救助和援助资源
的一大部门专门用于儿童；需要《减贫战略文件》，并采取全部门的发展方式，同时高度重视儿童权利。 |
| A/61/299, para. 117. | A/61/299，第117段. |
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