United Nations

联 合 国

CRC/C/GC/21

CRC/C/GC/21

Convention on the Rights of the Child

儿童权利公约

21 June 2017

21 June 2017

Committee on the Rights of the Child

儿童权利委员会

General comment No. 21 (2017) on children in street situations

关于街头流浪儿童的第21号一般性意见(2017年)

Contents

目录

Page

页次

I.

一.

Introduction: “change our story”

导言：“请改变对我们的描述”

3

3

II.

二.

Overall context

总的背景

3

3

III.

三.

Objectives

目标

5

10

IV.

四.

Holistic long-term strategies based on a child rights approach

基于儿童权利的整体长期战略

5

12

V.

五.

Key articles of the Convention in relation to children in street situations

《公约》中涉及街头流浪儿童的关键条款

9

13

VI.

六.

Dissemination and cooperation

传播与合作

21

21

I.

一.

Introduction: “change our story”

导言：“请改变对我们的描述”

1.

1.

Children in street situations consulted for the present general comment spoke strongly about the need for respect, dignity and rights.

为编写本一般性意见而访谈的街头流浪儿童着重谈到，他们需要得到尊重、尊严和权利。

In expressing their feelings, they said, inter alia:

在表达他们的感情时，他们特别说道：

“Respect us as human beings”;

“请作为人来尊重我们”；

“I would like for people who have never lived on the streets to see us as persons with pride, like normal people”;

“我希望从未露宿过街头的人把我们当作有自豪感的正常人一样看待”；

“It’s not about getting us off the streets and into shelters. It’s about giving us a status”;

“重要的不是让我们远离街头或送我们进庇护所，重要的是给我们一个地位”；

“Governments should not say we should not be on the streets.

“政府不应该说，我们不应当在街头流浪。

They should not harass us if on the streets.

如果我们流落街头，不应骚扰我们。

We should be accepted”;

应当接受我们”；

“Living on the street does not mean that we cannot have rights”;

“流落街头并不意味着我们不能享有权利”；

“The street leaves its mark: either you get out or you don’t”;

“街头留下了自身的印记：要么你滚开，要么你不走”；

“We don’t want help, charity, pity.

“我们不祈求帮助、慈善、怜悯。

Governments should work with the community to give us rights.

政府应与社区一道努力给予我们权利。

We’re not asking for charity. I want to become someone to fend for myself”;

我们不乞求施舍。 我想成为一个能照料自己的人”；

“[People] should give us a chance to use our gifts and talents to achieve our dreams”;

“人们应当给我们机会利用我们的禀赋和才能来实现我们的梦想”；

“Give us the opportunity to change our story”.

“请给我们机会以重写我们的故事”。

II.

二.

Overall context

总的背景

Purpose

目的

2.

2.

In the present general comment, the Committee on the Rights of the Child provides authoritative guidance to States on developing comprehensive, long-term national strategies on children in street situations using a holistic, child rights approach and addressing both prevention and response in line with the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

在本一般性意见中，儿童权利委员会为各国提供了权威性的指导，即按照《儿童权利公约》，采用一种基于儿童权利的全面方法，既注重预防也注重应对，制定关于街头流浪儿童的整体长期国家战略。

While the Convention makes no explicit reference to them, all of its provisions are applicable to children in street situations, who experience violations of a large majority of the Convention’s articles.

虽然《公约》没有明确提到街头流浪儿童，但其所有条款都适用于街头流浪儿童，他们有着大部分《公约》条款被践踏的遭遇。

Consultations

访谈

3.

3.

In total, 327 children and young people from 32 countries were consulted in seven regional consultations.

在对7个区域32个国家的访谈中，总共对327名儿童和青年进行了访谈 。

Civil society representatives responded to a general call for submissions, and an advanced draft was shared with all States parties.

民间社会的代表对提交材料的普遍呼吁作出了响应，向所有缔约国提供了一份预先过目草稿。

Terminology

术语

4.

4.

In the past, the terms used to describe children in street situations have included “street children”, “children on the street”, “children of the street”, “runaway children”, “throwaway children”, “children living and/or working on the street”, “homeless children” and “street-connected children”.

过去，用来描述街头流浪儿童的专有名词包括：“街头儿童”、“沦落街头的儿童”、“以街头为家的儿童”、“离家出走的儿童”、“被抛弃的儿童”、“在街头生活和/或打工的儿童”、“无家可归的儿童”和“与街头联系在一起的儿童”。

In the present general comment, the term “children in street situations” is used to comprise:

在本一般性意见中，“街头流浪儿童”一词用来包括：

(a)

(a)

children who depend on the streets to live and/or work, whether alone, with peers or with family; and

无论是单独或与同龄人或与家庭一起仰赖街头生活和/或打工的儿童；

(b)

(b)

a wider population of children who have formed strong connections with public spaces and for whom the street plays a vital role in their everyday lives and identities.

更广泛的一个儿童群体，他们与公共场所建立了紧密的联系，对于他们来说，街头在其日常生活和身份特征中发挥着至关重要的作用。

This wider population includes children who periodically, but not always, live and/or work on the streets and children who do not live or work on the streets but who regularly accompany their peers, siblings or family in the streets.

这一儿童群体包括定期，但并非总是在街头生活和/或打工的儿童以及那些并非在街头生活或打工，但常常在街头陪伴同龄人、兄弟姐妹或家人的儿童。

Concerning children in street situations, “being in public spaces” is understood to include spending a significant amount of time on streets or in street markets, public parks, public community spaces, squares and bus and train stations.

关于街头流浪儿童，“呆在公共场所”是指，包括花大量时间呆在街头或街头市场、公园、社区公共场所、广场及汽车站和火车站。

It does not include public buildings such as schools, hospitals or other comparable institutions.

但不包括公共建筑物，如学校、医院或其他类似设施。

Key observations

关键评论

5.

5.

There are different approaches used with respect to children in street situations, sometimes in combination.

对待街头流浪儿童有不同的方法，有时将不同的方法结合起来使用。

They include a child rights approach, whereby the child is respected as a rights holder and decisions are often made with the child;

这些方法包括基于儿童权利的方法，即把儿童尊为权利的持有者，并且往往与儿童一道作出决定；

a welfare approach, involving the “rescue” of children perceived to be an object or victim from the street and whereby decisions are made for the child without serious consideration for her or his views;

基于福利的方法旨在“拯救”儿童，把他们视为客体或街头受害者，替儿童作出决定而不认真考虑他们本人的意见；

and a repressive approach, whereby the child is perceived to be a delinquent.

或打压式方法，即把这些儿童视为一种罪犯。

The welfare and repressive approaches fail to take into account the child as a rights holder and result in the forcible removal of children from the streets, which further violates their rights.

基于福利的方法和打压式方法都没有考虑到儿童是权利持有者，导致强行将儿童从街头带走，从而进一步侵犯了他们的权利。

Indeed, claiming that welfare and repressive approaches are in the best interests of the child does not make them rights based.

事实上，声称福利式方法和打压式方法符合儿童的最大利益并没有使这些方法以权利为本。

To apply the Convention, it is essential to use a child rights approach.

要落实《公约》必须采用基于儿童权利的方法。

6.

6.

Children in street situations are not a homogenous group.

街头流浪儿童不是一个一模一样的群体。

Characteristics are diverse in terms of age, sex, ethnicity, indigenous identity, nationality, disability, sexual orientation and gender identity/expression, among others. This diversity implies different experiences, risks and needs.

他们在年龄、性别、族裔、固有身份、国籍、残疾与否、性取向和性别认同/表达等方面的特点多种多样。 这种千差万别意味着经历、风险和需要各不相同。

The nature and time spent physically on the street varies significantly from child to child, as does the nature and extent of relationships with peers, family members, community members, civil society actors and public authorities.

每个儿童呆在街头的性质和所花的时间实际上大相径庭，恰如他们与同伴、家庭成员、社区成员、民间社会行动者和公共当局关系的性质和程度各不相同一样。

Children’s relationships can help them survive on the streets and/or perpetuate conditions of violent abuse of their rights.

儿童的上述关系能够帮助他们在街头生存和/或导致他们的权利长期遭到野蛮践踏。

Children engage in a range of activities in public spaces, including work, socialization, recreation/leisure, shelter, sleeping, cooking, washing and engaging in substance abuse or sexual activity.

儿童在公共场所从事一系列活动，包括：干活、社交、休闲/娱乐、庇护、睡觉、做饭、洗衣和从事滥用药物或性交活动。

Children may engage in such activities voluntarily, through lack of viable choices or through coercion or force by other children or adults.

儿童有可能自愿从事这类活动，可能别无其他可行的选择，或受到其他儿童或成年人的胁迫或武力。

Children may conduct these activities alone or in the company of family members, friends, acquaintances, gang members, or exploitative peers, older children and/or adults.

儿童可能单独开展这类活动，或者在下列人员的陪同下开展这类活动：家庭成员、朋友、熟人、帮派成员、或剥削他们的同龄人、年龄较大的儿童或成年人。

7.

7.

Often, data are not systematically collected or disaggregated, so it is not known how many children are in street situations.

通常的情况是，没有系统地收集和分类数据，因此不清楚到底有多少街头流浪儿童。

Estimates fluctuate according to definitions used that reflect socioeconomic, political, cultural and other conditions.

估计的数字依反映社会经济、政治、文化以及其他条件所用的定义不同而各异。

The absence of data makes these children invisible, which leads to policies not being developed or measures that are ad hoc, temporary or short-term.

缺乏数据使这些儿童被忽视，导致没有在制定政策，而措施要么是随机的，要么是临时或短期的。

This results in the persistence of multiple rights violations that force children onto the streets and that continue when children are on the streets.

这导致多种侵权行为持续存在，迫使儿童流落街头，而且当儿童流落街头时侵权现象继续存在。

This issue concerns every State.

这个问题涉及到每一个国家。

8.

8.

Causes, prevalence and experiences of children in street situations differ within and between States.

街头流浪儿童的原因、普遍性和经历在一国内部和各国之间各有差异。

Inequalities based on economic status, race and gender are among the structural causes of the emergence and exclusion of children in street situations.

出于经济地位、种族和性别的不平等现象是出现街头流浪儿童和他们遭到排斥的结构性原因。

These are exacerbated by material poverty, inadequate social protection, poorly targeted investment, corruption and fiscal (tax and expenditure) policies that reduce or eliminate the ability of poorer people to move out of poverty.

使之加剧的因素包括：物质贫困、社会保护不足、投资缺乏针对性、腐败和减少或剥夺穷人摆脱贫困能力的财政(税收和支出)政策。

Abrupt destabilization, caused by conflict, famine, epidemic, natural disaster or forced eviction, or events leading to displacement or forced migration, further compound the effects of structural causes.

由冲突、饥荒、流行疾病、自然灾害或强迫驱逐，或导致流离失所或被迫移徙的事件造成的骤然不稳定局面，进一步加剧了上述结构性原因。

Other causes include:

其他原因包括：

violence, abuse, exploitation and neglect at home or in care or educational (including religious) institutions;

家庭或照料机构或教育(包括宗教)机构中的暴力、虐待、剥削和忽视，

the death of caregivers;

照料者亡故，

child relinquishment (including through HIV/AIDS);

放弃儿童(包括艾滋病毒/艾滋病)，

unemployment of caregivers;

照料者失业，

precarious families;

极不稳定的家庭，

family breakdown;

家庭解体，

polygamy;

一夫多妻制，

exclusion from education;

没有受教育的机会，

substance abuse and mental ill-health (of children or families);

药物滥用和精神不健康(儿童或家庭)，

intolerance and discrimination, including against children with disabilities, children accused of witchcraft, former child soldiers rejected by families and children cast out from families as a result of questioning their sexuality or identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex or asexual;

不容忍和歧视，包括对残疾儿童、被指控有巫术的儿童、遭家庭拒绝的前儿童兵和因下列原因被家庭抛弃的儿童：质疑其性特征或认定其为男/女同性恋、双性恋、变性人、双性人或无性欲者，

and families’ inability to accept children’s resistance to harmful practices, such as child marriage and female genital mutilation.

和家庭无法接受儿童反抗有害习俗，如童婚和女性外阴残割。

III.

三.

Objectives

目标

9.

9.

The objectives of the general comment are:

一般性意见的目的是：

(a)

(a)

To clarify the obligations of States in applying a child rights approach to strategies and initiatives for children in street situations;

阐明各国有义务在关于街头流浪儿童的战略和举措中采用基于儿童权利的方法；

(b)

(b)

To provide comprehensive and authoritative guidance to States on using a holistic, child rights approach to:

为各国采用一种整体和基于儿童权利的方法提供全面和权威性的指导：

prevent children experiencing rights violations and the lack of choices that results in them having to depend on the streets for their survival and development;

防止儿童遭受侵权行为和因缺乏选择，致使不得不依赖街头生存和发展；

and to promote and protect the rights of children already in street situations, ensuring a continuum of care and helping them to develop to their fullest potential;

促进和保护已经流落街头的儿童的权利，确保持续照料和帮助他们充分发挥自身的潜力；

(c)

(c)

To identify the implications of particular articles of the Convention for children in street situations to enhance respect for them as rights holders and full citizens, and to enhance understanding of children’s connections to the street.

找出《公约》中特定条款对街头流浪儿童的含义，以促进对他们作为权利持有者和完整公民的尊重，并使人们更多地了解儿童与街头的联系。

IV.

四.

Holistic long-term strategies based on a child rights approach

基于儿童权利的整体长期战略

A.

A.

Child rights approach

基于儿童权利的方法

Description

说明

10.

10.

In a child rights approach, the process of realizing children’s rights is as important as the end result.

在基于儿童权利的方法中，实现儿童权利的进程与最终结果同样重要。

A child rights approach ensures respect for the dignity, life, survival, well-being, health, development, participation and non-discrimination of the child as a rights holder.

基于儿童权利的方法，确保儿童作为权利持有者，尊重他们的尊严、生命、生存、福利、健康、发展、参与和不受歧视。

11.

11.

According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), a child rights approach is one that:

根据联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)，基于儿童权利的方法是：

(a)

(a)

Furthers the realization of child rights as established in the Convention and other international human rights instruments;

进一步推动实现《公约》和其他国际人权文书所确立的儿童权利；

(b)

(b)

Uses child rights standards and principles from the Convention and other international human rights instruments to guide behaviour, actions, policies and programmes, particularly: non-discrimination;

采用《公约》和其他国际人权文书中的儿童权利标准和原则，以指导行为、行动、政策和方案，特别是不歧视；

the best interests of the child;

儿童的最大利益；

the right to life, survival and development;

生命、生存和发展权；

the right to be heard and taken seriously;

倾诉和被认真考虑权；

and the child’s right to be guided in the exercise of his or her rights by caregivers, parents and community members, in line with the child’s evolving capacities;

儿童还有权按其不同阶段的接受能力在行使权利的过程中接受照料者、父母和社区成员的引导；

(c)

(c)

Builds the capacity of children as rights holders to claim their rights and the capacity of duty bearers to fulfil their obligations to children.

打造儿童作为权利持有者主张自身权利的能力和责任承担者履行其对儿童义务的能力。

Significance for children in street situations

对街头流浪儿童的意义

12.

12.

The Committee considers that strategies and initiatives that adopt a child rights approach fulfil the main criteria for good practice, regardless of level or context.

委会认为，无论是在哪一级或环境如何，通过一项基于儿童权利方法的战略和举措，符合良好做法的主要标准。

Children in street situations are often distrustful of adult intervention in their lives.

街头流浪儿童往往不信任成人干预他们的生活。

Their abusive treatment by adults in society has led them to be unwilling to relinquish their hard-won, albeit limited, autonomy.

他们在社会上受成人的虐待导致他们不愿意放弃尽管是有限，但来之不易的自主权。

This approach emphasizes full respect for their autonomy, including supporting them to find alternatives to depending on the streets.

这种方法强调充分尊重他们的自主权，包括支持他们找到替代依赖街头的方式。

It promotes their resilience and capabilities, increasing their agency in decision-making and empowering them as socioeconomic, political and cultural actors.

促进他们的复原力和能力，增加他们的决策力，并赋权使他们成为社会经济、政治和文化的行为体。

It builds on their existing strengths and the positive contributions they make to their own survival and development and that of their peers, families and communities.

它立足于此类儿童现有的长处和他们为自身的生存和发展，以及其同龄人、家人和社区的生存和发展做出的积极贡献。

Applying this approach is not only a moral and legal imperative but also the most sustainable approach for identifying and implementing long-term solutions with children in street situations.

采用这一方法不仅是一项道德和法律义务，而且是找出并执行针对街头流浪儿童的长期解决方案的最可持续的办法。

B.

B.

National strategies

国家战略 概述

Overview

13.

13.

To comply with obligations under the Convention, States are urged to adopt holistic and long-term strategies and make the necessary budget allocations for children in street situations. The cross-cutting issues and processes are shown below, followed by the thematic content to be addressed in such strategies.

为了遵守《公约》规定的义务，敦促各缔约国采取整体和长期的战略，并为街头流浪儿童制定必要的预算拨款。 下文揭示了跨领域问题和进程，随后是此类战略要讨论的专题内容。

As experts on their own lives, children in street situations should participate in developing and implementing strategies.

街头流浪儿童作为生存专家，应参与制定和实施这类战略。

A first step is for States to collect information about such children in their country to decide how best to uphold their rights.

第一步是各国收集国内有关这类儿童的数据以决定如何以最佳方式维护他们的权利。

States should take a cross-sectoral approach to understand how policy in one area, for example, finance, affects policy in another, for example, education, which in turn affects children in street situations.

各国应采取跨部门办法，以了解某一领域的政策，例如，财政，如何影响到另一个领域的政策，例如教育，而它反过来又影响到街头流浪儿童。

States should encourage cross-sectoral and inter-State cooperation.

各国应鼓励跨部门和国家间的合作。

Legislative and policy review

立法和政策审评

14.

14.

States should assess how laws and policies can be improved to reflect the recommendations of the present general comment.

各国应评估如何改善法律和政策才能反映本一般性意见的建议。

States should, with immediate effect: remove provisions that directly or indirectly discriminate on the grounds of the street situation of children or their parents or family;

各国应立即着手消除直接或间接歧视街头流浪儿童或其父母或家庭的规定；

abolish any provisions allowing or supporting the round-up or arbitrary removal of children and their families from the streets or public spaces; abolish where appropriate offences that criminalize and disproportionately affect children in street situations, such as begging, breach of curfews, loitering, vagrancy and running away from home;

废除任何允许或支持在街头或公共场所围捕或任意驱离儿童及其家庭的规定； 在适当情况下废除下列对街头流浪儿童的定罪和不成比例的影响，如乞讨、违反宵禁、游荡、流浪和离家出走；

and abolish offences that criminalize children for being a victim of commercial sexual exploitation, and so-called moral offences, such as sex outside of marriage.

并废除对儿童因遭受商业性剥削和所谓的道德罪，如婚外性行为的定罪。

States should introduce or review an act on child protection or children based on a child rights approach and that specifically addresses children in street situations.

国家应当拟订或审议一项关于保护儿童和专门处理街头流浪儿童的基于儿童权利的法案。

The act should be implemented by enabling policies, mandates, operating procedures, guidelines, service delivery, oversight and enforcement mechanisms, and developed in collaboration with key stakeholders, including children in street situations.

该法应与主要利益攸关方合作制定，其中包括街头流浪儿童，其执行应当配有实施政策、任务授权、业务程序、准则、服务提供、监督和执法机制。

States may need to develop nationally relevant policy and legal definitions of such children on the basis of participatory research, in contexts where this is necessary to facilitate interventions by legally mandated professionals and services.

各国需要基于参与式研究，根据情况，方便由法律授权的专业人士和服务机构的干预，制定本国有关这类儿童的相关政策和法律定义。

However, the process of developing legal definitions should not delay taking action to address rights violations.

然而，制定法律定义的过程不应拖延就解决侵权行为而采取的行动。

Role of the State and responsibilities, regulation and coordination of non-State actors

国家的作用和责任、规范和协调非国家行为者

15.

15.

Strategies for children in street situations should acknowledge State and non-State actors.

有关街头流浪儿童的战略应当承认国家和非国家行为者的作用。

The role of the State, as primary duty bearer, is outlined in section V below.

国家作为主要责任承担者的作用在下文第五节中作了概述。

States have an obligation to help parents or caregivers to secure, within their abilities and financial capacities and with respect for the evolving capacities of the child, the living conditions necessary for the child’s optimal development (arts. 5, 18 and 27).

各国有义务帮助父母或照料者，在其能力和财力范围内并尊重儿童不同阶段的接受能力，确保儿童最佳发展所需要的生活条件(第5、18和27条)。

States should also support civil society, as complementary actors, in providing personalized, specialist services for children in street situations the basis of a child rights approach, through funding, accreditation and regulation.

各国还应通过提供资金，认证和规范，支持民间社会行为者基于儿童权利的方法，为街头流浪儿童提供个性化专业服务。

The business sector must meet its responsibilities regarding children’s rights, and States should ensure it does so.

商业部门必须履行其在儿童权利方面的义务，各国应确保该部门这样做。

Coordination is needed between State and non-State actors.

需要加强国家和非国家行为者之间的协调。

States are legally obliged to ensure that non-State service providers operate in accordance with the provisions of the Convention.

各国在法律上有义务确保非国家服务提供商的运作符合《公约》的规定。

Addressing complexity

探讨复杂问题

16.

16.

Strategies need to address multiple causes, ranging from structural inequalities to family violence.

这种战略必须研究多重原因，从结构性不平等到家庭暴力。

They also need to take into account measures for immediate implementation, such as stopping round-ups or the arbitrary removal of children from public spaces, and measures to be implemented progressively, such as comprehensive social protection.

这种战略还需要考虑到可立即实施的措施，例如，停止围捕或任意将儿童从公共场所赶走，以及有待逐步实施的措施，例如全面的社会保护。

A combination of legal, policy and service provision changes is likely to be needed.

可能需要一系列法律、政策和服务提供方面的改变。

States should commit to fulfilling human rights beyond childhood.

各国应致力于履行超出童年范围的人权。

Particularly, States should ensure follow-up mechanisms for children in alternative care settings and in street situations as they transition into adulthood at the age of 18, to avoid an abrupt termination of support and services.

特别是，各国对替代性照料环境下的儿童和街头流浪儿童，随着他们从18岁过渡到成年年龄，应确保有后续机制，避免突然终止支助和服务。

Comprehensive child protection systems

全面保护儿童的制度

17.

17.

Within a legislative and policy framework, budgeting for, developing and strengthening holistic child protection systems, on the basis of a child rights approach, forms the basis of the practical measures required for prevention and response strategies.

在法律和政策框架内，基于儿童权利的方法，编制预算，制定和加强全面的儿童保护制度，为预防和应对战略所需的实际措施奠定了基础。

Such national child protection systems need to reach children in street situations and should incorporate fully the specific services they need.

这种国家儿童保护制度需要惠及街头流浪儿童，并应充分包含他们所需要的具体服务。

The systems need to provide a continuum of care across all relevant contexts, including prevention, early intervention, street outreach, helplines, drop-in centres, day-care centres, temporary residential care, family reunification, foster care, independent living or other short- or long-term care options.

这类制度需要在所有相关情况下提供持续照料，包括预防、早期干预、街头宣传、求助热线、救助中心、平日照料中心、临时寄宿照料、家庭团聚、寄养、独立生活或其他短期或长期照护办法。

However, not all of these contexts are relevant for all children in street situations.

然而，并非所有这些情况都与街头流浪儿童有关。

For example, prevention and early intervention are priorities for children at the early stages of developing strong and harmful street connections, but are not relevant for children born in street situations.

例如，预防和早期干预对处于发展密切有害的街头联系初期阶段的儿童来说属于优先事项，但对于出生在街头环境下的儿童来说并不相关。

Some children may not experience residential placements while, for others, family reunification is not relevant or appropriate.

有些儿童未经历过寄宿安排，对于其他儿童来说，家庭团聚与之不相干或不妥当。

Strategies should make it clear that a child rights approach needs to apply to each and every context.

这种战略应明确阐明，基于儿童权利的方法需要适用于每一种情况。

Administrative burdens and delays in gaining access to child protection systems should be reduced.

应减少在获得儿童保护制度方面的行政负担和拖延。

Information should be made available in child-friendly and accessible formats and children in street situations should be supported to understand and navigate child protection systems. Capacity-building of those in contact with the child

应以便利儿童和无障碍的形式提供信息，街头流浪儿童应该得到支持，以方便他们了解和查找儿童保护制度。 与儿童打交道的人的能力建设

18.

18.

States should invest in good quality initial and in-service basic training on child rights, child protection and the local context of children in street situations for all professionals who may come into direct or indirect contact with children in street situations, in such areas as policymaking, law enforcement, justice, education, health, social work and psychology.

对于直接或间接与街头流浪儿童打交道的所有专业人员，为了使其解儿童权利、儿童保护和街头流浪儿童的实地情况，各国应投资于下列领域的优质初始和在职基本培训：政策制定、执法人员、司法、教育、卫生、社会工作和心理学。

This training may draw on the expertise of non-State actors and should be integrated into the curricula of relevant training institutions.

这一培训应利用非国家行为者的专门知识，并应纳入相关培训机构的课程。

Additional in-depth training on a child rights approach, psychosocial support and child empowerment is required for professionals working with children in street situations as a dedicated part of their mandate, for example, street-based social workers and specialized child protection units of the police service.

需要对从事街头流浪儿童工作的专业人员，例如，立足街道的社会工作者和警察队伍中的专门保护儿童单位，专门作为其任务授权的一部分，就基于儿童权利的方法、社会心理支持和赋予儿童权能进行额外的深入培训。

“Outreach walks” and “street walks” are an important on-the-ground training method.

“走出去宣传”和“走上街头体验”是一种重要的实地培训方法。

Basic and specialized training should include attitudinal and behavioural change, as well as knowledge transfer and skills development, and should encourage intersectoral cooperation and collaboration.

基本和专门培训应包括改变态度和行为，以及传授知识和技能开发，并应鼓励部门之间的合作与协作。

National and local governments should understand and support the critical role of social workers, including street-based workers, in early detection, providing support to families with children at risk and to children in street situations.

国家和地方政府应了解和支持社会工作者，包括街头工作者，在早期发现，向面临危险的有子女家庭和街头流浪儿童提供帮助方面所发挥的关键作用。

Professionals should be involved in participatory development of operating procedures, good practice guidelines, strategic directives, plans, performance standards and disciplinary codes, and should receive support to implement these in practice.

专业人员应参加以参与方式制定业务程序、良好做法准则、战略指示、计划、业绩标准和纪律守则，并应在落实这些做法方面得到支助。

States should facilitate sensitization and training for other stakeholders who come into direct or indirect contact with children in street situations, such as transport workers, media representatives, community and spiritual/religious leaders and private sector actors, who should be encouraged to adopt the Children’s Rights and Business Principles.

各国应促进对直接或间接接触街头流浪儿童的其他利益攸关方的宣传和培训，如运输工人、媒体代表、社区精神/宗教领袖和私营部门行为者，应鼓励他们采纳“儿童权利与商业原则”。

Service provision

提供服务

19.

19.

States should take action to secure the ability of children in street situations to gain access to basic services such as health and education, and to justice, culture, sport and information.

各国应采取行动，确保街头流浪儿童能够获得卫生和教育、司法、文化、体育和信息等基本服务。

States should ensure their child protection systems provide for specialized services on the street, involving trained social workers with good knowledge of local street connections and who can help children reconnect with family, local community services and wider society.

各国应确保儿童保护系统能够提供街头专门服务，聘用经过培训并充分了解当地街头联系的社会工作者，由他们帮助儿童重新与家庭、当地社区和更广泛的社会服务建立联系。

This does not necessarily imply that children should renounce their street connections, but rather, the intervention should secure their rights.

这并不一定意味着儿童应放弃与街头的联系，而是以干预确保他们权利。

Prevention, early intervention and street-based support services are mutually reinforcing elements and provide a continuum of care within an effective long-term and holistic strategy.

在有效、长期和整体战略中，预防、早期干预和以街头为基础的支助服务是相辅相成的要素，并可提供一种持续的照料。

While States are the primary duty bearers, civil society activities may complement States’ efforts in developing and delivering innovative and personalized service provision.

虽然国家是主要责任承担者，但民间社会的活动可以补充各国在发展和提供创新性和个性化服务方面的努力。

Implementation at the local government level

由地方政府一级落实

20.

20.

Successful initiatives rely on a detailed understanding of local contexts and individualized support to children.

成功的举措有赖于详细了解当地情况和对儿童的个性化支助。

Care must be taken when scaling up initiatives not to lose children in the process.

在扩大各项举措规模时须注意不应使儿童在这一进程中掉队。

States should encourage and support local-level, partnership-based, specialized interventions on the basis of a child rights approach, small and flexible, with adequate budgets, often led by civil society organizations with local expertise.

国家应鼓励和支持地方一级伙伴基于儿童权利方法的专项干预，它们小型、灵活、预算充足、往往由具备当地专门知识的民间社会组织领导。

These interventions should be coordinated by local governments and supported by the State, through the national child protection system. They could benefit from support from the private sector, for capacity-building resources and organizational skills, and academia, for research capacity to enable evidence-based decision-making.

这类干预措施应当在国家的支持下通过国家儿童保护制度，由地方政府加以协调。 它们可以受益于私营部门在能力建设、资金和组织技能方面的支持，以及学术界在研究能力方面的支持，以便能以证据为基础作出决策。

Child-friendly cities and communities contribute to an atmosphere of acceptance and provide the basis for social networks and community-based protection systems for children in street situations. Children in street situations should be supported to participate in local, decentralized bottom-up planning processes.

对儿童友善的城市和社区提供了一种接纳气氛，并为针对街头流浪儿童的社会网络和以社区为基础的保护体制奠定了基础。 应该支持街头流浪儿童参加本地权力下放且自下而上的规划进程。

Monitoring and accountability

监测和问责

21.

21.

The effective implementation of legislation, policies and services relies on clear monitoring and accountability mechanisms that are transparent and robustly enforced. States should support the involvement of children in street situations, including in social accountability mechanisms, such as coalitions of State and non-State actors, committees or working groups that monitor public policy, focusing on children in street situations.

法律、政策和服务的有效实施，有赖于透明和执行得力的明确监测和问责机制。 各国应支持街头流浪儿童的参与，包括社会问责机制，如以监测涉及街头流浪儿童的公共政策为重点的国家和非国家行为体联盟、委员会或工作组。

Independent national human rights institutions for promoting and monitoring implementation of the Convention, such as children’s rights ombudspersons, must be easily accessible to children in street situations.

促进和监测《公约》执行情况的国家独立人权机构，例如儿童权利监察员，必须便于街头流浪儿童向其求助。

Access to justice and remedies

求助司法和获得补救

22.

22.

Children in street situations who have been victims or are survivors of human rights violations have the right to effective legal and other remedies, including legal representation.

曾为侵犯人权行为受害者或幸存者的街头流浪儿童，有权得到有效的法律和其他补救办法，包括法律代理。

This includes access to individual complaints mechanisms, by children themselves and/or represented by adults, and to judicial and non-judicial redress mechanisms at the local and national levels, including independent human rights institutions.

这包括由儿童本人或由成年人代表，使用个人申诉机制，以及地方和国家两级的司法和非司法补救机制，包括独立的人权机构。

When domestic remedies are exhausted, access to applicable international human rights mechanisms should be available, including the procedure set up by the Optional Protocol to the Convention on a communications procedure. Reparation measures can include restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition of rights violations.

当用尽国内补救办法时，可求助于恰当的国际人权机制，包括由《公约》任择议定书设立的来文程序。 赔偿措施可包括：恢复原状、补偿、康复、偿还和保证不再发生侵权行为。

Data collection and research

数据收集和研究

23.

23.

In partnership with academia, civil society and the private sector, States should develop systematic, rights-respecting, participatory mechanisms to collect data and share disaggregated information about children in street situations.

各国应与学术界、民间社会和私营部门结为伙伴关系，制定有系统的、尊重权利的参与式机制，收集关于街头流浪儿童的数据并分享按性别分列的资料。

States must ensure that the collection and use of such information does not stigmatize or harm these children.

各国必须确保收集和使用这类信息不损害这类儿童的名誉或伤害他们。

Collecting data on children in street situations should be integrated into national data collection on children, ensuring that national data do not rely solely on household surveys, but also cover children living outside household settings.

收集关于街头流浪儿童的数据应纳入国家儿童数据的收集，确保国家数据并不完全依赖户籍调查，而且也包括在家庭环境以外生活的儿童。

Children in street situations should participate in setting the aims and agendas of research and in gathering information, analysing and disseminating research to inform policymaking, and designing specialized interventions.

街头流浪儿童应参与设定研究目标和议程，收集信息，分析和传播研究，为决策提供依据，并设计专门的干预措施。

Street situations change rapidly, and research needs to be carried out periodically to ensure policy and programmes are up to date.

街头变化多端，需要定期进行研究，以确保政策和方案符合最新情况。

V.

五.

Key articles of the Convention in relation to children in street situations

《公约》中涉及街头流浪儿童的关键条款

Overview

概述

24.

24.

All the rights contained in the Convention and its Optional Protocols are interrelated and indivisible, for children in street situations as for all children.

《公约》及其任择议定书所载的所有权利，对于街头流浪儿童如同对所有儿童一样，都是相互关联和不可分割的。

The present general comment should be read in conjunction with all other general comments of the Committee.

应结合委员会的其他一般性意见一起阅读本一般性意见。

The present general comment focuses on articles that have particular significance for children in street situations and that have not previously been the focus of general comments by the Committee.

本一般性意见特别强调对于街头流浪儿童具有特别重大意义的《公约》条款，它们以前未曾作为委员会一般性意见的重点。

For example, although provisions relating to violence, education, juvenile justice and health are clearly important, they feature here as relatively brief references to existing general comments.

例如，虽然有关暴力行为、教育、少年司法和健康等条款显然是重要的，但在本文中只是在提及现有的一般性意见时扼要底提到它们。

Some other articles, on the other hand, receive greater scrutiny given their implications for children in street situations and the fact that they have not previously been explored in detail by the Committee.

另一方面，对其他一些条款作了较严格的审视，因为它们影响到街头流浪儿童，而且以前委员会未详细探讨过。

The articles selected below do not imply a predominance of civil and political rights over social, economic and cultural rights for children in street situations.

下文选定的条款并不意味着对于街头流浪儿童来说，公民和政治权利优于社会、经济和文化权利而占主导地位。

A.

A.

Articles of overarching relevance in a child rights approach

对于儿童权利方法最重要的条款

Article 2 on non-discrimination

第2条不歧视

Non-discrimination on the grounds of social origin, property, birth or other status

不得因社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份而加以歧视

25.

25.

States must respect and ensure the rights set forth in the Convention for each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind.

各国在其管辖范围内必须尊重并确保《公约》为每一个儿童规定的权利，不受任何形式的歧视。

However, discrimination is one of the prime causes of children ending up in street situations.

然而，歧视是儿童最终沦落街头的主要原因之一。

Children are then discriminated against on the basis of their connections with the street, that is, on the grounds of their social origin, property, birth or other status, resulting in lifelong negative consequences.

儿童因与街头的联系，即因社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份而受到歧视，造成终生消极后果。

The Committee interprets “other status” under article 2 of the Convention to include the street situation of a child or his or her parents and other family members.

委员会解释《公约》第2条的“其他身份”，包括街头流浪儿童或其父母和其他家庭成员。

Systemic discrimination

系统性歧视

26.

26.

Discrimination may be direct or indirect.

歧视可能是直接或间接的：

Direct discrimination includes disproportionate policy approaches to “tackle homelessness” that apply repressive efforts to prevent begging, loitering, vagrancy, running away or survival behaviours, for example, the criminalization of status offences, street sweeps or “round-ups”, and targeted violence, harassment and extortion by police.

直接歧视包括以不相称的政策方法“解决无家可归的问题”，采用镇压措施防止乞讨、游荡、流浪、离家出走或生存行为，例如，对身份违法行为治罪，街头搜捕或“兜捕”，以及警察有针对性的暴力、骚扰和勒索。

Direct discrimination can include:

直接歧视可包括：

the refusal by police to take seriously reports by children in street situations of theft or violence;

警察拒绝认真对待街头流浪儿童报告的盗窃或暴力行为；

discriminatory treatment within juvenile justice systems;

青少年司法制度中的歧视性待遇；

the refusal of social workers, teachers or health care professionals to work with children in street situations; and harassment, humiliation and bullying by peers and teachers in schools.

社会工作者、教师和医疗保健专业人员拒绝与街头流浪儿童打交道； 在学校受到同学和老师的骚扰、羞辱和欺凌。

Indirect discrimination includes policies that result in exclusion from basic services, such as health and education, for example by requiring payment or the provision of identity documents.

间接歧视包括导致被排除在基本服务之外的政策，如就医或受教育时要求付钱或提供身份证件。

Even if children in street situations are not isolated from basic services, they might be isolated within such systems.

即使街头流浪儿童没有被排斥在基本服务之外，他们也有可能在这种系统内受到孤立。

Children can face multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination, for example, on the basis of gender, sexual orientation and gender identity/expression, disability, race, ethnicity, indigenous status, immigration status and other minority status, particularly as minority groups are often overrepresented among children in street situations.

儿童可能面临多重和交叉形式的歧视，例如基于性别、性取向和性别认同/表达、残疾、种族、族裔、土著身份、移民身份和其他少数群体的身份，特别是少数群体往往在街头流浪儿童中占很高的比例。

Children subject to discrimination are more vulnerable to violence, abuse, exploitation, sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, and their health and development are put at greater risk.

受歧视的儿童更容易受到暴力侵害、虐待、剥削、包括艾滋病毒在内的性传播感染，并使他们的健康和发育面临更大的风险。

States are reminded that guaranteeing the right to non-discrimination is not only a passive obligation to prohibit all forms of discrimination, but also requires appropriate proactive measures to ensure effective equal opportunities for all children to enjoy the rights under the Convention.

提醒各国，保障不受歧视的权利不只是一项禁止一切形式歧视的消极义务，而且还需要适当的前瞻性措施，以便确保所有儿童切实有机会平等享有《公约》规定的权利。

This requires positive measures aimed at redressing a situation of substantive inequality.

这需要积极的措施，旨在纠正实际不平等的状况。

Systemic discrimination is responsive to, and can therefore be addressed by, legal and policy change.

因此对付系统性歧视，可以通过改变法律和政策加以纠正。

Children in street situations have highlighted the discrimination and negative attitudes by the public they face as a specific concern, and asked for there to be awareness-raising and educational measures to counter them.

街头流浪儿童都强调他们面临的公众歧视和消极态度是一个具体的困扰，并要求通过提高认识和教育措施来对付这些问题。

Eliminating discrimination

消除歧视

27.

27.

Discrimination should be eliminated formally, by ensuring that a State’s constitution, laws and policies do not discriminate on the grounds of street situation, and substantively, by paying sufficient attention to children in street situations as a group who have suffered persistent prejudice and who require affirmative action.

应正式消除歧视，确保缔约国的宪法、法律和政策不歧视沦落街头的情况，并从实质上充分重视街头流浪儿童作为一个群体遭受持久偏见和需要采取平权行动。

Temporary special measures necessary to accelerate or achieve de facto equality of children in street situations should not be considered discrimination.

为加速或事实上实现街头流浪儿童平等的必要临时特别措施，不应当视为是歧视性的。

States should ensure: that children in street situations are equal under the law;

各国应确保街头流浪儿童在法律面前一律平等；

that all discrimination on the basis of street situation is prohibited;

禁止由于沦落街头而造成的所有歧视；

that incitement to discriminate and harassment is addressed;

纠正煽动歧视和骚扰行为；

that children in street situations and their families are not arbitrarily deprived of their property;

不得任意剥夺街头流浪儿童及其家庭的财产；

and that curfews are legitimate, proportional and non-discriminatory.

宵禁应是合理、相称和非歧视性的。

States should also sensitize professionals, the private sector and the public to the experiences and rights of children in street situations, with the aim of positively transforming attitudes.

各国还应提高专业人员、私营部门和公众对街头流浪的儿童的经历和权利的认识，其目的在于积极转变态度。

States should support creative artistic, cultural and/or sports programmes led by, or involving, children in street situations that help to address misconceptions and break down barriers with professionals, communities — including other children — and wider society through visible mutual dialogue and interaction.

各国应支持由街头流浪儿童牵头或参与的创造性艺术、文化和/或体育方案，通过瞩目的相互对话和互动方式，帮助专业人员、社区――包括其他儿童――和更广泛的社会，消除误解和打破壁垒。

This may include street circus, theatre, music, art and sports matches.

这包括街头马戏、戏剧、音乐、艺术和体育比赛。

States should work with print, broadcast and social media to disseminate and amplify sensitization and de-stigmatization messages and stories on the basis of a child rights approach.

各国应基于儿童权利方法，由出版、广播和社交媒体来传播和扩大宣传和消除污名化方面的信息和故事。

Public fear of crime committed by children in street situations is often media-fuelled and disproportionate to reality.

公众对街头流浪儿童所犯罪行的恐惧往往被媒体火上浇油，与事实不符。

The media should be actively encouraged to use accurate data and evidence and conform to child protection standards to safeguard children’s dignity, physical security and psychological integrity.

应积极鼓励媒体使用准确的数据和证据，并符合儿童的保护标准，以保障儿童的尊严、人身安全和心理健康。

Article 3 (1) on the best interests of the child

第3条第1款儿童的最大利益

28.

28.

The obligations attached to this right are fundamental, as part of a child rights approach, to secure the holistic physical, psychological and moral integrity of children in street situations and promote their human dignity.

作为基于儿童权利的方法，此项权利附带有基本义务，以实现街头流浪儿童身体、心理和道德方面的整体健全完整，并增进他们做人的尊严。

These children have been identified as particularly vulnerable.

已认识到这些儿童特别容易受到伤害。

As the Committee has already stated, the best interests of a child in a specific situation of vulnerability will not be the same as those of all the children in the same vulnerable situation.

正如委员会已表明的，处于某一具体弱势境况儿童的最大利益，与所有处于同样弱势境况儿童的最大利益并不相同。

Authorities and decision makers need to take into account the different kinds and degrees of vulnerability of each child, as each child is unique and each situation must be assessed according to the child’s uniqueness.

主管当局和决策者必须考虑到每个儿童的脆弱性类别和程度不同，因为，每个儿童都是独特的，所以每一种情况必须按儿童的独特性评估。

In this context, “vulnerability” should be considered in conjunction with the resilience and self-reliance of individual children in street situations.

在这方面，应结合个别街头流浪儿童的复原力和自恃能力考虑“脆弱性”问题。

Article 6 on the right to life, survival and development

第6条生命、生存和发展的权利

Right to life

生命权

29.

29.

Children in street situations are at risk of, inter alia: extrajudicial killings by State agents;

街头流浪儿童，除其他外，很容易被国家工作人员法外处决；

murder by adults or peers, including murder linked to so-called vigilante justice, and association with/targeting by criminal individuals and gangs, and when the State does not prevent such crimes;

被成年人或同伴杀害，包括以所谓的私刑，卷入/成为犯罪个人或团伙的目标，或当国家无法预防此类犯罪时被杀害；

exposure to potentially life-threatening conditions associated with hazardous forms of child labour, traffic accidents, substance abuse, commercial sexual exploitation and unsafe sexual practices;

面临可能危及生命的境况，如与之相关的危险形式的童工劳动、交通事故、滥用药物、商业性剥削和不安全的性行为；

and death due to lack of access to adequate nutrition, health care and shelter.

和因得不到足够的营养、医疗保健和庇护所导致的死亡。

The right to life should not be interpreted narrowly.

对生命权的解释范围不应当过于狭隘。

It concerns individuals’ entitlement to be free from acts and omissions intended or expected to cause their unnatural or premature death, and to enjoy a life with dignity.

它涉及个人有权免受因作为或不作为，故意或预期将造成非自然或过早死亡，并享受有尊严的生活。

In 1999, in the case of the torture and murder by police of three children and two young people in street situations in 1990, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled that arbitrary privation of life is not limited to the illegal act of homicide, but extends to the deprivation of the right to live with dignity.

1999年，美洲人权法院在裁决1990年警察对三名街头流浪儿童和两名年轻人施以酷刑和谋杀一案时裁定，任意剥夺生命不仅仅限于非法杀人行为，而且延伸到剥夺有尊严生活的权利。

This conception of the right to life extends not only to civil and political rights but also to economic, social and cultural rights.

这种生命权概念，不仅包括公民和政治权利，而且包括经济、社会和文化权利。

The need to protect the most vulnerable people — as in the case of street children — definitely requires an interpretation of the right to life that encompasses the minimum conditions for a life with dignity.

需要保护最弱势的人――如街头流浪儿童――无疑要求对生命权的解释包含最起码有尊严的生活。

30.

30.

The Committee has already highlighted that growing up in conditions of absolute poverty threatens children’s survival and their health and undermines their basic quality of life.

委员会曾强调，生长在赤贫状况下威及到儿童的生存及其健康，损害其基本的生活质量。

Right to survival and development

生存和发展权

31.

31.

The Committee expects States to interpret “development” as a holistic concept, embracing the child’s physical, mental, spiritual, moral, psychological and social development.

委员会希望缔约国作为一个整体概念解释“发展”，它包含儿童的身体、心智、精神、道德、心理和社会发展。

Children in street situations have a limited range of activities and behaviours from which to choose for their survival and development in public spaces.

公共场所可供街头流浪儿童选择生存和发展的活动范围和行为十分有限。

States’ obligations under article 6 necessitate careful attention being given to the behaviours and lifestyles of children, even if they do not conform to what specific communities or societies determine to be acceptable under prevailing cultural norms for a particular age group.

第6条规定各国有义务认真注意到儿童的行为和生活方式，即使它们不符合特定社区或社会认定的普遍文化规范下可接受的特定年龄段儿童的行为和生活方式。

Programmes can only be effective when they acknowledge the realities of children in street situations.

唯有承认街头流浪儿童的现实方案才能奏效。

Interventions should support individual children in street situations to achieve their optimal development, maximizing their positive contribution to society. Ensuring a life with dignity

干预措施应支持街头流浪儿童个体实现最大的发展，最大限度地使他们对社会做出积极贡献。 确保有尊严的生活

32.

32.

States have an obligation to respect the dignity of children in street situations and their right to life, survival and development by refraining from State-led violence and by decriminalizing survival behaviours and status offences;

国家有义务尊重街头流浪儿童的尊严和他们的生命权、生存权和发展权，避免由国家主导的暴力行为和使生存行为和身份过错非罪化；

to protect children in street situations from harm caused by third parties;

为保护街头流浪儿童免遭第三方造成的伤害；

and to fulfil their right to life, survival and development by designing and implementing holistic long-term strategies, on the basis of a child rights approach, to secure their development to their fullest potential.

通过设计和执行基于儿童权利方法的整体长期战略，实现他们的生命权、生存权和发展权，以确保他们达到最大的发展潜力。

States should assist trustworthy and supportive adults — such as family members or State or civil society social workers, psychologists, street workers or mentors — to help children in street situations.

各国应协助可信赖和乐于助人的成年人――如家庭成员或国家或民间社会的社会工作者、心理学家、街道工作者或辅导员――帮助街头儿童。

States should also put in place procedural and practical funeral arrangements to ensure dignity and respect for children who die on the streets.

各国还应制定程序性和实际丧葬安排，以确保死在街头的儿童有尊严和得到尊重。

Article 12 on the right to be heard

第12条发表意见权

33.

33.

Children in street situations face particular barriers in being heard, and the Committee encourages States to make proactive efforts to overcome those barriers.

街头流浪儿童在他人听取其意见方面遭遇特殊障碍，委员会鼓励各国做出前瞻性努力，以克服这些障碍。

States and intergovernmental organizations should provide — and support civil society organizations in providing — children in street situations with a supportive and enabling environment to: be heard in judicial and administrative proceedings;

各国和政府间组织应提供并支持民间社会组织为街头流浪儿童提供支持和有利的环境，使他们在司法和行政程序中得以表达意见；

carry out their own initiatives;

开展主动行动；

and fully participate at the community and national levels in policy and programme conceptualization, design, implementation, coordination, monitoring, review and communication, including through the media.

并充分参与社区和国家一级的政策和方案构思的形成、设计、执行、协调、监测、审查和传播，包括通过媒体进行传播。

Interventions are of most benefit to children in street situations when the children themselves are involved actively in assessing needs, devising solutions, shaping strategies and carrying them out, rather than being seen as objects for whom decisions are made.

当儿童积极参与需求评估，制定解决方案，打造并实施战略，而不是被视为决策影响的对象时，干预措施才会产生最有利于儿童的效果。

States should also listen to relevant adults, such as family and community members, professionals and advocates, when developing prevention and response strategies.

各国在制订预防和应对战略时，还应听取有关成年人，如家庭和社区成员、专业人士和倡导者的意见。

Interventions should support individual children in street situations to exercise their rights and develop skills, resilience, responsibility and citizenship, in line with their evolving capacities.

干预措施应支持街头流浪儿童个体能够根据不断发展的能力，行使他们的权利，并培养技能、耐受力、责任和公民资格。

States should support and encourage children in street situations to form their own child-led organizations and initiatives, which will create space for meaningful participation and representation.

各国应支持和鼓励街头流浪儿童建立自我牵头的组织和倡议，这将为真正的参与和代表权创造空间。

Where appropriate, and when properly safeguarded, children in street situations can raise awareness by sharing their own experiences, to reduce stigmatization and discrimination and to help prevent other children ending up in street situations.

在适当的情况下，并且经妥善保护，街头流浪儿童能够通过分享本身的经历，提高人们的认识，减少污名化和歧视，并协助防止其他儿童最终流落街头。

Article 4 on appropriate measures

第4条适当的措施

34.

34.

Under article 4, States parties shall undertake all appropriate legislative, administrative and other measures for the implementation of the rights recognized in the Convention.

第4条规定，缔约国应采取一切适当的立法，行政和其他措施以实现本公约所确认的权利。

This applies to every child without discrimination, paying special attention to the most disadvantaged groups — which clearly includes children in street situations.

这适用于所有儿童不受歧视，同时特别关注处境最为不利的群体――显然包括街头流浪儿童。

A minimum core obligation is incumbent upon every State to ensure the satisfaction of, at the very least, minimum essential levels of each of the social, economic and cultural rights.

每个国家具有最低限度的核心义务，确保至少满足最低必要水平的每一项社会、经济和文化权利。

States should ensure that this applies to children in street situations.

各国应确保这一原则适用于街头流浪儿童。

Lack of available resources is not a valid argument per se for States to not comply with this core obligation.

资源不足本身不是一种能站住脚的论点，使国家可免于遵守这一核心义务。

As the Committee has already stated, the immediate and minimum core obligations imposed by children’s rights shall not be compromised by any retrogressive measures, even in times of economic crisis.

正如委员会已经指出的那样，立即且最低限度履行儿童权利规定的核心义务，即使在经济危机时期，也不应受到任何倒退措施的损害。

States should ensure that children in street situations are not affected by regressive measures in times of economic crisis.

各国应确保在经济危机时期街头流浪儿童不受倒退措施的影响。

Article 5 on direction and guidance consistent with evolving capacities

第5条视儿童不同阶段的接受能力进行指导和引导

35.

35.

To strengthen prevention, States should build the capacity of parents, extended families, legal guardians and community members to provide appropriate direction and guidance to children, helping them to take into account the child’s views, in accordance with their age and maturity;

为做到预防，各国应加强父母、家庭、法定监护人和社区成员的能力，为儿童提供适当的指导和指引，帮助他们按照儿童的年龄和成熟程度，考虑到儿童的意见； 提供安全和扶持性的环境，使儿童能够发展；

to provide a safe and supportive environment in which the child can develop; and to recognize the child as an active rights holder who is increasingly able to exercise those rights as they develop, given proper guidance and direction.

并承认儿童作为权利积极持有者，随着发展，在适当的引导和指导下，日益能够行使这些权利。

The Committee has already elaborated the principle of the evolving capacities of the child: the more the child knows, has experienced and understands, the more the parent or legal guardian has to transform direction and guidance into reminders and advice, and later to an exchange on an equal footing.

委员会已经阐明了儿童能力不断发展的原则：儿童知道的越多，经历的越多和理解的越深，越需要家长或法定监护人将指导和引导转变为提醒和建议，嗣后在平等基础上开展交流。

Children in street situations require particularly sensitive direction and guidance that respects their life experience.

街头流浪儿童需要的是在尊重其生活经历方面特别敏感的领导和指导。

The majority of children in street situations maintain contact with families, and there is increasing evidence on effective ways to strengthen those family connections.

大部分街头流浪儿童与家人保持联系，并且有越来越多的证据表明有加强这种家庭联系的有效方法。

If children in street situations have few or no positive connections with parents, extended families or legal guardians, then the role of community members, as referenced in article 5, takes on a stronger significance and this is understood to include support from trustworthy adults associated with civil society organizations.

如果街头流浪儿童与父母、大家庭成员或法定监护人很少有或根本没有主动的联系，社区成员的作用(如第5条所述)具有更大的意义，这理解为包括得到与民间社会组织保持联系的可信赖的成年人的支持。

B.

B.

Civil rights and freedoms

公民权利和自由

Article 15 on the right to freedom of association and peaceful assembly

第15条结社自由及和平集会自由

Overview

概述

36.

36.

The realities in which children in street situations live do not fit traditional definitions or conceptualizations of childhood.

现实表明，街头流浪儿童的生活并不符合传统的童年定义或概念。

They have a unique relationship to public spaces compared with other children.

与其他儿童相比，他们与公共场所有独特的关系。

State restrictions on article 15 in relation to public spaces may therefore have a disproportionate impact on children in street situations.

因此，国家对第15条所指公共场所的限制可能对街头流浪儿童产生过分的影响。

States should ensure that their access to political and public space in which to associate and peacefully assemble is not denied in a discriminatory way.

各国应确保他们进入政治和公共空场所从事结社和和平集会而不会遭到歧视性拒绝。

Civil and political space

公民和政治场所

37.

37.

Association and peaceful assembly are essential for children in street situations to claim their rights, for example, through working children’s unions and child-led associations.

结社与和平集会，对于街头流浪儿童，例如，通过工作儿童联盟和儿童为主导的社团伸张自身的权利极为重要。

However, the Committee has regularly expressed concern in its concluding observations regarding the lack of political space afforded to children to speak out.

然而，委员会时常在其结论性意见中对缺乏供儿童大声疾呼的政治场所表达关切。

This is particularly constrained for children in street situations, who often lack connections with a trustworthy adult who may be required to legally register an organization.

这一点尤其使街头流浪儿童受到限制，他们往往无法联系到一个可信赖的成年人，而此人必须合法注册一个组织。

Children in street situations may lack support in completing paperwork and gaining access to information to develop association and peaceful assembly initiatives.

街头流浪儿童缺乏支持，难以完成书面手续和获得信息，以制定结社与和平集会的举措。

Children in street situations may be paid to boost numbers in protests or gatherings.

有人会付钱给街头流浪儿童，以增加抗议或集会的人数。

They may be vulnerable to exploitation and unaware of the implications of joining such events, raising complex questions regarding the need to balance protection and participation rights.

他们容易受他人利用，不明白参加这种活动的影响，造成需要在保护和参与权之间保持平衡的复杂问题。

However, as expressed by the Committee in its concluding observations, this should not be used as an excuse to curtail their right to association and peaceful assembly.

然而，正如委员会在其结论性意见中所述，这不应被用来作为借口，遏制儿童的结社与和平集会的权利。

Article 15 requires States to empower children in street situations to exercise their participation rights and counter co-option and manipulation by adults.

第15条要求各国赋予街头流浪儿童行使其参与权的能力，并打击成年人的怂恿和操纵。

Public spaces

公共场所

38.

38.

In addition to association and peaceful assembly in the context of civil and political rights, the Committee emphasizes the importance of respecting the choice of children in street situations to associate together in public spaces, without threat to public order, to satisfy their survival and development rights (art. 6), for rest, play and leisure (art. 31), to create networks and organize their social life, and as a key feature of their lives in general.

除 了公民权利和政治权利范围内的结社与和平集会外，委员会强调尊重街头流浪儿童在不威胁公共秩序的情况下，选择在公共场所相互结交的重要性，以满足他们的生 存和发展权(第6条)、休息、游戏和休闲权(第31条)、建立网络和组织自己的社会生活，并作为其日常生活的一个重要特点。

For children in street situations, this type of gathering together is part of living.

对于街头流浪儿童来说，这种聚集在一起是其生活的一部分。

It cannot always be broken down into discrete activities like eating, sleeping or recreation.

并非总能将其分成互不关联的活动，如吃饭、睡觉或娱乐。

For children not in street situations, this cooperative coexistence with others mainly takes place in settings like the family household or school.

对于非街头流浪儿童来说，这种与其他人的合作共处，主要发生在家庭或类似家庭的学校环境中。

对于街头流浪儿童来说，这发生在公共场所。

For children in street situations, it takes place in public spaces. Such children need to have a safe space in which they can exercise their right to association, interpreted here in conjunction with other rights protected under the Convention as “spending time with others in public spaces”.

这类儿童需要有一个安全的场所，使他们能够行使结交权，在这里与《公约》所保护的其他权利相结合的解释是“花时间在公共场所与其他儿童在一起”。

The Committee has explored the decreasing tolerance of children in public spaces in relation to article 31.

委员会结合第31条探讨了对儿童在公共场所滞留容忍度下降的问题。

In the present general comment, it extends those concerns, regarding decreasing tolerance, to the use of public spaces by children for purposes other than those covered under article 31.

在本一般性意见中，委员会把对儿童利用公共场所容忍度下降的关注扩大到超出第31条所涵盖的目的。

Restrictions on article 15

关于对第15条的限制

39.

39.

In accordance with article 15 (2), policing or other measures relating to public order are only permissible where such measures are taken on the basis of the law, entail individual rather than collective assessment, comply with the principle of proportionality and represent the least intrusive option.

根据第15条(第2款)，只有依法采取治安和其他与公共秩序有关的措施，引发对个体而不是对集体的评估，遵守相称性原则，并且属于侵入性最小的选择办法时，才是允许的。

Such measures should not be applied on a group or collective basis.

不应对某个群体或集体采用这类措施。

This means that harassment, violence, round-ups and street sweeps of children in street situations, including in the context of major political, public or sporting events, or other interventions that restrict or interfere with their rights to association and peaceful assembly, contravene article 15 (2).

这意味着对街头流浪儿童的骚扰、暴力、围捕和街头清理，包括在重大政治、公共或体育活动时，或其他限制或妨碍其结社与和平集会权利的干预措施，违背了第15条(第2款)。

Not recognizing legally constituted working children’s unions and organizations led by children in street situations, and/or requiring licences for organizations to which children in street situations do not have reasonable access, constitute discrimination against them and are not in compliance with article 15 (2).

不承认工作儿童合法组建的工会和街头流浪儿童领导的组织和/或要求街头流浪儿童提供无法合理获得的组织注册证书，构成了对他们的歧视，不符合第15条(第2款)。

Implementation measures

执行措施

40.

40.

States should not harass or arbitrarily remove children in street situations from where they associate and peacefully assemble in public spaces.

各国不应对在公共场所交往及和平聚会的街头流浪儿童予以骚扰或任意驱赶。

Sanctions should be imposed on those who violate this right.

应对那些违反这一权利的人实施制裁。

Specialized training is required to build the capacity of police and security forces to deal with public order situations in a way that upholds respect for the rights of children in street situations.

为了打造警察和安全部队的能力需要进行专门培训，确保以尊重街头流浪儿童权利的方式处理公共秩序状况。

Local government by-laws should be reviewed to ensure compliance with article 15 (2).

应对地方政府的法规进行审查，确保遵守《公约》第15条(第2款)。

States should support positive measures, such as: empowering children in street situations through child rights education and the development of life skills;

各国应支持采取积极措施，如通过儿童权利教育和发展生活技能，赋予街头流浪儿童以权能；

preparing stakeholders to accept the views of these children in decision-making as expressed through association and assembly;

使利益攸关方在决策中接受这类儿童通过结社和集会形成的意见；

and promoting the participation of these children in recreation, leisure, sports, artistic and cultural activities alongside other children in the community.

并促进这类儿童与社区其他儿童一道参加娱乐、休闲、体育、艺术和文化活动。

Legislation should not require children in street situations’ associations or peaceful assemblies to be formally registered to incur protection under article 15.

法律不应要求街头流浪儿童协会或和平集会正式注册以便受第15条的保护。

Articles 7 on birth registration and 8 on identity

第7条出生登记和第8条身份

41.

41.

Lack of proof of identity has a negative impact on the protection of rights for children in street situations in relation to education, health and other social services, justice, inheritance and family reunification.

缺乏身份证明，对于保护街头流浪儿童在教育、医疗和其他社会服务、司法、继承和家庭团聚方面的权利产生不利的影响。

As a minimum, States should ensure that free, accessible, simple and expeditious birth registration is available to all children at all ages.

各国起码应确保向各年龄段的所有儿童提供免费、便捷、简单、快速的出生登记。

Children in street situations should be supported proactively to obtain legal identity documents.

应以前瞻方式支持街头流浪儿童获得合法身份证件。

As a temporary solution, States and local governments should allow innovative and flexible solutions, such as providing informal identity cards, linked to civil society personnel/addresses, allowing children in the meantime to gain access to basic services and protection in the justice system.

作为一种临时解决办法，国家和地方政府应允许创新灵活的办法，例如提供非正式身份证，与民间社会人员/地址挂钩，同时让儿童获得基本服务和司法系统的保护。

Innovative solutions should be adopted to overcome the challenges faced by children in street situations, who are often highly mobile and who lack the means to keep a physical identity document safe without losing it or having it damaged or stolen.

应通过创新解决方案，克服街头流浪儿童所面临的挑战，他们往往四处流动，缺少途径，难以保持有形身份证明文件的安全，不至丢失其或被他人毁坏或盗走。

Articles 13 on freedom of expression and 17 on access to information

第13条言论自由和第17条获取信息

42.

42.

The right of children in street situations to have access to, seek and impart information about their rights is crucial if those rights are to be understood and realized in practice.

若要理解并在实践中实现下列权利，街头流浪儿童有权获得、寻求和传递关于其权利方面的信息至关重要。

Context-specific, accessible child rights education will help to overcome barriers to participation so their voices can be heard.

针对具体情况，可聆听的儿童权利教育，有助于克服参与障碍，从而听到街头流浪儿童的声音。

Children in street situations need to have access through accessible and appropriate channels to accurate, high-quality and child-friendly information relating to:

街头流浪儿童需要获得适当的渠道，通过便捷、准确、高质量和方便儿童的下列资讯：

(a)

(a)

the role and accountability of the State, and complaints mechanisms for redress in relation to human rights violations;

国家的作用和问责制以及处理侵权行为的投诉机制；

(b)

(b)

protection from violence;

保护不受暴力的侵害；

(c)

(c)

sexual and reproductive health, including family planning and prevention of sexually transmitted infections;

性健康和生殖健康，包括计划生育和性传染病的预防工作；

(d)

(d)

healthy lifestyles, including diet and physical activity;

健康的生活方式，包括饮食和体育活动；

(e)

(e)

safe and respectful social and sexual behaviours;

安全和得当的社会和性行为；

(f)

(f)

prevention of accidents; and

防止事故；

(g)

(g)

the negative impacts of abuse of alcohol, tobacco, drugs and other harmful substances.

及滥用酒精、烟草、毒品和其他有害药物的负面影响。

Article 16 on privacy, honour and reputation

第16条隐私、荣誉和名誉

43.

43.

Children in street situations may experience limited privacy given that they have to carry out activities in public spaces.

街头流浪儿童在隐私方面经验有限，因为他们不得不在公共场所从事各种活动。

Discrimination on the grounds of their or their parents’ or family’s street situation makes them particularly vulnerable to violations of article 16.

由于对他们或其父母或家庭街头处境的歧视，使他们特别容易受到违反第16条情况的伤害。

The Committee recognizes forced eviction to be a violation of article 16 of the Convention, and the Human Rights Committee has in the past recognized it to be a violation of article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

委员会认为，强迫驱逐违反《公约》第16条，人权事务委员会以往曾承认它违反《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十七条。

Recommendations in paragraph 27 addressing stigmatization, and in paragraph 60 addressing non-discriminatory and respectful treatment by the police, give guidance in relation to honour and reputation.

第27段中关于纠正污名化的建议和第60段中涉及警察不歧视和礼貌待人的建议，为荣誉和名誉问题提供了指导。

C.

C.

Family environment and alternative care

家庭环境和替代性照料

Article 20 on the right to special protection and assistance for children deprived of a family environment

第20条特别保护和协助被剥夺家庭环境的儿童的权利

Types of care

照料的类型

44.

44.

For those children in street situations without primary or proxy caregivers, the State is the de facto caregiver and is obliged, under article 20, to ensure alternative care to a child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or her family environment.

对于那些没有主要或代理照料者的街头流浪儿童，国家是事实上的照料者，因此有义务根据第20条，确保对暂时或长期被剥夺家庭环境的儿童给予替代性照料。

Types of care include: practical and moral support to children on the streets, through a trustworthy adult street worker or peer support, without requiring or coercing children to renounce their street connections and/or move into alternative accommodation;

照料的类型包括：实际和道义支助街头儿童，通过一可信赖的成年街头工作者或同伴支持，不要求或胁迫他们放弃街头联系，和/或搬入替代住所、

drop-in and community/social centres;

随时入住中心和社区/社会中心、

night shelters;

夜间收容所、

day-care centres;

日常照料中心、

temporary residential care in group homes;

临时集体寄宿照料之家、

foster care;

寄养/收养/领养、

family reunification;

家庭团聚

and independent living or long-term care options including, but not exclusively, adoption.

和独立生活或长期照料办法，包括但不限于领养。

Deprivation of liberty, for example, in detention cells or closed centres, is never a form of protection.

剥夺自由，例如送入牢房或封闭式拘留中心，向来不是一种保护形式。

Applying a child rights approach

采用基于儿童权利的方法

45.

45.

Interventions that do not respect children as active agents in the process of moving off the street into alternative care do not work: children often end up back on the streets when they run away or when placements break down.

不尊重儿童作为离开街头转入替代性照料进程积极推动者的干预措施，往往无法奏效：凡儿童逃离或安置失败时他们最终又回到街头。

Placements fail when children in street situations are sent to unfamiliar areas to live with little-known relatives.

安置失败的原因往往在于把街头流浪儿童送往不熟悉的地方与鲜为人知的亲属生活在一起。

By applying a child rights approach to the development and provision of alternative choices, States will ensure that children are not forced to depend on their street connections for their survival and/or development and that they are not forced to accept placements against their will.

通过采用基于儿童权利的方法，代替制定和提供替代性选择方案，各国将确保儿童不必非靠街头联系赖以生存和/或发展，并确保不强迫他们违背自己的意愿接受安置。

States should ensure, through legislation, regulation and policy directives, that the child’s views are solicited and considered in decisions regarding placements, development and review of care plans, and visits with family.

各国应确保通过立法、法规和政策指示，确保在作出安置决定，制定和审议照料计划和由家人探访时，征询和考虑儿童的意见。

States should respect the established international parameters that limit institutionalization as a last resort, ensure that children are not placed in alternative care unnecessarily and ensure that, where alternative care is provided, it is delivered under appropriate conditions responding to the rights and best interests of the child.

各国应遵守既定国际标准，将收容制度作为最后手段，确保除非必要，否则不将儿童安置在替代性照料机构，并确保在提供替代性照料情况下，提供符合儿童权利和儿童最大利益的恰当条件。

States should ensure that State and civil society-run shelters and facilities are safe and of good quality.

各国应确保由国家和民间社会建立的庇护所和设施安全和质量良好。

Where placement with family members is deemed, in consultation with the children in street situations themselves, to be in their best interests, careful preparation and follow-up is needed on both sides.

如果认为与家庭成员安置在一起符合街头流浪儿童的最大利益，经与他们协商，需要双方仔细准备和后续跟踪。

A transitional stage between the streets and a long-term placement is often required, the length of this period being determined on a case-by-case basis with the child.

在街头与长期安置之间常常需要有一个过渡阶段，过渡期的长短往往需要根据个案与儿童本人商定。

Use of police or other detention cells to accommodate children owing to lack of alternative care facilities is not acceptable.

由于缺乏儿童替代照料设施而使用警察或其他拘禁室的做法是不能接受的。

Article 9 on separation from parents

第9条关于与父母分离

46.

46.

Many children in street situations live with their families, either on or off the streets, and/or maintain family connections, and they should be supported to maintain those connections.

许多街头流浪儿童与家人共同生活，无论是否在街头，并/或维持家庭关系，应该支持他们保持这种联系。

States should not separate children from their families solely on the basis of the families’ street-working or street-living status.

各国不应单凭家庭在街头工作或生活的状况，使儿童与其家庭分离。

Likewise, States should not separate babies or children born to children themselves in street situations.

同样，各国不应使街头流浪儿童所生的婴幼儿与父母分离。

Financial and material poverty, or conditions directly and uniquely imputable to such poverty, should never be the only justification for the removal of a child from parental care but should be seen as a signal for the need to provide appropriate support to the family.

经济和物质贫穷，或直接或唯一可归咎于这种贫穷的状况，绝不应成为使儿童脱离父母照料的唯一理由，而应将其视为一种信号，表明有必要为该家庭提供适当帮助。

To prevent long-term separation, States can support temporary, rights-respecting care options for children whose parents, for instance, migrate for certain periods of the year for seasonal employment.

为了防止长期分离，各国可支持临时、尊重权利的儿童照料办法，例如对父母在一年中的某一时间段得去外地从事季节打工的儿童采取此种办法。

Articles 3 (3) on standards for care and protection institutions, services and facilities, and 25 on periodic review of placements

第3条(第3款)负责照料或保护儿童的机构、服务部门及设施的标准和第25条对安置情况进行定期审查

47.

47.

It is important to establish, maintain and monitor the quality of State and non-State services to prevent children from ending up in street situations as a result of failing to have their care and protection rights fulfilled, and for the benefit of children already in street situations.

重要的是，要确定、维持和监测国家和非国家服务部门的质量，防止儿童因受照料和受保护权未兑现而最终流落街头，并惠及已经流落街头的儿童。

States should provide quality, rights-respecting services and support civil society organizations to do the same.

各国应提供高质量、尊重权利的服务，并支持民间社会组织这样做。

Non-State institutions, services and facilities for children in street situations should be supported, resourced, accredited, regulated and monitored by the State.

国家应对负责街头流落儿童的非国家机构、服务部门和设施提供支持，划拨资源，认证，管制和监测。

Personnel involved in such services should be trained in accordance with paragraph 18.

参与这类服务的人员应依照第18段的规定接受培训。

Article 18 on parental responsibility

第18条关于父母的责任

48.

48.

Support for parents and legal guardians is essential to prevent children ending up in street situations, and to strengthen family reunification programmes for children already in street situations.

对父母和法定监护人的支持对于防止儿童最终流落街头，以及加强已经流落街头的儿童的家庭团聚方案至关重要。

States are obliged to render appropriate assistance to parents and legal guardians in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities and to ensure the development of institutions, facilities and services for the care of children.

各国有义务适当协助父母和法定监护人履行其抚养儿童的责任，并确保发展机构、设施和服务部门照料儿童。

States should take measures to eliminate structural forces that put pressure on families in precarious situations.

各国应采取措施，消除力对处于危困境况家庭的结构性压力。

Key issues to address include:

需要解决的关键问题包括：

improving rights-based community development in impoverished neighbourhoods;

改善贫困社区基于权利的社区发展；

establishing comprehensive economic and social safety nets;

建立全面的经济和社会安全网；

providing safe and affordable day-care centres and other specialist services;

提供安全和可负担得起的日常照料中心和其他专项服务；

and improving access to adequate housing and income generation for families.

改善获得适当的住房和家庭创收机会。

In addition to structural and policy approaches, vulnerable families need case-by-case solutions facilitated by well-trained professionals.

除了结构性和政策性措施外，弱势家庭需要由训练有素的专业人员提供个案解决办法。

States should invest in and scale up family support programmes on the basis of a child rights approach that are proved to halt the intergenerational transmission of conditions that exacerbate children ending up in street situations.

各国应投资于扩大家庭支助方案，并基于儿童权利方法，扭转世代相传加剧儿童最终流落街头的条件。

States should take measures to provide universal education on child rights and positive parenting for all parents and caregivers, prioritizing — in a non-stigmatizing way — families with children at risk of ending up in street situations.

各国应采取措施，对所有父母和照料者提供关于儿童权利和积极育儿的普及教育，以不带污名化的方式优先对待那些儿童面临最终流落街头危险的家庭。

This education should include child rights, including how to listen to children and include their views in decision-making;

这种教育应包括儿童权利――如何听取儿童的意见，并在决策时考虑他们意见；

positive child-rearing, including positive discipline skills, non-violent conflict resolution and attachment parenting; and early childhood development.

积极的儿童养育――积极的管教技能、非暴力解决冲突法和亲密育儿法和幼儿早期发育。

See also paragraphs 35 and 49.

另见第35和49段。

D.

D.

Adequate standard of living

适足的生活水准

Article 27 on the right to an adequate standard of living

第27条适足生活水准权

Support to parents, caregivers and children

对父母、提供照料者和儿童给与支持

49.

49.

In accordance with article 27 (3), States should ensure that all children have a standard of living adequate for their physical, mental, spiritual and moral development, to prevent them ending up in street situations and to fulfil the rights of children already in street situations.

根据第27条(第3款)的规定，缔约国应确保每个儿童均有权享有足以促进其生理、心理、精神和道德发展的生活水平，防止他们沦落为街头儿童并兑现已沦落为街头儿童的权利。

States shall take appropriate measures to assist parents and others responsible for the child to implement this right and shall in case of need provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing.

缔约国应采取适当措施，帮助父母或其他负责照料儿童的人实现此项权利，并在需要时提供物质援助和支助方案，特别是在营养、衣着和住房方面。

Those prescriptions leave no leeway for the discretion of States.

这些规定并没有为国家的酌处权留有任何余地。

The implementation of the above in accordance with national conditions and within the means of States parties should be interpreted in conjunction with article 4, that is, to the maximum extent of States parties’ available resources and, where needed, within the framework of international cooperation, with particular regard to the obligations of States to fulfil the minimum core obligation for social, economic and cultural rights.

按照本国条件并在缔约国力所能及的范围内实施上述规定，应结合第4条加以解释，即应根据缔约国现有资源所允许的最大限度，并视需要在国际合作范围内，特别是关于各国有义务履行对社会、经济和文化权利最低限度的核心义务。

In terms of material assistance, children in street situations prioritize the need for a safe place to live, food and free and accessible medical care and education, through State support to parents and caregivers, particularly in relation to subsidized, adequate housing and income generation.

就物质援助而言，街头流落儿童优先需要有一个安全的住所、食物和免费、方便的医疗保健和教育，这些通过国家支持父母和照料者，特别是在补贴和适足的住房和创收方面可以见效。

The interpretation of article 27 (3) is not limited to measures to assist parents and others responsible for the child.

对第27条(第3款)的解释不限于帮助父母或其他负责照料儿童的人的措施。

The obligation to provide material assistance and support programmes in case of need should be interpreted as also meaning assistance provided directly to children. This is particularly relevant for children in street situations with non-existent or abusive family connections.

有义务在需要时提供物质援助和支助方案，还应解释为亦指直接向儿童提供援助。 这一点特别适用于不存在家庭关系或其家庭关系属于虐待性的街头流浪儿童。

Direct material assistance to children in the form of services may be provided either by the State or via State support to civil society organizations. For single-parent and reconstructed families, States’ measures to secure maintenance for the child are particularly important (see article 27 (4)).

对儿童的直接物质援助，可以服务的形式由国家或通过国家支持民间社会组织提供。 对于单亲家庭和重组家庭来说，国家确保儿童赡养费的措施尤为重要(见第27条(第4款))。

Adequate housing

适足住房

50.

50.

The right to housing is an important component of article 27 that is particularly relevant for children in street situations.

住房权是第27条的重要内容之一，它与街头流浪儿童特别相关。

It has been interpreted broadly by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as the right to live somewhere in security, peace and dignity, which clarifies that the concept of “adequacy” in relation to housing requires attention to: legal security of tenure; availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure; affordability; habitability; accessibility; location; and cultural adequacy.

已由经济，社会和文化权利委员会作出广义解释，作为安全、和平和有尊严地居住某处的权利，它阐明关于住房的“适足”概念需要注意：租赁期的法律保障，备有服务、材料、设施和基础设施，可负担得起，适宜居住，无障碍环境，位置以及适当的文化环境。

Children are among those who suffer disproportionately from the practice of forced eviction.

儿童常常过多地成为强迫迁离的对象。

Forced evictions, including through demolition of informal or illegal housing, can make life more precarious for children, forcing them to sleep on the streets and exposing them to further rights violations.

强迫迁离，包括拆毁非正规或非法住所，可能使儿童的生活更不稳定，迫使他们露宿街头，使他们的权利更容易遭到侵犯。

A predominant theme of consultations with children in street situations is the inadequacy and inappropriateness of some State-run “shelters”, and their high levels of violence and insecurity, such that children prefer to be on the streets.

在同街头流浪儿童交谈中的一个最突出的话题是国家办的“庇护所”不足和不适当，暴力和不安全的程度很高，因此，儿童宁愿呆在街头。

Implementation measures

执行措施

51.

51.

States should take measures to address the structural causes of poverty and income inequalities to reduce pressure on and strengthen precarious families, as a means of offering better protection for children and reducing the likelihood of children ending up in street situations.

各国应采取措施，解决贫困和收入不平等现象的结构性原因，减少不稳定家庭的压力并予以加强，以便对儿童提供更好的保护和减少儿童最终流落街头的可能性。

Such measures include:

这些措施包括：

introducing tax and expenditure policies that reduce economic inequalities;

采用税收和支出政策，减少经济不平等现象；

expanding fair-wage employment and other opportunities for income generation;

扩大公平工资就业和其他创收机会；

introducing pro-poor policies for rural and urban development;

推行有利于穷人的政策，促进农村和城市的发展；

eliminating corruption;

消除腐败；

introducing child-focused policies and budgeting;

采用着眼于儿童的政策和预算编制；

strengthening child-centred poverty alleviation programmes in areas known for high levels of migration;

在已知移徙程度较高的地区加强以儿童为中心的减贫方案；

and offering adequate social security and social protection.

以及提供充分的社会保障和社会保护。

Specific examples include child benefit programmes used in European and North American countries, and cash transfer programmes introduced in Latin American countries and widely applied in Asian and African countries.

具体例子包括：欧洲和北美国家使用的儿童福利方案，拉丁美洲国家启用的和广泛用于亚洲和非洲国家的现金转账方案。

States should make efforts so that such programmes reach the most marginalized families who may not have bank accounts.

各国应做出努力，以便使这些方案惠及没有银行账户的最受到边缘化的家庭。

Material support should be made available to parents and caregivers and also directly to children in street situations, and such mechanisms and services should be designed and implemented on the basis of a child rights approach.

应向父母和照料者，并直接向街头流浪儿童提供物质支持，此类机制和服务的设计和实施应基于儿童权利的方法。

With regard to housing, security of tenure is essential for preventing children from coming into street situations.

关于住房、租期保障对于防止儿童沦落街头极为重要。

This includes access to adequate housing that is safe, with access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene facilities.

它包括获得安全的适足住房，提供安全饮用水、环境卫生和个人卫生设施。

Children, including those living in informal or illegal housing, should not be subject to forced evictions prior to the provision of adequate alternative accommodation: States are required to make appropriate provisions for affected children.

儿童，特别是那些居住在非正规或非法住所内的儿童，在得到适足替代住房之前不得被强迫驱逐：各国须对受影响儿童作出适当规定。

Child and human rights impact assessments should be a prerequisite for development and infrastructure projects to minimize the negative impacts of displacement.

对儿童和人权的影响评估应当成为发展和基础设施项目的一个先决条件，以尽量减少流离失所的不利影响。

E.

E.

Disability and health

残疾与健康

Article 23 on children with disabilities

第23条残疾儿童

52.

52.

Children with disabilities end up in street situations for various reasons, including economic and social factors, and are sometimes exploited for begging.

残疾儿童最终由于各种原因流落街头，其中包括经济和社会原因，他们有时被用于乞讨。

States should take all actions necessary to prevent and to explicitly criminalize such exploitation and to bring perpetrators to justice.

各国应采取一切必要行动，防止这类剥削，对之加以明确定罪，并将肇事者绳之以法。

Children in street situations may be at risk of developing disabilities owing to the negative impact of aspects of street life, such as violence, exploitation and substance abuse.

街头沦落儿童可能由于街头生活的负面影响，如暴力、剥削和药物滥用，而变成残疾。

Intellectual and psychosocial disabilities can render children in street situations particularly vulnerable to exploitation and abuse.

智力和心理社会残疾可能使街头儿童特别易于遭受剥削和虐待。

States should adopt special protection measures, including identifying and removing barriers that prevent children with disabilities from gaining access to services, including inclusive education. Articles 24 on health and 33 on drugs and substance abuse

各国应采取特别保护措施，包括查明和消除妨碍残疾儿童获得服务，包括包容性教育等方面的障碍。 第24条关于健康和第33条关于毒品和药物滥用

53.

53.

The street environment can increase vulnerability regarding physical and mental health issues.

街头环境可加剧身体和心理健康脆弱性的问题。

Challenges include disproportionately high rates of substance abuse, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy, violence (including by peers), suicidal thoughts and suicide, self-medicating with unregulated medicines and exposure to infectious diseases, pollution and traffic accidents.

面临的挑战包括药物滥用率过高、艾滋病毒和其他性传播感染、怀孕、暴力(包括由同龄人所致)、自杀念头和自杀，不受管制药物的自我乱用和面临传染疾病、污染和交通事故。

The Committee emphasizes the need for health education and services, including on sexual and reproductive health, tailored to the specific needs of children in street situations.

委会强调，需要开展保健教育和服务，包括针对街头儿童所需要的性健康和生殖健康教育和服务。

Such education and services should be friendly and supportive, comprehensive, accessible, free, confidential, non-judgmental, non-discriminatory, respectful of autonomous decision by the children, and without the requirement for parental consent.

这种教育和服务应方便和具有支持性、全面、可获得、免费、保密、非主观判断、非歧视性、尊重儿童的自主决定，不需要征得父母的同意。

Health services should be made accessible regardless of physical location or social status.

应提供保健服务，无论儿童实际位于何处或社会地位如何。

Children in street situations should have access to free basic health-care services through universal health coverage and social protection schemes.

街头流浪儿童应通过全民医保和社会保护计划，获得免费的基本保健服务。

States should increase the availability of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation services for substance abuse, including harm-reduction services, and trauma therapy and mental health services for children in street situations.

各国应为街头流浪儿童提供更多的预防和治疗药物滥用及其康复服务，包括减少伤害服务，以及心理创伤治疗和精神保健服务。

These services should be staffed by professionals trained on child rights and the particular circumstances of children in street situations.

这类服务应配备受过关于儿童权利和街头流浪儿童特殊情况培训的专业人员。

States can promote properly supported peer education that can be especially effective in combating substance abuse, sexually transmitted infections and HIV.

各国可促进适当支助的同伴教育，它对打击药物滥用、性传播感染和艾滋病毒尤为有效。

Particular attention is needed to protect children in street situations from involvement in the drug trade.

需要特别注意保护街头儿童避免卷入毒品交易。

F.

F.

Education, leisure and cultural activities

教育、休闲和文化活动

Article 28 on education

第28条教育

54.

54.

Accessible, free, safe, relevant and quality education is crucial to preventing children from ending up in street situations and fulfilling the rights of children already in street situations.

开放、自由、安全、适当和高质量的教育对于防止儿童最终流落街头和兑现已经流落街头儿童的权利至关重要。

For many children, education represents the last connection point with wider societies.

对于许多儿童来说，教育是与更广泛社会的最后一点联系。

States should make adequate provision, including support to parents, caregivers and families, to ensure that children in street situations can stay in school and that their right to quality education is fully protected.

各国应提供适当的条件，包括向父母、照料者和家庭提供支助，确保街头流浪儿童能继续上学，接受优质教育的权利得到充分保护。

A range of education options is necessary, including “second-chance education”, catch-up classes, mobile schools, vocational training linked to market research and followed up with long-term support for income generation, and pathways into formal education, through partnerships with civil society.

需要有一系列教育方案，包括“二次教育机会”、补习课程、流动学校、与市场研究挂钩的职业培训和创收长期支持跟踪，以及通过与民间社会的伙伴关系纳入正规教育的途径。

Teachers should be trained on child rights and children in street situations, and child-centred, participatory teaching methodologies.

教师应接受关于儿童权利和街头流浪儿童，及参与式和以儿童为中心的教学方法的培训。

Article 29 on the aims of education

第29条关于教育的目的

55.

55.

The aims of education for children in street situations should comply with article 29 and include literacy, numeracy, digital literacy, life skills, child rights education, tolerance for diversity, and citizenship education.

街头流浪儿童教育的目的应遵循第29条，包括识字、识数、数字扫盲、生活技能、儿童权利教育、容忍多样性和公民教育。

Such education is vitally important for the fulfilment of children’s rights to protection, development and participation, including strengthening their autonomy and empowering them to better negotiate situations of risk, to prevent children from ending up in street situations and for those who are in street situations.

这种教育对落实儿童的保护、发展和参与权极为重要，包括加强其自主权，并赋予他们更好地判断危难情况的能力，以防儿童最终流落街头，并惠及已沦落街头的儿童。

States should take measures to provide good quality, free child rights education and life skills universally to all children, through the school curriculum and through non-formal and street education, to reach out-of-school children.

各国应采取措施，通过学校课程和通过非正规和街头教育，接触校外儿童，提供优质、免费的儿童权利教育，及所有儿童均需学会的生活技能。

Article 31 on rest, play and leisure

第31条关于休息、游戏和闲暇

56.

56.

The Committee highlights the right to rest, play, leisure and participation in artistic and cultural activities.

委员会强调享有休息、游戏、闲暇和参与艺术和文化活动的权利。

Children in street situations apply their own creativity to utilize the informal setting of the streets for play opportunities.

街头流浪儿童发挥自己的创造性，利用街头的非正规场所寻找游戏的机会。

States should ensure they are not excluded in a discriminatory way from parks and playgrounds, for example, in relation to dress codes, and adopt measures to assist them in developing their creativity and practising sport, including with mobile recreation and sports facilities.

各国应确保他们不会因，例如着装问题被歧视性地排除在公园和游乐场之外，并采取措施，协助他们开发其创造力和参与体育运动，包括利用移动娱乐器具和体育设施。

G.

G.

Violence against children and special protection measures

对儿童的暴力行为和特别保护措施

Articles 19 and 39 on freedom from all forms of violence

第19条和第39条关于保护儿童免遭一切形式的暴力

57.

57.

Violence in all its forms — emotional, physical or sexual — is a fundamental cause and a consequence of children ending up in street situations.

所有形式的暴力――情感、身体或性――是最终导致儿童流落街头的一个根本原因和结果。

Violence of all kinds permeates the lives of children in street situations on a vast scale and it is a primary concern highlighted by children themselves.

各种形式的暴力大量频繁地贯穿于街头流浪儿童的日常生活，并且是这些儿童本身强调的首要关注。

Specific, immediate and urgent measures need to be taken to protect children in street situations.

需要采取具体、紧急和迫切措施，保护街头儿童。

In conjunction with all the recommendations in general comment No. 13, such measures include: prohibiting all forms of violence, including corporal punishment; mechanisms for reaching out to vulnerable children in the process of disconnecting from family and community; mechanisms for reporting violence, discrimination and other forms of rights violations; and mechanisms for holding perpetrators of violence to account, whether State or non-State, individuals or groups.

结合第13号一般性意见中的各项建议，这些措施包括：禁止一切形式的暴力，包括体罚，向正在远离家庭和社区的易受伤害儿童施以援手的接触机制，对暴力行为、歧视和其他形式的侵犯人权行为的举报机制和对无论是国家还是非国家、个人或团体的暴力行为肇事者追究责任的机制。

Special mechanisms might have to be established to deal with individuals reported by these children as threats to their well-being, such as some members of the police and those involved in organized crime and drug trafficking.

可能需要设立处理儿童举报威胁到其福祉的个人的特别机制，例如，个别警察人员和从事有组织犯罪和毒品的贩运者。

Articles 34-36 on sexual abuse, sexual exploitation, trafficking and other exploitation

第34至36条关于性虐待、性剥削、贩运和其他剥削

58.

58.

Children in street situations are particularly vulnerable to sexual violence and exploitation, and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography is particularly relevant for them.

街头流浪儿童特别易遭受性暴力和性剥削，《<儿童权利公约>关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》与这类儿童特别相关。

Gender-sensitive responses should be made by professionals who are trained in understanding the specific circumstances of children in street situations.

应当由受过训练、了解街头流浪儿童具体情况的专业人员拟定对性别问题有敏感认识的对策。

Children may have ended up in street situations through trafficking for sexual or labour exploitation, and/or may be vulnerable to such trafficking, as well as trafficking for body parts, and other forms of exploitation, once they are on the streets.

儿童可能因性剥削或劳力剥削贩运而流落街头和/或一旦流落街头，受到这类贩运以及贩运身体器官和其他形式剥削的危害。

Article 32 on child labour

第32条关于童工问题

59.

59.

The Committee urges States to implement the provisions of article 32 (2) of the Convention, and the International Labour Organization Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138), and Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182), to protect children in street situations from economic exploitation and the worst forms of child labour.

委员会促请各国为执行《公约》第32条的规定和国际劳工组织1973年《最低就业年龄公约》(第138号)和1999年《最恶劣形式的童工劳动公约》(第182号)，保护街头流浪儿童免受经济剥削和最有害形式的童工劳动。

Action against child labour should comprise comprehensive measures, including the provision of support enabling children to transition into education and guaranteeing an adequate standard of living for them and their families.

打击童工现象的行动应包括全面措施，包括提供支助，使儿童融入教育体系，并保障他们和他们的家人有适足的生活水准。

Such measures should be developed in collaboration with children in street situations and other key stakeholders to reflect children’s best interests and to ensure they do not have any inadvertent negative impact on children’s survival or development.

此类措施应与街头流浪儿童和其他关键利益攸关方一道拟订，以反映儿童的最大利益，确保对儿童的生存和发展无任何意外的负面影响。

The criminalization of begging or unlicensed trading can result in worse forms of survival behaviours, such as commercial sexual exploitation.

将乞讨或无执照交易定罪可能导致恶劣形式的生存行为，如商业化性剥削。

Savings schemes to develop budgeting skills and safeguard earnings for children in street situations are beneficial.

培养制订预算技能和规划收入的储蓄计划，对于街头流浪儿童颇有裨益。

Articles 37 and 40 on juvenile justice

第37和第40条少年司法问题

60.

60.

Children in street situations are more likely to be targeted, criminalized and end up in the juvenile or adult justice system and less likely to benefit from diversion, alternatives to detention or restorative practices as they are unable to afford bail and may have no responsible adults to vouch for them.

街头流浪儿童更有可能成为目标，被判犯刑事罪，并最终被青少年或成人司法系统监禁，他们不太可能受益于变通、替代拘留办法或改过自新办法，因为他们无力支付保释金，也没有负责任的成年人为他们担保。

Police misconduct, such as harassment (including stealing children’s money and possessions, rounding them up or arbitrarily moving children on, often on the orders of their superiors and/or politicians), corruption, extortion (for money or sex) and physical, psychological or sexual violence are common rights violations that States should criminalize as a matter of urgency.

警察的不当行为，如骚扰(包括偷窃儿童的钱财，围捕他们，或往往按照上司和/或政客们的命令将他们赶走)、腐败、勒索(金钱或性)，以及身体、心理或性暴力是常见的侵犯人权行为，各国应作为紧急事项将其定为刑事罪。

The Committee is concerned about the application of “zero tolerance” policies criminalizing children in street situations and resulting in forced institutionalization.

委员会感到关切的是，对街头流浪儿童实施“零容忍”政策和对他们定罪，从而导致强制性安置。

States should support community policing, with an emphasis on protection rather than punishment of children in street situations, and adopt a multicultural police service.

各国应支持社区警务，重点在于保护，而不是惩罚街头流浪儿童，并通过一种多元文化的警察服务。

States should guarantee all rights to all children, including those in street situations, in the context of a restorative rather than punitive juvenile justice system.

各国应保障所有儿童的所有权利，包括那些在街头流浪的儿童，少年司法制度应是促进自新，而不是惩罚性的。

Article 38 on armed conflict

第38条关于武装冲突

61.

61.

The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the involvement of children in armed conflict is relevant as children in street situations are vulnerable to recruitment into armed forces or armed groups.

《<儿童权利公约>关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》，与街头流浪儿童十分相关，因为他们很容易被招募加入武装部队或武装团体。

Conflicts may lead to children ending up in street situations through the disruption of social networks, family separation, displacement from communities or rejection of demobilized child combatants from communities.

冲突可导致儿童最终流落街头，因为它们扰乱了社会网络，使家庭分离，使儿童背井离乡，或使原有社区排斥复员的儿童兵。

In relation to prevention, child rights education, including peace education, and anti-recruitment initiatives need to reach children in street situations.

关于预防，儿童权利教育，包括和平教育和反征兵举措，需要涵盖街头流浪儿童。

Interventions to minimize the impact of armed conflict need to mitigate proactively the separation of children from families, and family tracing programmes should be prioritized.

最大限度地减少武装冲突影响的干预措施，需要以前瞻性方式减轻儿童脱离家庭的影响，家庭寻踪方案应成为优先事项。

Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes for children should take into account the dynamics of street-connectedness as a cause and a consequence of children’s involvement in armed conflict.

解除儿童武装、复员和重返社会方案，应考虑到儿童与街头的动态联系，这正是儿童卷入武装冲突的原因和后果。

VI.

六.

Dissemination and cooperation

传播与合作

Dissemination

传播

62.

62.

The Committee recommends that States widely disseminate the present general comment within government, legal and administrative structures, to children in street situations, parents and caregivers, professional organizations, communities, the private sector and civil society.

委员会建议缔约国在政府、法律和行政机构内，并向街头流浪儿童、父母和照料者、专业组织、社区、私营部门和民间社会广泛传播本一般性意见。

All channels of dissemination, including print media, the Internet, and children’s own communication means, such as storytelling and peer education, should be used.

应利用所有传播渠道，包括印刷媒体、互联网和儿童本身的交流渠道，例如讲故事和同伴教育。

This will necessitate translating it into relevant languages, including sign languages, Braille and easy-to-understand formats for children with disabilities and limited literacy levels.

这就需要将本一般性意见译成相关的语言，包括手语、布莱叶盲文和方便残疾儿童和识字水平有限的儿童理解的形式。

It also requires making culturally appropriate and child-friendly versions and pictorial rather than text-based versions available, holding workshops and seminars, implementing age- and disability-specific support to discuss its implications and how best to implement it, and incorporating it into the training of all professionals working for and with children in street situations.

还要求提供适合特定文化和适合儿童的版本，如插图绘画版，而不是单纯的文字版，举行讲习班和研讨会，实施针对具体年龄段和具体残疾情况的支持，讨论本一般性意见的影响和最佳落实方法，以及将它纳入对所有从事街头流浪儿童工作的专业人员的培训内容。

States are also encouraged to include information on children in street situations in their reports to the Committee.

还鼓励各国在向委员会提交的报告中，提供有关街头流浪儿童的资料。

International cooperation

国际合作

63.

63.

The Committee calls upon States to strengthen international commitment, cooperation and mutual assistance in preventing children from ending up in street situations and protecting children already in street situations.

委员会吁请各国加强国际承诺、合作及互助，防止儿童最终流落街头，并保护已经流落街头的儿童。

This includes identifying and sharing rights-based practices that have been shown to be effective, research, policies, monitoring and capacity-building.

这包括查明和分享已被证明是有效的基于权利的做法、研究、政策、监督和能力建设。

Cooperation requires the involvement of States, United Nations bodies and agencies, regional organizations, civil society organizations (including child-led organizations and academics), children, the private sector and professional groups.

合作需要各国、联合国各机关和机构、区域组织、民间社会组织(包括儿童主导的组织和学术界)、儿童、私营部门和专业团体的参与。

The Committee encourages those actors to foster continuous, high-level policy dialogues and research in relation to quality, evidence-based interventions for prevention and response.

委会鼓励这些行为者促进持续不断的高级别政策对话和研究高质量、有证据支持的预防和应对干预措施。

This includes dialogues at the international, national, regional and local levels.

这包括在国际、国家、区域和地方各级开展对话。

Such cooperation may need to address the protection of children crossing borders as migrants, refugees and asylum seekers and as victims/survivors of cross-border trafficking.

这种合作需要探讨如何保护作为移徙者、难民和寻求庇护者跨越边界和作为跨界贩运受害者/幸存者的儿童。

1

1

All quotations are from consultations or written submissions for the present general comment.

所有引用的原话都来自为编写这份一般性意见进行的访谈或书面提交的内容。

Respectively, they are from: children in Bangladesh (written submission from Dhaka); children in Latin America (consultation in Mexico); a 15-year-old boy from Brazil; an 18-year-old boy and girl from India; children and young people from the Democratic Republic of the Congo; children and young people in Europe (consultation in Brussels); a 16-year-old boy from Pakistan; a boy from Burundi; and an 18-year-old boy from Brazil.

它们分别来自：孟加拉国的儿童(来自达卡 的书面材料)，拉丁美洲的儿童(在墨西哥进行的访谈)；一名15岁的巴西男孩，一名18岁的印度男孩和一名女孩，刚果民主共和国的儿童和青年，欧洲的儿童 和青年(在布鲁塞尔进行的访谈)，一名16岁的巴基斯坦男孩，一名布隆迪的男孩，一名18岁的巴西男孩。

2

2

See general comments No. 13 (2011) on the right of the child to freedom from all forms of violence, para. 59, and No. 14 (2013) on the right of the child to have his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration.

见儿童权利委员会关于儿童免遭一切形式暴力侵害的权利的第13号一般性意见(2011年)第59段，以及关于儿童将他或她的最大利益列为一种首要考虑的权利的第14号一般性意见(2013年)。

3

3

For children in street situations with their families, this general comment focuses on the children as the main rights-holders.

对于与家人同在街头流浪的儿童，本一般性意见特别强调儿童作为权利持有者。

Where children in street situations have children of their own, the best interests of each generation of children must be a primary consideration.

当街头流浪儿童有了自己的子女的时候，每一代儿童的最大利益必须成为一种首要考虑。

4

4

See general comment No. 3 (2003) on HIV/AIDS and the rights of the child, para. 7.

关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病与儿童权利的第3号一般性意见(2003年)第7段。

5

5

See joint general recommendation No. 31 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women/general comment No. 18 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2014) on harmful practices, paras. 25-28.

见消除对妇女歧视委员会第31号以及儿童权利委员会有关有害做法的第18号联合一般性建议/意见(2014年)，第25至28段。

6

6

Ibid., paras. 19-24.

同上，第19-24段。

7

7

See UNICEF, Child Rights Education Toolkit: Rooting Child Rights in Early Childhood Education, Primary and Secondary Schools (Geneva, 2014), p. 21.

见儿基会，“儿童权利教育工具包：使儿童权利扎根于幼儿、小学和中学教育”(2014年日内瓦)，第21页。

Available from https://www.unicef.org/crc/files/UNICEF_CRE_Toolkit_FINAL_web_version170414.pdf.

可查阅www.Pdf https://www.unicef.org/crc/files/UNICEF CRE Toolkit FINAL web version170414。

See also general comment No. 13, para. 59.

另见第13号一般性意见，第59段。

See also “Human Rights Based Approach to Development Cooperation”, available from http://hrbaportal.org/the-human-rights-based-approach-to-development-cooperation-towards-a-common-understanding-among-un-agencies.

另 见“基于人权的发展合作方法”，可查阅www.Http://hrbaportal.org/the-human-rights-based- approach-to-development-cooperation-towards-a-common-understanding- among-un-agencies。

8

8

See general comment No. 16 (2013) on State obligations regarding the impact of the business sector on children’s rights, para. 8.

关于商业部门对儿童权利的影响方面国家义务的第16号一般性意见(2013年)，第8段。

9

9

See general comments No. 5 (2003) on general measures of implementation of the Convention, paras. 42-44;

见关于执行《儿童权利公约》的一般措施的第5号一般性意见(2003年)，第42-44段。

No. 7 (2005) on implementing child rights in early childhood, para. 32;

在关于在幼儿期落实儿童权利的第7号一般性意见(2005年)，第32段；

No. 9 (2006) on the rights of children with disabilities, para. 25;

关于残疾儿童的权利的第9号一般性意见(2006年)，第25段；

and No. 16, para. 25.

和第16号一般性意见，第25段。

10

10

See http://childrenandbusiness.org.

见http://childrenandbusiness.org。

See also general comment No. 16.

另见一般性意见第16号。

11

11

See general comment No. 2 (2002) on the role of independent national human rights institutions in the promotion and protection of the rights of the child, paras. 2 and 15.

见关于独立的国家人权机构在增进和保护儿童权利方面的作用的第2号一般性意见(2002年)，第2和第15段。

12

12

See www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/RemedyAndReparation.aspx.

见 www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/RemedyAndReparation.aspx。

13

13

See Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), “A Human Rights-Based Approach To Data”, available from www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/HRIndicators/GuidanceNoteonApproachtoData.pdf.

见联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)“以基于人权的方式处理数据”，可查阅 www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/HRIndicators/GuidanceNoteonApproachtoData.pdf。

14

14

See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 20 (2009) on non-discrimination in economic, social and cultural rights, para. 12.

见经济、社会和文化权利委员会关于经济，社会和文化权利方面不歧视的第20号一般性意见(2009年)，第12段。

15

15

Ibid., para. 10.

同上，第10段。

16

16

See general comments No. 4 (2003) on adolescent health and development in the context of the Convention, para. 12;

关于在《儿童权利公约》框架内青少年的健康和发展的第4号一般性意见(2003年)

and No. 10 (2007) on children’s rights in juvenile justice, paras. 8-9.

和关于少年司法中的儿童权利的第10号一般性意见(2007年)，第8-9段。

17

17

See general comment No. 11 (2009) on indigenous children and their rights under the Convention.

见土著儿童及其在《公约》下的权利的第11号一般性意见(2009年)。

18

18

See general comments No. 4, para. 6;

见第4号一般性意见，第6段；

and No. 3, para. 7.

第3号一般性意见，第7段。

19

19

See general comment No. 14, para. 41.

见第14号一般性意见，第41段。

20

20

See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 20, para. 8.

见经济、社会及文化权利委员会第20号一般性意见，第8段。

21

21

Ibid., para. 7.

同上，第7段。

22

22

See general comment No. 14, paras. 75-76.

见第14号一般性意见(2011年)，第75-76段。

23

23

See general comment No. 4, para. 21.

见第4号一般性意见，第21段。

24

24

The preparatory work of the Convention indicate that the rights to life, survival and development under article 6 were understood as complementary and not mutually exclusive, and that the article poses positive obligations (E/CN.4/1988/28).

《公约》的筹备工作表明，第6条下的生命、生存和发展权利应理解为相辅相成而不是相互排斥的，而且该条附带积极义务(E/CN.4/1988/28)。

25

25

Joint opinion, Villagrán Morales et al v. Guatemala, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 19 November 1999.

联合意见，维拉格兰·莫拉雷斯及其他人诉危地马拉，美洲人权法院，1999年11月19日。

Available from www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_63_ing.pdf.

可查阅www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec63ing.pdf。

26

26

See general comment No. 7, para. 26.

见第7号一般性意见，第26段。

27

27

See general comment No. 3, para. 11.

见第3号一般性意见，第11段。

28

28

See general comment No. 5, para. 12.

见第5号一般性意见，第12段。

29

29

General comment No. 12 (2009) on the right of the child to be heard.

关于儿童表达意见的权利的第12号一般性意见(2009年)。

30

30

See ibid., para. 128.

见同上，第128段。

31

31

See general comment No. 5, para. 8.

见第5号一般性意见，第8段。

32

32

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights general comment No. 3 (1990) on the nature of States parties’ obligations, para. 10.

经济、社会和文化权利委员会关于缔约国义务的性质的第3号一般性意见(1990年)，第10段。

33

33

See general comment No. 19 (2016) on public budgeting for the realization of children’s rights, para. 31.

见关于用于实现儿童权利的公共预算的第19号一般性意见(2016年)，第31段。

34

34

See general comment No. 12 (2009) on the right of the child to be heard, para. 84, and general comment No. 14, para. 44.

见关于儿童表达意见的权利的第12号一般性意见(2009年)，第84段； 第14号一般性意见，第44段。

35

35

See general comment No. 17 (2013) on the right of the child to rest, leisure, play, recreational activities, cultural life and the arts, para. 21.

关于儿童享有休息和闲暇、从事游戏和娱乐活动、参加文化生活和艺术活动的权利(第31条)的第17号一般性意见(2013年)，第21段。

36

36

Ibid., para. 37.

同上，第37段。

37

37

See general comment No. 6 (2005) on treatment of unaccompanied and separated children outside their country of origin, para. 18.

见关于远离原籍国无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的儿童待遇的第6号一般性意见(2005年)，第18段。

Originally developed in relation to unaccompanied and separated children who have crossed an international border, in the present general comment the Committee extends this interpretation to all children in street situations.

最初针对无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的儿童跨越国际边界而拟订，在本一般性意见中，委员会将这一解释扩大到包括所有街头流浪儿童。

38

38

See general comment No. 13, para. 44.

见第13号一般性意见，第44段。

39

39

See CCPR/CO/83/KEN, para. 22, and CCPR/C/BGR/CO/3, para. 24.

见 CCPR/CO/83/KEN, para. 22 and CCPR/C/BGR/CO/3, 第24段。

40

40

See general comment No. 13, paras. 33 and 35.

见第13号一般性意见，第31和35段。

41

41

See general comments No. 12, para. 54; No. 6, para. 40; and No. 7, para. 36 (b).

见第12号一般性意见，第54段； 第6号一般性意见，第40段；第7号一般性意见，第36段(b)节。

42

42

See general comment No. 3, para. 35.

见第3号一般性意见，第35段。

43

43

Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children, GA resolution 64/142, annex.

“关于替代性儿童照料的导则”，大会第64/142号决议附件。

44

44

See general comment No. 14, para. 62.

见第14号一般性意见，第62段。

45

45

See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 4 (1991) on the right to adequate housing, para. 7.

见经济、社会及文化权利委员会关于适足住房权的第4号(1991年)一般性意见，第7段。

46

46

Ibid., para. 8.

同上，第8段。

47

47

See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 7 (1997) on forced evictions, para. 10.

见经济、社会和文化权利委员会关于强迫驱逐的第7号一般性意见(1997年)，第10段。

48

48

See general comment No. 9, para. 76.

见第9号一般性意见，第76段。

49

49

General comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health.

关于儿童享有可达到的最高标准健康的权利问题的第15号号一般性意见(2013年)。

50

50

See general comment No. 4, para. 34.

见第4号一般性意见，第34段。

51

51

See general comment No. 3, para. 30.

见第3号一般性意见，第30段。

52

52

Ibid., paras. 20-21;

同上，第20-21段；

general comments No. 4, paras. 11 and 26;

第4号一般性意见，第11和第26段；

and No. 15, particularly paras. 8, 11 and 28.

第15号一般性意见，特别是第8、11和28段。

53

53

General comment No. 1 (2001) on the aims of education.

关于教育的目的的第1号一般性意见(2001年)。

54

54

General comment No. 17.

第17号一般性意见。

55

55

Ibid., para. 49.

同上，第49段。

56

56

See general comments No. 3. paras. 19 and 36-37;

见第3号一般性意见，第19段和第36至37段；

No. 4, paras. 2 and 23;

第4号一般性意见，第2和第23段；

No. 8 (2006) on the right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms of punishment;

关于儿童受保护免遭体罚和其他残忍或不人道形式惩罚的权利的第8号一般性意见(2006年)；

and No. 13.

第13号一般性意见。

57

57

See general comments No. 6, para. 61;

见第6号一般性意见，第61段；

and No. 10, paras. 6, 8-9 and 16.

第10号一般性意见，第6、8-9和16段。