CRC/GC/20 1621563E.docx (English)

CRC/GC/20 1621563C.docx (Chinese)

CRC/C/GC/20

CRC/C/GC/20

CRC/C/GC/20

CRC/C/GC/20

GE.16-21563(E)

GE.16-21563

United Nations

GE.16-21563 (C)

CRC/C/GC/20

100417 180817

Convention on the Rights of the Child

GE.16-21563 联 合 国 CRC/C/GC/20

Distr.: General

儿童权利公约 Distr.: General

6 December 2016

6 December 2016

Original: English

Chinese

Committee on the Rights of the Child

Original: English

General comment No. 20 (2016) on the implementation of the rights of the child during adolescence

儿童权利委员会 关于在青少年期落实儿童权利的第20号 一般性意见(2016年)

Contents

目录

Page

页次

I.

一.

Introduction

导言

3

3

II.

二.

Objectives

目标

4

4

III.

三.

The case for a focus on adolescents

关注青少年的理由

4

4

IV.

四.

General principles of the Convention

《公约》的一般原则

5

5

A.

A.

Right to development

发展权

5

5

B.

B.

Non-discrimination

不歧视

7

6

C.

C.

Best interests

最大利益

7

7

D.

D.

Right to be heard and to participation

发表意见权和参与权

7

7

V.

五.

Adolescents requiring particular attention

需要特别关注的青少年

8

8

VI.

六.

General measures of implementation

一般执行措施

10

9

VII.

七.

Definition of the child

儿童的定义

11

10

VIII.

八.

Civil rights and freedoms

公民权利和自由

11

11

IX.

九.

Violence against children

暴力侵害儿童

14

13

X.

十.

Family environment and alternative care

家庭环境和替代照料

14

13

XI.

十一.

Basic health and welfare

基本保健和福利

15

14

XII.

十二.

Education, leisure and cultural activities

教育、休闲和文化活动

18

16

XIII.

十三.

Special protection measures

特别保护措施

20

18

XIV.

十四.

International cooperation

国际合作

23

21

XV.

十五.

Dissemination

宣传

23

21

I.

一.

Introduction

导言

1.

1.

The Convention on the Rights of the Child defines a child as every human being below the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child majority is attained earlier, and emphasizes that States should respect and ensure the rights embodied in the Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind.

《儿童权利公约》将儿童定义为18岁以下的任何人，除非对其使用之法律规定成年年龄低于18岁； 《公约》强调各国应尊重《公约》所载列的权利，并确保其管辖范围内的每一儿童均享受此种权利，不受任何歧视。

While the Convention recognizes the rights of all persons under 18 years, the implementation of rights should take account of children’s development and their evolving capacities.

虽然《公约》承认所有18岁以下者的权利，但在落实这些权利时应考虑到儿童的成长及其不同阶段的接受能力。

Approaches adopted to ensure the realization of the rights of adolescents differ significantly from those adopted for younger children.

为确保实现青少年权利所采用的办法与为确保年幼儿童的权利所采用的方法差异甚大。

2.

2.

Adolescence is a life stage characterized by growing opportunities, capacities, aspirations, energy and creativity, but also significant vulnerability.

青少年期这一人生阶段的特点是：机会、能力、愿望、精力和创造力都不断增长，但同时又非常脆弱。

Adolescents are agents of change and a key asset and resource with the potential to contribute positively to their families, communities and countries.

青少年是变革的推动者，也是重要的资产和资源，有潜能为家庭、社区和国家作出积极贡献。

Globally, adolescents engage positively in many spheres, including health and education campaigns, family support, peer education, community development initiatives, participatory budgeting and creative arts, and make contributions towards peace, human rights, environmental sustainability and climate justice.

在全球范围内，青少年积极参与众多领域，包括卫生和教育宣传活动、抚养家庭、互帮互学、社区发展活动、参与预算编制和创造性艺术，并为实现和平、人权、环境可持续性和气候公正作出了贡献。

Many adolescents are at the cutting edge of the digital and social media environments, which form an increasingly central role in their education, culture and social networks, and hold potential in terms of political engagement and monitoring accountability.

在青少年的教育、文化和社会网络中发挥着日益重要作用的数字和社交媒体环境中，许多青少年身处前沿，并且还在政治参与和监督问责方面具有潜能。

3.

3.

The Committee observes that the potential of adolescents is widely compromised because States parties do not recognize or invest in the measures needed for them to enjoy their rights.

委员会注意到，由于缔约国没有认识到让青少年享有自身权利所需的措施，或是没有投入这种措施，青少年的潜力大受影响。

Data disaggregated by age, sex and disability are not available in most countries to inform policy, identify gaps and support the allocation of appropriate resources for adolescents.

大多数国家缺少按年龄、性别和残疾状况分列的数据来为政策提供参考，查明缺口，支持为青少年划拨适当资源。

Generic policies designed for children or young people often fail to address adolescents in all their diversity and are inadequate to guarantee the realization of their rights.

为儿童或青年人设计的通用政策往往无法兼顾各种各样的青少年，也不足以保证实现他们的权利。

The costs of inaction and failure are high: the foundations laid down during adolescence in terms of emotional security, health, sexuality, education, skills, resilience and understanding of rights will have profound implications, not only for their individual optimum development, but also for present and future social and economic development.

不作为和失败的代价很高：在青少年期为情绪安全感、健康、性体验、教育、技能、适应力和对权利的理解所奠定的基础将产生深远影响，不仅对其个人的最佳发展而言如此，而且对当下和未来的社会和经济发展亦是如此。

4.

4.

In the present general comment, the Committee provides guidance to States on the measures necessary to ensure the realization of the rights of children during adolescence, cognizant also of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

在本一般性意见中，委员会就为确保在青少年期落实儿童权利所需采取的措施向各国提供指导，同时也参考了《2030年可持续发展议程》。

It highlights the importance of a human rights-based approach that includes recognition and respect for the dignity and agency of adolescents;

委员会着重指出，必须采用立足人权的方针，这包括：承认和尊重青少年的尊严和能动性；

their empowerment, citizenship and active participation in their own lives; the promotion of optimum health, well-being and development; and a commitment to the promotion, protection and fulfilment of their human rights, without discrimination.

增强他们的权能，承认他们的公民身份，让他们积极参与自身生活； 促进最佳健康状态、福祉和发展； 致力于促进、保护和实现他们的人权，不作任何歧视。

5.

5.

The Committee recognizes that adolescence is not easily defined, and that individual children reach maturity at different ages. Puberty occurs at different ages for boys and girls, and different brain functions mature at different times.

委员会认识到，青少年期不容易界定，每一儿童成熟的年龄也不尽相同。 男孩和女孩发育的年龄不同，大脑不同功能发育成熟的时间也不同。

The process of transitioning from childhood to adulthood is influenced by context and environment, as reflected in the wide variation in cultural expectations of adolescents in national legislations, which afford different thresholds for entry into adult activities, and across international bodies, which employ a variety of age ranges to define adolescence.

从童年向成年转变的过程受背景和环境的影响，这体现在不同文化对青少年的期望差异巨大，各国立法为开始从事成年人的活动规定的年龄门槛各不相同，各国际机构也使用各种各样的年龄区段来定义青少年期。

The present general comment does not seek, therefore, to define adolescence, but instead focuses on the period of childhood from 10 years until the 18th birthday to facilitate consistency in data collection.

因此，本一般性意见不求对青少年期作出界定，而是侧重于从10至18周岁这一儿童时期，以便于实现数据收集工作的一致性。

6.

6.

The Committee notes that several of its general comments have a particular resonance for adolescents, notably those relating to adolescent health and development, HIV/AIDS, eradicating practices that are harmful to women and children, unaccompanied and separated children and juvenile justice.

委员会注意到，委员会的若干一般性意见，尤其是关于青少年的健康与发展、艾滋病毒/艾滋病、消除有害妇女和儿童的做法、无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的儿童以及少年司法的一般性意见，都特别适用于青少年。

The Committee emphasizes the particular significance for adolescents of the recommendations arising from the day of general discussion on digital media and children’s rights.

委员会强调指出，关于数字媒体和儿童权利问题的一般性讨论日所产生的各项建议对青少年有着特殊意义。

The present general comment has been developed to provide an overview on how the Convention in its entirety needs to be understood and implemented in respect of all adolescents and should be read together with other general comments and with documents arising from the day of general discussion.

编写本一般性意见的目的是综述如何针对所有青少年来理解和落实《公约》的全部规定，本一般性意见应结合其他一般性意见以及一般性讨论日所产生的各项文件共同解读。

II.

二.

Objectives 7. The objectives of the present general comment are:

目标 7. 本一般性意见的目标是：

(a)

(a)

To provide States with guidance on the legislation, policies and services needed to promote comprehensive adolescent development consistent with the realization of their rights;

为各国提供以符合实现青少年权利的方式促进青少年全面发展所需法律、政策和服务指南；

(b)

(b)

To raise awareness of the opportunities afforded by and challenges faced during adolescence;

提高对青少年期所提供的机会以及在青少年期所面临的挑战的认识；

(c)

(c)

To enhance understanding of and respect for the evolving capacities of adolescents and the implications for the realization of their rights;

增进对青少年不同阶段接受能力及其对落实其权利的影响的了解和尊重；

(d)

(d)

To strengthen the case for greater visibility and awareness of adolescents and for investment to enable them to realize their rights throughout the course of their lives. III. The case for a focus on adolescents

倡导提高对青少年的关注和认识，并倡导加大投入，让青少年能够在整个人生进程中实现自己的权利。 三. 关注青少年的理由

8.

8.

The Committee draws States parties’ attention to the powerful case for a focus on adolescents to promote the realization of their rights, strengthen their potential contribution to positive and progressive social transformation and overcome the challenges they face in the transition from childhood to adulthood in an increasingly globalized and complex world.

委员会提请缔约国注意，有充分的理由来关注青少年，以在一个日益全球化和复杂的世界中促进实现他们的权利，加强他们对积极和渐进式社会变革的潜在贡献，克服他们在从童年期向成年期过渡时面临的挑战。

9.

9.

Adolescents are on a rapid curve of development. The significance of the developmental changes during adolescence has not yet been as widely understood as that which occurs in early years. Adolescence is a unique defining stage of human development characterized by rapid brain development and physical growth, enhanced cognitive ability, the onset of puberty and sexual awareness and newly emerging abilities, strengths and skills.

青少年发育迅速。相对于对儿童早期成长变化的重要性的认识而言，对于青少年期成长变化重要性的认识尚没有如此普遍。 青少年期是人生发展的一个独特的决定性阶段，其特征是大脑和身体发育迅速，认知能力提高，开始青春发育，萌生性意识，并获得新的能力、力量和技能。

Adolescents experience greater expectations surrounding their role in society and more significant peer relationships as they transition from a situation of dependency to one of greater autonomy.

青少年从依赖他人的状态转向一种更为自主的状态，因此，人们对他们在社会中所扮演的角色有更高的期待，他们也将体验更重要的同龄人关系。

10.

10.

As they move through their second decade, children begin to explore and forge their own individual and community identities on the basis of a complex interaction with their own family and cultural history, and experience the creation of an emergent sense of self, often expressed through language, arts and culture, both as individuals and through association with their peers.

儿童在经历生命的第二个十年时，从与原生家庭和文化历史的复杂互动中，开始探索和塑造自我身份和族群身份，并体验创造一种新的自我意识的过程，无论是独自还是与同龄人一起，这种自我意识通常通过语言、艺术和文化表现出来。

For many, that process takes place around and is significantly informed and influenced by their engagement with the digital environment. The process of construction and expression of identity is particularly complex for adolescents as they create a pathway between minority and mainstream cultures.

对许多青少年而言，这一进程围绕着他们与数字环境的互动展开，他们从这种互动中汲取大量信息并受其影响。 个人身份的构建和表达对于青少年而言尤其复杂，因为他们必须在少数群体文化与主流文化中间搭建桥梁。

Recognizing adolescence as part of the life course

认识到青少年期是人生进程的一部分

11.

11.

In order to ensure the optimum development of every child throughout childhood, it is necessary to recognize the impact that each period of life has on subsequent stages. Adolescence is a valuable period of childhood in its own right but is also a critical period of transition and opportunity for improving life chances. Positive early childhood interventions and experiences facilitate optimal development as young children become adolescents.

为了确保每个儿童在整个童年时期都获得最佳发展，必须认识到生命的每一时段对于后续阶段的影响。 青少年期本身就是童年期的一个宝贵阶段，但也是改善人生际遇的一个关键过渡期和机遇期。 幼儿期积极的干预和经验能够在幼儿成长为青少年时促进最佳发展。

However, any investment in young people risks being wasted if their rights throughout adolescence do not also receive adequate attention. Furthermore, positive and supportive opportunities during adolescence can be used to offset some of the consequences caused by harm suffered during early childhood, and build resilience to mitigate future damage. The Committee therefore underlines the importance of a life-course perspective.

然而，如果在青少年期，年轻人的权利没有得到充分的重视，对他们的任何投资都有被浪费的可能。 此外，青少年期获得的积极和扶持性的机会，可用来抵消幼儿期遭受伤害所造成的部分影响，并培养能够在今后减轻伤害的适应能力。 因此，委员会强调，必须采取整个生命周期的视角。

Challenging environment

挑战性的环境

12.

12.

Reaching adolescence can mean exposure to a range of risks, reinforced or exacerbated by the digital environment, including substance use and addiction, violence and abuse, sexual or economic exploitation, trafficking, migration, radicalization or recruitment into gangs or militias.

进入青少年期可能意味着面临一系列因数字环境而强化或加剧的风险，包括吸毒和吸毒成瘾、暴力和虐待、性剥削或经济剥削、贩运、移徙、激进化或被招进帮派或民兵团体。

As they approach adulthood, adolescents need suitable education and support to tackle local and global challenges, including poverty and inequality, discrimination, climate change and environmental degradation, urbanization and migration, ageing societies, pressure to perform in school and escalating humanitarian and security crises.

当他们接近成年时，青少年需要适当的教育和扶持，以应对局部和全球性挑战，包括贫穷和不平等、歧视、气候变化和环境退化、城市化和移徙、老龄化社会、学业压力以及不断升级的人道主义和安全危机。

Growing up in more heterogeneous and multi-ethnic societies, as a consequence of increased global migration, also requires greater capacities for understanding, tolerance and coexistence.

由于全球移徙规模的增加，今日的青少年在更加多样化和多族裔的社会中长大，因此也需要更强的理解、容忍和共处的能力。

Investment is needed in measures to strengthen the capacities of adolescents to overcome or mitigate those challenges, address the societal drivers serving to exclude and marginalize them and equip them to face challenging and changing social, economic and digital environments.

需要投入加强青少年克服或消除这些挑战的能力的措施，解决排斥他们和将他们边缘化的社会驱动因素，让他们准备好面对充满挑战性和不断变化的社会、经济和数字环境。

Period of health risks

健康风险期

13.

13.

Although adolescence is generally characterized by relatively low mortality compared to other age groups, the risk of death and disease during the adolescent years is real, including from preventable causes such as childbirth, unsafe abortions, road traffic accidents, sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, interpersonal injuries, mental ill health and suicide, all of which are associated with certain behaviours and require cross-sectoral collaboration.

尽 管与其他年龄组相比，青少年期的死亡率通常相对较低，但青少年期死亡和疾病的风险还是真实存在的，包括一些可预防的原因造成的风险，如分娩、不安全堕胎、 道路交通事故、包括艾滋病毒在内的性传播疾病、人际伤害、精神疾病和自杀，所有这些都与特定行为相关，需要跨部门合作应对。

IV.

四.

General principles of the Convention

《公约》的一般原则

14.

14.

The general principles of the Convention provide the lens through which the process of implementation should be viewed, and act as a guide for determining the measures needed to guarantee the realization of the rights of children during adolescence.

《公约》的一般原则提供了审查落实进程的视角，是确定保证在青少年期落实儿童权利所需措施的指南。

A.

A.

Right to development

发展权

Positive and holistic approach

积极和整体的方法

15.

15.

The Committee emphasizes the importance of valuing adolescence and its associated characteristics as a positive developmental stage of childhood. It regrets the widespread negative characterization of adolescence leading to narrow problem-focused interventions and services, rather than a commitment to building optimum environments to guarantee the rights of adolescents and support the development of their physical, psychological, spiritual, social, emotional, cognitive, cultural and economic capacities.

委 员会强调，必须将青少年期及其相关特征视为儿童期的一个积极的发展阶段。 委员会感到遗憾的是，大量关于青少年期特征的负面描述导致各国实施一些面向问题的狭隘的干预措施和服务，而不是致力于建立最佳环境，以保障青少年的权利， 支持青少年的身心、精神、社会、情感、认知、文化和经济能力的发展。

16.

16.

States, together with non-State actors, through dialogue and engagement with adolescents themselves, should promote environments that acknowledge the intrinsic value of adolescence and introduce measures to help them to thrive, explore their emerging identities, beliefs, sexualities and opportunities, balance risk and safety, build capacity for making free, informed and positive decisions and life choices, and successfully navigate the transition into adulthood. An approach is required that builds on strengths and recognizes the contribution that adolescents can bring to their lives and those of others, while addressing the barriers that inhibit those opportunities.

各国与非国家行为方应通过与青少年的对话和接触，促进承认青少年期内在价值的 环境，并采取措施帮助青少年茁壮成长，探索自身新的身份、信仰、性体验和机会，在风险与安全之间寻求平衡，培养做出自由、知情和正确决定和生活选择的能 力，并顺利向成年期过渡。 需要采用一种立足于青少年的优势、承认青少年可以为自己和他人的生活作出的贡献的方法，同时消除阻碍这些机会的障碍。

17.

17.

Factors known to promote the resilience and healthy development of adolescents include:

能够提高青少年适应力、促进他们健康发展的已知因素有：

(a) strong relationships with and support from the key adults in their lives;

(a) 与生活中重要成年人关系紧密，并从他们那里获得支持；

(b) opportunities for participation and decision-making;

(b) 有机会参与并做出决策；

(c) problem-solving and coping skills;

(c) 有解决和应对问题的技能；

(d) safe and healthy local environments;

(d) 有安全和健康的局部环境；

(e) respect for individuality; and

(e) 个性受到尊重；

(f) opportunities for building and sustaining friendships.

(f) 有机会建立和维持友谊。

The Committee emphasizes that opportunities for adolescents to build and benefit from such social assets will enhance their capacities to contribute to the realization of their rights, including by maintaining good physical and mental health, avoiding risky behaviour, recovering from adversity, succeeding in school, showing tolerance, creating friendships and exercising leadership.

委员会强调，青少年有机会积累和利用这种社会资产，便能增强他们实现自身权利的能力，包括保持良好的身心健康，规避危险行为，从逆境中恢复，取得学业成功，展现容忍的姿态，建立友谊并发挥领导才能。

Respect for evolving capacities

尊重不同时期的接受能力

18.

18.

Article 5 of the Convention requires that parental direction and guidance be provided in a manner consistent with the evolving capacities of the child. The Committee defines evolving capacities as an enabling principle that addresses the process of maturation and learning through which children progressively acquire competencies, understanding and increasing levels of agency to take responsibility and exercise their rights.

《公约》第5条要求父母以符合儿童不同时期接受能力的方式提供指导和指引。 委员会将儿童不断发展的能力定义为对待儿童成熟和学习过程的扶持性原则，在这一过程儿童逐步获取能力、认识，他们承担责任和行使权力的能动性水平也不断增长。

The Committee has argued that the more a child knows and understands, the more his or her parents will have to transform direction and guidance into reminders and gradually to an exchange on an equal footing.

委员会认为，儿童自身的知识越丰富，理解力越强，父母就越需要将指导和指引转变成提醒，最终变成在平等基础上的交流。

19.

19.

The Committee emphasizes that the right to exercise increasing levels of responsibility does not obviate States’ obligations to guarantee protection. Gradual emergence from the protection of the family or another care environment, together with relative inexperience and lack of power, can render adolescents vulnerable to violations of their rights.

委员会强调，青少年有权担负更大责任，这并不意味着各国就没有提供保护的义务。 青少年逐渐走出家庭或其他受照顾环境对他们的保护，同时由于经验相对不足和缺乏力量，他们的权利容易受到侵犯。

The Committee stresses that engaging adolescents in the identification of potential risks and the development and implementation of programmes to mitigate them will lead to more effective protection. By being guaranteed the right to be heard, to challenge rights violations and to seek redress, adolescents are enabled to exercise agency progressively in their own protection.

委员会强调，让青少年参与确定潜在风险以及制订和执行减轻这些风险的方案，能提高对他们的保护效果。如果青少年表达意见、抗拒侵犯权利行为以及寻求补救的权利得到保障，他们就能够逐步行使能动性来保护自己。

20.

20.

In seeking to provide an appropriate balance between respect for the evolving capacities of adolescents and appropriate levels of protection, consideration should be given to a range of factors affecting decision-making, including the level of risk involved, the potential for exploitation, understanding of adolescent development, recognition that competence and understanding do not necessarily develop equally across all fields at the same pace and recognition of individual experience and capacity.

为了在尊重青少年不断发展的能力和适当保护水平之间取得适当的平衡，应考虑到影响决策的一系列因素，包括所涉及风险的程度、剥削的可能性、对青少年成长的理解、对青少年的能力和理解力未必在所有领域都以相同的速度平等发展的认识以及对个人的经验和能力的认可。

B.

B.

Non-discrimination

不歧视

21.

21.

The Committee has identified multiple forms of discrimination, many of which have particular implications in adolescence and necessitate an intersectional analysis and targeted holistic measures. Adolescence itself can be a source of discrimination. During this period, adolescents may be treated as dangerous or hostile, incarcerated, exploited or exposed to violence as a direct consequence of their status.

委员会确定了多种歧视形式，其中许多形式对青少年具有特殊的影响，需要进行跨部门分析和实施有针对性的整体措施。 身为青少年本身就可能成为歧视的根源。 在这一时期，青少年可能被视为危险人物或具有敌意，他们可能直接因为其身份而被关禁闭、遭到剥削或遭遇暴力。

Paradoxically, they are also often treated as incompetent and incapable of making decisions about their lives. The Committee urges States to ensure that all of the rights of every adolescent boy and girl are afforded equal respect and protection and that comprehensive and appropriate affirmative action measures are introduced in order to diminish or eliminate conditions that result in direct or indirect discrimination against any group of adolescents on any grounds.

矛盾的是，他们也常常被视为缺乏能力，不能就自己的生活做出决定。 委员会敦促各国确保每一青少年男女的所有权利均得到平等的尊重和保护，并采取全面和适当的平权措施，以减少或消除导致基于任何理由直接或间接歧视任何青少年群体的情况。

States are reminded that not every differentiation of treatment will constitute discrimination, if the criteria for such differentiation are reasonable and objective and if the aim is to achieve a purpose that is legitimate under the Convention.

委员会提醒各国，并非所有区别待遇都构成歧视，只要这种区别的标准是合理和客观的，并且是为了达到符合《公约》的合法目的。

C.

C.

Best interests

最大利益

22.

22.

The right of the child to have his or her best interests taken into account as a primary consideration is a substantive right, an interpretative legal principle and a rule of procedure, and it applies to children both as individuals and as a group.

以儿童的最大利益为首要考虑，这是儿童的一项实质性权利、一项解释性法律原则、一项行事规则，既适用于儿童个体，也适用于儿童群体。

All measures of implementation of the Convention, including legislation, policies, economic and social planning, decision-making and budgetary decisions, should follow procedures that ensure that the best interests of the child, including adolescents, are taken as a primary consideration in all actions concerning them.

所有执行《公约》的措施，包括法律、政策、经济和社会规划、决策和预算决定，都应该遵循确保将儿童包括青少年的最大利益作为涉及儿童的一切行动的首要考虑因素的程序。

In the light of its general comment No. 14 (2013) on the right of the child to have his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration, the Committee stresses that, when determining best interests, the child’s views should be taken into account, consistent with their evolving capacities and taking into consideration the child’s characteristics.

委员会参照其关于儿童将他或她的最大利益列为一种首要考虑的权利的第14号一般性意见(2013年)，强调指出，在确定最大利益时，应以符合儿童不同时期理解能力 的方式考虑到儿童的意见，并考虑到儿童的特征。

States parties need to ensure that appropriate weight is afforded to the views of adolescents as they acquire understanding and maturity.

缔约国必须确保，随着青少年的理解力和成熟程度不断增长，对青少年的意见应给予适当的重视。

D.

D.

Right to be heard and to participation

发表意见权和参与权

23.

23.

In accordance with article 12 of the Convention, States parties should introduce measures to guarantee adolescents the right to express views on all matters of concern to them, in accordance with their age and maturity, and ensure they are given due weight, for example, in decisions relating to their education, health, sexuality, family life and judicial and administrative proceedings.

根据《公约》第12条，缔约国应采取措施，保证青少年有权根据其年龄和成熟程度对他们所关心的所有事项发表意见，并确保在关于青少年的教育、健康、性行为、家庭生活以及司法和行政诉讼的决定中，对这些意见给予适当的重视。

States should ensure that adolescents are involved in the development, implementation and monitoring of all relevant legislation, policies, services and programmes affecting their lives, at school and at the community, local, national and international levels.

各国应确保让青少年在学校和社区、地方、国家和国际各级，参与制订、执行和监测影响其生活的所有相关法律、政策、服务和方案。

The online environment provides significant emerging opportunities for strengthening and expanding their engagement. The measures should be accompanied by the introduction of safe and accessible complaint and redress mechanisms with the authority to adjudicate claims made by adolescents, and by access to subsidized or free legal services and other appropriate assistance.

网络环境为加强和扩大他们的参与提供了大量新机会。 在实施这些措施的同时，应建立有权裁定青少年提出的申诉的安全、便捷的投诉和补救机制，并提供有补贴或免费的法律服务和其他适当援助。

24.

24.

The Committee emphasizes the importance of participation as a means of political and civil engagement through which adolescents can negotiate and advocate for the realization of their rights, and hold States accountable. States should adopt policies to increase opportunities for political participation, which is instrumental in the development of active citizenship.

委员会强调参与作为政治和民间合作手段的重要性，青少年可以通过这种手段进行谈判，倡导实现自身的权利，并让各国承担起责任。各国应采用政策，增加政治参与的机会，这对发展积极的公民意识至关重要。

Adolescents can connect with peers, engage in political processes and increase their sense of agency to make informed decisions and choices, and therefore need to be supported in forming organizations through which they can participate in a variety of means, including digital media.

青少年可以与同龄人建立联系，参与政治进程，增强他们做出知情决策和选择的能动意识，因此需要在组建组织方面得到支持，他们可以通过这些组织以各种方式参与，包括通过数字媒体参与。

If States decide to lower the voting age to under 18 years, they should invest in measures that support adolescents to understand, recognize and fulfil their role as active citizens, including through citizenship and human rights education and by identifying and addressing barriers to their engagement and participation.

如果各国决定将投票年龄降低到18岁以下，它们便应投入支持青少年理解、认识和履行他们作为活跃公民身份的措施，包括开展公民意识和人权教育，并查明和解决妨碍他们合作和参与的障碍。

25.

25.

The Committee notes that adults’ understanding and awareness of adolescents’ right to participation is important for adolescents’ enjoyment of that right, and it encourages States to invest in training and awareness-raising, particularly for parents and caregivers, professionals working with and for adolescents, policymakers and decision makers.

委员会指出，成年人对青少年参与权的理解和认识对于青少年享有这项权利非常重要，委员会鼓励各国投入培训和提高认识活动，特别是面向家长和照料者、与青少年打交道和为青少年服务的专业人员、政策制订者和决策者的这类活动。

Support is needed to enable adults to become mentors and facilitators so that adolescents can take greater responsibility for their own lives and the lives of those around them.

需要支持成年人成为良师益友，以便让青少年对自己的生活和周围人员的生活承担起更大的责任。

V.

五.

Adolescents requiring particular attention

需要特别关注的青少年

26.

26.

Certain groups of adolescents may be particularly subject to multiple vulnerabilities and violations of their rights, including discrimination and social exclusion. All measures taken in respect of legislation, policies and programmes focused on adolescents should take into consideration intersecting violations of rights and the compounded negative effects on the adolescents concerned.

特定青少年群体可能特别容易具有多重脆弱性并遭遇权利侵犯，包括歧视和社会排斥。 就针对青少年的法律、政策和方案采取的所有措施都应考虑到相互交织的侵犯权利行为和对相关青少年的复杂的负面影响。

Girls

女孩

27.

27.

During adolescence, gender inequalities become more significant. Manifestations of discrimination, inequality and stereotyping against girls often intensify, leading to more serious violations of their rights, including child and forced marriage, early pregnancy, female genital mutilation, gender-based physical, mental and sexual violence, abuse, exploitation and trafficking.

在青少年期，性别不平等变得更为明显。针对女孩的歧视、不平等和陈规定型观念往往不断加剧，导致她们的权利遭到更严重的侵犯，包括童婚和强迫婚姻、早孕、切割女性生殖器、基于性别的身心暴力和性暴力、虐待、剥削和贩运。

Cultural norms ascribing lower status to girls can increase the likelihood of confinement to the home, lack of access to secondary and tertiary education, limited opportunities for leisure, sport, recreation and income generation, lack of access to cultural life and the arts, burdensome domestic chores and childcare responsibilities. In many countries, girls report lower levels of health and life satisfaction indicators than boys, a difference that gradually increases with age.

认为女孩地位较低的文化习俗会导致她们更有可能被限制在家中，无 法获得中学和大学教育，休闲、运动、娱乐和创收机会有限，缺乏与文化生活和艺术的接触，承担繁重的家务和育儿责任。 据报告，在许多国家，女孩的健康水平和生活满意度指标要低于男孩，这种差异随着年龄的增长而逐渐扩大。

28.

28.

States need to invest in proactive measures to promote the empowerment of girls, challenge patriarchal and other harmful gender norms and stereotyping and legal reforms in order to address direct and indirect discrimination against girls, in cooperation with all stakeholders, including civil society, women and men, traditional and religious leaders and adolescents themselves. Explicit measures are needed in all laws, policies and programmes to guarantee the rights of girls on an equal basis with boys.

各国 应与包括民间社会、成年男女、传统领袖和宗教领袖及青少年自身在内的所有利益攸关方合作，投入积极措施，促进赋予女孩权能，挑战重男轻女和其他有害的性别 习俗和定型观念，并投入法律改革，以消除对女孩的直接和间接歧视。 在所有法律、政策和方案中都必须有明确的措施，保证女孩与男孩平等享有权利。

Boys

男孩

29.

29.

Traditional concepts of masculinity and gender norms linked to violence and dominance can compromise boys’ rights. These include the imposition of harmful initiation rites, exposure to violence, gangs, coercion into militia, extremist groups and trafficking.

传统观念中与暴力和支配相关联的男子气概和性别规范可能损害男孩的权利。 这包括实施有害的成人仪式、遭遇暴力、帮派，被迫加入民兵、极端主义团体和贩运等。

The denial of their vulnerability to physical and sexual abuse and exploitation also poses pervasive and significant barriers to boys gaining access to sexual and reproductive health information, goods and services, and a consequent lack of protective services.

否认他们容易遭受身体虐待和性虐待以及性剥削，也给男孩获得性健康和生殖健康信息、物品和服务造成了普遍重大障碍，并因此导致保护性服务的缺失。

30.

30.

The Committee urges States to introduce measures to address such rights violations, and encourages them to challenge negative perceptions of boys, promote positive masculinities, overcome cultural values based on machismo and promote greater recognition of the gender dimension of the abuses they experience.

委员会敦促各国采取措施处理这些侵犯权利行为，并鼓励它们挑战对男孩的负面看法，促进积极的男性气质，克服基于大男子主义的文化价值观，促进对他们所遭受虐待的性别层面的进一步认识。

States should also recognize the importance of engaging with boys and men, as well as girls and women, in all measures introduced to achieve gender equality.

各国还应认识到，在所有为实现性别平等而采取的措施中，必须有女孩和妇女的参与，也必须有男孩和男子的参与。

Adolescents with disabilities

残疾青少年

31.

31.

The Committee has previously highlighted the widespread prejudice, exclusion, social isolation and discrimination faced by many children with disabilities. Adolescents with disabilities are, in many States, commonly excluded from opportunities available to other adolescents. They can be barred from participating in social, cultural and religious rites of passage.

委员会过去已着重指出许多残疾儿童所普遍面临的偏见、排斥、社会孤立和歧视。在许多国家，残疾青少年通常得不到其他青少年所能得到的机会。残疾青少年可能被禁止参加社会、文化和宗教成年仪式。

Significant numbers are denied access to secondary or tertiary education or vocational training, and consequent acquisition of the social, educational and economic skills necessary for future employment and freedom from poverty.

大量残疾青少年无法获得中等或高等教育或职业培训，因此无法获得未来就业和免于贫困所必需的社会、教育和经济技能。

They are widely denied access to sexual and reproductive health information and services and may be subjected to forced sterilization or contraception, which is in direct violation of their rights and can amount to torture or ill-treatment.

他们普遍无法获得性健康和生殖健康信息和服务，还可能遭受强迫绝育或避孕，这直接侵犯了他们的权利，并可能构成酷刑或虐待。

Adolescents with disabilities are disproportionately vulnerable to physical and sexual violence, as well as child or forced marriage, and are routinely denied access to justice or redress.

残疾青少年特别容易遭受身体暴力和性暴力、童婚或强迫婚姻，并经常无法获得司法救助或救济。

32.

32.

States parties should introduce measures to overcome such barriers, guarantee equal respect for the rights of adolescents with disabilities, promote their full inclusion and facilitate effective transitions from adolescence to adulthood, consistent with article 23 of the Convention and the recommendations in general comment No. 9 (2006) on the rights of children with disabilities.

缔约国应根据《公约》第23条和关于残疾儿童的权利的第9号一般性意见(2006年)所载各项建议，采取措施克服这些障碍，保证平等尊重残疾青少年的权利，促进对残疾青少年的充分包容，并为他们顺利从青少年期过渡到成年期提供帮助。

Adolescents with disabilities should, in addition, be provided with opportunities for supported decision-making in order to facilitate their active participation in all matters concerning them.

此外，应让残疾青少年有机会作出有辅助的决策，以促进他们积极参与所有关系到自身的事项。

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex adolescents

同性恋、双性恋、变性和两性青少年

33.

33.

Adolescents who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex commonly face persecution, including abuse and violence, stigmatization, discrimination, bullying, exclusion from education and training, as well as a lack of family and social support, or access to sexual and reproductive health services and information.

同性恋、双性恋、变性和两性青少年经常遭受迫害，包括虐待和暴力、污辱、歧视、欺凌，被排斥在教育和培训之外，并缺乏家庭和社会支持，缺乏获得性健康和生殖健康服务和信息的途径。

In extreme cases, they face sexual assault, rape and even death. These experiences have been linked to low self-esteem, higher rates of depression, suicide and homelessness.

在极端情况下，他们还会遭受性侵犯、强奸甚至死亡。 这些经历与自尊心低下，抑郁率、自杀率和无家可归率高有关。

34.

34.

The Committee emphasizes the rights of all adolescents to freedom of expression and respect for their physical and psychological integrity, gender identity and emerging autonomy. It condemns the imposition of so-called “treatments” to try to change sexual orientation and forced surgeries or treatments on intersex adolescents.

委员会强调，所有青少年均应享有表达自由的权利，他们的身心健全、性别认同和日益增强的自主性有获得尊重的权利。 委员会谴责强制施加所谓的试图改变性取向的“治疗”以及强迫对双性青少年进行手术或治疗的做法。

It urges States to eliminate such practices, repeal all laws criminalizing or otherwise discriminating against individuals on the basis of their sexual orientation, gender identity or intersex status and adopt laws prohibiting discrimination on those grounds.

委员会敦促各国消除这种做法，废除所有根据性取向、性别认同或双性人身份对个人进行定罪或歧视的法律，并通过禁止基于这些理由进行歧视的法律。

States should also take effective action to protect all lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex adolescents from all forms of violence, discrimination or bullying by raising public awareness and implementing safety and support measures.

各国还应采取有效行动，通过提高公众认识和实施安全和扶持措施，保护所有同性恋、双性恋、变性和双性青少年免遭一切形式的暴力、歧视或欺凌。

Minority and indigenous adolescents

少数群体青少年和土著青少年

35.

35.

The inadequate attention paid to and the insufficient respect shown for the cultures, values and world vision of adolescents from minority and indigenous groups can lead to discrimination, social exclusion, marginalization and non-inclusion in public spaces.

对来自少数群体和土著群体的青少年的文化、价值观和世界观的关注不足和尊重不足，可能导致歧视、社会排斥、边缘化和公共空间里的不包容现象。

This increases the vulnerability of minority and indigenous adolescents to poverty, social injustice, mental health issues, including disproportionately high suicide rates, poor educational outcomes and high levels of detention within the criminal justice system.

这导致少数群体青少年和土著青少年更容易遭遇贫困、社会不公正、精神健康问题(包括自杀率过高)、学业不佳和在刑事司法系统内关押率较高。

36.

36.

The Committee urges States parties to introduce measures to support adolescents from minority and indigenous communities so that they can enjoy their cultural identities and build on the strengths of their cultures to become active contributors to family and community life, paying particular attention to the rights of adolescent girls.

委员会敦促缔约国采取扶持少数群体和土著社区的青少年的措施，使他们能够享受其文化身份，并利用其文化优势为家庭和社区生活作出积极贡献，并特别注意少女的权利。

In so doing, States should address the comprehensive recommendations contained in the Committee’s general comment No. 11 (2009) on indigenous children and their rights under the Convention.

在这样做时，各国应注意委员会关于土著儿童及其在《公约》下的权利的第11号一般性意见(2009年)中所载的全面建议。

VI.

六.

General measures of implementation

一般执行措施

37.

37.

In accordance with general comments No. 5 (2003) on general measures of implementation of the Convention (arts. 4, 42 and 44, para. 6) and No. 19 (2016) on public budgeting for the realization of children’s rights (art. 4), the Committee draws attention to States parties’ obligations to implement the following measures to establish the framework for the realization of the rights of children during adolescence. The experience and perspectives of adolescents themselves should be fully recognized and taken seriously in the development of all such measures, including:

根据关于执行《儿童权利公约》的一般措施(第4条、 第42条和第44条第6款)的第5号一般性意见(2003年)以及关于实现儿童权利的公共预算编制(第4条)的第19号一般性意见(2016年)，委员会 提请缔约国注意执行下列措施以建立在青少年期落实儿童权利的框架的义务。在制订任何此类措施时，应充分承认并认真考虑青少年自身的经验和视角。 这类措施包括：

(a) Comprehensive and multisectoral national strategies rooted in the Convention, with a dedicated focus on adolescents, to address the structural social and economic roots underlying the rights violations adolescents face and ensure a coordinated approach across government ministries;

(a) 采取专门针对青少年的以《公约》为根据的综合性多部门国家战略，以处理青少年面临的侵犯权利行为的结构性社会和经济根源，确保政府各部之间采取协调一致的做法；

(b) Monitoring implementation to ensure that the rights of adolescents are respected in legislation, policy and services;

(b) 监测执行情况以确保青少年的权利在法律、政策和服务中都得到尊重；

(c) Collecting data disaggregated at a minimum by age, sex, disability, ethnicity and socioeconomic condition, to render the lives of adolescents visible, the Committee recommends that States agree on common indicators against which to monitor progress in the implementation of adolescents’ rights;

(c) 收集至少按年龄、性别、残疾状况、族裔和社会经济条件分列的数据，以便让公众了解青少年的生活，委员会建议各国商定监测青少年权利落实进展情况的共同指标；

(d) Transparent budgetary commitments to ensure that adolescents are duly considered when balancing competing spending priorities and complying with the principles of sufficiency, effectiveness, efficiency and equality;

做出透明的预算承诺，以确保在平衡存在竞争关系的支出优先事项和遵守充分、有效、高效和平等原则时适当考虑到青少年；

(e) Training for all professionals working with and for adolescents on the Convention and its associated obligations, with a focus on the competencies needed to work with adolescents in accordance with their evolving capacities;

(e) 为与青少年打交道和为青少年服务的所有专业人员提供《公约》及其相关义务方面的培训，重点放在培养根据青少年不断发展的能力与青少年打交道所需的能力；

(f) Dissemination of accessible information about children’s rights and how to exercise them through, inter alia, the school curriculum, the media, including digital media, and public information materials, making particular efforts to reach out to adolescents in marginalized situations.

(f) 传播关于儿童权利以及如何通过学校课程、媒体(包括数字媒体)和宣传材料等渠道行使这些权利的无障碍信息，尤其是努力与处于边缘处境的青少年接触。

VII.

七.

Definition of the child

儿童的定义

38.

38.

The Convention prohibits any gender-based discrimination, and age limits should be equal for girls and boys.

《公约》禁止任何基于性别的歧视，对女孩和男孩的年龄限制应该相同。

39.

39.

States should review or introduce legislation recognizing the right of adolescents to take increasing responsibility for decisions affecting their lives. The Committee recommends that States introduce minimum legal age limits, consistent with the right to protection, the best interests principle and respect for the evolving capacities of adolescents.

各国应审查或提出立法，确认青少年对影响其生活的决定承担更大责任的权利。委员会建议各国采取符合受保护的权利、最大利益原则和尊重青少年不同时期理解能力的最低法定年龄限制。

For example, age limits should recognize the right to make decisions in respect of health services or treatment, consent to adoption, change of name or applications to family courts. In all cases, the right of any child below that minimum age and able to demonstrate sufficient understanding to be entitled to give or refuse consent should be recognized.

例如，年龄限制应承认青少年在卫生服务或治疗、同意收养、更改姓名或向家庭法院提出申请方面做出决定的权利。在任何情况下，任何未满最低年龄的青少年，若能展现出具有充分的理解力，则其表示同意或拒绝同意的权利应该得到承认。

The voluntary and informed consent of the adolescent should be obtained whether or not the consent of a parent or guardian is required for any medical treatment or procedure. Consideration should also be given to the introduction of a legal presumption that adolescents are competent to seek and have access to preventive or time-sensitive sexual and reproductive health commodities and services.

不论是否需要父母或监护人的同意，任何医学治疗或医疗程序都应获得青少年的自愿和知情同意。 还应考虑引入一项法律推定，即青少年有权寻求和获得预防性或有时间性的性健康和生殖健康商品和服务。

The Committee emphasizes that all adolescents have the right to have access to confidential medical counselling and advice without the consent of a parent or guardian, irrespective of age, if they so wish. This is distinct from the right to give medical consent and should not be subject to any age limit.

委员会强调，所有青少年，无论年龄，均有权在未经父母或监护人同意的情况下获得保密的医疗咨询和建议。 这不同于做出医疗同意的权利，不应受到任何年龄限制。

40.

40.

The Committee reminds States parties of the obligation to recognize that persons up to the age of 18 years are entitled to continuing protection from all forms of exploitation and abuse. It reaffirms that the minimum age limit should be 18 years for marriage, recruitment into the armed forces, involvement in hazardous or exploitative work and the purchase and consumption of alcohol and tobacco, in view of the degree of associated risk and harm.

委员会提醒缔约国，它们有义务确认，18岁以下的人有权受到持续保护，免受一切形式的剥削和虐待。委员会重申，鉴于相关风险和伤害的程度，结婚、应征入伍、参与危险工作或剥削性的工作以及购买和消费酒精和烟草的最低年龄应限定为18岁。

States parties should take into account the need to balance protection and evolving capacities, and define an acceptable minimum age when determining the legal age for sexual consent. States should avoid criminalizing adolescents of similar ages for factually consensual and non-exploitative sexual activity.

缔约国应考虑到，必须在保护与不同阶段接受能力之间取得平衡，在确定同意性行为的法定年龄时界定一个可接受的最低年龄。 各国应避免将年龄相近的青少年进行的事实上同意和非剥削性的性活动定为犯罪。

VIII.

八.

Civil rights and freedoms

公民权利和自由

Birth registration

出生登记

41.

41.

The lack of birth registration can result in significant additional complications during adolescence, such as the denial of basic services, the inability to prove nationality or receive an identification document, a heightened risk of being exploited or trafficked, a lack of necessary safeguards in the criminal justice and immigration systems and the underage conscription into the armed forces. Adolescents who have not been registered at birth or immediately after should be provided with free late birth certificates and civil registration.

缺乏出生登记可能导致在青少年期遭遇影响重大的额外复杂问题，如无法获得基本服 务，无法证明国籍或获得身份证明文件，被剥削或贩运的风险增大，在刑事司法系统和移民系统缺乏必要的保障，以及未满年龄即被征召入伍。应让没有在出生时登 记或没有在出生之后立即登记的青少年免费补办出生证和民事登记。

Freedom of expression

表达自由

42.

42.

Article 13 of the Convention affirms that children have the right to freedom of expression and that the exercise of that right may be subject only to the restrictions set out in article 13 (2). The obligation of parents and caregivers to provide appropriate guidance in accordance with the evolving capacities of adolescents should not interfere with adolescents’ right to freedom of expression.

《公约》第13条确认儿童有自由发表言论的权利，此项权利仅受第13条第2款所规定的限制约束。父母和照料者有义务根据青少年不同阶段接受能力提供相应的指导，但不应干涉青少年的表达自由。

Adolescents have the right to seek, receive and impart information and ideas and use the means of their dissemination, including spoken, written and sign language and such non-verbal expression as images and objects of art. Means of expression include, for example, books, newspapers, pamphlets, posters, banners, digital and audiovisual media, as well as dress and personal style.

青少年有权寻求、接受和传递信息和思想，并有权选择自己所使用的传播方式，包括口头、书面形式和手语，以及图像和艺术品等非言语表达方式。 表达途径包括书籍、报纸、小册子、海报、标语、数字媒体及录音和录像，以及服饰和个人装扮。

Freedom of religion

宗教自由

43.

43.

The Committee urges States parties to withdraw any reservations to article 14 of the Convention, which highlights the right of the child to freedom of religion and recognizes the rights and duties of parents and guardians to provide direction to the child in a manner consistent with his or her evolving capacities (see also art. 5).

委员会敦促缔约国撤销对《公约》第14条的任何保留，该条着重指出，儿童享有宗教自由的权利，并承认父母和监护人以符合儿童不同阶段接受能力的方式指导儿童的权利和义务(另见第5条)。

In other words, it is the child who exercises the right to freedom of religion, not the parent, and the parental role necessarily diminishes as the child acquires an increasingly active role in exercising choice throughout adolescence.

换句话说，宗教自由权的行使者是儿童而不是父母，随着儿童在整个青少年期行使选择权方面发挥日益积极的作用，父母的作用必然会逐渐削减。

Freedom of religion should be respected in schools and other institutions, including with regard to choice over attendance in religious instruction classes, and discrimination on the grounds of religious beliefs should be prohibited.

学校和其他机构应尊重宗教自由，包括有关参加宗教学习课的选择，并应禁止基于宗教信仰的歧视。

Freedom of association

结社自由

44.

44.

Adolescents want and need to spend an increasing amount of time with their peers. The associated benefits are not merely social but also contribute towards competencies that are foundational for successful relationships, employment and community participation, building, inter alia, emotional literacy, a sense of belonging, skills such as conflict resolution and strengthened trust and intimacy.

青少年希望、也需要有更多时间与同龄人相处。 所带来的好处不仅是社会性的，也有助于培养获得成功的人际关系、就业、社会参与所需的基本能力，特别是培养情商、归属感、解决冲突等方面的技能以及加深信任感和亲密关系。

Association with peers is a major building block in adolescent development, the value of which should be recognized within the school and learning environment, recreational and cultural activities and opportunities for social, civic, religious and political engagement.

与同龄人结交是青少年发展的一个重要组成部分，应该在学校和学习环境、娱乐和文化活动以及社会、公民、宗教和政治参与的机会中认可这种结交的价值。

45.

45.

States should guarantee that adolescents’ right to freedom of association and peaceful assembly in all its forms is fully respected, consistent with the restrictions delineated in article 15 (2) of the Convention, including through the provision of safe spaces for both girls and boys.

各国应保证在符合《公约》第15条第2款所规定的限制的情况下，充分尊重青少年各种形式的结社自由与和平集会自由权，包括为男女儿童提供安全的空间。

Legal recognition should be afforded to adolescents to establish their own associations, clubs, organizations, parliaments and forums, both in and out of school, form online networks, join political parties and join or form their own trade unions. Measures should also be introduced to protect adolescent human rights defenders, particularly girls, who often face gender-specific threats and violence.

青少年在校内外建立自己的社团、俱乐部、组织、议会和论坛，以及组建在线网络、加入政党和加入或组建自己的工会等，均应得到法律认可。还应出台措施保护青少年人权维护者，特别是女孩，因为她们往往面临针对其性别的威胁和暴力行为。 隐

Privacy and confidentiality

私和保密

46.

46.

The right to privacy takes on increasing significance during adolescence. The Committee has repeatedly raised concerns about violations of privacy in respect of, for example, confidential medical advice; space for and belongings of adolescents in institutions; correspondence and other communications, either in the family or other forms of care; and exposure of those involved in criminal proceedings.

在青少年期，隐私权变得日益重要。委员会一再对侵犯隐私权的行为提出关切，如针对以下内容的侵犯隐私行为：保密医嘱； 福利院中青少年的空间和财物； 在家庭或受其他形式照料时收发的信件和其他通讯内容；对参与刑事诉讼人员的曝光。

The right to privacy also entitles adolescents to have access to their records held by educational, health-care, childcare and protection services and justice systems. Such information should only be accessible in compliance with due process guarantees and to individuals authorized by law to receive and use it.

隐私权也赋予青少年查阅教育、卫生、儿童保育和保护部门及司法系统的记录的权利。 这些资料只有依照正当程序保障才能够查阅，并且只有经法律授权的个人才能获取和使用。

States should, through dialogue with adolescents, ascertain where breaches of privacy have taken place, including in relation to personal engagement in the digital environment and the use of data by commercial and other entities. States should also take all appropriate measures to strengthen and ensure respect for the confidentiality of data and the privacy of adolescents, consistent with their evolving capacities.

各国应通过与青少年对话，确定发生侵犯隐私权行为的情形，包括个人参与数字环境以及商业和其他实体使用相关数据的情形。各国还应采取一切适当措施，加强和确保对数据保密和符合青少年不同阶段接受能力的隐私的尊重。

Right to information

知情权

47.

47.

Access to information encompasses all forms of media but particular attention needs to be given to the digital environment, as adolescents increasingly use mobile technology and as social and digital media become the primary means through which they communicate and receive, create and disseminate information. Adolescents use the online environment, inter alia, to explore their identity, learn, participate, express opinions, play, socialize, engage politically and discover employment opportunities.

获取信息的方法涵盖了所有媒体形 式，但数字环境需得到特别关注，因为青少年越来越多地使用移动技术，而且社交媒体和数字媒体已成为他们相互交流以及接收、创造和传播信息的主要方式。青少 年利用网络环境来探索自身身份、学习、参与、表达意见、娱乐、社交、参与政治和发现就业机会。

In addition, the Internet provides opportunities for gaining access to online health information, protective support and sources of advice and counselling and can be utilized by States as a means of communicating and engaging with adolescents. The ability to access relevant information can have a significant positive impact on equality. The recommendations from the days of general discussion on the media in 1996 and 2014 have particular resonance for adolescents.

此外，互联网还提供了获取在线保健信息、保护性支助以及咨询和辅导来源的机会，各国可以用它用来与青少年沟通交流。 获取相关信息的能力对平等可产生显著的积极影响。1996年和2014年关于媒体的一般性讨论日所产生的建议特别能让青少年产生共鸣。

States should adopt measures to ensure that all adolescents have access, without discrimination, to different forms of media and support and promote equal access to digital citizenship, including through the promotion of accessible formats for adolescents with disabilities. Training and support should be provided as part of the basic education curriculum to ensure the development of adolescents’ digital, information and media and social literacy skills.

各国应采取措施，确保所有青少年都能够不受歧视地接触不同形式的媒体，支持和促进成为数字公民的平等机会，包括推广面向残疾青少年的无障碍格式。 应作为基础教育课程的一部分提供培训和支持，以确保青少年的数字、信息与媒体素养以及社会认知技能得到发展。

48.

48.

The digital environment can also expose adolescents to risks, such as online fraud, violence and hate speech, sexist speech against girls and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex adolescents, cyberbullying, grooming for sexual exploitation, trafficking and child pornography, over-sexualization and targeting by armed or extremist groups. This should not however restrict adolescents’ access to the digital environment.

数字环境也可能使青少年面临各种 风险，如网络诈骗、暴力和仇恨言论、针对女孩和同性恋、双性恋、变性和两性青少年的性别歧视言论、网络欺凌、为性剥削进行的诱导、贩运儿童和儿童色情制 品、过度性感化以及成为武装组织或极端组织的目标。 然而，不应因此而限制青少年接触数字环境。

Instead, their safety should be promoted through holistic strategies, including digital literacy with regard to online risks and strategies for keeping them safe, strengthened legislation and law enforcement mechanisms to tackle abuse online and fight impunity, and training parents and professionals who work with children.

相反，应该通过全面的战略增进他们的安全，包括提高他们对于网络风险的数字素养，采取保护他们安全的战略，加强立法和执法机制解决网络暴力，打击有罪不罚现象，对父母和从事儿童工作的专业人员进行培训。

States are urged to ensure the active engagement of adolescents in the design and implementation of initiatives aimed at fostering online safety, including through peer mentoring. Investment is needed in the development of technological solutions on prevention and protection and the availability of assistance and support.

委员会敦促各国确保青少年积极参与设计和落实旨在促进网络安全的倡议，包括开展同伴指导。 需要投资开发预防和保护方面的技术解决方案，还需要投入援助和支持。

States are encouraged to require businesses to undertake child-rights due diligence with a view to identifying, preventing and mitigating the impact of risks on children’s rights when using digital media and information and communications technology.

委员会鼓励各国要求企业对儿童权利予以应有的注意，以期查明、预防和降低使用数字媒体及信息和通信技术对儿童权利造成的风险影响。

IX.

九.

Violence against children

暴力侵害儿童

Protection from all forms of violence

保护免遭一切形式的暴力

49.

49.

The Committee refers States parties to the recommendations in general comments No. 13 (2011) on the right of the child to freedom from all forms of violence and No. 18 (2014) on harmful practices for comprehensive legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to bring an end to all forms of violence, including a legal prohibition on corporal punishment in all settings, and to transform and bring an end to all harmful practices.

委 员会请缔约国参阅关于儿童免遭一切形式暴力侵害的权利的第13号一般性意见(2011年)和关于有害习俗的第18号一般性意见(2014)中的建议，制订 全面的立法、行政、社会和教育措施，以终止一切形式的暴力，包括在法律上在所有场所禁止体罚，并改变和终止一切有害习俗。

States parties need to create more opportunities for scaling up institutional programmes on prevention and rehabilitation, and the social reintegration of adolescent victims. The Committee highlights the need to involve adolescents in the development of prevention strategies and protective responses to victims of violence.

缔约国需要创造更多机会，扩大各种预防和康复机构方案的规模，并让受害的青少年能够重新融入社会。 委员会强调指出，在制订预防战略和面向暴力受害者的保护性应对措施时，必须让青少年参与进来。

X.

十.

Family environment and alternative care

家庭环境和替代照料

Support for parents and caregivers

为父母和照料者提供支助

50.

50.

The role of parents and caregivers in providing security, emotional stability, encouragement and protection to children remains important throughout adolescence.

在整个青少年期，父母和照料者在为儿童提供安全、情绪稳定、鼓励和保护方面仍然发挥着重要的作用。

The Committee emphasizes that States’ obligations to render appropriate assistance to parents and caregivers, as outlined in articles 18 (2) and (3) of the Convention, and to assist parents in providing the support and living conditions necessary for optimum development consistent with article 27 (2), have equal application to parents of adolescents.

委员会强调，各国有义务按照《公约》第18条第2和第3款的要求向父母和照料者给予适当协助，并协助父母提供符合第27条第2款实现儿童最佳发展所需的支持和生活条件，这种义务同样适用于青少年的父母。

Such support should respect the rights and evolving capacities of adolescents and the increasing contribution they make to their own lives. States should ensure that they do not, in the name of traditional values, tolerate or condone violence, reinforce unequal power relations within family settings and, therefore, deprive adolescents of the opportunity to exercise their basic rights.

提供支持时应该尊重青少年的权利及其不同阶段的接受能力，以及他们对自身生活不断加大的贡献。各国应确保不会打着传统价值观的旗号容忍或纵容暴力行为，或是强化家庭环境下权力不平等的关系，从而剥夺青少年行使基本权利的机会。

51.

51.

The Committee draws States parties’ attention to the significance of a growing divide between the environments in which adolescents live, characterized by the digital era and globalization, and those in which their parents or caregivers grew up.

委员会提请缔约国注意，青少年生活的环境(以数字化时代和全球化为特征)与他们的父母或照料者所成长的环境之间的鸿沟日益扩大，这一点意义重大。

Adolescents are exposed to and inevitably influenced by a global commercial world, unmediated or regulated by parental or community values, that can inhibit intergenerational understanding. This changing context poses challenges to the capacity of parents and caregivers to communicate effectively with adolescents and provide guidance and protection in a manner that takes into account the current realities of their lives.

青少年面对一个全球性的商业世界，必然会受其影响，没有父母或社会的价值观从中调节和规范，这可能抑制代际理解，对父母和照料者而言， 这种不断变化的环境挑战他们与青少年进行有效沟通和以考虑到青少年生活现实的方式提供引导和保护的能力。

The Committee recommends that States undertake research with adolescents and their parents and caregivers into the nature of guidance, assistance, training and support needed to help address the intergenerational divergence of experience.

委员会建议各国与青少年及其父母和照料者共同开展研究，查明帮助处理人生经验上的代沟需要何种性质的指导、协助、培训和支持。

Adolescents in alternative care

接受替代照料的青少年

52.

There is significant evidence of poor outcomes for adolescents in large long-term institutions, as well as in other forms of alternative care, such as fostering and small group care, albeit to a much lesser degree. These adolescents experience lower educational attainment, dependency on social welfare and higher risk of homelessness, imprisonment, unwanted pregnancy, early parenthood, substance misuse, self-harm and suicide.

有大量证据表明，在大规模长期福利院中长大的青少年最后境况不佳，接受其他形式的替代照料，如寄养或小群体照料的青少年同样如此，尽管不佳程度显著较低。 这些青少年学历低，依赖社会福利，而且无家可归、遭到监禁、意外怀孕、早育、滥用药物、自残和自杀的可能性更高。

Adolescents in alternative care are commonly required to leave once they reach 16-18 years of age and are particularly vulnerable to sexual abuse and exploitation, trafficking and violence as they lack support systems or protection and have been afforded no opportunities to acquire the skills and capacities to protect themselves.

接受替代照料的青少年通常年满16-18岁时便被要求脱离替代照料，因此特别容易受到性虐待和性剥削、贩运和暴力侵害，因为他们缺乏支助体系或保护，并且没有机会获取自我保护的技能和能力。

Those with disabilities are often denied opportunities for community living and are transferred to adult institutions, where they are at increased risk of being subjected to continuing violations of their rights.

残疾青少年则常常被剥夺了社区生活的机会，被转入成人收容机构，在那里他们权利遭受持续侵犯的风险更高。

53.

States should commit strongly to and invest more in supporting adolescents in alternative care. Preference for foster and small homes needs to be complemented with the measures necessary to tackle discrimination, ensure regular reviews of adolescents’ individual situations, support their education, give them a real voice in the processes affecting them and avoid multiple moves.

各国应坚定致力于为接受替代照料的青少年提供支助，并为此投入更多资源。 对寄养和小型家庭照料的偏好应该以必要的措施作为补充，以解决歧视问题，确保定期检查青少年的具体情况，支持他们的教育，让他们在影响自己的程序中真正能够发表意见，并避免多次转移。

States are urged to ensure that institutionalization is used only as a measure of last resort and to ensure the appropriate protection of all children living in institutions, including through access to confidential complaints mechanisms and justice.

委员会促请各国确保福利院安置只当作最后手段使用，并确保所有生活在福利院的儿童均得到适当保护，包括通过保密的申诉机制和司法途径加以保护。

States should also adopt measures to support the independence and improve the life chances of adolescents in alternative care and address the particular vulnerabilities and insecurities they face as they become old enough to leave such care.

各国还应采取措施，支持青少年独立，增加接受替代照料的青少年的生活机会，并解决他们在够年龄脱离照料时所面临的特定的脆弱性和不安全感。

54.

54.

Adolescents leaving alternative care require support in preparing for the transition, gaining access to employment, housing and psychological support, participating in rehabilitation with their families where that is in their best interest and gaining access to after-care services consistent with the Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children.

脱离替代照料的青少年需要各种支助，以帮助他们为过渡期做好准备，获得就业机会、住房和心理支持，在符合他们最大利益的情况下与家人共同参与康复活动，并获得符合《关于儿童的替代照料准则》的后续服务。

Adolescent-headed families

青少年当家的家庭

55.

55.

A significant number of adolescents are the primary caregivers of their families, either because they themselves are parents or because their parents have died or disappeared or are absent.

大量青少年是家庭的主要照料者，这或是因为他们自己已为人父母，或是因为他们的父母已逝世、失踪或缺席。

Articles 24 and 27 of the Convention require that adolescent parents and caregivers be provided with basic knowledge of child health, nutrition and breastfeeding, and appropriate support to assist them in fulfilling their responsibilities towards the children they are responsible for and, when needed, material assistance with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing.

《公约》第24条和27条要求向身为父母和照料者的青少年提供基本的儿童保健、营养和母乳喂养知识，提供适当的支助以协助他们履行对自己所负责的儿童的责任，并在需要时提供营养、衣着和住房方面的物质援助。

Adolescent caregivers need extra support in order to enjoy their rights to education, play and participation. In particular, States should introduce social protection interventions at key stages of the life cycle and respond to the specific requirements of adolescent caregivers.

青少年照料者需要额外的支助，以享有受教育权、游戏权和参与权。 具体而言，各国应在人生周期的关键阶段引入社会保护干预措施，并回应青少年照料者的具体需求。

XI.

十一.

Basic health and welfare

基本保健和福利

Health care

卫生保健

56.

56.

Health services are rarely designed to accommodate the specific health needs of adolescents, a problem that is compounded by the lack of demographic and epidemiological data and statistics disaggregated by age, sex and disability. When adolescents seek help, they often experience legal and financial barriers, discrimination, lack of confidentiality and respect, violence and abuse, stigma and judgmental attitudes from health-care personnel.

卫生服务在设计时很少注意适应青少年的具体卫生需求，而缺少按年龄、性别和残疾状况分列的人口和流行病统计数据又加剧了这一问题。 青少年在寻求帮助时常常会遭遇法律或经济障碍，以及来自卫生工作者的歧视、缺少保密和尊重、暴力和虐待、污辱以及评判的态度。

57.

57.

Adolescents’ health outcomes are predominantly a consequence of social and economic determinants and structural inequalities, mediated by behaviour and activity, at the individual, peer, family, school, community and societal levels.

青少年的健康状况主要是社会和经济决定因素以及结构性不平等共同作用的结果，并受到个人、同龄人、家庭、学校、社区和社会层面的行为和活动的影响。

Accordingly, States parties, in collaboration with adolescents, should undertake comprehensive multi-stakeholder reviews of the nature and extent of adolescent health problems and the barriers they face in gaining access to services, as a basis for future comprehensive health policies, programmes and public health strategies.

因此，缔约国应与青少年合作，对青少年健康问题的性质和严重程度以及他们在获得服务方面所面临的障碍开展全面的多利益攸关方审查，为今后的全面卫生政策、方案和公共卫生战略提供基础。

58.

58.

Mental health and psychosocial problems, such as suicide, self-harm, eating disorders and depression, are primary causes of ill health, morbidity and mortality among adolescents, particularly among those in vulnerable groups. Such problems arise from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, personality and environmental causes and are compounded by, for example, experiences of conflict, displacement, discrimination, bullying and social exclusion, as well as pressures concerning body image and a culture of “perfection”.

精 神卫生和社会心理问题，如自杀、自残、饮食失调和抑郁症，是青少年健康不佳、发病和死亡的主要原因，特别是对那些属于弱势群体的青少年而言。 这些问题的产生是遗传、生物、性格和环境因素之间复杂相互作用的结果，而冲突、流离失所、歧视、欺凌和社会排斥之类的经验，以及有关身体形象的压力和“追 求完美”的社会文化又加剧了这些问题。

The factors known to promote resilience and healthy development and to protect against mental ill health include strong relationships with and support from key adults, positive role models, a suitable standard of living, access to quality secondary education, freedom from violence and discrimination, opportunities for influence and decision-making, mental health awareness, problem-solving and coping skills and safe and healthy local environments.

能够 提高青少年适应能力、促进他们健康发展并保护他们不出现心理疾病的已知因素有：与重要成年人关系紧密并得到他们的扶持，有正面的榜样人物，有适当的生活水 准，有机会获得优质中学教育，不遭受暴力和歧视，有机会产生影响力和作出决策，有心理健康意识，有解决问题和应对问题的技能，有安全健康的局部环境等。

The Committee emphasizes that States should adopt an approach based on public health and psychosocial support rather than overmedicalization and institutionalization. A comprehensive multisectoral response is needed, through integrated systems of adolescent mental health care that involve parents, peers, the wider family and schools and the provision of support and assistance through trained staff.

委员会强调，各国应采用立足于公众卫生和社会心理支持的方针，而不是采用过度医疗化和机构安置的做法。 应通过有父母、同龄人、更多家庭成员和学校参与，并由训练有素的工作人员提供支持和帮助的青少年心理保健综合体系采取多部门综合应对措施。

59.

59.

The Committee urges States to adopt comprehensive gender and sexuality-sensitive sexual and reproductive health policies for adolescents, emphasizing that unequal access by adolescents to such information, commodities and services amounts to discrimination. Lack of access to such services contributes to adolescent girls being the group most at risk of dying or suffering serious or lifelong injuries in pregnancy and childbirth.

委员会促请各国采取针对青少年的顾及性别和性体验的性健康和生殖健康综合政策，并强调，若青少年无法平等获取此类信息、商品和服务，便构成歧视。 无法获取这种服务导致少女成为最有可能因妊娠和分娩而死亡或遭受严重或终身伤害的人群。

All adolescents should have access to free, confidential, adolescent-responsive and non-discriminatory sexual and reproductive health services, information and education, available both online and in person, including on family planning, contraception, including emergency contraception, prevention, care and treatment of sexually transmitted infections, counselling, pre-conception care, maternal health services and menstrual hygiene.

所有青少年均应有机会在网上或以面对面的方式获得免费、保密、符合青少年需求和不歧视的性健康和生殖健康服务、信息和教育，包括有关计划生育、避孕(包括紧急避孕)、预防、护理和治疗性传播疾病、咨询、孕前保健、孕产妇保健和经期卫生的服务、信息和教育。

60.

60.

There should be no barriers to commodities, information and counselling on sexual and reproductive health and rights, such as requirements for third-party consent or authorization. In addition, particular efforts need to be made to overcome barriers of stigma and fear experienced by, for example, adolescent girls, girls with disabilities and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex adolescents, in gaining access to such services.

对于获取有关性健康和生殖健康与权利的商品、信息和咨询，不应设置任何障碍，如要求取得第三方的同意或授权。 此外，应特别努力克服少女、残疾女孩和同性恋、双性恋、变性和两性青少年在获取这类服务时感受污辱和恐惧的障碍。

The Committee urges States to decriminalize abortion to ensure that girls have access to safe abortion and post-abortion services, review legislation with a view to guaranteeing the best interests of pregnant adolescents and ensure that their views are always heard and respected in abortion-related decisions.

委员会促请各国将堕胎非刑罪化，以确保少女获得安全堕胎和术后服务，审查立法以保证怀孕少女的最大利益，并确保在与堕胎相关的决定中总是听取和尊重她们的意见。

61.

61.

Age-appropriate, comprehensive and inclusive sexual and reproductive health education, based on scientific evidence and human rights standards and developed with adolescents, should be part of the mandatory school curriculum and reach out-of-school adolescents.

立足于科学证据和人权标准，并与青少年共同开发的适龄、全面和包容性的性健康和生殖健康教育，应成为学校必修课程的一部分，并普及到校外的青少年。

Attention should be given to gender equality, sexual diversity, sexual and reproductive health rights, responsible parenthood and sexual behaviour and violence prevention, as well as to preventing early pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Information should be available in alternative formats to ensure accessibility to all adolescents, especially adolescents with disabilities.

应当关注性别平等、性的多样性、性健康与生殖健康权利、负责任的生育和性行为、防止暴力以及防止早孕和性传播疾病等问题。 应以替代形式提供相关信息，以保证所有青少年，尤其是残疾青少年均能无障碍获取。

HIV/AIDS

艾滋病毒/艾滋病

62.

62.

Adolescents are the only age group in which death due to AIDS is increasing. Adolescents may face challenges in gaining access to antiretroviral treatment and remaining in treatment; the need to gain the consent of guardians in order to access HIV-related services, disclosure and stigma are some barriers.

青少年是因艾滋病死亡人数不断增加的唯一年龄组别。 青少年可能在获取抗逆转录病毒治疗和持续接受治疗方面面临困难； 青少年必须取得监护人的同意才能获得艾滋病毒相关服务，信息披露和污名也构成障碍。

Adolescent girls are disproportionately affected, representing two thirds of new infections. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender adolescents, adolescents who exchange sex for money, goods or favours and adolescents who inject drugs are also at a higher risk of HIV infection.

少女受到的影响特别大，占新感染人数的三分之二。 同性恋、双性恋和变性青少年，以性换取金钱、物品或好处的青少年，以及使用注射药物的青少年，他们也是感染艾滋病毒的高危人群。

63.

63.

The Committee encourages States to recognize adolescents’ diverse realities and ensure that they have access to confidential HIV testing and counselling services and to evidence-based HIV prevention and treatment programmes provided by trained personnel who fully respect the rights of adolescents to privacy and non-discrimination.

委员会鼓励各国认识到青少年各种各样的现实情况，确保他们能够获得保密的艾滋病毒检测和咨询服务，由训练有素并充分尊重青少年的隐私权和不受歧视的权利的人员提供基于证据的艾滋病毒预防及治疗方案。

Health services should include HIV-related information, testing and diagnostics; information on contraception and the use of condoms; care and treatment, including antiretroviral and other medicines and related technologies for the care and treatment of HIV/AIDS;

卫生服务应包括艾滋病毒相关信息、测试和诊断；关于避孕和使用避孕套的信息；护理和治疗，包括抗逆转录病毒药物和其他药物以及护理和治疗艾滋病毒/艾滋病的相关技术；

advice on suitable nutrition; spiritual and psychosocial support; and family, community and home-based care. Consideration should be given to reviewing HIV-specific legislation that criminalizes the unintentional transmission of HIV and the non-disclosure of one’s HIV status.

关于适当营养的建议；精神和心理支持； 家庭、社区和上门护理。 应考虑审查将无意传播艾滋病毒行为定为刑事罪的艾滋病毒相关立法，并不公开个人的艾滋病毒感染状况。

Drug use among adolescents

青少年吸毒

64.

64.

Adolescents are more likely to be initiated into drug use and can be at a higher risk of drug-related harm than adults, and drug use initiated in adolescence more often leads to dependence. Those identified at greatest risk of drug-related harm are adolescents in street situations, those excluded from school, those with histories of trauma, family breakdown or abuse, and those living in families coping with drug dependence. States parties have an obligation to protect adolescents from the illicit use of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.

青少年更有可能被教会吸毒，遭受毒品相关伤害的可能性要高于成年人，并且在青少年期开始的吸毒行为更常导致毒品依赖。 目前认定最有可能遭受毒品相关危害的青少年是：流落街头、不能入学、曾遭受创伤、家庭破裂或受家人虐待以及家中有药物依赖问题的青少年。

States parties should ensure adolescents’ right to health in relation to the use of such substances, as well as tobacco, alcohol and solvents, and put in place prevention, harm-reduction and dependence treatment services, without discrimination and with sufficient budgetary allocation.

缔约国有义务保护青少年不致非法使用麻醉药品和精神药物。 在这类物质以及烟草、酒精和溶剂的使用方面，缔约国应确保青少年的健康权，设置预防、减少危害和治疗依赖性的服务，不得有任何歧视，并提供足够的预算拨款。

Alternatives to punitive or repressive drug control policies in relation to adolescents are welcome. Adolescents should also be provided with accurate and objective information based on scientific evidence aimed at preventing and minimizing harm from substance use.

欢迎对青少年使用其他办法替代惩戒或压制性药物管制政策。 还应向青少年提供立足于科学证据的准确客观的信息，以防止药物使用并最大限度地降低其危害。

Injuries and a safe environment

伤害与安全的环境

65.

65.

Unintended injuries or injuries due to violence are a leading cause of death and disability among adolescents. Most of the unintentional injuries result from road traffic crashes, drowning, burns, falls and poisoning.

意外伤害和暴力造成的伤害是青少年死亡和残疾的主要原因之一。 大多数意外伤害由道路交通事故、溺水、烧伤、跌落和中毒造成。

To reduce risk, States parties should develop multisectoral strategies that include legislation requiring the use of protective equipment, policies on driving while intoxicated and on licensing, programmes on education, skills development and behaviour change, adaptations to the environment, and the provision of care and rehabilitation services for those who suffer injuries.

为了降低伤害风险，各缔约国应制订多部门战略，其中涵盖要求使用防护设备的法律，有关醉驾和驾照的政策，教育、技能培养和行为改变方案，改造环境的举措，以及为受伤人员提供的护理和康复服务。

Adequate standard of living

适足生活水准

66.

66.

The impact of poverty has profound implications during adolescence, sometimes leading to extreme stress and insecurity and to social and political exclusion. Strategies imposed on or adopted by adolescents to address economic hardship can include dropping out of school, being involved in child or forced marriage, becoming involved in sexual exploitation, trafficking, hazardous or exploitative work or work that interferes with education, becoming members of a gang, being recruited into militias and migrating.

贫困会在青少年期产生深远 影响，有时会导致极端的压力和不安全感，并让青少年遭受社会和政治排斥。 强加于青少年或青少年自己采取的应对经济困难的策略可能有：辍学，接受童婚或强迫婚姻，涉足性剥削、人口贩运、危险或剥削性的工作或干扰教育的工作，加入 帮派，应征加入民兵以及移徙等。

67.

67.

States are reminded of the right of every child to a suitable standard of living for physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development, and are urged to introduce social protection floors that provide adolescents and their families with basic income security, protection against economic shocks and prolonged economic crises and access to social services.

委员会提请各国注意，每个儿童都有权享有适足的生活水准，以实现其身心、精神、道德和社会发展，委员会并敦促各国引入社会保障最低标准，为青少年及其家人提供基本收入保障，保护他们免遭经济动荡和长期经济危机的影响，并提供获得社会服务的途径。

XII.

十二.

Education, leisure and cultural activities

教育、休闲和文化活动

Education

教育

68.

68.

Guaranteeing the right to universal, quality and inclusive education and training is the single most important policy investment that States can make to ensure the immediate and long-term development of adolescents, and a growing body of evidence testifies to the positive impact of secondary education in particular.

保障普及高质量和包容性的教育和培训是各国为保证青少年近期和长远发展所能进行的最重要一项的政策性投资，越来越多的证据表明，中学教育尤其有着积极的影响。

States are encouraged to introduce widely available secondary education for all as a matter of urgency and to make higher education accessible to all on the basis of capacity by every appropriate means.

委员会鼓励各国作为紧急事项向所有人普及中学教育，并以一切适当方式，使所有人根据个人能力有机会接受高等教育。

69.

69.

The Committee is deeply concerned at the challenges faced by many States to achieve equality in the enrolment of girls and boys and keep girls in school beyond primary education. Investment in girls’ secondary education, a commitment necessary to comply with articles 2, 6 and 28 of the Convention, also serves to protect girls from child and forced marriage, sexual exploitation and early pregnancy, and contributes significantly towards the future economic potential of girls and their children.

委员会深感关切的是，许多国家在实现男女儿童入学平等 以及让女孩接受中学教育方面面临挑战。投入力量让女孩接受中学教育，是遵守《公约》第2条、第6条和第28条所需的承诺，也有助于保护女孩，不让她们遭遇 童婚和强迫婚姻、性剥削和早孕，并会对女孩及其子女未来的经济潜力作出显著贡献。

Investment should also be made in strategies that promote positive gender relations and social norms; address sexual and gender-based violence, including within schools; and promote positive role models, family support and the economic empowerment of women, to overcome the legal, political, cultural, economic and social barriers that represent barriers for girls.

还投入以下战略：促进积极的两性关系和社会规范； 解决性暴力和基于性别的暴力问题，包括校内暴力；宣传正面榜样，提供家庭支助和增强妇女经济权能，以克服给女孩构成阻碍的法律、政治、文化、经济和社会障碍。

Furthermore, States should recognize that a growing number of boys are not enrolling and are not remaining in school, identify the causes and adopt appropriate measures to support boys’ continued participation in education.

此外，各国应认识到，有越来越多的男孩没有注册入学或没有留在学校，各国并应找出原因，采取适当措施来为男孩继续接受教育提供支助。

70.

70.

The Committee notes with concern the numbers of adolescents in marginalized situations who are not given the opportunity to make the transition to secondary education, such as adolescents living in poverty; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex adolescents; adolescents belonging to minorities; adolescents with psychosocial, sensory or physical disabilities; adolescents who are migrating; adolescents in situations of armed conflict or natural disasters; and adolescents in street situations or working.

委 员会关切地注意到，没有机会过渡到中学教育的处于边缘处境的青少年人数众多，例如：生活贫困的青少年； 同性恋、双性恋、变性和两性青少年；属于少数群体的青少年；有社会心理、感官或身体残疾的青少年； 移徙青少年；处于武装冲突局势或遭遇自然灾害的青少年；流落街头或工作的青少年。

Proactive measures are necessary to end discrimination of marginalized groups in gaining access to education, including by establishing cash transfer programmes, respecting minority and indigenous cultures and children from all religious communities, promoting inclusive education for children with disabilities, combating bullying and discriminatory attitudes within the education system and providing education in refugee camps.

有必要采取积极措施消除边缘化群体在获取教育方面受到的歧视，包括建立现金转移方案，尊重少数群体文化和土著文化以及来自一切宗教族群的儿童，促进对残疾儿童的包容性教育，打击教育系统中的欺凌现象和歧视态度，并在难民营提供教育。

71.

71.

Efforts need to be made to consult adolescents on the barriers impeding their continued participation in school, given the high levels of early school leaving while still illiterate or without obtaining qualifications.

鉴于在尚未学会读写或未获得文凭时便过早辍学的青少年比例很高，有必要开展工作向青少年了解妨碍其继续上学的因素。

The Committee has observed the following contributory factors: fees and associated costs; family poverty and lack of adequate social protection schemes, including adequate health insurance; lack of adequate and safe sanitation facilities for girls; exclusion of pregnant schoolgirls and adolescent mothers; persistent use of cruel, inhuman and degrading punishments;

委员会观察到以下成因：学费及相关费用； 家庭贫困和缺乏适足的社会保障计划，包括适足的医疗保险； 缺乏面向女孩的充足、安全的卫生设施；怀孕的女生和少女母亲受到排斥；持续使用残酷、不人道和有辱人格的惩罚；

lack of effective measures to eliminate sexual harassment in school; sexual exploitation of girls; environments not conducive to girls’ inclusion and safety; inappropriate teaching pedagogies; irrelevant or outdated curricula; failure to engage students in their own learning; and bullying.

缺乏有效措施消除校内性骚扰现象； 对女孩的性剥削； 不利于女孩融入和安全的环境；不恰当的教学方法； 不恰当或过时的课程； 未能让学生自主学习；欺凌现象等。

In addition, schools often lack the flexibility needed for adolescents to be able to combine work and/or family care responsibilities with their education, without which they may be unable to continue to meet the associated costs of schooling.

此外，学校往往不够灵活，不能让青少年将工作和(或)照顾家庭的责任与接受教育结合起来，没有这种灵活性，他们便可能无力继续支付上学的相关费用。

Consistent with article 28 (1) (e) of the Convention and Sustainable Development Goal 4, States should introduce comprehensive and proactive measures to address all these factors and improve enrolment and attendance, reduce early school leaving and provide opportunities to complete education for those who have left.

根据《公约》第28条第1款(e)项和可持续发展目标4, 各国应实行全面和积极的措施来应对上述各种因素，提高入学率和出勤率，减少过早辍学现象，并为已经辍学的青少年提供完成教育的机会。

72.

72.

The Committee draws attention to its general comment No. 1 (2001) on the aims of education, in which it asserts the need for education to be child-centred, child-friendly and empowering and emphasizes the importance of a more collaborative and participatory pedagogy.

委员会提请各国注意委员会关于教育的目的的第1号一般性意见(2001年)，其中委员会坚称，教育必须以儿童为中心、与儿童友善并扶持儿童，并强调，必须采用一种更具合作性和参与性的教学方法。

Curricula for secondary education should be designed to equip adolescents for active participation, develop respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, promote civic engagement and prepare adolescents to lead responsible lives in a free society.

中学教育课程应能够让青少年具备积极参与的意识，培养对人权和基本自由的尊重，促进公民参与，让青少年准备好在自由社会中负责任地生活。

To develop adolescents’ fullest potential and keep them in school, consideration should be given to how learning environments are designed, to ensure they capitalize on adolescents’ capacity for learning, motivation to work with peers and empowerment, and focus on experiential learning, exploration and limit testing.

为了发掘青少年的最大潜能，让他们留在学校，应对学习环境的设计进行思考，以确保它们充分利用青少年的学习能力、与同龄人合作的动力和增强青少年的权能，并注重体验式学习、探索和挑战极限。

Transitions from education to training and/or decent work

从教育向培训和(或)体面工作过渡

73.

73.

Significant numbers of adolescents are not in education, training or employment, leading to disproportionate levels of unemployment, underemployment and exploitation as they move towards adulthood.

有大量青少年没有在接受教育、培训或是就业，这导致他们走向成年后失业、就业不足和遭到剥削的比例过高。

The Committee urges States to support out-of-school adolescents in a manner appropriate to their age to facilitate the transition to decent work, including by ensuring consistency between education and labour laws, and to adopt policies to promote their future employment. In line with article 28 (1) (d), States should make educational and vocational information and guidance available and accessible to adolescents.

委员会促请各国以符合其年龄的方式为学校外的青少年提供支助，以帮助他们逐步获得体面工作，包括确保教育法和就业法之间的连贯性，并实施促进他们以后就业的政策。按照《公约》第28条第1款(d)项，各国应该向青少年提供教育和职业方面的资讯和指导。

74.

74.

Both formal and informal education and training need to be designed for the twenty-first century skills required in the modern labour market, including integrating soft and transferrable skills into the curricula; expanding opportunities for experiential or practical learning; developing vocational training based on labour market demand;

正规和非正规教育和培训都必须根据现代劳动力市场所需的二十一世纪技能 进行设计，包括：将软技能和可转移技能纳入课程；扩大体验式学习或实践学习的机会； 开发基于劳动力市场需求的职业培训；

establishing public-private sector partnerships for entrepreneurship, internships and apprenticeships; and providing guidance on academic and vocational opportunities. States should also disseminate information on employment rights, including rights in relation to membership in trade unions and professional associations.

在创业、实习和学徒制方面建立公私部门合作伙伴关系；提供关于学业和职业机会的指南等。各国还应传播有关就业权的信息，包括与工会和职业协会成员身份有关的权利。

Leisure, recreation and the arts

休闲、娱乐和艺术

75.

75.

Adolescents’ right to rest and leisure and to engage and participate freely in play, recreational and artistic activities, both online and offline, are fundamental to their exploration of identity, enabling adolescents to explore their culture, forge new artistic forms, create relationships and evolve as human beings. Leisure, recreation and the arts give adolescents a sense of uniqueness that is fundamental to the rights to human dignity, optimum development, freedom of expression, participation and privacy.

青 少年的休息和休闲权，以及在线上和线下自由加入和参与游戏、娱乐和艺术活动的权利，对他们探索自我身份至关重要，能让青少年探索自己的文化，开拓新的艺术 形式，建立人际关系并长大成人。休闲、娱乐和艺术能让青少年自我感觉独特，这对于享有人的尊严权、最佳发展权、表达自由权、参与权和隐私权至关重要。

The Committee notes with regret that those rights are widely neglected in adolescence, especially for girls. Fear of and hostility towards adolescents in public spaces, and a lack of adolescent-friendly urban planning, educational and leisure infrastructure, can inhibit the freedom to engage in recreational activity and sports.

委员会遗憾地注意到，青少年的这些权利，特别是女孩的权利，普遍遭到忽视。 公共空间中对青少年的恐惧和敌意，以及对青少年友好的城市规划、教育和休闲基础设施的缺乏，可能限制他们参与休闲活动和体育的自由。

The Committee draws the attention of States to the rights embodied in article 31 of the Convention and its recommendations in general comment No. 17 (2013) on the right of the child to rest, leisure, play, recreational activities, cultural life and the arts.

委员会提请各国注意《公约》第31条以及委员会关于儿童享有休息和闲暇、从事游戏和娱乐活动、参加文化生活和艺术活动的权利的第17号一般性意见(2013年)中所载的各项权利。

XIII.

十三.

Special protection measures Migration

特殊保护措施 移徙

76.

76.

Growing numbers of adolescent girls and boys migrate, either within or outside their country of origin, in search of improved standards of living, education or family reunification. For many, migration offers significant social and economic opportunities.

越来越多的青少年男女为了寻求改善生活水准、教育或家庭团聚而在原籍国国内或国外移徙。对于很多人来说，移徙提供了大量社会和经济机会。

However, it also poses risks, including physical harm, psychological trauma, marginalization, discrimination, xenophobia and sexual and economic exploitation and, when crossing borders, immigration raids and detention. Many adolescent migrants are denied access to education, housing, health, recreation, participation, protection and social security.

不过，这也带来了风险，包括遭受身体伤害、心理创伤、边缘化、歧视、仇外心理以及性剥削和经济剥削的风险，以及在穿越边界时遭受移民局人员搜查和拘留的风险。 许多青少年移徙者被剥夺了受教育和获得住房、医疗、娱乐、参与、保护和社会保障的机会。

Even where rights to services are protected by laws and policies, adolescents may face administrative and other obstacles in gaining access to such services, including: demands for identity documents or social security numbers; harmful and inaccurate age-determination procedures; financial and linguistic barriers; and the risk that gaining access to services will result in detention or deportation. The Committee refers States parties to its comprehensive recommendations elaborated in respect of migrant children.

即 便享有相关服务的权利受到法律和政策的保护，青少年在获取这类服务时也有可能面临行政壁垒和其他障碍，包括：要求提供身份证件或社保号码； 伤害性的和不准确的年龄确定过程； 经济和语言障碍；获取服务可能导致拘留或被驱逐出境的风险等。 委员会提请缔约国注意其针对移徙儿童编写的全面建议。

77.

77.

The Committee stresses that article 22 of the Convention recognizes that refugee and asylum-seeking children require special measures if they are to enjoy their rights and benefit from the additional safeguards given to them through the international refugee protection regime.

委员会强调，《公约》第22条承认，难民儿童和寻求庇护的儿童需要特殊措施，才能享有自己的权利并从国际难民保护制度提供的额外保障措施中受益。

Those adolescents should not be subjected to expedited removal procedures but rather be considered for entry into the territory and should not be returned or refused entry before a determination of their best interests has been made and a need for international protection has been established.

对于这些青少年，不应采取快速驱逐程序，而是应该考虑允许他们入境，并且在确定什么符合他们的最大利益以及是否需要国际保护之前，不得将他们遣返或拒绝他们入境。

In line with the obligation under article 2 to respect and ensure the rights of every child within their jurisdiction, irrespective of status, States should introduce age- and gender-sensitive legislation governing both unaccompanied and separated refugee and asylum-seeking adolescents, as well as migrants, underpinned by the best interests principle, prioritizing the assessment of protection needs over the determination of immigration status, prohibiting immigration-related detention and referring to the recommendations in general comment No. 6 (2005) on the treatment of unaccompanied and separated children outside their country of origin, addressing the particular vulnerability of those adolescents.

第 2条规定，各国必须尊重儿童各项权利，并确保其管辖范围内的每一儿童，不论其身份如何，均享受其权利。 根据这项义务，各国应制订顾及年龄和性别因素的法律，管理无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的难民青少年和寻求庇护的青少年以及移民，以最大利益原则为基础，优先考虑 对保护需求进行评估而不是确定移民身份，禁止与移民相关的拘留措施，并参照关于远离原籍国无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的儿童待遇的第6号一般性意见(2005 年)中的各项建议，顾及这些青少年所特有的脆弱性。

States should also introduce measures to address the factors driving adolescents to migrate and the vulnerabilities and rights violations faced by adolescents left behind when parents migrate, including dropping out of school, child labour, vulnerability to violence and criminal activities and burdensome domestic responsibilities.

各国还应采取措施应对驱使青少年移徙的因素，并处理在父母移徙后留守的青少年的脆弱性及其权利遭到侵犯的情况，包括辍学、童工劳动、容易遭到暴力侵犯和犯罪活动影响以及家庭责任繁重等。

Trafficking

贩运

78.

78.

Many adolescents are at risk of being trafficked for economic reasons or for sexual exploitation. States are urged to establish a comprehensive and systematic mechanism for collecting data on the sale of, trafficking in and abduction of children, ensuring that the data is disaggregated and paying particular attention to children living in the most vulnerable situations.

许多青少年面临出于经济原因或性剥削目的而被贩运的风险。委员会促请各国建立一项全面和系统的机制，收集有关买卖、贩运和绑架儿童的数据，确保对数据进行分类，特别关注处于最弱势的儿童。

States should also invest in rehabilitation and reintegration services and psychosocial support for child victims. Attention should be paid to the gender-based dimensions of vulnerability and exploitation. Awareness-raising activities, including through social media, need to be conducted in order to make parents and children aware of the dangers of both domestic and international trafficking.

各国还应投入康复和重新融入社会服务，并为受害儿童提供心理支持。 应注意儿童的脆弱性及其所受剥削的性别层面。必须开展提高认识活动，包括通过社交媒体，让父母和儿童了解国内和国际贩运的危险。

States are urged to ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and to harmonize legislation accordingly.

委员会促请各国批准《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题任择议定书》，并对法律进行相应的协调统一。

Conflict and crisis

冲突与危机

79.

79.

Situations of armed conflict and humanitarian disasters result in the breakdown of social norms and family and community support structures. They force many displaced and crisis-affected adolescents to assume adult responsibilities and expose them to risks of sexual and gender-based violence, child and forced marriage and trafficking.

武装冲突和人道主义灾难的局势会导致社会规范以及家庭和社区支助体系的崩塌。这种局势迫使许多流离失所和受危机影响的青少年承担起成人的责任，并使他们有遭受性暴力和基于性别的暴力、童婚和强迫婚姻以及贩运的风险。

Furthermore, adolescents in such situations are likely to be denied education, skills training, safe employment opportunities and access to appropriate sexual and reproductive health services and information, and to face isolation, discrimination and stigma, mental health and risk-taking behaviour.

此外，处于这种局势的青少年很可能无法获得教育、技能培训、安全的就业机会，也无法获取适当的性健康和生殖健康服务和信息，他们还可能遭到孤立、歧视和污辱，面临心理健康问题，采取冒险行为。

80.

80.

The Committee is concerned about the failure of humanitarian programmes to address the specific needs and rights of adolescents. It urges States parties to ensure that adolescents are provided with systematic opportunities to play an active role in the development and design of protection systems and reconciliation and peacebuilding processes.

委员会感到关切的是，人道主义方案未能应对青少年的特殊需求和权利。 委员会促请缔约国确保向青少年提供系统性机会，让他们能够在制订和设计保护体系以及和解和建设和平的进程中发挥积极作用。

Explicit investment in post-conflict and transition reconstruction should be seen as an opportunity for adolescents to contribute to the economic and social development, resilience-building and peaceful transition of the country. In addition, emergency preparedness programmes should address adolescents, recognizing both their vulnerability and right to protection, and their potential role in supporting communities and helping to mitigate risk.

对冲突后和转型期重建工作的明确投资应被视为一个机会，让青少年能够为经济和社会发展、适应力建设和国家的和平过渡作出贡献。 此外，应急准备方案应顾及青少年，认识到他们的脆弱性和得到保护的权利，以及他们在支持社区和帮助缓解风险方面可以发挥的作用。

Recruitment into armed forces and groups

被征召加入武装部队和武装团体

81.

81.

The Committee expresses deep concern about the fact that adolescent boys and girls are being recruited, including through the use of social media, by States’ armed forces, armed groups and militias, and urges all States parties to ratify the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict.

委员会深感关切的是，青少年男女正在被征召加入国家武装部队、武装团体和民兵，征召办法包括社交媒体，委员会促请所有缔约国批准《儿童权利公约关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》。

It is also concerned about adolescents’ vulnerability to being enticed by terrorist propaganda, extremist views and involvement in terrorist activities. Research with adolescents should be undertaken to explore the factors driving their engagement in such activities and States should take appropriate action in response to the findings, paying particular attention to measures promoting social integration.

委员会还感到关切的是，青少年容易受恐怖主义宣传、极端主义观点引诱而参与恐怖活动。 应与青少年合作开展研究，查找驱使他们参与此类活动的动因，各国应根据研究成果采取适当行动，特别注意促进社会融合的措施。

82.

82.

States should ensure the recovery and gender-sensitive reintegration of adolescents who are recruited into armed forces and groups, including those in migration situations, and prohibit the recruitment or use of adolescents in all hostilities as well as peace or ceasefire negotiations and agreements with armed groups.

各国应确保被征召加入武装部队和团体的青少年，包括处于移徙状态中的青少年，能够得到恢复并以顾及性别差异的方式重新融入社会，禁止在一切敌对行动中以及与武装团体的和平或停火谈判和协议中招募或使用青少年。

States should support opportunities for adolescent participation in peace movements and peer-to-peer approaches to non-violent conflict resolution rooted in local communities, to ensure the sustainability and cultural appropriateness of interventions.

各国应支持青少年参加和平运动，采取植根于地方社区的以非暴力方式解决冲突的对等办法，以确保干预措施的可持续性和文化上的适当性。

The Committee urges States parties to take firm measures to ensure that cases of conflict-related sexual violence, sexual exploitation and abuse and other human rights abuses against adolescents are promptly and duly addressed.

委员会敦促各缔约国采取坚决措施，确保与冲突有关的针对青少年的性暴力、性剥削和性虐待现象以及其他践踏青少年人权的事件得到及时和妥善处理。

83.

The Committee recognizes that, in many parts of the world, adolescents are recruited into gangs and pandillas, which often provide social support, a source of livelihood, protection and a sense of identity in the absence of opportunities to achieve such goals through legitimate activities.

委员会认识到，在世界许多地方，青少年被招募加入帮派和黑帮，这些团体通常会提供社会支持、生计来源、保护和一种身份认同，而青少年没有机会通过合法途径实现上述目标。

However, the climate of fear, insecurity, threat and violence posed by gang membership threatens the realization of the rights of adolescents and is a major factor contributing to adolescent migration. The Committee recommends that more emphasis be placed on the development of comprehensive public policies that address the root causes of juvenile violence and gangs, instead of aggressive law enforcement approaches.

然而，恐惧不安的气氛以及帮派成员实施的威胁和暴力有碍于青少年实现自己的权利，这也是促使青少年移徙的一项主要因素。 委员会建议，应更加注重制订全面的公共政策来解决青少年暴力和帮派的根源问题，而不是采取严厉的执法方式。

Investment is needed in prevention activities for at-risk adolescents, interventions to encourage adolescents to leave gangs, rehabilitation and reintegration of gang members, restorative justice and the creation of municipal alliances against crime and violence, with an emphasis on the school, the family and social inclusion measures. The Committee urges States to give due consideration to adolescents forced to leave their country for reasons related to gang violence and to afford them refugee status.

有必 要投入以下措施：针对“问题”青少年开展预防活动，采取干预措施鼓励青少年离开帮派，让帮派成员恢复正常生活和重新融入社会，采用恢复性司法手段，建立打 击犯罪和暴力的市政联盟，重点是学校、家庭和社会融入措施。 对于因与帮派暴力相关的原因而被迫离开本国的青少年，委员会敦促各国给予适当的考虑，并给他们以难民身份。

Child labour

童工劳动

84.

84.

The Committee emphasizes that all adolescents have the right to be protected from economic exploitation and the worst forms of child labour, and urges States to implement the provisions of article 32 (2) of the Convention, as well as the International Labour Organization Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138), and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182).

委员会强调，所有青少年都有权受到保护，免受经济剥削或从事最恶劣形式的童工劳动，委员会敦促各国执行《公约》第32条第2款的规定，以及国际劳工组织1973年《最低年龄公约》(第138号)和1999年《最恶劣形式的童工劳动公约》(第182号)。

85.

85.

The introduction to age-appropriate forms of work plays an important developmental role in the lives of adolescents, equipping them with skills and enabling them to learn responsibilities and, where necessary, to contribute to their families’ economic well-being and support their access to education. Action against child labour should comprise comprehensive measures, including school-to-work transitions, social and economic development, poverty eradication programmes and universal and free access to quality, inclusive primary and secondary education.

引导青少年获得适龄工作形式，这在青少年的生活中发挥着 重要的成长作用，使他们具备技能，学习承担责任，在必要时为家庭的经济状况作出贡献，并为他们获得教育提供支助。 禁止童工劳动的行动应包含各种全面措施，包括从学校到工作的过渡，社会和经济发展，扶贫方案以及普及免费、优质和具有包容性的中小学教育。

It should be underlined that adolescents, once they reach the national legal minimum working age, which should be aligned with international standards and with compulsory education, have the right to perform light work under appropriate conditions, with due respect accorded to their rights to education and to rest, leisure, play, recreational activities, cultural life and the arts.

应该强调的是，青少年一旦达到国家法定最低工作年龄(应与国际标准和义务教育规定相符)，便有权在适当的条件下从事轻度工作，同时，他们的受教育权以及休息、休闲、游戏、娱乐、参加文化生活和艺术活动的权利应得到应有的尊重。

86.

86.

The Committee recommends that States adopt a transitional approach towards achieving a balance between the positive role of work in adolescents’ lives while ensuring their right to compulsory education, without discrimination.

委员会建议各国采用一种过渡办法，以平衡工作在青少年生活中的积极作用，同时确保他们不受歧视地获得义务教育的权利。

Schooling and the introduction to decent work should be coordinated to facilitate both in the lives of adolescents, according to their age and the effective mechanisms introduced to regulate such work, and give redress when adolescents are the victims of exploitation. The protection from hazardous work of all children under 18 years of age should be stipulated, with a clear list of specific harmful work.

应在学校教育和介绍体面工作之间进行协调，根据青少年的年龄和规范这类工作的有效机制，同时促进青少年生活中的这两个方面，并向成为剥削受害者的青少年提供补救措施。 应规定保护所有未满18岁的儿童免于从事危险工作，并就具体的有害工作编制一份明确的清单。

Efforts directed at preventing harmful work and working conditions should be made as a matter of priority, paying special attention to girls involved in domestic labour and other often “invisible” workers.

应作为优先事项努力防止有害工作和有害的工作条件，并特别注意参与家政劳动的女孩和其他通常“不为人所关注”的工人。

Justice for adolescents

青少年司法

87.

87.

Adolescents may come into contact with justice systems through conflict with the law, as victims or witnesses of crime or for other reasons, such as care, custody or protection. Measures are needed to reduce adolescents’ vulnerability both as victims and perpetrators of crimes.

青少年可能因为触犯法律，作为犯罪受害人或证人，或因照料、监护或保护等其他原因而接触司法系统。需要采取措施，降低青少年受害人和罪犯的脆弱性。

88.

88.

States parties are urged to introduce comprehensive juvenile justice policies that emphasize restorative justice, diversion from judicial proceedings, alternative measures to detention and preventive interventions, to tackle social factors and root causes, consistent with articles 37 and 40 of the Convention, and the United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency.

委员会敦促缔约国根据《公约》第37条和第40条以及《联合国预防少年犯罪准则》，推行全面的少年司法政策，强调恢复性司法手段、转出司法程序、拘留以外的替代措施和预防性干预措施，以解决社会因素和根源问题。

The focus should be on rehabilitation and reintegration, including for those adolescents involved in activities categorized as terrorism, in line with the recommendations in general comment No. 10 (2007) on children’s rights in juvenile justice. Detention should be used only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time, and adolescents should be detained separately from adults.

按照关于少年司法中的儿童权利的第10号一般性意见(2007年)的建议，应把重点放在恢复正常生活和重新融入社会上，包括让卷入被归为恐怖活动的青少年恢复正常生活并重新融入社会。关押仅应作为最后手段使用，而且期限应尽可能短，青少年应与成年人分开关押。

The Committee emphasizes the imperative to ban the death penalty and prohibit life imprisonment for anyone convicted of a crime committed when under the age of 18 years. The Committee is seriously concerned at the number of States seeking to lower the age of criminal responsibility. It calls on States to maintain the age of criminal majority at 18 years.

委员会强调，必须禁止死刑，并禁止对在犯罪时未满18岁的被定罪人员判处终身监禁。 委员会对许多国家寻求降低刑事责任年龄感到严重关切。委员会呼吁各国将刑事责任年龄维持在18岁。

XIV.

十四.

International cooperation

国际合作

89.

89.

The Committee stresses that implementation of the Convention is a cooperative exercise for the States parties, and highlights the need for international cooperation. The Committee encourages States parties to contribute and use, as appropriate, technical assistance from the United Nations and regional organizations in implementing the rights of adolescents.

委员会强调指出，执行《公约》是各缔约国的一项合作行动，委员会并着重指出，必须开展国际合作。委员会鼓励缔约国在落实青少年权利的过程中贡献并酌情使用联合国和区域组织提供的技术援助。

XV.

十五.

Dissemination

宣传

90.

90.

The Committee recommends that States disseminate widely the present general comment to all stakeholders, in particular parliament and all levels of government, including within ministries, departments and municipal/local authorities, and to all adolescents. The Committee also recommends that the present general comment be translated into all relevant languages, in adolescent-friendly versions and in formats accessible to adolescents with disabilities.

委员会建议各国向所有利益攸关方，特别是议会和各级政府，包括在各部委、部门和市政/地方当局内部，并向所有青少年广泛宣传本一般性意见。委员会还建议将本一般性意见译成所有相关语言，提供适合青少年的版本和方便残疾青少年阅读的格式。

1  See www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/adolescence/dev/en/.

1 见www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/adolescence/dev/en/。

2 See Committee on the Rights of the Child general comment No. 7 (2005) on implementing child rights in early childhood, para. 8.

2 见儿童权利委员会关于在幼儿期落实儿童权利的第7号一般性意见(2005年)，第8段。

3 Ibid., para. 17.

3 同上，第17段。

4 See general comment No. 12 (2009) on the right of the child to be heard, para. 84.

4 见关于儿童表达意见的权利的第12号一般性意见(2009年)，第84段。

5 See, e.g., articles 32-39 of the Convention.

5 例如，见《公约》第32-39条。

6 See www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/women/rapporteur/docs/15YearReviewofVAWMandate.pdf.

6 见www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/women/rapporteur/docs/15YearReviewofVAWMandate.pdf。

7 See general comment No. 5 (2003) on general measures of implementation of the Convention, para. 12.

7 见关于执行《儿童权利公约》的一般措施的第5号一般性意见(2003年)，第12段。

8 See Human Rights Committee general comment No. 18 (1989) on non-discrimination, para. 147.

8 见人权事务委员会关于不歧视的第18号一般性意见(1989年)，第147段。

9 See Committee on the Rights of the Child general comment No. 14 (2013) on the right of the child to have his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration, para. 6.

9 见儿童权利委员会关于儿童将他或她的最大利益列为一种首要考虑的权利的第14号一般性意见(2013年)，第6段。

10 See general comment No. 12, paras. 70-74, and No. 14, paras. 43-45.

10 见第12号一般性意见，第70-74段，并见第14号一般性意见，第43-45段。

11 See general comment, No. 12, para. 27.

11 见第12号一般性意见，第27段。

12 See A/HRC/26/22, para. 21.

12 见A/HRC/26/22, 第21段。

13 See general comment No. 9 (2006) on the rights of children with disabilities, paras. 8-10.

13 见关于残疾儿童权利的第9号一般性意见(2006年)，第8-10段。

14 See A/HRC/22/53.

14 见A/HRC/22/53。

15 See A/66/230, paras. 44-49.

15 见A/66/230, 第44-49段。

16 See statement dated 13 May 2015 by the Committee of the Rights of the Child and other United Nations and regional human rights mechanisms, available from www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=15941&LangID=E.

16 见2015年5月13日儿童权利委员会及其他联合国人权机制和区域人权机制的声明，可查阅www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=15941&LangID=E。

17 Ibid.

17 同上。

18 See general comment No. 12, para. 101.

18 见第12号一般性意见，第101段。

19 See, for example, CRC/C/15/Add.194, paras. 32 and 33, and CRC/C/15/Add.181, paras. 29 and 30.

19 例如，见CRC/C/15/Add.194, 第32段和第33段，并见CRC/C/15/Add.181, 第29和第30段。

20 See United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Implementation Handbook on the Convention on the Rights of the Child (2007), pp. 203-211. Available from www.unicef.org/publications/files/ Implementation_Handbook_for_the_Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child_Part_1_of_3.pdf.

20 见联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)，《<儿童权利公约>执行手册》(2007年)，英文第203-211页。可查阅 www.unicef.org/publications/files/Implementation_Handbook_for_the_Convention_on_the_Rig hts_of_the_Child_Part_1_of_3.pdf。

21 See Human Rights Committee general comment No. 16 (1988) on the right to privacy, paras. 2-4.

21 见人权事务委员会关于隐私权的第16号一般性意见(1988年)，第2-4段。

22 For 2014 discussion, see www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CRC/Discussions/ 2014/DGD_report.pdf; for 1996 discussion, see www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CRC/ Discussions/Recommendations/Recommendations1996.pdf.

22 2014年的讨论情况，见www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CRC/Discussions/2014 /DGD_report. pdf；1996年的讨论情况，见www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CRC/Discussions /Recommend ations/Recommendations1996.pdf。

23 See www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CRC/Discussions/2014/DGD_report.pdf, para. 95.

23 见www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CRC/Discussions/2014/DGD_report.pdf, 第95段。

24 See A/HRC/32/32.

24 见A/HRC/32/32。

25 General Assembly resolution 64/142, annex. See also Committee on the Rights of the Child general comment No. 9.

25 大会第64/142号决议，附件。 另见儿童权利委员会第9号一般性意见。

26 See general comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, para. 38.

26 见关于儿童享有可达到的最高标准健康的权利问题的第15号一般性意见(2013年)，第38段。

27 See A/HRC/32/32.

27 见A/HRC/32/32。

28 See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights general comment No. 20 (2009) on non-discrimination in economic, social and cultural rights, para. 29.

28 见经济、社会及文化权利委员会关于经济、社会和文化权利方面不歧视的第20号一般性意见(2009年)，第29段。

29 See http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112750/1/WHO_FWC_MCA_14.05_eng.pdf?ua=1, p. 3.

29 见http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/112750/1/WHO_FWC_MCA_14.05_eng.pdf?ua=1，第3页。

30 See A/HRC/32/32.

30 见A/HRC/32/32。

31 See www.unicef.org/adolescence/files/SOWC_2011_Main_Report_EN_02092011.pdf.

31 见www.unicef.org/adolescence/files/SOWC_2011_Main_Report_EN_02092011.pdf。

32 See Committee on the Rights of the Child general comment No. 1 (2001) on the aims of education, para. 2.

32 见儿童权利委员会关于教育的目的的第1号一般性意见(2001年)，第2段。

33 Target 8.6 of the Sustainable Development Goals relates to “youth” (adolescents between 15 and 24 years of age). See General Assembly resolution 70/1.

33 可持续发展目标有关“青年人”(15岁至24岁的青少年)的具体目标8.6, 见大会第70/1号决议。

34 The term “twenty-first century skills” refers to a broad set of knowledge, skills, work habits and character traits that are believed — by educators, school reformers, college professors, employers and others — to be critically important to success in today’s world, particularly in collegiate programmes and contemporary careers and workplaces.

34 “21世纪技能”指的是内容广泛的一套知识、技能、工作习惯和特征，教育家、学校改革家、大学教授、雇主等认为这些技能对于在当今世界，特别是在高校课程以及当代职场和工作场所中取得成功至关重要。

35 See www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CRC/Discussions/2012/ DGD2012ReportAndRecommendations.pdf.

35 见www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CRC/Discussions/2012/DGD2012ReportAndRecommendat ions.pdf。

36 See Fundamental Rights Agency, “Apprehension of migrants in an irregular situation – fundamental rights considerations”, 9 October 2012. Available from https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2013-apprehension-migrants-irregular-situation_en.pdf.

36 见基本权利机构，“在非常规情况下逮捕移徙者――基本权利意见”，2012年10月9日。可查阅https://fra.europa.eu/sites /default/files/fra-2013-apprehension-migrants-irregular- situation_en.pdf。

37 See footnote 35 above.

37 见上文脚注35。

38 See general comment No. 6 (2005) on treatment of unaccompanied and separated children outside their country of origin.

38 见关于远离原籍国无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的儿童待遇的第6号一般性意见(2005年)。

39 See A/68/267, paras. 81-87.

39 见A/68/267, 第81-87段。