CMW/C/GC/3, CRC/C/GC/22 1719871E.docx (ENGLISH)

CMW/C/GC/3, CRC/C/GC/22 1719871C.docx (CHINESE)

United Nations

联 合 国

CMW/C/GC/3-CRC/C/GC/22

CMW/C/GC/3-CRC/C/GC/22

International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

保护所有移徙工人及其 家庭成员权利国际公约

Convention on the Rights of the Child

儿童权利公约

Distr.: General

Distr.: General

16 November 2017

16 November 2017

Chinese

Original: English

Original: English

Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Committee on the Rights of the Child Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families

保护所有移徙工人及其 家庭成员权利委员会 儿童权利委员会

Joint general comment No. 3 (2017) of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and No. 22 (2017) of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on the general principles regarding the human rights of children in the context of international migration

关于具国际移民背景儿童的人权问题一般性原则的保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第3号和儿童权利委员会第22号联合一般性意见(2017年)

I.

一.

Introduction

导言

1.

1.

The present joint general comment was adopted at the same time as joint general comment No. 4 (2017) of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and No. 23 (2017) of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on State obligations regarding the human rights of children in the context of international migration in countries of origin, transit, destination and return.

本联合一般性意见与关于原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国对具国际移民背景儿童的人权的国家义务的保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第4号和儿童权利委员会第23号联合一般性意见(2017年)同时获得通过。

While that general comment and the present one are stand-alone documents in their own right, the two complement each other and should be read and implemented together.

该一般性意见与本一般性意见本身都是独立的文件，但二者相辅相成，应予一并阅读和执行。

The drafting process included a series of global and regional consultations held between May and July 2017 with representatives of key stakeholders and experts, including children and migrant organizations, in Bangkok, Beirut, Berlin, Dakar, Geneva, Madrid and Mexico City.

起草进程包括2017年5月至7月在曼谷、贝鲁特、柏林、达喀尔、日内瓦、马德里和墨西哥城与包括儿童和各移民组织在内的各重要利益攸关方的代表和专家举行的一系列国际和区域协商。

In addition, the Committees received more than 80 written contributions from States, United Nations agencies and entities, civil society organizations, national human rights institutions and other stakeholders from every region of the world between November 2015 and August 2017.

此外，从2015年11月至2017年8月，两委员会收到了各国、联合国机构和实体、民间社会组织、国家人权机构和世界各区域的其他利益攸关方提供的80多份书面材料。

2.

2.

The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the Convention on the Rights of the Child contain legally binding obligations that relate both in general and specific terms to the protection of the rights of children in the context of international migration

《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》与《儿童权利公约》载有与保护具国际移民背景儿童的权利一般相关及具体相关的具有法律约束力的义务。

3.

3.

In the context of international migration, children may be in a situation of double vulnerability as children and as children affected by migration who (a) are migrants themselves, either alone or with their families, (b) were born to migrant parents in countries of destination or (c) remain in their country of origin while one or both parents have migrated to another country.

在国际移民背景下，儿童可能会具有双重脆弱性，因为他们不仅是儿童，而且还是受移民影响的儿童，包括以下情况：(a) 他们独自或与家人一起移民，(b) 他们是父母在移民目的地国家所生子女，(c) 他们留在原籍国，但父母一方或双方已移民到另一国家。

Additional vulnerabilities could relate to their national, ethnic or social origin; gender; sexual orientation or gender identity; religion; disability; migration or residence status; citizenship status; age; economic status; political or other opinion; or other status.

其他脆弱性因素还可能涉及儿童的国籍、族裔或社会出身、性别、性取向或性别认同、宗教、残疾、移民或居留身份、公民身份、年龄、经济状况、政治或其他见解及其他状况。

4.

4.

By virtue of their complementary mandates and shared commitment to strengthening protection of all children in the context of international migration, both Committees decided to develop these joint general comments.

两委员会的任务相辅相成，且共同致力于加强对所有具国际移民背景儿童的保护，因此决定制定这两份联合一般性意见。

While the present comment is based on the provisions of both Conventions, it is important to underline that the human rights norms clarified herein are built on the provisions and principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

本一般性意见以两项《公约》的规定为依据，但必须着重指出，其中的阐述的人权准则借鉴了《儿童权利公约》的规定和原则。

Therefore, the authoritative guidance contained in the present joint general comment is equally applicable to all States parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and/or the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.

因此，本联合一般性意见所载的权威指导同样适用于《儿童权利公约》和(或)《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》的所有缔约国。

A.

A.

Background

背景

5.

5.

The present joint general comment builds on the increasing attention that both Committees have given to the rights of children in the context of international migration through a number of initiatives, including:

本联合一般性意见以两委员会对具国际移民背景儿童的权利的日益关注为基础，这种关注体现在：

(a)

(a)

Committee on the Rights of the Child general comment No. 6 (2005) on treatment of unaccompanied and separated children outside their country of origin, which includes a set of recommendations specifically for those migrant children outside their country of origin who are unaccompanied and separated;

儿童权利委员会关于远离原籍国无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的儿童待遇的第6号一般性意见(2005年)，其中包括一套专门针对远离原籍国孤身和离散移民儿童的建议；

(b)

(b)

A day of general discussion held in Geneva in September 2012 by the Committee on the Rights of the Child, on the rights of all children in the context of international migration, for which the Committee drafted a background paper and adopted a report, with conclusions and recommendations;

儿童权利委员会于2012年9月在日内瓦举办了关于所有具国际移民背景儿童的权利的一般性讨论日，委员会为此起草了一份背景文件，并通过了一份包含结论和建议的报告；

(c)

(c)

The endorsement in 2016 by the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families of the recommended principles to guide actions concerning children on the move and other children affected by migration.

保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会2016年核准了关于移民儿童和其他受移民影响儿童的建议行动指导原则。

In addition, both Committees are members of the Inter-Agency Working Group to End Child Immigration Detention;

此外，两委员会都是停止拘留移民儿童机构间工作组的成员；

(d)

(d)

The increasing number of recommendations made by both Committees in recent years to States parties to their respective Conventions on a variety of human rights issues that affect children’s rights in the context of international migration.

两委员会近年来就影响国际移民背景下的儿童权利的各种人权问题向各自《公约》的缔约国提出了越来越多的建议。

6.

6.

The present joint general comment also builds on other United Nations resolutions and reports, various outputs of the United Nations human rights mechanisms and United Nations, intergovernmental and civil society initiatives relating to children in the context of international migration, including:

本联合一般性意见还借鉴了联合国的其他决议和报告、联合国各人权机制的编写的各类文件以及联合国、非政府组织和民间社会关于具国际移民背景儿童问题的各项倡议，包括：

(a)

(a)

The statement by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on the duties of States towards refugees and migrants under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (E/C.12/2017/1), in which the Committee recalled in particular that “protection from discrimination cannot be made conditional upon an individual having a regular status in the host country”, and also recalled that “all children within a State, including those with an undocumented status, had a right to receive education and access to adequate food and affordable health care”;

经 济、社会及文化权利委员会关于《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》规定的国家对难民和移民的义务的声明(E/C.12/2017/1)，委员会在声明中特别 指出，“不得将个人在接收国的正常身份作为保护个人免受歧视的前提条件”，并且还指出，“一个国家境内的所有儿童，包括无证儿童在内，均有权接受教育并获 得充足的食物和可负担的医疗服务”；

(b)

(b)

The New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, in which the Heads of State and Government undertook to protect the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all refugee and migrant children, regardless of their status, and giving primary consideration at all times to the best interests of the child, and to comply with their obligations under the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

《关于难民和移民的纽约宣言》，其中各国元首和政府首脑承诺保护所有难民和移民儿童的人权和基本自由，无论其身份如何，始终首先考虑儿童的最大利益，履行根据《儿童权利公约》承担的义务。

B.

B.

Objective and scope of the joint general comment

联合一般性意见的目的和适用范围

7.

7.

The objective of the present joint general comment is to provide authoritative guidance on legislative, policy and other appropriate measures that should be taken to ensure full compliance with the obligations under the Conventions to fully protect the rights of children in the context of international migration.

本联合一般性意见的目的是为确保充分履行两项《公约》规定的充分保护具国际移民背景儿童的权利之义务所采取的立法措施、政策措施和其他适当措施提供权威性指导。

8.

8.

The Committees acknowledge that the phenomenon of international migration affects all regions of the world and all societies and, increasingly, millions of children.

两委员会认识到，国际移民现象影响到世界各个区域和各个社会，并越来越多地影响到数百万计的儿童。

While migration can bring positive outcomes to individuals, families and broader communities in countries of origin, transit, destination and return, the drivers of migration, in particular unsafe and/or irregular migration, are often directly related to violations of human rights, including the rights of the child as recognized in several human rights treaties, in particular the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

虽然移民可以给原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国的个人、家庭和广大社区带来有利结果，但移民，特别是不安全和(或)非正常移民的驱动因素往往与侵犯人权，包括侵犯一些国际人权条约，特别是《儿童权利公约》所确认的儿童权利的行为直接相关。

9.

9.

The present joint general comment addresses the human rights of all children in the context of international migration, whether they have migrated with their parents or primary caregivers, are unaccompanied or separated, have returned to their country of origin, were born to migrant parents in countries of transit or destination, or remained in their country of origin while one or both parents migrated to another country, and regardless of their or their parents’ migration or residence status (migration status).

本联合一般性意见阐述所 有具国际移民背景儿童的人权，不论这些儿童是否与其父母或主要照料者一同移民、是孤身儿童或离散儿童、已返回原籍国、为移民父母在过境国或目的地国所生， 或是在父母一方或双方移民到另一国后本人留在原籍国，也不论他们或他们的父母的移民或居留身份(移民身份)如何。

The non-discrimination principle of the Convention on the Rights of the Child obliges States parties to respect and ensure the rights set forth in the Convention to all children, whether they are considered, inter alia, migrants in regular or irregular situations, asylum seekers, refugees, stateless and/or victims of trafficking, including in situations of return or deportation to the country of origin, irrespective of the child’s or the parents’ or legal guardians’ nationality, migration status or statelessness.

《儿童 权利公约》的不歧视原则要求缔约国尊重《公约》所述各项权利并确保所有儿童享有这些权利，不论儿童是否被视为正常移民或非正常移民、寻求庇护者、难民、无 国籍人士和(或)贩运受害者，包括被送回或遣返原籍国的儿童，无论儿童或其父母或法定监护人的国籍、移民身份或无国籍身份。

10.

10.

The present joint general comment should be read in conjunction with other relevant general comments issued by the Committees; building upon those general comments and the evolving challenges children face in the context of international migration, it should also be read as authoritative guidance from the Committees as regards the rights of children in the context of international migration.

本联合一般性意见借鉴了两委员会发布的其他相关一般性意见，并考虑到儿童在国际移民背景下所面临的不断变化的挑战，因此，本联合一般性意见应结合其他这些一般性意见一并阅读，并应作为两委员会关于具国际移民背景儿童的权利的权威性指导阅读。

II.

二.

General measures of implementation of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the Convention on the Rights of the Child for the protection of children in the context of international migration

执行《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》和《儿童权利公约》以保护具国际移民背景儿童的一般性措施

11.

11.

States should ensure that children in the context of international migration are treated first and foremost as children.

各国应确保具国际移民背景儿童首先被当作儿童对待。

States parties to the Conventions have a duty to comply with their obligations set out therein to respect, protect and fulfil the rights of children in the context of international migration, regardless of their or their parents’ or legal guardians’ migration status.

两项《公约》的缔约国有责任履行《公约》规定的义务，尊重、保护和履行具国际移民背景儿童的权利，不论儿童或其父母或法定监护人的移民身份。

12.

12.

The obligations of States parties under the Conventions apply to each child within their jurisdictions, including the jurisdiction arising from a State exercising effective control outside its borders.

两项《公约》规定的缔约国义务适用于缔约国管辖范围内，包括一国在其边境外行使有效控制的管辖范围内的每一名儿童。

Those obligations cannot be arbitrarily and unilaterally curtailed either by excluding zones or areas from the territory of a State or by defining particular zones or areas as not or only partly under the jurisdiction of the State, including in international waters or other transit zones where States put in place migration control mechanisms.

不得在一国领土上，包括在各国设置移民管制机制的国际水域或其他中转区，划出地区或指定某些地区不属于或在一定程度上不属于该国的管辖范围，以此任意或单方面地削减这些义务。

The obligations apply within the borders of the State, including with respect to those children who come under its jurisdiction while attempting to enter its territory.

这些义务适用于国家的边境以内，包括那些在试图进入该国领土时属于该国管辖范围内的儿童。

13.

13.

The Committees stress the primacy of the rights of the child in the context of international migration and therefore the need for the Conventions to be integrated by States into migration-related frameworks, policies, practices and/or other measures.

两委员会强调具国际移民背景儿童的权利的重要性，因此，各国有必要将两项《公约》纳入其与移民有关的框架、政策、做法和(或)其他措施。

14.

14.

The Committees encourage States parties to ensure that the authorities responsible for children’s rights have a leading role, with clear decision-making power, on policies, practices and decisions that affect the rights of children in the context of international migration.

两委员会鼓励缔约国确保负责儿童权利的主管部门在影响具国际移民背景儿童的权利的政策、做法和决定中发挥主导作用，拥有明确的决策权。

Comprehensive child protection systems at the national and local levels should mainstream into their programmes the situation of all children in the context of international migration, including in countries of origin, transit, destination and return.

国家和地方一级的综合儿童保护制度应将有国际移民背景的所有儿童，包括在原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国的此类儿童的状况纳入其方案的主流。

In addition to the mandates of child protection bodies, authorities responsible for migration and other related policies that affect children’s rights should also systematically assess and address the impacts on and needs of children in the context of international migration at every stage of policymaking and implementation.

除了儿童保护机构应履行任务之外，负责移民政策和影响儿童权利的其他相关政策的主管部门也应在决策和执行的各个阶段系统地评估和处理具国际移民背景儿童所受的影响及他们的需要。

15.

15.

States parties should develop policies aimed at fulfilling the rights of all children in the context of international migration, in particular regarding migration management objectives or other administrative or political considerations.

缔约国应制定政策，特别是关于移民管理目标或其他行政或政治考虑因素的政策，以履行所有具国际移民背景儿童的权利。

16.

16.

States parties should develop a systematic rights-based policy on the collection and public dissemination of qualitative and quantitative data on all children in the context of international migration in order to inform a comprehensive policy aimed at the protection of their rights.

缔约国应就收集和向公众传播关于所有具国际移民背景儿童的定性和定量数据问题制定立足权利的系统政策，以便为旨在保护这些儿童的权利的全面政策提供参考。

Such data should be disaggregated by nationality, migration status, gender, age, ethnicity, disability and all other relevant statuses to monitor intersectional discrimination.

这类数据应按国籍、移民身份、性别、年龄、族裔、残疾和其他所有相关情况分列，以监测交叉歧视。

The Committees stress the importance of developing indicators to measure the implementation of the rights of all children in the context of international migration, including through a human rights-based approach to data collection and analysis on the causes of unsafe migration of children and/or families.

两委员会强调，必须制定指标，衡量所有具国际移民背景儿童的权利落实情况，包括采用立足人权的方法收集和分析关于儿童和(或)家庭踏上不安全移民路的原因的数据。

Such information should be available for all stakeholders, including children, in full respect of privacy rights and data protection standards.

应以充分尊重隐私权和遵守数据保护标准的方式向包括儿童在内的所有利益攸关方提供这些信息。

Civil society organizations and other concerned actors should be able to participate in the process of collecting and evaluating data.

民间社会组织和其他相关行为方应能够参与数据收集和评价进程。

17.

17.

Children’s personal data, in particular biometric data, should only be used for child protection purposes, with strict enforcement of appropriate rules on collection, use and retention of, and access to, data.

儿童的个人数据，特别是生物特征数据应仅被用于儿童保护之目的，并应严格执行适当的数据收集、使用、保存和获取规则。

The Committees urge due diligence regarding safeguards in the development and implementation of data systems, and in the sharing of data between authorities and/or countries.

两委员会敦促各国对在制定和执行数据制度以及在各主管部门和(或)国家间分享数据方面的保障措施给予应有注意。

States parties should implement a “firewall” and prohibit the sharing and use for immigration enforcement of the personal data collected for other purposes, such as protection, remedy, civil registration and access to services.

缔约国应建立“防火墙”，禁止分享和使用以保护、补救、民事登记和获取服务为目的收集的个人数据用于移民执法。

This is necessary to uphold data protection principles and protect the rights of the child, as stipulated in the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

这是根据《儿童权利公约》的规定维护数据保护原则和保护儿童权利所必须的。

18.

18.

The Committees are of the opinion that, in order to fulfil the rights of all children in the context of international migration, the following elements should be part of the policies and practices to be developed and implemented:

两委员会认为，为了履行所有具国际移民背景儿童的权利，应制定和执行包括以下内容的政策和做法：

(a)

(a)

comprehensive, inter-institutional policies between child protection and welfare authorities and other key bodies, including on social protection, health, education, justice, migration and gender, and between regional, national and local governments;

在儿童保护部门与福利部门及负责社会保护、卫生、教育、司法、移民和性别等事务的其他主要机构之间以及在区域、国家和地方政府之间制定全面的机构间政策；

(b)

(b)

adequate resources, including budgetary, aimed at ensuring effective implementation of policies and programmes; and

提供充足资源，包括预算资源，以确保切实执行各项政策和方案；

(c)

(c)

continuous and periodic training of child protection, migration and related officials on the rights of children, migrants and refugees and on statelessness, including intersectional discrimination.

持续和定期为从事儿童保护、移民和相关工作的官员提供关于儿童、移民和难民权利以及无国籍状态包括交叉歧视问题的培训。

III.

三.

Fundamental principles of the Conventions with regard to the rights of children in the context of international migration

两项《公约》在具国际移民背景儿童权利方面的基本原则

19.

19.

States parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child have a duty to ensure that the principles and provisions therein are fully reflected and given legal effect in relevant domestic legislation, policies and practices (art. 4).

《儿童权利公约》缔约国有责任确保相关国内法律、政策和做法充分体现《公约》所载原则和规定并赋予它们法律效力(第4条)。

In all actions concerning children, States should be guided by the overarching principles of non-discrimination (art. 2);

在关于儿童的一切行动中，各国应遵循不歧视的总体原则(第2条)；

the best interests of the child (art. 3);

儿童的最大利益(第3条)；

the right to life, survival and development (art. 6);

生命、生存和发展权(第6条)；

and the right of the child to express his or her views in all matters affecting him or her, and to have those views taken into account (art. 12).

儿童有权对影响到其本人的一切事项自由发表自己的意见并使这些意见得到考虑(第12条)。

States should adopt measures, including legislative and other policy tools, aimed at ensuring that those principles are upheld in practice and brought into the mainstream of all policies affecting children in the context of international migration, and in the interpretation and analysis of the specific obligations as clarified in joint general comment No. 4 (2017) of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and No. 23 (2017) of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on State obligations regarding the human rights of children in the context of international migration in countries of origin, transit, destination and return.

各国应采取措施，包括法律和其他政策工具，以确保这些原则在实践中得到维护且被纳入影响具 国际移民背景儿童的所有政策的主流，并在解释和分析关于原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国对具国际移民背景儿童的人权方面的国家义务的保护所有移徙工人及 其家庭成员权利委员会第4号和儿童权利委员会第23号联合一般性意见(2017年)所阐明的具体义务时适用这些原则。

20.

20.

The Committees reaffirm the application of articles 41 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and 81 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, and reiterate that the provisions in domestic and international legislation that are the most conducive to the realization of the rights of all children in the context of international migration shall apply in cases where standards differ.

两委员会再次确认《儿童权利公约》第41条和《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第81条适用，并重申，在标准不同的情况下，应适用最有利于实现所有具国际移民背景儿童的权利的国内法和国际法规定。

Furthermore, a dynamic interpretation of the Conventions based on a child-centred approach is necessary to ensure their effective implementation and the respect, protection and fulfilment of the rights of all children in the context of the increasing number of challenges that migration poses for children.

此外，有必要采取以儿童为中心的方法对两项《公约》进行动态解释，以确保切实执行两项《公约》，在移民给儿童带来的挑战日增的情况下尊重、保护和履行所有儿童的权利。

A.

A.

Non-discrimination (articles 1 and 7 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families;

不歧视(《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第1和第7条；

article 2 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child)

《儿童权利公约》第2条)

21.

21.

The principle of non-discrimination is fundamental and, in all its facets, applies with respect to children in the context of international migration.

不歧视原则是一项基本原则，其方方面面都适用于具国际移民背景的儿童。

All children involved in or affected by international migration are entitled to the enjoyment of their rights, regardless of the children’s or their parents’, legal guardians’ or family members’ age, gender, gender identity or sexual orientation, ethnic or national origin, disability, religion, economic status, migration/documentation status, statelessness, race, colour, marital or family status, health status or other social conditions, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs.

参与国际移民或受其影响的所有儿童都有权享有自己的权利，无论儿童或其父母、法定监护人或 家庭成员的年龄、性别、性别认同或性取向、族裔或国籍、残疾、宗教、经济状况、移民身份/证件状况、无国籍状态、种族、肤色、婚姻或家庭状况、健康状况或 其他社会状况、活动、表达的意见或信仰。

This principle is fully applicable to every child and his or her parents, regardless of the reason for moving, whether the child is accompanied or unaccompanied, on the move or otherwise settled, documented or undocumented or with any other status.

该原则完全适用于每一名儿童及其父母，不论流动理由、儿童是否有人陪伴、处于流动状态或以其他形式定居、有无证件或其他任何身份。

22.

22.

The principle of non-discrimination shall be at the centre of all migration policies and procedures, including border control measures, and regardless of the migration status of children or their parents.

不歧视原则应被置于所有移民政策和程序，包括边境管控措施的中心位置，无论移民儿童或其父母的移民身份。

Any differential treatment of migrants shall be lawful and proportionate, in pursuit of a legitimate aim and in line with the child’s best interests and international human rights norms and standards.

对移民的任何差别待遇均应是合法和相称的，出于追求合法目的，并符合儿童的最大利益及国际人权准则和标准。

Similarly, States parties should ensure that migrant children and their families are integrated into receiving societies through the effective realization of their human rights and access to services in an equal manner with nationals.

同样，缔约国应确保移民儿童及其家庭融入接收国社会，与国民平等地切实享有人权并获得服务。

23.

23.

The Committees recommend that States parties adopt adequate measures to combat discrimination on any grounds and to protect children from multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination, throughout the migration process, including in and after returning to the country of origin, and/or as a result of their migration status.

两委员会建议缔约国采取适当措施，消除基于任何理由的歧视，防止儿童在整个移民过程中，包括在原籍国时和返回原籍国后，和(或)因为其移民身份，遭受多重和交叉形式的歧视。

In order to achieve such a goal, States parties should strengthen efforts to combat xenophobia, racism and discrimination and take all appropriate measures to combat such attitudes and practices, and to collect and disseminate accurate, reliable and updated data and information in that regard.

为了实现这一目标，各缔约国应加强努力，消除仇外心理、种族主义和歧视，并采取一切适当措施，消除这类观念和做法，收集和传播这方面的准确和可靠的最新数据和资料。

States should also promote the social inclusion and full integration of families affected by international migration into the host society and implement programmes for improving knowledge about migration and addressing any negative perceptions regarding migrants, with the aim of protecting children affected by international migration and their families from violence, discrimination, harassment and bullying, and fulfilling their access to rights enshrined in the Conventions and other conventions ratified by each State.

各国还应促进东道国社会包容受国际移民影响的家庭，帮助其充分融入，并应执行各种方案，增加关于移民的知识，消除对移民的负面看法，以期保护受国际移民影响的儿童及其家人免遭暴力、歧视、骚扰和欺凌，使他们能够享有两项《公约》和每个国家批准的其他公约所载的权利。

In doing so, special attention should be paid to gender-specific and any other challenges and vulnerabilities that may intersect.

在此过程中，应特别注意针对性别的和其他可能相互交织的挑战和脆弱性。

24.

24.

States parties should conduct a robust gender analysis of the specific impacts of migration policies and programmes on children of all genders.

缔约国应就移民政策和方案对所有性别儿童的具体影响进行可靠的性别分析。

States parties should review and amend any gender-discriminatory restrictions on migration in law or practice that limit opportunities for girls or that do not recognize their capacity and autonomy to make their own decisions.

缔约国应审查和修订法律或实践中任何移民方面的性别歧视限制，这种做法限制女童的机会，或不承认她们有自己做出决定的能力和自主权。

25.

25.

The Committees recommend that the States parties put special emphasis on the policies and related regulations about the prevention of discriminatory practices towards migrant and refugee children with disabilities and the implementation of necessary policies and programmes for ensuring the full enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms of migrant and refugee children with disabilities on an equal basis with children who are nationals of the States, and taking into consideration the provisions enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

两委员会建议缔约国特别注重防止针对患有残疾的移民和难民儿童的歧视性做法的政策和有关规章，执行必要的政策和方案，以确保患有残疾的移民和难民儿童与身为该国国民的儿童平等地充分享有所有人权和基本自由，同时考虑到《残疾人权利公约》所载规定。

26.

26.

The Committees are of the view that addressing only de jure discrimination will not necessarily ensure de facto equality.

两委员会认为，只解决法律上的歧视未必会确保事实上的平等。

Therefore, States parties shall fulfil the rights under the Conventions for children in the context of international migration by adopting positive measures to prevent, diminish and eliminate the conditions and attitudes that cause or perpetuate de facto discrimination against them.

因此，缔约国应采取积极措施，预防、减少和消除对具国际移民背景儿童造成事实上的歧视或致使这种歧视长久存在的情况和观念，从而使具国际移民背景儿童享有两项《公约》所规定的权利。

They should systematically record incidences of discrimination against children and/or their families in the context of international migration, and investigate and sanction such conduct appropriately and effectively.

缔约国应系统地记录歧视具国际移民背景儿童和(或)其家人的事件，并适当和切实地调查和惩处此类行为。

B.

B.

Best interests of the child (article 3 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child)

儿童的最大利益(《儿童权利公约》第3条)

27.

27.

Article 3 (1) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child places an obligation on both the public and the private spheres, courts of law, administrative authorities and legislative bodies to ensure that the best interests of the child are assessed and taken as a primary consideration in all actions affecting children.

《儿童权利公约》第3条第1款责成公共和私营领域、法院、行政主管部门和立法机构确保评估儿童的最大利益，将其作为影响儿童的一切行动的首要考虑。

As the Committee on the Rights of the Child has stated in paragraph 6 of its general comment No. 14, the right of the child to have his or her best interests taken into account as a primary consideration is a substantive right, an interpretative legal principle and a rule of procedure, and it applies to children both as individuals and as a group.

儿童权利委员会第14号一般性意见第6段指出，以儿童的最大利益为首要考虑，这是儿童的一项实质性权利、一项解释性法律原则、一项行事规则，既适用于儿童个体，也适用于儿童群体。

In that general comment, which has since been considered as the key guidance for States parties on this issue, the Committee also elaborates on the implementation of the principle of the best interests of the child.

该一般性意见已被视为在这一问题上向缔约国提供的重要指导，委员会在其中还阐述了儿童最大利益原则的执行问题。

28.

28.

Recognizing that the best interests of the child — once assessed and determined — might conflict with other interests or rights (e.g. of other children, the public and parents) and that potential conflicts have to be resolved on a case-by-case basis, carefully balancing the interests of all parties and finding a suitable compromise, the Committee stresses in paragraph 39 of its general comment No. 14 that the right of the child to have his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration means that the child’s interests have high priority and are not just one of several considerations.

委员会在第14号一般性意见中承认儿童的最大利益――一旦作出评估和确定 ――可能与其他利益和权利(如与其他儿童、公共、家长的利益或权利)相冲突，潜在冲突必须逐案加以解决，审慎地实现所有当事各方之间的利益平衡，达成适当 的折中，并在第39段中强调指出，将儿童最大利益列为优先考虑的权利意味着儿童权利拥有高度优先权，并非只是若干种考虑之一。

Therefore, a larger weight must be attached to what serves the child best.

因此，应赋予儿童最大利益更大的权重。

It further states in paragraph 82 that the purpose of assessing and determining the best interests of the child is to ensure the full and effective enjoyment of the rights recognized in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the holistic development of the child.

该一般性意见第82段还指出，评估和确定儿童最大利益的目的是确保儿童全面有效享有《儿童权利公约》确认的所有权利和儿童的整体发展。

29.

29.

States parties shall ensure that the best interests of the child are taken fully into consideration in immigration law, planning, implementation and assessment of migration policies and decision-making on individual cases, including in granting or refusing applications on entry to or residence in a country, decisions regarding migration enforcement and restrictions on access to social rights by children and/or their parents or legal guardians, and decisions regarding family unity and child custody, where the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration and thus have high priority.

缔 约国应确保在移民法、移民政策的规划、执行和评估以及个案的决策过程中，充分考虑到儿童的最大利益，包括在批准或拒绝入境或在一国居留的申请时，在作出关 于移民执法和限制儿童和(或)其父母或法定监护人获得社会权利的决定时，以及在作出关于家庭团聚和儿童监护权的决定时，儿童的最大利益应被列为首要考虑， 因此具有高度优先权。

30.

30.

In particular, the best interests of the child should be ensured explicitly through individual procedures as an integral part of any administrative or judicial decision concerning the entry, residence or return of a child, placement or care of a child, or the detention or expulsion of a parent associated with his or her own migration status.

具体而言，应通过单独的程序以明确保证儿童的最大利益，这些程序应成为关于儿童入境、居留或回返、安置或照料儿童或因儿童父母的移民身份拘留或驱逐儿童父母的任何行政或司法决定的组成部分。

31.

31.

In order to implement the best interests principle in migration-related procedures or decisions that could affect children, the Committees stress the need to conduct systematically best-interests assessments and determination procedures as part of, or to inform, migration-related and other decisions that affect migrant children.

两委员会强调，为了在可能影响儿童的移民相关程序或决定中执行最大利益原则，有必要系统地开展最大利益评估和确定程序，作为与移民相关的决定和其他影响移民儿童的决定的一部分，或为其提供参考。

As the Committee on the Rights of the Child explains in its general comment No. 14, the child’s best interests should be assessed and determined when a decision is to be made.

儿童权利委员会在第14号一般性意见中解释称，每当作出决定时，都应评估和确定儿童的最大利益。

A “best-interests assessment” involves evaluating and balancing all the elements necessary to make a decision in the specific situation for a specific individual child or group of children.

“最大利益评估”涉及评价和权衡所有必要的要素，就某一具体情况下具体儿童个人或儿童群体作出决定。

A “best-interests determination” is a formal process with strict procedural safeguards designed to determine the child’s best interests on the basis of the best-interests assessment.

“最大利益确定”是具有严格程序保障的正式进程，旨在根据最大利益评估确定儿童的最大利益。

In addition, assessing the child’s best interests is a unique activity that should be undertaken in each individual case and in the light of the specific circumstances of each child or group of children, including age, sex, level of maturity, whether the child or children belong to a minority group and the social and cultural context in which the child or children find themselves.

此外，评估儿童的最大利益是一项独特的活动，应在逐案基础上结合每名儿童或每一儿童群体的具体情况进行，这些情况包括年龄、性别、成熟程度、儿童是否属于少数群体以及儿童自身所处的社会和文化背景。

32.

32.

The Committees stress that States parties should:

两委员会强调，缔约国应：

(a)

(a)

Give high priority to the child’s best interests in their legislation, policy and practice;

在立法、政策和实践中，高度重视儿童的最大利益；

(b)

(b)

Ensure that the principle of the best interests of the child is appropriately integrated, consistently interpreted and applied through robust, individualized procedures in all legislative, administrative and judicial proceedings and decisions, and in all migration policies and programmes that are relevant to and have an impact on children, including consular protection policies and services.

确保在所有立法、行政和司法诉讼程序和决定中以及在所有在与儿童有关或影响儿童的移民政策和方案中，包括在领事保护政策和服务中，通过健全和个体化的程序，适当地纳入、一致地解释和适用儿童最大利益原则。

Adequate resources should be put in place in order to ensure this principle is applied in practice;

应提供充足资源，以确保该原则在实践中得到应用；

(c)

(c)

Ensure that all best-interests assessments and determinations developed and conducted give appropriate weight to fulfilling the rights of the child — in the short and long terms — in the decision-making processes affecting children;

确保所制定和进行的所有最大利益评估和确定都适当重视在影响儿童的决策进程中履行儿童权利—在短期和长期内都是如此；

and ensure due process safeguards are established, including the right to free, qualified and independent legal representation.

确保建立正当程序保障，包括获得免费、合格和独立的法律代理的权利。

The best-interests assessment should be carried out by actors independent of the migration authorities in a multidisciplinary way, including a meaningful participation of authorities responsible for child protection and welfare and other relevant actors, such as parents, guardians and legal representatives, as well as the child;

应由独立于移民主管部门的行为方以多学科的方式进行最大利益评估，负责儿童保护和福利的部门和其他相关行为方(如父母、监护人和法律代理人)以及儿童也应有意义地参与评估；

(d)

(d)

Develop procedures and define criteria to provide guidance to all relevant persons involved with migration procedures on determining the best interests of the child and on giving them due weight as a primary consideration, including in entry, residence, resettlement and return procedures, and develop mechanisms aimed at monitoring its proper implementation in practice;

制定程序并界定标准，指导参与移民程序的所有相关人员确定儿童的最大利益，并将其作为首要考虑给予应有重视，包括在入境、居留、重新安置和回返程序中作为首要考虑；并制定机制，监督这项工作在实践中是否得到正确执行；

(e)

(e)

Assess and determine the best interests of the child at the different stages of migration and asylum procedures that could result in the detention or deportation of the parents due to their migration status.

在移民和庇护程序可能会导致儿童父母因其移民身份而被拘留或递解出境的不同阶段评估和确定儿童的最大利益。

Best-interests determination procedures should be put in place in any decision that would separate children from their family, and the same standards applied in child custody, when the best interests of the child should be a primary consideration.

在作出任何会使儿童与家人分离的决定时都应采用最大利益确定程序，同样的标准适用于儿童监护问题，应将儿童的最大利益作为首要考虑。

In adoption cases, the best interests of the child shall be the paramount consideration;

在收养的情况下，应将儿童的最大利益作为最重要的考虑因素；

(f)

(f)

Conduct a best-interests assessment on a case-by-case basis in order to decide, if needed, and in accordance with the Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children, the type of accommodation that would be most appropriate for an unaccompanied or separated child, or children with parents.

逐案进行最大利益评估，以便在必要时根据《关于替代性儿童照料的导则》 确定最适合孤身或离散儿童或与父母在一起的儿童的住宿类型。

In that process, community-based care solutions should be prioritized.

在此过程中，应该优先考虑社区照料解决方案。

Any measure that constrains children’s liberty in order to protect them, e.g. placement in secure accommodation, should be implemented within the child protection system with the same standards and safeguards;

任何为保护儿童而限制其自由的措施，如安置在安全住所内的措施，均应在儿童保护制度内实施，并遵守相同的标准和保障措施；

be strictly necessary, legitimate and proportionate to the aim of protecting the individual child from harming him or herself or others;

应是为了保护儿童个人不伤害自己或伤害他人所严格必需、合法和相称的措施；

be part of a holistic care plan;

应是整体照料计划的一部分；

and be disconnected from migration-enforcement policies, practices and authorities;

并应与移民执法政策、做法和当局脱钩；

(g)

(g)

Conduct a best-interests determination in cases that could lead to the expulsion of migrant families due to their migration status, in order to evaluate the impact of deportation on children’s rights and development, including their mental health;

在可能导致移民家庭因其移民身份而被递解出境的情况下，进行最大利益确定，以评价递解出境对儿童权利和发展的影响，包括对其精神健康的影响；

(h)

(h)

Ensure that children are identified promptly in border controls and other migration-control procedures within the State’s jurisdiction, and that anyone claiming to be a child is treated as such, promptly referred to child protection authorities and other relevant services, and appointed a guardian, if unaccompanied or separated;

确保国家管辖范围内的边境管控和其他移民管控程序及时识别儿童，将任何自称为儿童的人当作儿童对待，立即将其转交儿童保护部门和其他有关部门，如果为孤身儿童或离散儿童，便为其指定一名监护人；

(i)

(i)

Provide guidance to all relevant authorities on the operationalization of the principle of the best interests of the child for migrant children, including children in transit, and develop mechanisms aimed at monitoring its proper implementation in practice;

指导所有相关主管部门为包括过境儿童在内的移民儿童落实最大利益原则，并制定机制，监测这项工作在实践中是否得到正确执行；

(j)

(j)

Develop and put into practice, with regard to unaccompanied children and children with families, a best-interests determination procedure aimed at identifying and applying comprehensive, secure and sustainable solutions, including further integration and settlement in the country of current residence, repatriation to the country of origin or resettlement in a third country.

为孤身儿童和有家人陪伴的儿童制定和实施最大利益确定程序，以查明和适用全面、安全和可持续的解决方案，包括在目前的居住国进一步融入和定居、送回原籍国或在第三国重新安置。

Such solutions may include medium-term options and ensuring that there are possibilities for children and families to gain access to secure residence status in the best interests of the child.

这些解决方案可能包括：中期选择方案，以及确保儿童和家人有可能以符合儿童最大利益的方式获得安全的居留身份。

Best-interest determination procedures should be guided by child protection authorities within child protection systems.

最大利益确定程序应由儿童保护系统内的儿童保护主管部门指导。

Possible solutions and plans should be discussed and developed together with the child, in a child-friendly and sensitive manner, in accordance with Committee on the Rights of the Child general comment No. 12 (2009) on the right of the child to be heard;

根据儿童权利委员会关于儿童表达意见的权利的第12号一般性意见(2009年)，应以关爱和体恤儿童的方式与儿童一起讨论和制定可能的解决方案和计划；

(k)

(k)

If determined that it is in the best interests of the child to be returned, an individual plan should be prepared, together with the child where possible, for his or her sustainable reintegration.

如果确定回返符合儿童的最大利益，则应尽可能与儿童一起制定个人计划，以便该儿童可持续地重新融入社会。

The Committees stress that countries of origin, transit, destination and return should develop comprehensive frameworks with dedicated resources for the implementation of policies and comprehensive inter-institutional coordination mechanisms.

两委员会强调，原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国应制定全面框架，为执行政策和全面的机构间协调机制提供专门资源。

Such frameworks should ensure, in cases of children returning to their countries of origin or third countries, their effective reintegration through a rights-based approach, including immediate protection measures and long-term solutions, in particular effective access to education, health, psychosocial support, family life, social inclusion, access to justice and protection from all forms of violence.

这种框架应确保在将儿童送回原籍国或第三国的情况下，通过立足权利的办法使他们切实重新融入社会，包括采取即时保护措施和长期解决方案，特别是让他们切实获得教育、卫生、社会心理支助、家庭生活、社会包容、司法救助机会，并保护他们免遭一切形式暴力。

In all such situations, a quality rights-based follow-up by all involved authorities, including independent monitoring and evaluation, should be ensured.

在所有这些情况下，应确保所有相关部门开展有效的立足权利的后续行动，包括独立监测和评价。

The Committees highlight that return and reintegration measures should be sustainable from the perspective of the child’s right to life, survival and development.

两委员会着重指出，回返和重新融入措施应是从儿童的生命、生存和发展权角度来看可持续的措施。

33.

33.

States parties are obliged, in line with article 3 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, to ensure that any decision to return a child to his or her country of origin is based on evidentiary considerations on a case-by-case basis and pursuant to a procedure with appropriate due process safeguards, including a robust individual assessment and determination of the best-interests of the child.

根据《儿童权利公约》第3条，缔约国有义务确保任何让儿童返回其原籍国的决定都是逐案根据证据考虑作出的，所遵循的程序有适当的正当程序保障，包括对儿童的最大利益进行可靠的单独评估和确定。

This procedure should ensure, inter alia, that the child, upon return, will be safe and provided with proper care and enjoyment of rights.

除其他外，这一程序应确保儿童回返后将是安全的，能得到适当的照料并享有权利。

Considerations such as those relating to general migration control cannot override best-interests considerations.

一般移民管控等方面的考虑不能压倒最大利益的考虑。

The Committees stress that return is only one of the various sustainable solutions for unaccompanied and separated children and children with their families.

两委员会强调，回返只是用于孤身儿童和离散儿童及与家人在一起的儿童的各种可持续解决方案中的一种。

其他解决方案有：

Other solutions include integration in countries of residence — either temporarily or permanently — according to each child’s circumstances, resettlement in a third country, e.g. based on family reunification grounds, or other solutions that could be identified on a case-by-case basis, by referring to existing cooperation mechanisms, such as the Convention on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Co-operation in respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children.

根据每名儿童的情况，暂时或永久地融入居留国； 以家庭团聚等理由在第三国重新安置； 以及参照《关于在父母责任和保护儿童措施方面的管辖权、适用法律、承认、执行和合作的公约》等现有合作机制可逐案确定的其他解决方案。

C.

C.

Right to be heard, express his or her views and participation (artilce 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child)

陈述意见、发表意见和参与的权利(《儿童权利公约》第12条)

34.

34.

Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child underscores the importance of children’s participation, providing for children to express their views freely and to have those views taken into account with due weight, according to age, maturity and the evolving capacity of the child.

《儿童权利公约》第12条强调儿童的参与的重要性，规定儿童有权自由发表自己的意见，对儿童的意见应按照其年龄、成熟程度和不同阶段的接受能力给以适当的看待。

35.

35.

The Committee on the Rights of the Child, in its general comment No. 12, underlines that adequate measures to guarantee the right to be heard should be implemented in the context of international migration, as children who come to a country could be in a particularly vulnerable and disadvantaged situation.

儿童权利委员会第12号一般性意见强调指出，在国际移民背景下，应执行充分措施，保障陈述意见的权利，因为来到另一国的儿童可能处于非常脆弱和不利的状况。

For that reason, it is critical to implement fully their right to express their views on all aspects affecting their lives, including as an integral part of immigration and asylum proceedings, and for their views to be given due weight.

因此，必须充分落实他们应享有的就影响自己生活的所有方面发表意见的权利，包括将此作为移民和庇护程序的一项重要工作，并对他们的意见给予适当的看待。

Children may have their own migration projects and migration-driving factors, and policies and decisions cannot be effective or appropriate without their participation.

儿童可能有自己的移民计划和移民驱动因素，如果没有儿童的参与，政策和决定就不可能有效或适当。

The Committee also emphasizes that these children should be provided with all relevant information, inter alia, on their rights, the services available, means of communication, complaints mechanisms, the immigration and asylum processes and their outcomes.

委员会还强调，应向这些儿童提供一切相关信息，包括关于其权利、可提供的服务、沟通手段、申诉机制、移民和庇护程序及其结果的信息。

Information should be provided in the child’s own language in a timely manner, in a child-sensitive and age-appropriate manner, in order to make their voice heard and to be given due weight in the proceedings.

应及时以儿童本身的语言和以对儿童问题有敏感认识和适合年龄的方式提供信息，以便在这些过程中听取他们的意见并给予适当看待。

36.

36.

States parties should appoint a qualified legal representative for all children, including those with parental care, and a trained guardian for unaccompanied and separated children, as soon as possible on arrival, free of charge.

缔约国应在儿童到达该国后尽快免费为所有儿童(包括有父母照料的儿童)指定一名合格的法律代表，并为孤身儿童和离散儿童指定一名经培训的监护人。

Accessible complaints mechanisms for children should be ensured.

应确保设立便于使用的儿童申诉机制。

Throughout the process, children should be offered the possibility to be provided with a translator in order that they may express themselves fully in their native language and/or receive support from someone familiar with the child’s ethnic, religious and cultural background.

在整个过程中，应提议向儿童提供一名翻译，以便他们用母语充分发表自己的意见，并(或)得熟悉其族裔、宗教和文化背景的人员的支助。

These professionals should be trained on the specific needs of children in the context of international migration, including gender, cultural, religious and other intersecting aspects.

应向这些专业人员提供关于国际移民背景下儿童的具体需要，包括性别、文化、宗教和其他交叉方面的具体需要的培训。

37.

37.

States parties should take all measures appropriate to fully promote and facilitate the participation of children, including providing them with the opportunity to be heard in any administrative or judicial proceeding related to their or their families’ cases, including any decision on care, shelter or migration status.

缔约国应采取一切适当措施，全面促进和便利儿童的参与，包括在与儿童或其家人的案件有关的行政或司法程序中，包括作出关于照料、收容或移民身份的任何决定时，向儿童提供陈述意见的机会。

Children should be heard independently of their parents, and their individual circumstances should be included in the consideration of the family’s cases.

应让儿童不受父母影响地独立陈述意见，在审议儿童家人的案件时，应考虑到儿童个人的情况。

Specific best-interests assessments should be carried out in those procedures, and the child’s specific reasons for the migration should be taken into account.

应在这些程序中进行具体的最大利益评估，并考虑到儿童移民的具体原因。

Regarding the significant relationship between the right to be heard and the best interests of the child, the Committee on the Rights of the Child has already stated that there can be no correct application of article 3 if the components of article 12 are not respected.

关于陈述意见权与儿童最大利益之间的重要关系，儿童权利委员会已经指出，只有尊重第12条的各项规定才能正确执行第3条。

Likewise, article 3 reinforces the functionality of article 12, facilitating the essential role of children in all decisions affecting their lives.

同样地，第3条加强了第12条的功能，促进了儿童在所有影响其生活的决定中的重要作用。

38.

38.

States parties should take all appropriate measures aimed at ensuring children’s right to be heard in the immigration procedures concerning their parents, in particular where the decision could affect the children’s rights, such as the right to not be separated from their parents, except when such separation is in their best interests (see art. 9 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child).

缔约国应采取一切适当措施，以在关于儿童父母的移民程序中，确保儿童享有陈述意见的权利，特别是在作出可能影响儿童权利的决定时，例如，儿童有权不与父母分离，除非这种分离符合儿童的最大利益(见《儿童权利公约》第9条)。

39.

39.

States parties should adopt measures directed at facilitating the participation of all children in the context of international migration in the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies that could directly or indirectly affect them, as individuals or a group, including in the fields of social policies and social services.

缔约国应采取措施，促进所有具国际移民背景儿童参与设计、执行、监测和评估可能直接或间接影响儿童个体或儿童群体的政策，包括社会政策和社会服务。

Initiatives should be taken to prepare girls and transgender children to participate actively, effectively and equally with boys at all levels of social, economic, political and cultural leadership.

应采取行动，帮助女童和变性儿童做好准备，积极、有效并与男童平等地参与各级社会、经济、政治和文化领导工作。

In countries of origin, the participation of children is paramount in developing policies on and in processes aimed at addressing drivers of the migration of children and/or their parents and developing policies in that regard.

在原籍国，在制定关于处理儿童和(或)其父母的移民驱动因素的政策和制定相应政策的进程中，儿童的参与至关重要。

In addition, States should adopt measures aimed at empowering children affected by international migration to participate on different levels, through consultations, collaborations and child-led initiatives, and at ensuring that civil society organizations, including children associations and child-led organizations, can participate effectively in policy dialogues and processes on children in the context of international migration, at the local, national, regional and international levels.

此外，各国应采取措施，通过协商、合作以及儿童主导的举措，赋予受国际移民影响的儿童参与各级工作的权能，确保民间社会组织，包括儿童社团和儿童领导的组织能够切实参与地方、国家、区域和国际各级关于具国际移民背景儿童的政策对话和进程。

Any limitations on children’s freedom of association, including through legally establishing associations, should be removed.

应消除对儿童结社自由，包括依法建立社团的自由的任何限制。

D.

D.

Right to life, survival and development (article 9 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; article 6 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child)

生命、生存和发展权(《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第9条和《儿童权利公约》第6条)

40.

40.

Article 6 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child highlights the States parties’ obligations to ensure the right of life, survival and development of the child, including the physical, mental, moral, spiritual and social dimensions of his or her development.

《儿童权利公约》第6条规定，缔约国有义务确保儿童的生命、生存和发展权，包括儿童身体、智力、道德、精神和社会等方面的发展。

At any point during the migratory process, a child’s right to life and survival may be at stake owing to, inter alia, violence as a result of organized crime, violence in camps, push-back or interception operations, excessive use of force of border authorities, refusal of vessels to rescue them, or extreme conditions of travel and limited access to basic services.

由于有组织犯罪所造成的暴力、营地暴力、推回或拦截行动、边界主管部门过度使用武力、船只拒绝救援、极端的旅行条件及获得基本服务的机会有限，儿童的生命和生存权在移民过程中的任何时刻都可能受到威胁。

Unaccompanied and separated children may face further vulnerabilities and can be more exposed to risks, such as gender-based, sexual and other forms of violence and trafficking for sexual or labour exploitation.

孤身儿童和离散儿童可能会处于更大的弱势，并可能遭遇更多风险，如性别暴力、性暴力和其他形式的暴力，以性剥削或劳动剥削为目的的贩运等。

Children travelling with their families often also witness and experience violence.

与家人一起旅行的儿童也经常目睹和经历暴力事件。

While migration can provide opportunities to improve living conditions and escape from abuses, migration processes can pose risks, including physical harm, psychological trauma, marginalization, discrimination, xenophobia and sexual and economic exploitation, family separation, immigration raids and detention.

虽然移民可以提供改善生活条件和逃避虐待的机会，但移民过程也可能带来风险，包括身体伤害、心理创伤、边缘化、歧视、仇外行为以及性剥削和经济剥削、家人离散、遭受移民机关搜查和拘留等。

At the same time, the obstacles children may face in gaining access to education, adequate housing, sufficient safe food and water or health services can negatively affect the physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development of migrant children and children of migrants.

与此同时，儿童在获得教育、适当住房、充足的安全食品和水或健康服务时可能面临障碍，这会对移民儿童和移民子女的身体、智力、精神、道德和社会发展造成不利影响。

41.

41.

The Committees acknowledge that the lack of regular and safe channels for children and families to migrate contribute to children taking life-threatening and extremely dangerous migration journeys.

两委员会承认，儿童和家庭缺乏正常和安全的移民渠道，这种情况促使儿童踏上可能危及生命和极其危险的移民之旅。

The same is true for border control and surveillance measures that focus on repression rather than facilitating, regulating and governing mobility, including detention and deportation practices, lack of timely family reunification opportunities and lack of avenues for regularization.

一些边境管控和监视措施也是如此，这些措施侧重压制，而不是促进、规范和管理人员流动，其中包括拘留和递解出境等做法、缺乏及时的家庭团聚机会以及缺乏身份正常化的途径。

42.

42.

In the view of the Committees, the obligation of States parties under article 6 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and article 9 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families include the prevention and reduction — to the maximum extent possible — of migration-related risks faced by children, which may jeopardize a child’s right to life, survival and development.

两委员会认为，《儿童权利公约》第6条和《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第9条规定的缔约国义务包括尽最大可能防止和减少儿童面临的与移民有关的风险，这种风险可能危及儿童的生命、生存和发展权。

States, especially those of transit and destination, should devote special attention to the protection of undocumented children, whether unaccompanied and separated or with families, and to the protection of asylum-seeking children, stateless children and child victims of transnational organized crime, including trafficking, sale of children, commercial sexual exploitation of children and child marriage.

各国，特别是过境国和目的地国应特别重视保护无证儿童，无论是孤身儿童和离散儿童，还是与家人在一起的儿童，应保护寻求庇护儿童、无国籍儿童和跨国有组织犯罪的受害儿童，包括贩运儿童、买卖儿童、对儿童进行商业性剥削和童婚等行为的受害儿童。

States should also consider the specific vulnerable circumstances that could face migrant children on the basis of their gender and other factors, such as poverty, ethnicity, disability, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity or others, that may aggravate the child’s vulnerability to sexual abuse, exploitation, violence, among other human rights abuses, throughout the entire migratory process.

各国还应该考虑到移民儿童因其性别以及贫困、族裔、残疾、宗教、性取向、性别认同等因素而可能面临的具体的脆弱情况，这些情况可能加剧儿童在整个移民过程中遭受性虐待、剥削和暴力等侵犯人权行为的可能性。

Specific policies and measures, including access to child-friendly, gender-sensitive and safe judicial and non-judicial remedies, should be put in place in order to fully protect and assist such children, aiming to facilitate their ability to resume their lives with their rights as children fully respected, protected and fulfilled.

应制定具体的政策和措施，包括关爱儿童、顾及性别问题并安全的司法和非司法补救办法，以便充分保护和帮助这些儿童，使他们能够重新开始生活，使他们作为儿童的权利得到充分尊重、保护和实现。

43.

43.

The Committees underline the interrelation between articles 2, 6 and 27 (1) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child;

两委员会着重指出了《儿童权利公约》第2、第6和第27条第1款之间的相互关系；

States parties should ensure that children in the context of international migration, regardless of their status or that of their parents, have a standard of living adequate for their physical, mental, spiritual and moral development.

缔约国应确保具国际移民背景儿童，不论他们自己或他们父母的身份如何，均能享有足以促进其身体、智力、精神和道德发展的生活水平。

44.

44.

The Committees are concerned that policies or practices that deny or restrict basic rights, including labour rights and other social rights, to adult migrants owing to their nationality, statelessness, ethnic origin or migration status may directly or indirectly affect children’s right to life, survival and development.

两委员会感到关切的是，一些政策和做法以国籍、无国籍状态、族裔出身或移民身份为由，剥夺或限制成年移民者的基本权利，包括劳工权利和其他社会权利，这可能直接或间接地影响儿童的生命、生存和发展权。

Such policies would also obstruct the design of comprehensive migration policies and the efforts made to bring migration into the mainstream of development policies.

这些政策还会阻碍制定全面的移民政策，阻碍将移民问题纳入发展政策主流的努力。

Therefore, in line with article 18 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, States parties should ensure that children’s development, and their best interests, are taken fully into account when it comes to policies and decisions aimed at regulating their parents’ access to social rights, regardless of their migration status.

因此，根据《儿童权利公约》第18条，缔约国应确保在制定旨在规定儿童父母获得社会权利的政策和决定时，不论儿童父母的移民身份如何，均充分考虑到儿童的发展及其最大利益。

Similarly, children’s right to development, and their best interests, should be taken into consideration when States address, in general or individually, the situation of migrants residing irregularly, including through the implementation of regularization mechanisms as a means to promote integration and prevent exploitation and marginalization of migrant children and their families.

同样，在各国整体或单独处理非正常居留的移民的状况时，包括在作为促进移民儿童及其家人融入和防止他们遭到剥削和边缘化的手段执行正常化机制时，均应考虑到儿童的发展权和最大利益。

E.

E.

Non-refoulement, prohibition of collective expulsion (articles 9, 10 and 22 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families;

不推回、禁止集体驱逐(《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第9、第10和第22条；

articles 6, 22 and 37 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child)

《儿童权利公约》第6、第22和第37条)

45.

45.

States parties should respect non-refoulement obligations deriving from international human rights, humanitarian, refugee and customary international law.

缔约国应尊重国际人权法、国际人道主义法、国际难民法和习惯国际法所产生的不推回义务。

The Committees highlight that the principle of non-refoulement has been interpreted by international human rights bodies, regional human rights courts and national courts to be an implicit guarantee flowing from the obligations to respect, protect and fulfil human rights.

两委员会着重指出，不推回原则被国际人权机构、区域人权法院和国家法院解释为尊重、保护和落实人权的义务所内含的保证。

It prohibits States from removing individuals, regardless of migration, nationality, asylum or other status, from their jurisdiction when they would be at risk of irreparable harm upon return, including persecution, torture, gross violations of human rights or other irreparable harm.

该原则规定，如个人在回国后将面临不可弥补的损害，包括迫害、酷刑、严重侵犯人权行为或其他不可弥补的损害时，禁止各国将该人从其管辖范围内遣返，不论其移民、国籍、庇护或其他身份如何。

46.

46.

The Committees are concerned that some States parties choose to recognize a narrow definition of the non-refoulement principle.

两委员会感到关切的是，一些缔约国选择承认不推回原则的狭义定义。

The Committees have already pointed out that States shall not reject a child at a border or return him or her to a country where there are substantial grounds for believing that he or she is at real risk of irreparable harm, such as, but by no means limited to, those contemplated under articles 6 (1) and 37 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, either in the country to which removal is to be effected or in any country to which the child may subsequently be removed.

两委员会曾指出， 各国不得在边境拒绝儿童入境，或将儿童遣返回有充分理由相信存在着对这名儿童产生不可弥补损害的实际风险的国家，这种风险包括但绝不局限于《儿童权利公 约》第6条第1款和第37条所设想的那些损害，无论这种风险是存在于这名儿童将要被遣返的国家或是在这名儿童随后将再被遣返的任何国家。

Such non-refoulement obligations apply irrespective of whether serious violations of those rights guaranteed under the Convention originate from non-State actors or whether such violations are directly intended or are the indirect consequence of States parties’ action or inaction.

不论对《公约》所保障的这些权利的严重侵犯行为是否由非国家行为者作出，也不论这种侵犯行为是出于直接的目的，或是由缔约国作为或不作为造成的间接后果，都必须适用不推回义务。

47.

47.

The Committees recall that article 22 (1) of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and other international and regional human rights instruments forbid collective expulsions and require that each case that could eventually become an expulsion be examined and decided individually, ensuring the effective fulfilment of all the due process guarantees and the right to access to justice.

两委员会回顾指出，《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第22条第1款以及其他国际和区域人权文书禁止集体驱逐，并要求对每一宗最终可能导致驱逐的案件逐案进行审查和裁决，以确保切实落实所有正当程序保障和寻求司法救助的权利。

States parties should adopt all measures necessary in order to prevent collective expulsions of migrant children and families.

缔约国应采取一切必要措施，防止移民儿童和家庭遭到集体驱逐。

IV.

四.

International cooperation

国际合作

48.

48.

The Committees stress that a comprehensive interpretation of the Conventions should lead States parties to develop bilateral, regional and global cooperation in order to ensure the rights of all children in the context of international migration, taking into consideration the guidance developed in the present joint general comment.

两委员会强调，对两项《公约》的全面解释应指引缔约国开展双边、区域和全球合作，以确保所有具国际移民背景儿童的权利，同时考虑到本一般性意见提供的指导。

49.

49.

The Committees recognize the importance of coordinating efforts among countries of origin, transit, destination and return, and their roles and responsibilities in addressing the needs of children in the context of international migration and in safeguarding their rights, with the best interests of the child being a primary consideration.

两委员会确认，原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国协调努力的重要性，同时还确认这些国家应发挥作用和承担责任，以满足具国际移民背景儿童的需要并保障他们的权利，将儿童的最大利益作为首要考虑。

50.

50.

The Committees reaffirm that, in all international, regional or bilateral cooperation agreements on border management and migration governance, the impacts of such initiatives on children’s rights should be duly considered and adaptations made as necessary to uphold the rights of the child.

两委员会重申，在所有关于边境管理和移民治理的国际、区域或双边合作协议中，都应适当考虑到这些举措对儿童权利的影响，并为维护儿童权利作出必要的调整。

The Committees are concerned by the increase in bilateral or multilateral cooperation agreements that focus on restricting migration, which have demonstrably negative impacts on children’s rights, and instead urge cooperation that facilitates safe, orderly and regular migration with full respect for human rights.

两委员会感到关切的是，侧重限制移民的双边和多边合作协议有所增加，这种状况明显对儿童权利具有不利影响，因此促请各方开展合作，促进充分尊重人权的安全、有序和正常的移民。

51.

51.

States parties should also avail themselves of technical cooperation from the international community, including from the United Nations agencies and entities and regional organizations for the implementation of migration policies in respect of children in line with the present joint general comment.

各国还应利用国际社会，包括联合国机构和实体以及区域组织提供的技术合作，根据本联合一般性意见执行涉及儿童的移民政策。

V.

五.

Dissemination and use of the joint general comment and reporting

联合一般性意见的传播和使用以及报告工作

52.

52.

States parties should disseminate widely the present joint general comment to all stakeholders, in particular parliaments, governmental authorities, including child protection and migration authorities and personnel, and the judiciary, at all national, regional and local levels.

缔约国应向国家、区域和地方各级所有利益攸关方，特别是议会、政府主管部门，包括儿童保护主管部门和移民主管部门及其工作人员和司法机关广泛传播本联合一般性意见。

It should be made known to all children and all relevant professionals and stakeholders, including those working for and with children (i.e., judges, lawyers, police and other law enforcement entities, teachers, guardians, social workers, staff of public or private welfare institutions and shelters, and health-care providers), the media and civil society at large.

应让所有儿童以及所有相关的专业人员和利益攸关方，包括从事儿童工作的人员(即法官、律师、警察和其他执法实体、教师、监护人、社会工作者、公营和私营福利机构及收容所工作人员和卫生服务提供者)、媒体和广大民间社会都知晓本联合一般性意见。

53.

53.

The present joint general comment should be translated into relevant languages, and child-friendly/appropriate versions and formats accessible to persons with disabilities should be made available.

本联合一般性意见应翻译成相关语文； 应提供方便/适合儿童使用的版本和对残疾人无障碍的格式。

Conferences, seminars, workshops and other events should be held to share good practices on how best to implement it.

应举行会议、研讨会、讲习班以及其他活动，分享有关如何最好地执行本联合一般性意见的良好做法。

It should also be incorporated into the formal pre- and in-service training of all concerned professionals and to technical staff in particular, as well as to child protection and migration authorities and personnel, and should be made available to all national and local human rights institutions, and other human rights civil society organizations.

还应将其纳入所有相关专业人员(特别是技术人员)以及儿童保护和移民主管部门和工作人员的正式岗前培训和在职培训，并应将其提供给所有国家和地方人权机构以及其他从事人权工作的民间社会组织。

54.

54.

States parties should include in their periodic reports under article 73 of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and article 44 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child information about the measures guided by the present joint general comment that they have implemented and their outcomes.

缔约国应在其根据《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》第73条和《儿童权利公约》第44条提交的定期报告中载列资料，说明在本联合一般性意见指导下已经实施的措施及其效果。

VI.

六.

Treaty ratification or accession and reservations

条约的批准、加入和保留

55.

55.

States that have not yet done so are encouraged to ratify or accede to:

鼓励尚未批准或加入以下文书的国家批准或加入：

(a)

(a)

The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, including by making the binding declarations under articles 76 and 77;

《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》，包括作出第76和第77条规定的具有约束力的声明；

(b)

(b)

The Convention on the Rights of the Child;

《儿童权利公约》；

(c)

(c)

The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children child prostitution and child pornography;

《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》；

(d)

(d)

The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict;

《儿童权利公约关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》；

(e)

(e)

The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure.

《儿童权利公约关于设定来文程序的任择议定书》。

56.

56.

States parties are encouraged to review, modify and/or withdraw reservations made upon ratification or accession, with a view to ensuring that children in the context of international migration fully enjoy all of their rights under both Conventions.

鼓励缔约国审查、修改和(或)撤销批准或加入时提出的保留，以期确保具国际移民背景儿童充分享有两项《公约》规定的所有权利。

* Reissued for technical reasons on 24 November 2017.

** The present joint general comment should be read in conjunction with joint general comment No. 4 (2017) of the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and No. 23 (2017) of the Committee on the Rights of the Child on State obligations regarding the human rights of children in the context of international migration in countries of origin, transit, destination and return.

* 本联合一般性意见应结合关于原籍国、过境国、目的地国和返回国对具国际移民背景儿童的人权的国家义务的保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第4号和儿童权利委员会第23号联合一般性意见(2017年)一起阅读。

1

1

See www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRC/Pages/Discussion2012.aspx.

见www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRC/Pages/Discussion2012.aspx。

2

2

Available from www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CMW/Recommended-principle_EN.pdf.

可查阅www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CMW/Recommended-principle_EN.pdf。

3

3

General Assembly resolution 71/1, para. 32.

大会第71/1号决议，第32段。

4

4

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 6, para. 12.

见儿童权利委员会第6号一般性意见，第12段。

5

5

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 6, para. 18.

见儿童权利委员会第6号一般性意见，第18段。

6

6

Ibid., para. 70.

同上，第70段。

7

7

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, report of the 2012 day of general discussion on the rights of all children in the context of international migration, paras. 73-74.

见儿童权利委员会，2012年关于国际移民背景下所有儿童权利问题一般性讨论日的报告，第73-74段。

Available from www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CRC/Discussions/2012/DGD2012ReportAndRecommendations.pdf.

可查阅www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CRC/Discussions/2012/DGD2012Report AndRecommendations.pdf。

8

8

General Assembly resolution 64/142, annex.

大会第64/142号决议附件。

9

9

A comprehensive, secure and sustainable solution is one that, to the greatest extent possible, caters to the long-term best interests and welfare of the child and is sustainable and secure from that perspective.

全面、安全和可持续的解决方案是尽最大可能满足儿童的长期最大利益和福利的方案，从这个角度来看是可持续的、安全的。

The outcome should aim to ensure that the child is able to develop into adulthood, in an environment that will meet his or her needs and fulfil his or her rights as defined by the Convention on the Rights of the Child.

其结果应在于确保儿童能够在满足其需要的环境中长大成人，并实现《儿童权利公约》规定的权利。

10

10

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 12, para. 123.

见儿童权利委员会第12号一般性意见，第123段。

11

11

Ibid., para. 124.

同上，第124段。

12

12

Ibid., paras. 123-124.

同上，第123-124段。

13

13

Ibid., para. 74.

同上，第74段。

14

14

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 5 (2003) on general measures of implementation of the Convention, para. 12.

见儿童权利委员会关于执行《公约》的一般措施的第5号一般性意见(2003年)，第12段。

15

15

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 20 (2016) on the implementation of the rights of the child during adolescence, para. 76.

见儿童权利委员会关于在青少年期落实儿童权利的第20号一般性意见(2016年)，第76段。

16

16

Article 33 of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, article 3 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and article 16 of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.

1951年《关于难民地位的公约》第三十三条、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》第3条和《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》第十六条。

17

17

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 6, para. 27, and Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, general comment No. 2 (2013) on the rights of migrant workers in an irregular situation and members of their families, para. 50.

见儿童权利委员会第6号一般性意见，第27段； 保护所有移民工人及其家庭成员权利委员会关于身份不正常的移民工人及其家庭成员权利的第2号一般性意见(2013年)，第50段。