CRC/GC/6 CRC_GC_6E.docx (English)	CRC/GC/6 CRC_GC_6C.docx (Chinese)
CRC	CRC
General comment No. 6:	第6号一般性意见：
Treatment of unaccompanied and separated children outside their country of origin	远离原籍国无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的儿童待遇
Thirty-ninth session (2005)	第三十九届会议(2005年)
I. OBJECTIVES OF THE GENERAL COMMENT	一、本一般性意见的目的
1. The objective of this general comment is to draw attention to the particularly vulnerable situation of unaccompanied and separated children; to outline the multifaceted challenges faced by States and other actors in ensuring that such children are able to access and enjoy their rights; and, to provide guidance on the protection, care and proper treatment of unaccompanied and separated children based on the entire legal framework provided by the Convention on the Rights of the Child (the “Convention”), with particular reference to the principles of non-discrimination, the best interests of the child and the right of the child to express his or her views freely.	1. 提出本一般性意见的宗旨是要提请人们注意，无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的儿童处于特别脆弱的处境；概括各国和其他行为者在保证这类儿童能够获得并且享受其权利方 面遇到的多种挑战；并且根据《儿童权利公约》(《公约》)提出的整个法律框架、尤其是根据非歧视、儿童最大利益和儿童自由表达其意见的权利的原则为无人陪 伴和无父母陪伴儿童的保护、照料和适当待遇提供指导。
2. The issuing of this general comment is motivated by the Committee’s observation of an increasing number of children in such situations.	2. 委员会发现处于这类境况的儿童人数日益增多，因此提出了本一般性意见。
There are varied and numerous reasons for a child being unaccompanied or separated, including: persecution of the child or the parents; international conflict and civil war; trafficking in various contexts and forms, including sale by parents; and the search for better economic opportunities.	儿童无人陪伴或无父母陪伴有各种不同的原因，其中包括：儿童或其父母遭受迫害；国际冲突和内战；各种背景和形式的贩卖，包括父母卖儿卖女；以及为了追求较好的经济机会。
3. The issuing of the general comment is further motivated by the Committee’s identification of a number of protection gaps in the treatment of such children, including the following: unaccompanied and separated children face greater risks of, inter alia, sexual exploitation and abuse, military recruitment, child labour (including for their foster families) and detention.	3. 由于委员会查清了对这类儿童的保护方面存在的一系列差距，因此又进一步促使委员会提出本一般性意见，这些差距包括：无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童更易于遭受尤其是性剥削和性虐待、招募新兵、童工(包括为其收养家庭做童工)以及拘留等方面的危害。
They are often discriminated against and denied access to food, shelter, housing, health services and education.	他们常常遭受歧视，无法获得粮食、居所、住房、卫生保健服务和教育。
Unaccompanied and separated girls are at particular risk of gender-based violence, including domestic violence.	无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的女孩在遭受基于性别的暴力，包括家庭暴力方面风险特别大。
In some situations, such children have no access to proper and appropriate identification, registration, age assessment, documentation, family tracing, guardianship systems or legal advice.	在某些情况下，这类儿童无法获得适当的身份、登记、年龄评价、文件、寻找其家庭的线索、监护人制度或法律咨询意见。
In many countries, unaccompanied and separated children are routinely denied entry to or detained by border or immigration officials.	在许多国家，无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的儿童通常被边境或移民官员拒绝入境或被拘留。
In other cases they are admitted but are denied access to asylum procedures or their asylum claims are not handled in an age and gender-sensitive manner.	在其他一些情况下，他们虽被允许入境，但不能申请难民地位，或其难民申请未能根据其年龄或性别给予特殊考虑和处理。
Some countries prohibit separated children who are recognized as refugees from applying for family reunification; others permit reunification but impose conditions so restrictive as to make it virtually impossible to achieve.	一些国家禁止被视为难民的无父母陪伴的儿童申请家庭团聚；其他一些国家允许家庭团聚但却提出种种苛刻的条件，使家庭团聚几乎不可能做到。
Many such children are granted only temporary status, which ends when they turn 18, and there are few effective return programmes.	这类儿童大多只是获得临时地位，一到18岁这种地位就被取消，同时有效的遣返方案寥寥无几。
4. Concerns such as these have led the Committee to frequently raise issues related to unaccompanied and separated children in its concluding observations.	4. 由于这样一些关切问题，使委员会在结论性意见中常常提到与无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童有关的问题。
This general comment will compile and consolidate standards developed, inter alia, through the Committee’s monitoring efforts and shall thereby provide clear guidance to States on the obligations deriving from the Convention with regard to this particular vulnerable group of children.	本一般性意见将编纂和综合特别是由委员会的监测工作所制定的各种标准，从而为各国履行其对《公约》的义务，尤其是针对这一特别脆弱儿童群体的义务提供明确的指导。
In applying these standards, States parties must be cognizant of their evolutionary character and therefore recognize that their obligations may develop beyond the standards articulated herein.	各缔约国在适用这些标准时必须知道其不断演变的性质，从而确认自身的义务有可能超过其中所提出的标准。
These standards shall in no way impair further-reaching rights and benefits offered to unaccompanied and separated children under regional human rights instruments or national systems, international and regional refugee law or international humanitarian law.	这些标准绝不会妨碍区域人权文书或国家制度、国际和区域难民法或国际人道主义法给予无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童的更进一步的权利和优待。
II. STRUCTURE AND SCOPE of the GENERAL COMMENT	二、本一般性意见的结构和范围
5. This general comment applies to unaccompanied and separated children who find themselves outside their country of nationality (consistent with article 7) or, if stateless, outside their country of habitual residence.	5. 本一般性意见适用的是远离原籍国(根据第7条)或――无国籍情况下指在其常住国以外――的无人陪伴或无父母陪伴的儿童。
The general comment applies to all such children irrespective of their residence status and reasons for being abroad, and whether they are unaccompanied or separated.	本一般性意见适用于所有这类儿童，无论其居留地位和旅居国外的原因，以及无论是无人陪伴或是无父母陪伴。
However, it does not apply to children who have not crossed an international border, even though the Committee acknowledges the many similar challenges related to internally displaced unaccompanied and separated children, recognizes that much of the guidance offered below is also valuable in relation to such children, and strongly encourages States to adopt relevant aspects of this general comment in relation to the protection, care and treatment of unaccompanied and separated children who are displaced within their own country.	然而，本一般性意见不适用于并未跨越国际边境的儿童，尽管委员会承认在国内流离失所、无人 陪伴或无父母陪伴的儿童也面临着许多类似的困难，同时确认下文所提出的指导意见中不少对于这类儿童的处境也是有指导意义的，并强烈希望各国将本一般性意见 的有关方面适用于在其国内流离失所的无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童的保护、照料和待遇方面。
6. While the mandate of the Committee is confined to its supervisory function in relation to the Convention, its interpretation efforts must be conducted in the context of the entirety of applicable international human rights norms and, therefore, the general comment adopts a holistic approach to the question of the proper treatment of unaccompanied and separated children.	6. 尽管委员会的授权范围局限于对《公约》的监督职能，但对《公约》的解释工作必须以所有适用的国际人权规范为准，因此本一般性意见对无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童的适当待遇问题采取了全面的方针。
This acknowledges that all human rights, including those contained in the Convention, are indivisible and interdependent.	这就表明所有人权，包括《公约》所载人权是不可分割和相互依赖的。
The importance of other international human rights instruments to the protection of the child is also recognized in the preamble to the Convention.	《公约》序言部分也确认了其他国际人权文书对于保护儿童的重要性。
III. DEFINITIONS	三、定义
7. “Unaccompanied children” (also called unaccompanied minors) are children, as defined in article 1 of the Convention, who have been separated from both parents and other relatives and are not being cared for by an adult who, by law or custom, is responsible for doing so.	7. “无人陪伴的儿童”(或称“无人陪伴的未成年人”)系指与父母和其他亲人失散且未得到法定或按习俗有责任的成年人照料的――《公约》第1条界定的――儿童。
8. “Separated children” are children, as defined in article 1 of the Convention, who have been separated from both parents, or from their previous legal or customary primary caregiver, but not necessarily from other relatives.	8. “无父母陪伴的儿童”是指与双亲失散，或与其原先的法律或习俗规定的主要照顾人失散、但不一定与其他亲属失散的――《公约》第1条界定的――儿童。
These may, therefore, include children accompanied by other adult family members.	因此，有其他成年家庭成员陪伴的儿童也在其列。
9. A “child as defined in article 1 of the Convention”, means “every human being below the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier”.	9. “《公约》第1条界定的儿童”，是指“18岁以下的任何人，除非对其适用之法律规定成年年龄低于18岁”。
This means that any instruments governing children in the territory of the State cannot define a child in any way that deviates from the norms determining the age of majority in that State.	这就意味着在一国管理儿童事务的任何文书在确定儿童的定义时不得偏离该国确定的成年年龄规范。
10. If not otherwise specified, the guidelines below apply equally to both unaccompanied and separated children.	10. 除非另有说明，以下指导方针对无人陪伴儿童和无父母陪伴儿童具有同等效力。
11. “Country of origin” is the country of nationality or, in the case of a stateless child, the country of habitual residence.	11. “原籍国”是指国籍国或在无国籍儿童的情况下指常住国。
IV. APPLICABLE PRINCIPLES	四、适用原则
(a) Legal obligations of States parties for all unaccompanied or separated children in their territory and measures for their implementation	(a) 缔约国对其领土上无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童的法律义务和执行措施
12. State obligations under the Convention apply to each child within the State’s territory and to all children subject to its jurisdiction (art. 2).	12. 缔约国根据《公约》承担的义务适用于该国领土上及在其管辖范围内的所有儿童(第2条)。
These State obligations cannot be arbitrarily and unilaterally curtailed either by excluding zones or areas from a State’s territory or by defining particular zones or areas as not, or only partly, under the jurisdiction of the State.	不得在缔约国领土上划出地区或指定某些地区不属于或在一定程度上不属于缔约国的管辖范围，以此任意或单方面地削减缔约国的这些义务。
Moreover, State obligations under the Convention apply within the borders of a State, including with respect to those children who come under the State’s jurisdiction while attempting to enter the country’s territory.	此外，缔约国对《公约》承担的义务适用于该国的边界以内，包括适用于那些在试图进入该国领土时属于该国管辖范围内的儿童。
Therefore, the enjoyment of rights stipulated in the Convention is not limited to children who are citizens of a State party and must therefore, if not explicitly stated otherwise in the Convention, also be available to all children - including asylum-seeking, refugee and migrant children - irrespective of their nationality, immigration status or statelessness.	因此，对《公约》所规定权利的享受不仅局限于作为缔约国公民的儿童，同时如果《公约》未明确作出其他不同的规定的话，也必须适用于所有儿童，包括寻求庇护、难民和移民儿童，而无论其国籍、移民身份或无国籍身份。
13. Obligations deriving from the Convention vis-à-vis unaccompanied and separated children apply to all branches of government (executive, legislative and judicial).	13. 根据《公约》就无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童所承担的义务适用于政府所有部门(行政、立法和司法)。
They include the obligation to establish national legislation; administrative structures; and the necessary research, information, data compilation and comprehensive training activities to support such measures.	这些义务包括制定国家立法；行政结构；以及必要的研究、信息、数据编纂和全面的培训活动，为这类措施给予支持。
Such legal obligations are both negative and positive in nature, requiring States not only to refrain from measures infringing on such children’s rights, but also to take measures to ensure the enjoyment of these rights without discrimination.	这类法律义务既是消极的也是积极的，要求缔约国不仅不得采取侵犯这类儿童权利的措施，同时还必须采取措施使儿童无歧视地享有这些权利。
Such responsibilities are not only limited to the provision of protection and assistance to children who are already unaccompanied or separated, but include measures to prevent separation (including the implementation of safeguards in case of evacuation).	这些责任不仅局限于向已经无人陪伴或无父母陪伴的儿童提供保护和援助，同时也包括预防这种失散分离的措施(包括在撤离时采取保障措施)。
The positive aspect of these protection obligations also extends to requiring States to take all necessary measures to identify children as being unaccompanied or separated at the earliest possible stage, including at the border, to carry out tracing activities and, where possible and if in the child’s best interest, to reunify separated and unaccompanied children with their families as soon as possible.	这类保护义务的积极影响还进一步扩展到要求各国采取一切必要措施，尽早找到无人陪伴或无父母陪伴的儿童，包括在边境找到这些儿童，在尽可能并假若符合根据儿童的最大利益的前提下为其寻找亲人，使无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的儿童尽早与家庭团聚。
14. As reaffirmed in its general comment No. 5 (2003) (paras. 18-23), States parties to the Convention have to ensure that the provisions and principles of the treaty are fully reflected and given legal effect in relevant domestic legislation.	14. 正如第5号一般性意见(2003)(第18至23段)所重申的那样，《公约》各缔约国必须保证在有关国内立法中充分体现条约的规定和原则并给予这些规定和原则以法律效力。
In case of any conflict in legislation, predominance should always be given to the Convention, in light of article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.	根据《维也纳条约法公约》第27条规定，法律相抵触时，应当始终以《公约》为准。
15. In order to ensure a conducive legal environment and in light of article 41 (b) of the Convention, States parties are also encouraged to ratify other international instruments that address issues relating to unaccompanied and separated children, including the two Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child (on the involvement of children in armed conflict and on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography), the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (the “CAT”), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (“the 1951 Refugee Convention”) and the Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Inter-Country Adoption, the Hague Convention on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Cooperation in Respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children, the four Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) of 8 June 1977, the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II) of 8 June 1997.	15. 为了确保一个有利的法律环境并根据《公约》第41条(b)项的规定，还鼓励缔约国批准针对无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童问题的其他国际文书，包括《儿童权利公 约》的两项任择议定书(关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题以及关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题)，《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚 公约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》、《关于难民地位的公约》(“1951年难民公约”)以及《关于难民地位的议定书》、《减少无国籍状态公约》、 《关于无国籍人地位的公约》、《关于在跨国收养方面保护儿童和进行合作的海牙公约》、《关于在父母责任和保护儿童措施方面的管辖权、适用法律、承认、执行 和合作的海牙公约》、1949年8月12日《日内瓦四公约》、1949年8月12日《日内瓦四公约》1977年6月8日关于保护国际性武装冲突受害者的附 加议定书(第一号议定书)、1949年8月12日《日内瓦四公约》1977年6月8日关于保护非国际性武装冲突受害者的附加议定书(第二号议定书)。
The Committee also encourages States parties to the Convention and others concerned to take into account the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)’s Guidelines on Protection and Care (1994) and the Inter-Agency Guiding Principles on Unaccompanied and Separated Children.	委员会还鼓励《公约》缔约国和其他有关方面考虑联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)关于保护和抚育问题指导方针(1994年)以及孤身和失散儿童问题机构间指导原则。
16. In view of the absolute nature of obligations deriving from the Convention and their lex specialis character, article 2, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights would not apply with regard to unaccompanied and separated children.	16. 鉴于《公约》义务的绝对性质及其特别法特点，《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第二条第三款不适用于无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童。
In application of article 4 of the Convention, the particular vulnerability of unaccompanied and separated children, explicitly recognized in article 20 of the Convention, must be taken into account and will result in making the assignment of available resources to such children a priority.	在适用《公约》第4条时，必须兼顾《公约》第20条所明确确认的无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童的特别脆弱处境，并因此须优先为这类儿童拨出资源。
States are expected to accept and facilitate assistance offered within their respective mandates by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), UNHCR and other agencies (article 22 (2) of the Convention) in order to meet the needs of unaccompanied and separated children.	希望各国接受和便利联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)、难民署和其他机构(《公约》第22条第2款))在各自授权范围内提供的援助，从而满足无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童的需要。
17. The Committee believes that reservations made by States parties to the Convention should not in any way limit the rights of unaccompanied and separated children.	17. 委员会认为缔约国对《公约》提出的任何保留意见都不应以任何方式限制无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童的权利。
As is systematically done with States parties during the reporting process, the Committee recommends that, in the light of the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action adopted at the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna, reservations limiting the rights of unaccompanied and separated children be reviewed with the objective of withdrawal.	委员会建议――已在报告过程中有系统地向各缔约国建议――根据1993年在维也纳举行的世界人权大会通过的《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》, 应对限制无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童权利的保留意见加以审评以便撤销。
(b) Non-discrimination (art. 2)	(b) 不歧视(第2条)
18. The principle of non-discrimination, in all its facets, applies in respect to all dealings with separated and unaccompanied children.	18. 不歧视原则的所有方方面面都应适用于处理无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童的所有问题上。
In particular, it prohibits any discrimination on the basis of the status of a child as being unaccompanied or separated, or as being a refugee, asylum-seeker or migrant.	尤其是禁止因儿童无人陪伴和无父母陪伴，或作为难民、寻求庇护者或移民的地位加以任何歧视。
This principle, when properly understood, does not prevent, but may indeed call for, differentiation on the basis of different protection needs such as those deriving from age and/or gender.	对这一原则的正确理解是它不妨碍、甚至是要求根据不同的保护需要，如由于年龄和/或性别产生的需要加以区别对待。
Measures should also be taken to address possible misperceptions and stigmatization of unaccompanied or separated children within the society.	还应采取措施，解决无人陪伴或无父母陪伴遭到社会上的误解和污辱的问题。
Policing or other measures concerning unaccompanied or separated children relating to public order are only permissible where such measures are based on the law; entail individual rather than collective assessment; comply with the principle of proportionality; and represent the least intrusive option.	针对无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童的治安和其他与公共秩序有关的措施必须是合法的才予以执行；必须视具体情况具体分析而非根据集体评估采取措施；必须遵守相称性原则；必须是对他们骚扰最小的办法。
In order not to violate the prohibition on non-discrimination, such measures can, therefore, never be applied on a group or collective basis.	为了不违反禁止歧视的原则，在任何时候都不得针对一个群体或在集体的基础上适用这些措施。
(c) Best interests of the child as a primary consideration in the search for short and long-term solutions (art. 3)	(c) 在寻找短期或长期解决办法时将儿童的最大利益作为一项首要考虑(第3条)
19. Article 3 (1) states that “[i]n all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration”.	19. 第3条第1款规定“关于儿童的一切行动，无论是由公私社会福利机构、法院、行政当局或立法机构执行，均应以儿童的最大利益为一种首要考虑”。
In the case of a displaced child, the principle must be respected during all stages of the displacement cycle.	在处理失散儿童的问题时，在失散周期的所有阶段都必须尊重这一原则。
At any of these stages, a best interests determination must be documented in preparation of any decision fundamentally impacting on the unaccompanied or separated child’s life.	在所有各个阶段，在作出对无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童的生活产生根本性影响的任何一项决定时，都必须权衡考虑其最大利益。
20. A determination of what is in the best interests of the child requires a clear and comprehensive assessment of the child’s identity, including her or his nationality, upbringing, ethnic, cultural and linguistic background, particular vulnerabilities and protection needs.	20. 要确定一名儿童的最大利益，就必须对这名儿童的身份，包括其国籍、成长、族裔、文化和语言背景、独特的脆弱处境和保护需要进行明确和全面的评估。
Consequently, allowing the child access to the territory is a prerequisite to this initial assessment process.	因此，让这名儿童入境是作出初步评估的先决条件。
The assessment process should be carried out in a friendly and safe atmosphere by qualified professionals who are trained in age and gender-sensitive interviewing techniques.	必须由接受过年龄和性别敏感采访技能培训的、合格的专业人员在友好和安全的环境下进行评估。
21. Subsequent steps, such as the appointment of a competent guardian as expeditiously as possible, serves as a key procedural safeguard to ensure respect for the best interests of an unaccompanied or separated child.	21. 随后应尽快地采取各项步骤，如指定称职的监护人，这是保证尊重无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童最大利益的关键的程序性保障措施。
Therefore, such a child should only be referred to asylum or other procedures after the appointment of a guardian.	因此，只有在指定监护人之后才能让这名儿童办理寻求庇护或其他的程序。
In cases where separated or unaccompanied children are referred to asylum procedures or other administrative or judicial proceedings, they should also be provided with a legal representative in addition to a guardian.	若无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童要办理寻求庇护程序或通过其他行政或司法诉讼程序处理其问题时，除监护人外还应为他们提供一位法律代表。
22. Respect for best interests also requires that, where competent authorities have placed an unaccompanied or separated child “for the purposes of care, protection or treatment of his or her physical or mental health”, the State recognizes the right of that child to a “periodic review” of their treatment and “all other circumstances relevant to his or her placement” (article 25 of the Convention).	22. 对最大利益的尊重还要求主管当局“为照料、保护或治疗儿童身心健康的目的”安置无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童时，缔约国承认儿童有权获得对给予的治疗以及“与所受安置有关的所有其他情况”进行“定期审查”(《公约》第25条)。
(d) Right to life, survival and development (art. 6)	(d) 生命权、存活权与发展权(第6条)
23. The obligation of the State party under article 6 includes protection from violence and exploitation, to the maximum extent possible, which would jeopardize a child’s right to life, survival and development.	23. 缔约国根据第6条承担的义务包括尽最大可能保护儿童免受有可能影响儿童的生命权、存活权和发展权的暴力和剥削。
Separated and unaccompanied children are vulnerable to various risks that affect their life, survival and development such as trafficking for purposes of sexual or other exploitation or involvement in criminal activities which could result in harm to the child, or in extreme cases, in death.	无人陪伴或无父母陪伴的儿童极易受到影响其生命、存活和发展的各种风险，如出于性剥削和其他剥削目的的贩卖或有可能造成对儿童伤害，或在极端情况下造成死亡的各种犯罪活动。
Accordingly, article 6 necessitates vigilance by States parties in this regard, particularly when organized crime may be involved.	因此，第6条规定缔约国在这方面保持警惕，尤其是当有犯罪团伙介入时更是如此。
While the issue of trafficking of children is beyond the scope of this general comment, the Committee notes that there is often a link between trafficking and the situation of separated and unaccompanied children.	尽管贩卖儿童的问题超过一般性意见的范围，委员会认为在贩卖与无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童的处境之间通常存在着联系。
24. The Committee is of the view that practical measures should be taken at all levels to protect children from the risks mentioned above.	24. 委员会认为必须在各级采取措施保护儿童免受上述危害。
Such measures could include: priority procedures for child victims of trafficking, the prompt appointment of guardians, the provision of information to children about the risks they may encounter, and establishment of measures to provide follow-up to children particularly at risk.	这些措施包括优先解决遭受贩卖的儿童受害者身份问题的程序，立即指定监护人，向儿童提供信息，使他们了解可能遇到的危害，为风险特别大的儿童采取后续行动的措施。
These measures should be regularly evaluated to ensure their effectiveness.	应定期评估这些措施以保证其效力。
(e) Right of the child to express his or her views freely (art. 12)	(e) 儿童自由发表自己的意见的权利(第12条)
25. Pursuant to article 12 of the Convention, in determining the measures to be adopted with regard to unaccompanied or separated children, the child’s views and wishes should be elicited and taken into account (art. 12 (1)).	25. 根据《公约》第12条，在决定为无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童采取的措施时，应当征循和考虑儿童的意见和意愿(第12条第1款)。
To allow for a well-informed expression of such views and wishes, it is imperative that such children are provided with all relevant information concerning, for example, their entitlements, services available including means of communication, the asylum process, family tracing and the situation in their country of origin (arts. 13, 17 and 22 (2)).	为了能在知情的情况下表达这种意见和意愿，就必须为儿童提供所有有关的信息，如其权益、可提供的服务，包括沟通的手段、申请庇护的程序，寻找父母和亲人以及他们原籍国的状况等方面的信息(第13条、第17条和第22条第2款)。
In guardianship, care and accommodation arrangements, and legal representation, children’s views should also be taken into account.	在监护人、照料和住宿安排以及法律代表方面，也应考虑儿童的意见。
Such information must be provided in a manner that is appropriate to the maturity and level of understanding of each child.	必须根据每个儿童的成熟程度和理解程度找出适当的方式提供这类信息。
As participation is dependent on reliable communication, where necessary, interpreters should be made available at all stages of the procedure.	由于儿童的参与取决于可靠的沟通方式，因此必须根据需要在整个程序的各个阶段中提供口译。
(f) Respect for the principle of non-refoulement	(f) 尊重不驱回原则
26. In affording proper treatment of unaccompanied or separated children, States must fully respect non-refoulement obligations deriving from international human rights, humanitarian and refugee law and, in particular, must respect obligations codified in article 33 of the 1951 Refugee Convention and in article 3 of CAT.	26. 在给予无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童适当待遇时，各缔约国必须全面尊重国际人权、人道主义和难民法提出的不驱回义务，尤其必须尊重《1951年难民公约》第33条以及酷刑公约第3条所提出的义务。
27. Furthermore, in fulfilling obligations under the Convention, States shall not return a child to a country where there are substantial grounds for believing that there is a real risk of irreparable harm to the child, such as, but by no means limited to, those contemplated under articles 6 and 37 of the Convention, either in the country to which removal is to be effected or in any country to which the child may subsequently be removed.	27. 此外，在履行《公约》的义务时，各国不得将一名儿童遣返回有充分的理由相信存在着对这名儿童产生不可弥补损害的实际风险的国家，这些风险包括但绝不局限于 《公约》第6条和第37条所设想的那些伤害，无论这种风险是存在于这名儿童将要被遣返的国家或是在这名儿童随后将再被遣返的任何国家。
Such non-refoulement obligations apply irrespective of whether serious violations of those rights guaranteed under the Convention originate from non-State actors or whether such violations are directly intended or are the indirect consequence of action or inaction.	无论对《公约》所保障的这些权利的严重侵犯行为是否由非国家行为者作出，或这种侵犯行为是出于直接的目的，或是由任何行动或不行动造成的间接后果，都必须适用不驱回义务。
The assessment of the risk of such serious violations should be conducted in an age and gender-sensitive manner and should, for example, take into account the particularly serious consequences for children of the insufficient provision of food or health services.	必须采取对年龄和性别敏感的方式对这种严重的侵害行为的风险进行评估，评估中还应考虑到如粮食或卫生保健服务提供不足对儿童造成的特别严重的后果。
28. As underage recruitment and participation in hostilities entails a high risk of irreparable harm involving fundamental human rights, including the right to life, State obligations deriving from article 38 of the Convention, in conjunction with articles 3 and 4 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, entail extraterritorial effects and States shall refrain from returning a child in any manner whatsoever to the borders of a State where there is a real risk of underage recruitment, including recruitment not only as a combatant but also to provide sexual services for the military or where there is a real risk of direct or indirect participation in hostilities, either as a combatant or through carrying out other military duties.	28. 由于招募未成年兵和参加敌对行动极有可能造成不可弥补的损害，包括侵犯生命权等基本人权，因此缔约国根据《公约》第38条以及《儿童权利公约关于儿童卷入 武装冲突问题的任择议定书》的第3条和第4条所承担的义务具有领土外的效力，缔约国不得以任何方式将一名儿童遣返到存在着招募未成年兵风险的国家的边境 内，这种招募入伍不仅包括作为战斗员，同时也包括为军人提供性服务，或的确有可能直接或间接参与敌对行动，无论是作为战斗员或是履行其他军事职能。
(g) Confidentiality	(g) 保密
29. States parties must protect the confidentiality of information received in relation to an unaccompanied or separated child, consistent with the obligation to protect the child’s rights, including the right to privacy (art. 16).	29. 缔约国应根据保护儿童权利、包括保护隐私权的义务(第16条)，为收到的与无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童的有关信息保守秘密。
This obligation applies in all settings, including health and social welfare.	这一义务适用于所有情况，包括健康和社会福利方面。
Care must be taken that information sought and legitimately shared for one purpose is not inappropriately used for that of another.	必须保证避免使为某一目的获得和合法分享的信息被不恰当地用于另一目的。
30. Confidentiality concerns also involve respect for the rights of others.	30. 保密问题也关系到对他人权利的尊重。
For example, in obtaining, sharing and preserving the information collected in respect of unaccompanied and separated children, particular care must be taken in order not to endanger the well-being of persons still within the child’s country of origin, especially the child’s family members.	例如，在获得、分享和保留所收集的关于无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童的资料时，应特别注意不要损害仍然生活在这名儿童原籍国的人，尤其是儿童的家庭成员的福利。
Furthermore, information relating to the whereabouts of the child shall only be withheld vis-à-vis the parents where required for the safety of the child or to otherwise secure the “best interests” of the child.	此外，关于儿童所在地点的信息只应在必要时向其父母披露，以保证儿童的安全或保障儿童的“最大利益”。
V. RESPONSE TO GENERAL AND SPECIFIC PROTECTION NEEDS	五、满足一般和具体的保护需要
(a) Initial assessment and measures	(a) 初步评价和措施
31. The best interests of the child must also be a guiding principle for determining the priority of protection needs and the chronology of measures to be applied in respect of unaccompanied and separated children.	31. 应当将儿童的最大利益作为指导原则，确定无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童保护需要的轻重缓急秩序以及采取措施的时间安排顺序。
This necessary initial assessment process, in particular, entails the following:	在这一必要的初步评价过程中尤其要采取以下步骤：
Prioritized identification of a child as separated or unaccompanied immediately upon arrival at ports of entry or as soon as their presence in the country becomes known to the authorities (art. 8).	(一) 国家当局一俟知道无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童进入到达港或进入国内(第2条)就必须优先确定其作为无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童的身份。
Such identification measures include age assessment and should not only take into account the physical appearance of the individual, but also his or her psychological maturity.	这类身份确认措施应包括对年龄的评价，不仅应考虑遇到个人的外貌特征，同时也要包括其心理成熟程度。
Moreover, the assessment must be conducted in a scientific, safe, child and gender-sensitive and fair manner, avoiding any risk of violation of the physical integrity of the child; giving due respect to human dignity; and, in the event of remaining uncertainty, should accord the individual the benefit of the doubt such that if there is a possibility that the individual is a child, she or he should be treated as such;	此外，应当以科学、安全、对儿童和性别敏感及公正的方式进行这种评价，避免对儿童身体的任何侵犯并适当地尊重人类尊严；如仍有不清楚的情况，应避免作出不利判断，如某人有可能是儿童，他或她就应当得到这样的待遇；
Prompt registration by means of an initial interview conducted in an age-appropriate and gender-sensitive manner, in a language the child understands, by professionally qualified persons to collect biodata and social history to ascertain the identity of the child, including, wherever possible, identity of both parents, other siblings, as well as the citizenship of the child, the siblings and the parents;	(二) 由专业合格的人员以适合儿童年龄和对性别敏感的方式、用儿童听得懂的语言进行初步的访谈，收集个人数据和社会历史，以确定儿童的身份，包括在尽可能的情况下查明父母双方和其他兄弟姐妹的身份以及儿童、其兄弟姐妹及其父母的公民身份，从而予以立即登记；
In continuation of the registration process, the recording of further information in order to meet the specific needs of the child.	(三) 在登记工作完成之后，继续记录进一步的情况，从而满足儿童的具体需要。
This information should include:	这些资料包括：
Reasons for being separated or unaccompanied;	与父母失散或与其他亲人失散的原因；
Assessment of particular vulnerabilities, including health, physical, psychosocial, material and other protection needs, including those deriving from domestic violence, trafficking or trauma	对特殊脆弱处境的评价，包括健康、身体、心理、物质和其他保护需要，其中也包括受到家庭暴力、贩卖或身心创伤造成的各种需要；
All available information to determine the potential existence of international protection needs, including those: due to a “well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion” in the child’s country of origin (article 1 A (2), 1951 Refugee Convention); deriving from external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order (article 1 (2), Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa); or relating to the indiscriminate effects of generalized violence	确定是否存在国际保护需要的所有现有资料，其中包括：在该名儿童原籍国存在着“因有正当理 由畏惧由于种族、宗教、国籍、属于其一社会团体或具有某种政治见解的原因”(1951年难民公约第一条第一款乙项)遭受迫害；由于外国侵略、占领、受到外 国控制或严重破坏公共秩序的事件所造成的(关于非洲难民问题特定方面的公约第1条第2款)；或由于普遍暴力造成的混乱效果；
Unaccompanied and separated children should be provided with their own personal identity documentation as soon as possible;	(四) 应尽快向无人陪伴或无父母陪伴的儿童提供其本人的个人身份证明；
Tracing of family members to be commenced as early as possible (arts. 22 (2), 9 (3) and 10 (2)).	(五) 尽早开始寻找家庭成员(第22条第2款、第9条第3款和第10条第2款)。
32. Any further actions relating to the residence and other status of the child in the territory of the State should be based on the findings of an initial protection assessment carried out in accordance with the above procedures.	32. 对该名儿童留在该国领土上居住和给予其他地位的任何进一步的行动都必须以按照上述程序开展的初步保护评价结果为基础。
States should refrain from referring unaccompanied and separated children into asylum procedures if their presence in the territory does not raise the question of international refugee protection needs.	如无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童在其领土上的存在没有带来国际难民保护需要的话，该国不应让无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童申请难民地位。
This is without prejudice to the obligation of States to refer unaccompanied or separated children to relevant procedures serving child protection, such as those foreseen under child welfare legislation.	这样做并不损害各国按照保护儿童的各项有关程序，如根据儿童福利立法提出的各项程序为无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童提供保护的义务。
(b) Appointment of a guardian or adviser and legal representative (arts. 18 (2) and 20 (1))	(b) 指定监护人或顾问和法律代表(第18条第2款和第20条第1款)
33. States are required to create the underlying legal framework and to take necessary measures to secure proper representation of an unaccompanied or separated child’s best interests.	33. 各国须建立基本的法律框架并采取必要措施，以保证无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童的最大利益得到适当的代表。
Therefore, States should appoint a guardian or adviser as soon as the unaccompanied or separated child is identified and maintain such guardianship arrangements until the child has either reached the age of majority or has permanently left the territory and/or jurisdiction of the State, in compliance with the Convention and other international obligations.	因此，一旦无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童的身份得到确认，各国就应根据《公约》和其他国际义务立即为该名儿童指定监护人或顾问，并且在该名儿童成年之前或永久离开该国领土和/或该国管辖范围之前一直保持这种监护安排。
The guardian should be consulted and informed regarding all actions taken in relation to the child.	在对这名儿童采取任何行动之前都必须与监护人进行协商并向其通报。
The guardian should have the authority to be present in all planning and decision-making processes, including immigration and appeal hearings, care arrangements and all efforts to search for a durable solution.	监护人应有权参与所有的计划和决策过程，包括移民和上诉听证、抚育安排和寻找长久解决方案的所有努力。
The guardian or adviser should have the necessary expertise in the field of childcare, so as to ensure that the interests of the child are safeguarded and that the child’s legal, social, health, psychological, material and educational needs are appropriately covered by, inter alia, the guardian acting as a link between the child and existing specialist agencies/individuals who provide the continuum of care required by the child.	监护人或顾问必须掌握儿童养育方面的必要专门知识，从而保证使儿童的利益得到保障，特别是通过由监护人作为儿童与为其持续不断地提供所需养护的现有的专门机构/个人之间的联系使儿童的法律、社会、卫生、心理、物质和教育需要得到适当的满足。
Agencies or individuals whose interests could potentially be in conflict with those of the child’s should not be eligible for guardianship.	其利益有可能与儿童的利益发生冲突的机构或个人没有资格担任监护人。
For example, non-related adults whose primary relationship to the child is that of an employer should be excluded from a guardianship role.	例如，应当将与儿童的主要关系属于雇佣关系的无关成年人排除在监护人之列。
34. In the case of a separated child, guardianship should regularly be assigned to the accompanying adult family member or non-primary family caretaker unless there is an indication that it would not be in the best interests of the child to do so, for example, where the accompanying adult has abused the child.	34. 无父母陪伴儿童的监护人应当由陪伴儿童的成年家庭成员或非主要家庭抚养人担任，除非有迹象表明这样做不符合儿童的最大利益，例如在陪伴的成年人虐待这名儿童的情况下。
In cases where a child is accompanied by a non-family adult or caretaker, suitability for guardianship must be scrutinized more closely.	如果一名儿童由非家庭成员的成年人或抚养人陪伴，就必须更慎重地选择监护人。
If such a guardian is able and willing to provide day-to-day care, but unable to adequately represent the child’s best interests in all spheres and at all levels of the child’s life, supplementary measures (such as the appointment of an adviser or legal representative) must be secured.	如果这样一名监护人能够并且愿意承担日常照料的任务，但无法在这名儿童生活的所有方面和所有层面上充分地代表这名儿童的最大利益，那么就必须采取补充措施(例如委任一名顾问或法律代表)。
35. Review mechanisms shall be introduced and implemented to monitor the quality of the exercise of guardianship in order to ensure the best interests of the child are being represented throughout the decision-making process and, in particular, to prevent abuse.	35. 必须采用审评机制，以监督行使监护人职责的质量，从而保证在整个决策过程中代表儿童的最大利益，特别是要预防虐待。
36. In cases where children are involved in asylum procedures or administrative or judicial proceedings, they should, in addition to the appointment of a guardian, be provided with legal representation.	36. 若儿童正在申请难民地位或在行政或司法诉讼过程中，除了指定监护人以外，还应为他们提供法律代表。
37. At all times children should be informed of arrangements with respect to guardianship and legal representation and their opinions should be taken into consideration.	37. 在任何时候都应当向儿童通报监护人和法律代表的安排，同时应当听取他们的意见。
38. In large-scale emergencies, where it will be difficult to establish guardianship arrangements on an individual basis, the rights and best interests of separated children should be safeguarded and promoted by States and organizations working on behalf of these children.	38. 在出现大规模紧急状态的情况下，很难逐个为儿童安排监护人，这时就应由国家和代表这些儿童利益的组织来保障和增进无父母陪伴儿童的权利和最大利益。
(c) Care and accommodation arrangements (arts. 20 and 22)	(c) 抚育和收养安排(第20条和第22条)
39. Unaccompanied or separated children are children temporarily or permanently deprived of their family environment and, as such, are beneficiaries of States’ obligations under article 20 of the Convention and shall be entitled to special protection and assistance provided by the relevant State.	39. 对于暂时和永久脱离家庭环境的儿童，缔约国必须根据《公约》第20条所载的义务为他们提供照顾，他们有权得到有关国家的特别保护和援助。
40. Mechanisms established under national law in order to ensure alternative care for such children in accordance with article 22 of the Convention, shall also cover unaccompanied or separated children outside their country of origin.	40. 根据《公约》第22条各国依据国内法建立的为这类儿童提供替代照料办法的机制也应涵盖在原籍国之外的无人陪伴或无父母陪伴的儿童。
A wide range of options for care and accommodation arrangements exist and are explicitly acknowledged in article 20 (3) as follows: “… inter alia, foster placement, kafalah of Islamic law, adoption or, if necessary, placement in suitable institutions for the care of children”.	第20条第3款明确承认各种照料和收养安排办法：“…包括寄养、伊斯兰法的‘卡法拉’(监护)、收养或者必要时安置在适当的育儿机构中”。
When selecting from these options, the particular vulnerabilities of such a child, not only having lost connection with his or her family environment, but further finding him or herself outside of his or her country of origin, as well as the child’s age and gender, should be taken into account.	在选择这些办法时，应当考虑到这样一名儿童由于丧失了与家庭环境的联系，同时又身在原籍国以外所处的特别脆弱的处境，同时也要考虑到儿童的年龄和性别。
In particular, due regard ought to be taken of the desirability of continuity in a child’s upbringing and to the ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic background as assessed in the identification, registration and documentation process.	在身份确认、登记和记录的过程中要适当考虑到使儿童的培养教育具有连续性和注意儿童的族裔、宗教、文化和语言背景。
Such care and accommodation arrangements should comply with the following parameters:	应根据以下标准作出照料和收养安排：
Children should not, as a general rule, be deprived of liberty;	作为一般原则，不应剥夺儿童的自由；
In order to ensure continuity of care and considering the best interests of the child, changes in residence for unaccompanied and separated children should be limited to instances where such change is in the best interests of the child;	为了使培养教育具有连续性并根据儿童的最大利益，只有在符合儿童的最大利益时才对无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童的居住地作出改变；
In accordance with the principle of family unity, siblings should be kept together;	根据家庭团聚的原则，兄弟姐妹应安排在一起；
A child who has adult relatives arriving with him or her or already living in the country of asylum should be allowed to stay with them unless such action would be contrary to the best interests of the child.	允许与成年亲属一同抵达或成年亲属已生活在庇护国的儿童与这些亲属生活在一起，除非这样做不利于儿童的最大利益。
Given the particular vulnerabilities of the child, regular assessments should be conducted by social welfare personnel;	鉴于儿童处于特别脆弱的处境，应由社会福利工作人员定期地作出评价；
Irrespective of the care arrangements made for unaccompanied or separated children, regular supervision and assessment ought to be maintained by qualified persons in order to ensure the child’s physical and psychosocial health, protection against domestic violence or exploitation, and access to educational and vocational skills and opportunities;	无论为无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童作出了何种照料安排，都必须由合格人员进行定期的监督和评价，以确保儿童身心健康，保护他们不受家庭暴力或剥削的侵害，并有机会获得教育和职业技能和机会；
States and other organizations must take measures to ensure the effective protection of the rights of separated or unaccompanied children living in child-headed households;	国家和其他组织必须采取措施保证有效地保护生活在以儿童担任户主家庭的无父母陪伴或无人陪伴儿童的权利；
In large-scale emergencies, interim care must be provided for the shortest time appropriate for unaccompanied children.	在大规模紧急状态情况下，必须在最短时间内为无人陪伴儿童提供适当的临时照料。
This interim care provides for their security and physical and emotional care in a setting that encourages their general development;	提供临时照料有助于为他们提供安全和身体和感情的照料，有助于他们的总体成长；
Children must be kept informed of the care arrangements being made for them, and their opinions must be taken into consideration.	要让儿童了解为他们所作出的照料安排，同时必须考虑到他们的意见。
(d) Full access to education (arts. 28, 29 (1) (c), 30 and 32)	(d) 获得教育的充分机会(第28条，第29条第1款(c)项以及第30条和第32条)
41. States should ensure that access to education is maintained during all phases of the displacement cycle.	41. 各国应保证在儿童与家庭离散周期的所有各个阶段里为其提供教育机会。
Every unaccompanied and separated child, irrespective of status, shall have full access to education in the country that they have entered in line with articles 28, 29 (1) (c), 30 and 32 of the Convention and the general principles developed by the Committee.	根据《公约》的第28条、第29条第1款(c)项、第30条和第32条以及委员会所提出的一般原则，每一位无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的儿童、无论持有何种身份都必须在其进入的国家里获得充分的教育机会。
Such access should be granted without discrimination and in particular, separated and unaccompanied girls shall have equal access to formal and informal education, including vocational training at all levels.	应不加歧视地提供这类机会，无父母陪伴或无人陪伴的女孩尤其需获得正规和非正规教育，包括各级职业培训的平等机会。
Access to quality education should also be ensured for children with special needs, in particular children with disabilities.	应当保证让有特殊需要的儿童，尤其是残疾儿童享有获得高质量教育的机会。
42. The unaccompanied or separated child should be registered with appropriate school authorities as soon as possible and get assistance in maximizing learning opportunities.	42. 应当让无人陪伴或无父母陪伴的儿童尽快得到适当的教育当局的登记，获得援助从而得到尽可能多的学习机会。
All unaccompanied and separated children have the right to maintain their cultural identity and values, including the maintenance and development of their native language.	无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的儿童有权保留自己的文化和价值，包括保持和发展自己原有的语言。
All adolescents should be allowed to enrol in vocational/professional training or education, and early learning programmes should be made available to young children.	应允许所有青少年接受职业/专业培训和教育，并让年幼的儿童参加学前学习班。
States should ensure that unaccompanied or separated children are provided with school certificates or other documentation indicating their level of education, in particular in preparation of relocation, resettlement or return.	各国应保证为无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童提供学校毕业证书和其他文件，表明其教育水平，尤其是在筹备他们的重新定居或遣返时。
43. States shall, in particular where government capacity is limited, accept and facilitate the assistance offered by UNICEF, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), UNHCR and other United Nations agencies within their respective mandates, as well as, where appropriate, other competent intergovernmental organizations or non-governmental organizations (art. 22 (2)) in order to meet the educational needs of unaccompanied and separated children.	43. 各国，尤其是在政府能力有限的情况下，应接受和便利儿童基金会、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、难民署和联合国其他机构在各自授权范围内提供 的援助，以及酌情接受和便利其他相关的政府间组织和非政府组织(第22条第2款)提供的援助，从而满足无人陪伴和无父母儿童的教育需要。
(e) Right to an adequate standard of living (art. 27)	(e) 有权享有充足的生活水平(第27条)
44. States should ensure that separated and unaccompanied children have a standard of living adequate for their physical, mental, spiritual and moral development.	44. 各国应保证无父母陪伴和无人陪伴儿童享有足以促进其生理、心理、精神和道德发展的生活水平。
As provided in article 27 (2) of the Convention, States shall provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition, clothing and housing.	根据《公约》第27条第2款，各国应提供物质援助和支助方案，尤其是在营养、衣着和住房方面。
45. States shall, in particular where government capacity is limited, accept and facilitate the assistance offered by UNICEF, UNESCO, UNHCR and other United Nations agencies within their respective mandates, as well as, where appropriate, other competent intergovernmental organizations or non-governmental organizations (art. 22 (2)) in order to secure an adequate standard of living for unaccompanied and separated children.	45. 各国，尤其是在政府能力有限的情况下应接受和便利儿童基金会、教科文组织、难民署和其他联合国机构在其各自授权范围内的援助、以及酌情接受和便利其他适当 的政府间组织和非政府组织(第22条第2款)提供的援助，以便保证无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童享受充足的生活水平。
(f) Right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health and facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health (arts. 23, 24 and 39)	(f) 有权享有最佳健康，以及享有医疗和康复设施(第23条、24条和39条)
46. When implementing the right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health and facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health under article 24 of the Convention, States are obligated to ensure that unaccompanied and separated children have the same access to health care as children who are … nationals	46. 在根据《公约》第24条落实享有最佳健康和医疗及康复设施的权利方面，各国有义务保护无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童与作为公民的儿童一样享有获得卫生保健的同等机会。
47. In ensuring their access, States must assess and address the particular plight and vulnerabilities of such children.	47. 为保证他们获得这些机会，各国必须评价和处理这类儿童面临的特殊的困境和脆弱处境。
They should, in particular, take into account the fact that unaccompanied children have undergone separation from family members and have also, to varying degrees, experienced loss, trauma, disruption and violence.	他们尤其应考虑到无人陪伴儿童与其家庭成员离散，并在一定程度上经历了损失、创伤、混乱和暴力。
Many such children, in particular those who are refugees, have further experienced pervasive violence and the stress associated with a country afflicted by war.	不少这类儿童，尤其是难民儿童，由于国家遭受战乱的破坏还经历了普遍的暴力和压力。
This may have created deep-rooted feelings of helplessness and undermined a child’s trust in others.	这又带来了深深的孤立无援的感觉，破坏了儿童对他人的信任。
Moreover, girls are particularly susceptible to marginalization, poverty and suffering during armed conflict, and many may have experienced gender-based violence in the context of armed conflict.	此外，在武装冲突时期女孩特别易被边缘化、饱受贫困和痛苦，其中不少女孩遭受到武装冲突期间的性别暴力。
The profound trauma experienced by many affected children calls for special sensitivity and attention in their care and rehabilitation.	许多受到伤害的儿童心灵深受重创，在对他们的照料和康复中需要特别细心敏感。
48. The obligation under article 39 of the Convention sets out the duty of States to provide rehabilitation services to children who have been victims of any form of abuse, neglect, exploitation, torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or armed conflicts.	48. 《公约》第39条规定缔约国有责任为遭受各种形式的虐待、忽视、剥削、酷刑、残忍、非人道和有辱人格的待遇或武装冲突的受害儿童提供康复服务。
In order to facilitate such recovery and reintegration, culturally appropriate and gender-sensitive mental health care should be developed and qualified psychosocial counselling provided.	为了促进这种康复和重新回归社会，应当建立符合文化背景和对性别敏感的精神卫生保健，并提供合格的心理社会咨询。
49. States shall, in particular where government capacity is limited, accept and facilitate assistance offered by UNICEF, the World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), UNHCR and other agencies (art. 22 (2)) within their respective mandates, as well as, where appropriate, other competent intergovernmental organizations or non-governmental organizations in order to meet the health and health-care needs of unaccompanied and separated children.	49. 各国、尤其是在政府能力有限的情况下，应当接受和便利儿童基金会、世界卫生组织(卫生组织)、联合国艾滋病联合方案(艾滋病方案)、难民署和其他机构在其 各自授权范围内(第22条第2款)的援助、以及酌情接受和便利其他有关的政府间组织和非政府组织提供的援助，从而满足无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童的健康和卫 生保健需要。
(g) Prevention of trafficking and of sexual and other forms of exploitation, abuse and violence (arts. 34, 35 and 36)	(g) 预防贩卖和性及其他形式的剥削、虐待和暴力(第34条、第35条和第36条)
50. Unaccompanied or separated children in a country outside their country of origin are particularly vulnerable to exploitation and abuse.	50. 在其原籍国以外的无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童特别易于遭受剥削和虐待。
Girls are at particular risk of being trafficked, including for purposes of sexual exploitation.	女孩遭受贩卖、包括出于性剥削目的的贩卖的风险特别大。
51. Articles 34 to 36 of the Convention must be read in conjunction with special protection and assistance obligations to be provided according to article 20 of the Convention, in order to ensure that unaccompanied and separated children are shielded from trafficking, and from sexual and other forms of exploitation, abuse and violence.	51. 必须结合《公约》第20条规定的特殊保护和援助义务来解读《公约》第34条至第36条，从而保证使无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童免受贩卖、遭受性和其他形式的剥削，虐待和暴力的侵害。
52. Trafficking of such a child, or “re-trafficking” in cases where a child was already a victim of trafficking, is one of many dangers faced by unaccompanied or separated children.	52. 被贩卖，或已经是贩卖的受害者的儿童又被“重新贩卖”，这是无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童面临的许多危险之一。
Trafficking in children is a threat to the fulfilment of their right to life, survival and development (art. 6).	贩卖儿童给儿童享受生命权、存活与发展带来威胁(第6条)。
In accordance with article 35 of the Convention, States parties should take appropriate measures to prevent such trafficking.	根据《公约》第35条，各缔约国应采取适当措施预防这种贩卖。
Necessary measures include identifying unaccompanied and separated children; regularly inquiring as to their whereabouts; and conducting information campaigns that are age-appropriate, gender-sensitive and in a language and medium that is understandable to the child.	必要措施包括对无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童的身份认证；定期了解他们的去向；同时以适合年龄、对性别敏感和儿童能够听懂的语言和能够看懂的媒体开展宣传运动。
Adequate legislation should also be passed and effective mechanisms of enforcement be established with respect to labour regulations and border crossing.	应针对劳工管制和过境问题颁布充足的立法和建立有效的执法机制。
53. Risks are also great for a child who has already been a victim of trafficking, resulting in the status of being unaccompanied or separated.	53. 已经是贩卖的受害者的儿童面临很大的风险，因为遭受贩卖使他们处于无人陪伴或无父母陪伴的处境。
Such children should not be penalized and should receive assistance as victims of a serious human rights violation.	不应对这样儿童加以惩罚，应当将他们作为人权遭受严重侵犯的受害者给予援助。
Some trafficked children may be eligible for refugee status under the 1951 Convention, and States should ensure that separated and unaccompanied trafficked children who wish to seek asylum or in relation to whom there is otherwise indication that international protection needs exist, have access to asylum procedures.	一些被贩卖的儿童可有权获得1951年《公约》所规定的难民地位，各国应保证希望寻求庇护或有其他迹象表明他们需要获得国际保护的无父母陪伴和无人陪伴的被贩卖儿童能够获得申请难民地位的机会。
Children who are at risk of being re-trafficked should not be returned to their country of origin unless it is in their best interests and appropriate measures for their protection have been taken.	有可能被再次贩卖的儿童不应被遣返回原籍国，除非这符合其最大利益、同时已为其采取了适当的保护措施。
States should consider complementary forms of protection for trafficked children when return is not in their best interests.	在遣返不符合其最大利益时，各国应考虑为贩卖儿童提供补充形式的保护。
(h) Prevention of military recruitment and protection against effects of war (arts. 38 and 39)	(h) 预防被招募入伍和保护儿童免受战争的影响(第38条和第39条)
Prevention of recruitment	预防被招募入伍
54. State obligations deriving from article 38 of the Convention and from articles 3 and 4 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict also apply to unaccompanied and separated children.	54. 各国根据《公约》第38条以及《儿童权利公约关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》第3条和第4条所承担的义务也适用于无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的儿童。
A State must take all necessary measures to prevent recruitment or use of such children by any party to a conflict.	一国必须采取一切必要措施预防冲突任何一方招募和使用这类儿童当兵。
This also applies to former child soldiers who have defected from their units and who require protection against re-recruitment.	这也适用于逃离其部队的前儿童战斗员以及需要获得保护以免被再次招募入伍的儿童战斗员。
Care arrangements	照料安排
55. Care arrangements for unaccompanied and separated children shall be made in a manner which prevents their recruitment, re-recruitment or use by any party to a conflict.	55. 为无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童作出照料安排时应当避免他们被冲突任何一方招募、重新招募或使用。
Guardianships should not be given to individuals or organizations who are directly or indirectly involved in a conflict.	不应将直接或间接介入冲突的个人和组织指定为监护人。
Former child soldiers	前儿童兵
56. Child soldiers should be considered primarily as victims of armed conflict.	56. 儿童兵首先应被视作武装冲突的受害者。
Former child soldiers, who often find themselves unaccompanied or separated at the cessation of the conflict or following defection, shall be given all the necessary support services to enable reintegration into normal life, including necessary psychosocial counselling.	必须为在冲突结束时或在逃离部队后无人陪伴或无父母陪伴的前儿童兵提供一切必要的支助服务，包括必要的心理社会咨询，使他们重新过上正常生活。
Such children shall be identified and demobilized on a priority basis during any identification and separation operation.	在一切身份认证和分离工作中，都必须优先查明这类儿童的身份并予以退伍。
Child soldiers, in particular, those who are unaccompanied or separated, should not normally be interned, but rather, benefit from special protection and assistance measures, in particular as regards their demobilization and rehabilitation.	通常不应监禁儿童兵，尤其是那些无人陪伴或无父母陪伴的儿童兵，相反应使他们得到保护和援助措施的好处，尤其是复员退伍和康复方面。
Particular efforts must be made to provide support and facilitate the reintegration of girls who have been associated with the military, either as combatants or in any other capacity.	应作出特别的努力，为那些作为战士或以其他任何身份入伍的女孩重返社会提供支助和便利。
57. If, under certain circumstances, exceptional internment of a child soldier over the age of 15 years is unavoidable and in compliance with international human rights and humanitarian law, for example, where she or he poses a serious security threat, the conditions of such internment should be in conformity with international standards, including article 37 of the Convention and those pertaining to juvenile justice, and should not preclude any tracing efforts and priority participation in rehabilitation programmes.	57. 如果在某些情况下对于15岁以上的儿童兵的不得已的监禁无法避免，并且符合国际人权和人道主义法，例如当他或她构成严重的治安威胁时，这种监禁的条件必须 符合国际标准，包括《公约》第37条以及关于少年司法的国际标准，同时不得排除为他们寻找亲人的任何努力，并且必须让他们参与康复方案。
Non-refoulement	不驱回
58. As under-age recruitment and participation in hostilities entails a high risk of irreparable harm involving fundamental human rights, including the right to life, State obligations deriving from article 38 of the Convention, in conjunction with articles 3 and 4 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, entail extraterritorial effects and States shall refrain from returning a child in any manner whatsoever to the borders of a State where there is a real risk of under-age recruitment or participation, directly or indirectly, in hostilities.	58. 由于未成年兵的招募和参与敌对行动极可能给基本人权，包括生命权带来不可弥补的损害，因此各缔约国根据《公约》第38条、并结合《儿童权利公约关于儿童卷 入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》第3条和第4条所承担的义务产生领土外效力，各国不得以任何方式将儿童遣返回存在着招募未成年兵或让未成年兵直接或间接参与 敌对行动的实际风险的国家边境内。
Child-specific forms and manifestations of persecution	针对儿童的具体迫害形式和表现
59. Reminding States of the need for age and gender-sensitive asylum procedures and an age and gender-sensitive interpretation of the refugee definition, the Committee highlights that under-age recruitment (including of girls for sexual services or forced marriage with the military) and direct or indirect participation in hostilities constitutes a serious human rights violation and thereby persecution, and should lead to the granting of refugee status where the well-founded fear of such recruitment or participation in hostilities is based on “reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion” (article 1A (2), 1951 Refugee Convention).	59. 委员会提醒各国注意必须制定对年龄和性别敏感的庇护程序并对难民定义作出对年龄和性别敏感的解释；与此同时强调未成年兵招募(包括招募女孩为军人提供性服 务或强制与军人结婚)和直接或间接地参加敌对行动构成严重的侵犯人权行为，并由此造成迫害，一旦有确凿证据表明担心“由于种族、宗教、国籍、属于其一社会 团体或具有某种政治见解的原因”(1951年难民公约第1条1款乙项)会被招募或参与敌对行为，就应给予难民地位。
Rehabilitation and recovery	康复和重返社会
60. States shall develop, where needed, in cooperation with international agencies and NGOs, a comprehensive age-appropriate and gender-sensitive system of psychological support and assistance for unaccompanied and separated children affected by armed conflict.	60. 各国应与国际机构和非政府组织合作视需要为受武装冲突影响的无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童制定综合全面的、适合年龄、对性别敏感的心理支助和援助制度。
(i) Prevention of deprivation of liberty and treatment in cases thereof	(i) 预防剥夺自由和对剥夺自由情况的处理
61. In application of article 37 of the Convention and the principle of the best interests of the child, unaccompanied or separated children should not, as a general rule, be detained.	61. 根据《公约》第37条以及儿童最大利益的原则，一般而言不应拘留无人陪伴或无父母陪伴的儿童。
Detention cannot be justified solely on the basis of the child being unaccompanied or separated, or on their migratory or residence status, or lack thereof.	不能只根据儿童无人陪伴或无父母陪伴的理由，或将其移民或居留地位，或不具备这些地位作为拘留的理由。
Where detention is exceptionally justified for other reasons, it shall be conducted in accordance with article 37 (b) of the Convention that requires detention to conform to the law of the relevant country and only to be used as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time.	若由于其他原因不得不予以拘留，必须根据《公约》第37条(b)项行事，这一条款要求拘留必须符合有关国家的法律，并且应作为最后手段，期限应为最短的适当时间。
In consequence, all efforts, including acceleration of relevant processes, should be made to allow for the immediate release of unaccompanied or separated children from detention and their placement in other forms of appropriate accommodation.	因此，应不遗余力，包括加快有关进程以便尽快释放无人陪伴或无父母陪伴的儿童，并利用其他适当的收养形式加以安置。
62. In addition to national requirements, international obligations constitute part of the law governing detention.	62. 除了国家规定外，国际义务也是拘留法律的一部分。
With regard to asylum-seeking, unaccompanied and separated children, States must, in particular, respect their obligations deriving from article 31 (1) of the 1951 Refugee Convention. States should further take into account that illegal entry into or stay in a country by an unaccompanied or separated child may also be justified according to general principles of law, where such entry or stay is the only way of preventing a violation of the fundamental human rights of the child.	就无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童寻求庇护的问题而言，缔约国必须尊重 1951年难民《公约》第31条第1款的义务，缔约国还应尽可能考虑到根据一般法律原则无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童非法入境或逗留于该国也是有理由的，假如 这种入境或逗留是预防这名儿童的基本人权遭受侵犯的唯一途径。
More generally, in developing policies on unaccompanied or separated children, including those who are victims of trafficking and exploitation, States should ensure that such children are not criminalized solely for reasons of illegal entry or presence in the country.	较一般而言，各国在制定对无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童，包括作为贩卖和剥削受害者的儿童的政策时，要保证不以非法入境或在该国领土上逗留的唯一原因将这些儿童定罪。
63. In the exceptional case of detention, conditions of detention must be governed by the best interests of the child and pay full respect to article 37 (a) and (c) of the Convention and other international obligations.	63. 在特殊的拘留情况下，必须根据儿童的最大利益并充分尊重《公约》第37条(a)项和(c)项及其他国际义务对拘留条件作出规定。
Special arrangements must be made for living quarters that are suitable for children and that separate them from adults, unless it is considered in the child’s best interests not to do so.	必须作出特别的安排，使儿童获得与成人分开的适当的居住环境，除非这样做不符合儿童的最大利益。
Indeed, the underlying approach to such a programme should be “care” and not “detention”.	从根本上说这些方案目的在于“照料”而不是“拘留”。
Facilities should not be located in isolated areas where culturally appropriate community resources and access to legal aid are unavailable.	不应将这类设施设在缺乏适合其文化特征的社区资源和缺乏获得法律援助的偏僻地区。
Children should have the opportunity to make regular contact and receive visits from friends, relatives, religious, social and legal counsel and their guardian.	儿童应有机会与其朋友、亲戚、宗教、社会和法律顾问及其监护人保持定期的联络和接受他们的探访。
They should also be provided with the opportunity to receive all basic necessities as well as appropriate medical treatment and psychological counselling where necessary.	同时还应为他们提供机会获得所有基本必需品以及必要时获得适当的医疗和心理咨询。
During their period in detention, children have the right to education which ought, ideally, to take place outside the detention premises in order to facilitate the continuance of their education upon release.	在拘留期间，儿童有权获得最好是在拘留地点以外的教育，这有助于他们在获释时继续上学。
They also have the right to recreation and play as provided for in article 31 of the Convention.	他们也有权获得《公约》第31条所规定的休闲和娱乐。
In order to effectively secure the rights provided by article 37 (d) of the Convention, unaccompanied or separated children deprived of their liberty shall be provided with prompt and free access to legal and other appropriate assistance, including the assignment of a legal representative.	为了有效地保障《公约》第37条(d)项所规定的权利，应当向被剥夺自由的无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童迅速提供免费的法律和其他适当援助，包括指定一名法律代表。
VI. ACCESS TO THE ASYLUM PROCEDURE, LEGAL SAFEGUARDS AND RIGHTS IN ASYLUM	六、申请难民身份的机会、法律保障和难民权利
(a) General	(a) 概述
64. The obligation stemming from article 22 of the Convention to take “appropriate measures” to ensure that a child, whether unaccompanied or accompanied, who is seeking refugee status receives appropriate protection entails, inter alia, the responsibility to set up a functioning asylum system and, in particular, to enact legislation addressing the particular treatment of unaccompanied and separated children and to build capacities necessary to realize this treatment in accordance with applicable rights codified in the Convention and in other international human rights, refugee protection or humanitarian instruments to which the State is a party.	64. 根据《公约》第22条的义务，必须采取“适当措施”，以保证申请难民身份的儿童，无论是否有人陪伴，均可获得适当的保护。根据这项义务，特别是有责任建立 一个有效的寻求庇护制度，以及尤其是要颁布立法，对无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童给予特殊待遇，同时要增强必要的能力，以便根据《公约》和一国已加入的其他国 际人权、难民保护和人道主义文书所规定的适用权利使这种待遇得到落实。
States facing resource constraints in staging such capacity-building efforts are strongly encouraged to seek international assistance, including that provided by UNHCR.	极为鼓励资源不足、难以展开这种能力建设工作的国家寻求国际援助，包括由难民署提供的援助。
65. Taking into account the complementary nature of the obligations under article 22 and those deriving from international refugee law, as well as the desirability of consolidated standards, States should apply international standards relating to refugees as they progressively evolve when implementing article 22 of the Convention.	65. 由于第22条的义务与国际难民法的义务相辅相成，同时有必要使各种标准综合协调起来，各国在落实《公约》第22条时应当根据国际难民问题标准演变的情况对这些标准加以适用。
(b) Access to asylum procedures, regardless of age	(b) 不论年龄享有申请难民地位的机会
66. Asylum-seeking children, including those who are unaccompanied or separated, shall enjoy access to asylum procedures and other complementary mechanisms providing international protection, irrespective of their age.	66. 申请难民地位的儿童，包括无人陪伴或无父母陪伴的儿童，应不论年龄享有申请难民地位和提供国际保护的其他补充机制援助的机会。
In the case that facts become known during the identification and registration process which indicate that the child may have a well-founded fear or, even if unable to explicitly articulate a concrete fear, the child may objectively be at risk of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, or otherwise be in need of international protection, such a child should be referred to the asylum procedure and/or, where relevant, to mechanisms providing complementary protection under international and domestic law.	在身 份认证和登记过程中一旦有迹象表明一名儿童有充分理由担心，或即使无法明确阐述具体担忧，客观而言这名儿童很可能由于种族、宗教、国籍、从属于某一社会群 体或持有某种政见而遭受迫害，或因其他原因需要得到国际保护，就应当让这名儿童申请难民身份和/或根据情况接受国际法和国内法提供的补充保护机制的援助。
67. Unaccompanied or separated children for whom there is no indication of being in need of international protection should not automatically, or otherwise, be referred to asylum procedures, but shall be protected pursuant to other relevant child protection mechanisms such as those provided under youth welfare legislation.	67. 无迹象表明需要得到国际保护的无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童不应自动或非自动地让其申请难民身份，而应根据其他有关的儿童保护机制，如根据青少年福利立法提供的机制对他们加以保护。
(c) Procedural safeguards and support measures (art. 3 (3))	(c) 程序保障和支助措施(第3条第3款)
68. Appropriate measures required under article 22 (1) of the Convention must take into account the particular vulnerabilities of unaccompanied and separated children and the national legal framework and conditions.	68. 根据《公约》第22条第1款提出的适当措施必须考虑无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童特别脆弱的处境以及国家法律框架和条件。
Such measures should be guided by the considerations set out below.	应当将以下提出的各项考虑因素作为这类措施的导向。
69. An asylum-seeking child should be represented by an adult who is familiar with the child’s background and who is competent and able to represent his or her best interests (see section V (b), “Appointment of a guardian or adviser or legal representative”).	69. 必须由熟悉儿童的背景、有能力并且能够代表他或她最大利益的成年人作为申请难民身份儿童的代表(请参阅第五部分(b)“指定监护人或顾问或法律代表”)。
The unaccompanied or separated child should also, in all cases, be given access, free of charge, to a qualified legal representative, including where the application for refugee status is processed under the normal procedures for adults.	在任何情况下都必须向无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童提供机会，免费获得合格的法律代表，包括在依照成人正常程序审理难民身份申请的情况下。
70. Refugee status applications filed by unaccompanied and separated children shall be given priority and every effort should be made to render a decision promptly and fairly.	70. 应当优先审理由无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童提出的难民身份申请，并尽力作出及时和公平的决定。
71. Minimum procedural guarantees should include that the application will be determined by a competent authority fully qualified in asylum and refugee matters.	71. 最起码的程序性保障应包括由充分了解庇护和难民事务的主管当局来审理申请。
Where the age and maturity of the child permits, the opportunity for a personal interview with a qualified official should be granted before any final decision is made.	在儿童的年龄和成熟程度允许的情况下，在作出最后决定之前应有机会让胜任的官员作一次个人访谈。
Wherever the child is unable to communicate directly with the qualified official in a common language, the assistance of a qualified interpreter should be sought.	若儿童无法用同一种语言与胜任的官员直接沟通，就应当由合格的翻译予以协助。
Moreover, the child should be given the “benefit of the doubt”, should there be credibility concerns relating to his or her story as well as a possibility to appeal for a formal review of the decision.	此外，如对一名儿童叙述的情况真实与否有所怀疑，也应给予“存疑的好处”，不要作出不利的决定，并且应允许提出上诉，对决定进行正式重审。
72. The interviews should be conducted by representatives of the refugee determination authority who will take into account the special situation of unaccompanied children in order to carry out the refugee status assessment and apply an understanding of the history, culture and background of the child.	72. 应当由难民身份确认当局的代表进行访谈，访谈应考虑到无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童的特殊处境，本着对儿童的历史、文化和背景的理解，对难民身份申请进行评价。
The assessment process should comprise a case-by-case examination of the unique combination of factors presented by each child, including the child’s personal, family and cultural background.	评价过程应包括对每位儿童提出的所有独特的情况，包括儿童的个人、家庭和文化背景进行逐个案例的审查。
The guardian and the legal representative should be present during all interviews.	监护人和法律代表应当参加所有访谈。
73. In cases of large-scale refugee movements where individual refugee status determination is not possible, States may grant refugee status to all members of a group.	73. 在大规模难民潮的情况下无法对每个难民的身份加以逐个确认，各国可对某一群体的所有成员授予难民身份。
In such circumstances, all unaccompanied or separated children are entitled to be granted the same status as other members of the particular group.	在这种情况下，所有无人陪伴或无父母陪伴的儿童都有权获得某一特定群体其他成员的同样身份。
(d) Child-sensitive assessment of protection needs, taking into account persecution of a child-specific nature	(d) 考虑到儿童面临的迫害的具体性质对保护需要进行对儿童敏感的评价
74. When assessing refugee claims of unaccompanied or separated children, States shall take into account the development of, and formative relationship between, international human rights and refugee law, including positions developed by UNHCR in exercising its supervisory functions under the 1951 Refugee Convention.	74. 在评价无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童提出的难民身份申请时，各国应考虑国际人权法与难民法，包括难民署根据1951年难民《公约》行使监督职能过程中提出的各种立场的发展动态以及它们之间你中有我、我中有你的关系。
In particular, the refugee definition in that Convention must be interpreted in an age and gender-sensitive manner, taking into account the particular motives for, and forms and manifestations of, persecution experienced by children.	尤其必须采取对年龄和性别敏感的方式解读《公约》所提出的难民定义，兼顾迫害儿童的独特动机，形式和表现。
Persecution of kin; under-age recruitment; trafficking of children for prostitution; and sexual exploitation or subjection to female genital mutilation, are some of the child-specific forms and manifestations of persecution which may justify the granting of refugee status if such acts are related to one of the 1951 Refugee Convention grounds.	因家族血缘遭受迫害；未成年兵招聘；贩卖儿童卖淫；性剥削或女性生殖器残割等等都是迫害儿童的具体形式和表现，如果这类行为与1951年难民《公约》所提出的任何一项理由相符就有理由授予难民身份。
States should, therefore, give utmost attention to such child-specific forms and manifestations of persecution as well as gender-based violence in national refugee status-determination procedures.	因此，各国在国家难民身份确认程序中应高度重视这类专门针对儿童的迫害形式和表现以及基于性别的暴力。
75. Staff involved in status-determination procedures of children, in particular those who are unaccompanied or separated, should receive training on adopting an application of international and national refugee law that is child, cultural, and gender-sensitive.	75. 参加儿童身份确认程序工作的工作人员，尤其是涉及无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童的工作时，应接受培训，以便执行对儿童、文化和性别敏感的国际和国家难民法。
To properly assess asylum claims of children, information on the situation of children, including those belonging to minorities or marginalized groups, should be included in government efforts to collect country-of-origin information.	为适当评价儿童的难民地位申请，各政府在收集原籍国资料时应收集儿童的处境资料，包括属于少数群体或边缘化群体儿童的情况。
(e) Full enjoyment of all international refugee and human rights by children granted refugee status (art. 22)	(e) 获得难民身份的儿童充分享受所有国际难民权利和人权(第22条)
76. Unaccompanied or separated children recognized as refugees and granted asylum do not only enjoy rights under the 1951 Refugee Convention, but are also entitled to the fullest extent to the enjoyment of all human rights granted to children in the territory or subject to the jurisdiction of the State, including those rights which require a lawful stay in the territory.	76. 被确认为难民和获得难民地位的无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童不仅享有1951年难民《公约》所规定的权利，同时还有权在最大程度上享有一国领土上或在一国管辖范围内的儿童所享受的所有人权，包括在该国领土上合法居留才能享受的那些权利。
(f) Children to benefit from complementary forms of protection	(f) 儿童享有补充形式的保护
77. In the case that the requirements for granting refugee status under the 1951 Refugee Convention are not met, unaccompanied and separated children shall benefit from available forms of complementary protection to the extent determined by their protection needs.	77. 在不符合1951年难民《公约》规定的申请难民身份必备条件时，无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童须根据其保护需要尽可能享有现有的补充形式的保护。
The application of such complementary forms of protection does not obviate States’ obligations to address the particular protection needs of the unaccompanied and separated child.	适用这类补充形式的保护并不能排除各国满足无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童具体保护需要的义务。
Therefore, children granted complementary forms of protection are entitled, to the fullest extent, to the enjoyment of all human rights granted to children in the territory or subject to the jurisdiction of the State, including those rights which require a lawful stay in the territory.	因此，获得补充保护的儿童有权在最大程度上享有该国领土或在该国管辖范围内儿童所享有的所有人权，包括必须在该国领土上合法居留才能享受的那些权利。
78. In line with the generally applicable principles and, in particular, those relating to the responsibilities of States with regard to unaccompanied or separated children finding themselves in their territory, children who are neither granted refugee status nor benefiting from complementary forms of protection, will still enjoy protection under all norms of the Convention as long as they remain de facto within the States’ territories and/or subject to its jurisdiction.	78. 根据普遍适用的原则，尤其是根据与各国对无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童进入其领土所应承担责任有关的那些原则，未获得难民身份或未享受补充保护的儿童只要在事实上仍然逗留在该国领土上和/或属于其管辖范围内，仍将享受《公约》所规定的一切形式的保护。
VII. FAMILY REUNIFICATION, RETURN AND OTHER FORMS OF DURABLE SOLUTIONS	七、家庭团聚、遣返和其他长期解决办法
(a) General	(a) 概述
79. The ultimate aim in addressing the fate of unaccompanied or separated children is to identify a durable solution that addresses all their protection needs, takes into account the child’s view and, wherever possible, leads to overcoming the situation of a child being unaccompanied or separated.	79. 处理无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童的命运问题，最终目标是找出一个长期的解决办法，满足所有的保护需要，遵从儿童自己的意见以及尽可能解决儿童无人陪伴或与父母失散的问题。
Efforts to find durable solutions for unaccompanied or separated children should be initiated and implemented without undue delay and, wherever possible, immediately upon the assessment of a child being unaccompanied or separated.	应作出努力，避免不必要的拖延，并在尽可能的情况下在对无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童作出评价之后立即着手为他们找出长期的解决办法。
Following a rights-based approach, the search for a durable solution commences with analysing the possibility of family reunification.	根据以权利为本的方针，要找出长期的解决办法首先是要分析家庭团聚的可能性。
80. Tracing is an essential component of any search for a durable solution and should be prioritized except where the act of tracing, or the way in which tracing is conducted, would be contrary to the best interests of the child or jeopardize fundamental rights of those being traced.	80. 寻亲是寻找任何长期解决办法的基本步骤，除非寻亲本身或寻亲方式违反儿童的最大利益或妨碍被寻找的亲人的基本权利，否则应当把寻亲作为头等大事。
In any case, in conducting tracing activities, no reference should be made to the status of the child as an asylum-seeker or refugee.	无论如何，在寻亲活动中，不应提到儿童作为难民身份申请人或难民的地位。
Subject to all of these conditions, such tracing efforts should also be continued during the asylum procedure.	根据所有这些条件，在审理难民身份申请过程中，也应继续开展这类寻亲工作。
For all children who remain in the territory of the host State, whether on the basis of asylum, complementary forms of protection or due to other legal or factual obstacles to removal, a durable solution must be sought.	在东道国领土上逗留的所有儿童，无论是否具有难民身份，是否获得补充形式的保护，或是由于遣返遇到其他法律和实际障碍而逗留，都应为他们寻找长期的解决方案。
(b) Family reunification	(b) 家庭团聚
81. In order to pay full respect to the obligation of States under article 9 of the Convention to ensure that a child shall not be separated from his or her parents against their will, all efforts should be made to return an unaccompanied or separated child to his or her parents except where further separation is necessary for the best interests of the child, taking full account of the right of the child to express his or her views (art. 12) (see also section IV (e), “Right of the child to express his or her views freely”).	81. 各国根据《公约》第9条有义务保证不得违背儿童父母的意愿使儿童与父母分离，为了充分尊重这一义务，应不遗余力地使无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童重新返回其父 母的身边，除非在充分考虑儿童表达自己意见的权利的前提下，(第12条)(还请参阅第四节(e)“儿童有权自由表达自己的意见”)，继续分离符合儿童的最 大利益时除外。
While the considerations explicitly listed in article 9, paragraph 1, sentence 2, namely, cases involving abuse or neglect of the child by the parents, may prohibit reunification at any location, other best-interests considerations can provide an obstacle to reunification at specific locations only.	根据第九条第一款第二句话所明确作出的规定，在由于父母的虐待或忽视的情况下有可能禁止在任何地点的团聚，其他最大利益考虑只能作为在具体地点团聚的障碍。
82. Family reunification in the country of origin is not in the best interests of the child and should therefore not be pursued where there is a “reasonable risk” that such a return would lead to the violation of fundamental human rights of the child.	82. 当这种遣返存在着“一定风险”，会导致儿童的基本人权遭受侵犯时，在原籍国的家庭团聚不符合儿童的最大利益，因此不应作出这种安排。
Such risk is indisputably documented in the granting of refugee status or in a decision of the competent authorities on the applicability of non-refoulement obligations (including those deriving from article 3 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and articles 6 and 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights).	授予难民身份或主管当局就适用不驱回义务(包括《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》第3条以及《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第六条和第七条所承担的义务)作出的决定已对这种风险作出了明确无疑的确认。
Accordingly, the granting of refugee status constitutes a legally binding obstacle to return to the country of origin and, consequently, to family reunification therein.	因此，授予难民身份构成遣返原籍国以及不言而喻在原籍国实现家庭团聚的具有法律约束力的障碍。
Where the circumstances in the country of origin contain lower level risks and there is concern, for example, of the child being affected by the indiscriminate effects of generalized violence, such risks must be given full attention and balanced against other rights-based considerations, including the consequences of further separation.	若原籍国存在的风险不大，但若仍然令人担心儿童会受到普遍暴力不可避免的影响，就应充分重视这类风险，并且与其他权利方面的考虑因素，包括继续与亲人分离的后果一道加以权衡考虑。
In this context, it must be recalled that the survival of the child is of paramount importance and a precondition for the enjoyment of any other rights.	在此情况下，必须考虑的是儿童的生存具有压倒一切的重要意义，也是享受任何其他权利的先决条件。
83. Whenever family reunification in the country of origin is not possible, irrespective of whether this is due to legal obstacles to return or whether the best-interests-based balancing test has decided against return, the obligations under article 9 and 10 of the Convention come into effect and should govern the host country’s decisions on family reunification therein.	83. 在不可能在原籍国实现家庭团聚的情况下，无论造成这种局面的原因是存在着遣返的法律障碍或是在权衡最大利益之后决定不予遣返，根据《公约》第9条和10条承担的义务生效，东道国必须根据这些义务作出在其国内实现家庭团聚的决定。
In this context, States parties are particularly reminded that “applications by a child or his or her parents to enter or leave a State party for the purpose of family reunification shall be dealt with by States parties in a positive, humane and expeditious manner” and “shall entail no adverse consequences for the applicants and for the members of their family” (art.	在此情况下，特别要提请缔约国“对于儿童或其父母要求进入或离开一缔约国以便与家庭团聚的申请，缔约国应以积极的人道主义态度迅速予以办理”以及“还应确保申请人及其家庭成员不致因提出这类请求而承受不利后果”(第10条第1款)。
10 (1)). Countries of origin must respect “the right of the child and his or her parents to leave any country, including their own, and to enter their own country” (art. 10 (2)).	原籍国必须尊重“儿童及其父母离开包括其本国在内的任何国家和进入其本国的权利”(第10条第2款)。
(c) Return to the country of origin	(c) 返回原籍国
84. Return to the country of origin is not an option if it would lead to a “reasonable risk” that such return would result in the violation of fundamental human rights of the child, and in particular, if the principle of non-refoulement applies.	84. 如果返回原籍国会带来“一定风险”，使儿童的基本人权遭受侵犯，而且尤其是当不驱回原则适用的时候，那么就不应将返回原籍国作为一项选择。
Return to the country of origin shall in principle only be arranged if such return is in the best interests of the child.	原则上说只有返回原籍国符合儿童的最大利益才作出返回安排。
Such a determination shall, inter alia, take into account:	在作出这样的决定时尤其应考虑到：
The safety, security and other conditions, including socio-economic conditions, awaiting the child upon return, including through home study, where appropriate, conducted by social network organizations;	当儿童返回时将面临的安全、治安和其他状况，包括社会经济状况，应当酌情由社会网络组织通过家庭研究来调查这些状况；
The availability of care arrangements for that particular child;	是否已为儿童作了照料安排；
The views of the child expressed in exercise of his or her right to do so under article 12 and those of the caretakers;	这名儿童根据第12条行使表达自己意见的权利以及照料者的意见；
The child’s level of integration in the host country and the duration of absence from the home country;	儿童在东道国融入的程度以及离开原籍国的时间长短；
The child’s right “to preserve his or her identity, including nationality, name and family relations” (art. 8);	儿童有权“维护其身份，包括国籍、姓名及家庭关系”(第8条)；
The “desirability of continuity in a child’s upbringing and to the child’s ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic background” (art. 20).	“有必要使儿童的培养教育具有连续性和注意儿童的族裔、宗教、文化和语言背景”(第20条)。
85. In the absence of the availability of care provided by parents or members of the extended family, return to the country of origin should, in principle, not take place without advance secure and concrete arrangements of care and custodial responsibilities upon return to the country of origin.	85. 若父母或大家庭的成员不能提供照料，同时在返回原籍国时又没有事先作出可靠和具体的照料和监护责任安排，原则上就不应返回原籍国。
86. Exceptionally, a return to the home country may be arranged, after careful balancing of the child’s best interests and other considerations, if the latter are rights-based and override best interests of the child.	86. 在特殊情况下，在对儿童的最大利益和其他考虑作出认真的权衡之后，如果其他考虑是以权利为基础的，并且比儿童的最大利益更为重要，就可能安排返回原籍国。
Such may be the case in situations in which the child constitutes a serious risk to the security of the State or to the society.	如一名儿童构成对国家安全或对社会治安的严重威胁时就可能作出这种安排。
Non-rights-based arguments such as those relating to general migration control, cannot override best interests considerations.	无关权利方面的理由，如一般移民管制的理由不能作为压倒最大利益的考虑。
87. In all cases return measures must be conducted in a safe, child-appropriate and gender-sensitive manner.	87. 在任何情况下，都必须以安全、适合儿童和对性别敏感的方式采取遣返措施。
88. Countries of origin are also reminded in this context of their obligations pursuant to article 10 of the Convention and, in particular, to respect “the right of the child and his or her parents to leave any country, including their own, and to enter their own country”.	88. 也提请原籍国注意根据《公约》第10条在这方面应承担的义务，尤其是尊重“儿童及其父母离开包括本国在内的任何国家和进入其本国的权利”。
(d) Local integration	(d) 融入当地社会
89. Local integration is the primary option if return to the country of origin is impossible on either legal or factual grounds.	89. 如果因法律或实际上的原因不能返回原籍国，那么融入当地社会就成为首要的选择。
Local integration must be based on a secure legal status (including residence status) and be governed by the Convention rights that are fully applicable to all children who remain in the country, irrespective of whether this is due to their recognition as a refugee, other legal obstacles to return, or whether the best-interests-based balancing test has decided against return.	融入当地社会必须以法律地位保障(包括居留身份)为基础，同时也享有逗留在该国的所有儿童所充分享受的《公约》权利，无论是否由于因获得难民地位，或是遣返存在着其他法律障碍，还是由于在权衡最大利益之后决定不予遣返。
90. Once it has been determined that a separated or unaccompanied child will remain in the community, the relevant authorities should conduct an assessment of the child’s situation and then, in consultation with the child and his or her guardian, determine the appropriate long-term arrangements within the local community and other necessary measures to facilitate such integration.	90. 一旦确定一位无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童将留在社区时，有关当局应对这名儿童的情况进行评估，然后与这名儿童及其监护人协商确定在当地的长期安排，并采取其他必要措施使儿童尽快融入社区。
The long-term placement should be decided in the best interests of the child and, at this stage, institutional care should, wherever possible, serve only as a last resort.	长期安置应符合儿童的最大利益，在这一阶段，只有在不得已的情况下才作出机构收容的安排。
The separated or unaccompanied child should have the same access to rights (including to education, training, employment and health care) as enjoyed by national children.	无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童应享有作为国民的儿童的同等权利(包括教育、培训、就业和卫生保健的权利)。
In ensuring that these rights are fully enjoyed by the unaccompanied or separated child, the host country may need to pay special attention to the extra measures required to address the child’s vulnerable status, including, for example, through extra language training.	东道国为保证无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童充分享有这些权利，有必要作出特别的努力，采取额外措施，帮助儿童摆脱脆弱困境，包括提供额外的语言训练等。
(e) Intercountry adoption (art. 21)	(e) 跨国收养(第21条)
91. States must have full respect for the preconditions provided under article 21 of the Convention as well as other relevant international instruments, including in particular the Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Inter-Country Adoption and its 1994 Recommendation Concerning the Application to Refugee and other Internationally Displaced Children when considering the adoption of unaccompanied and separated children.	91. 各国在考虑无人陪伴和无父母陪伴儿童的收养问题时，必须全面尊重《公约》第21条以及其他有关国际文书所规定的先决条件，特别是《关于在跨国收养方面保护儿童和进行合作的海牙公约》、及其1994关于对难民和其他国际流离失所儿童适用问题的建议。
States should, in particular, observe the following:	各缔约国尤其应注意以下事项：
Adoption of unaccompanied or separated children should only be considered once it has been established that the child is in a position to be adopted.	只有在确定某一名儿童具备被收养的条件时，才可以考虑无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童的收养问题。
In practice, this means, inter alia, that efforts with regard to tracing and family reunification have failed, or that the parents have consented to the adoption.	在实践中这意味着寻找亲人和家庭团聚的所有努力均告失败，或儿童的父母同意收养。
The consent of parents and the consent of other persons, institutions and authorities that are necessary for adoption must be free and informed.	要在知情的情况下作出收养决定并使收养做到免费，就必须得到父母的同意以及其他人、机构和当局的同意。
This supposes notably that such consent has not been induced by payment or compensation of any kind and has not been withdrawn;	这就是说，并没有在金钱或其他任何补偿的诱惑下同意收养，同时也没有撤回收养决定；
Unaccompanied or separated children must not be adopted in haste at the height of an emergency;	不得在紧急情况的高峰时期匆匆忙忙地将无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童进行收养；
Any adoption must be determined as being in the child’s best interests and carried out in keeping with applicable national, international and customary law;	必须根据儿童的最大利益作出收养决定，并根据适用的国家、国际和习惯法进行收养；
The views of the child, depending upon his/her age and degree of maturity, should be sought and taken into account in all adoption procedures.	在所有收养程序中必须视儿童的年龄和成熟程度征询和考虑儿童本人的意见。
This requirement implies that he/she has been counselled and duly informed of the consequences of adoption and of his/her consent to adoption, where such consent is required.	这项要求意味着在需要得到本人同意的情况下必须咨询儿童的意见，并让他/她了解收养的后果，并将同意的后果适当通知本人。
Such consent must have been given freely and not induced by payment or compensation of any kind;	必须在自由的情况下、不得以任何金钱或任何其他形式的补偿作为诱惑获得这种同意；
Priority must be given to adoption by relatives in their country of residence.	应首先考虑让其居留国内的亲属加以收养。
Where this is not an option, preference will be given to adoption within the community from which the child came or at least within his or her own culture;	如果这一点做不到，就应当优先考虑让儿童所在社区内的人或至少文化与其相同的人家收养；
Adoption should not be considered:	在以下情况下不应考虑收养：
Where there is reasonable hope of successful tracing and family reunification is in the child’s best interests;	成功地找到亲人有一定的希望，而且家庭团聚符合儿童的最大利益；
If it is contrary to the expressed wishes of the child or the parents;	如果不符合儿童或其父母所表达的意愿；
Unless a reasonable time has passed during which all feasible steps to trace the parents or other surviving family members has been carried out.	采取一切可行的办法，寻找父母或其他存活的家庭成员，但须等待相当长的一段时间。
This period of time may vary with circumstances, in particular, those relating to the ability to conduct proper tracing; however, the process of tracing must be completed within a reasonable period of time;	这段时间的长短因情况不同而定，尤其取决于展开适当的寻亲工作的能力；然而，寻找亲人的过程也必须在一定时期内结束；
Adoption in a country of asylum should not be taken up when there is the possibility of voluntary repatriation under conditions of safety and dignity in the near future.	如果在不久的将来存在着在安全和有尊严的情况下实现自愿遣返的可能性，就不应当在庇护国进行收养。
(f) Resettlement in a third country	(f) 在第三国定居
92. Resettlement to a third country may offer a durable solution for an accompanied or separated child who cannot return to the country of origin and for whom no durable solution can be envisaged in the host country.	92. 对于无法返回原籍国并且在东道国无法找到长期解决办法的无人陪伴或无父母陪伴的儿童而言，在第三国定居不失为长期的解决办法。
The decision to resettle an unaccompanied or separated child must be based on an updated, comprehensive and thorough best-interests assessment, taking into account, in particular, ongoing international and other protection needs.	必须根据对最大利益的最新的、全面的和深入的评价，尤其是兼顾现行的国际和其他保护需要，作出让无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童定居的决定。
Resettlement is particularly called for if such is the only means to effectively and sustainably protect a child against refoulement or against persecution or other serious human rights violations in the country of stay.	如果定居是唯一的途径，能够有效和持续地保护儿童不被驱回或在其逗留国不受迫害或遭受其他严重的违反人权行为的损害，那么尤其应当采用定居的办法。
Resettlement is also in the best interests of the unaccompanied or separated child if it serves family reunification in the resettlement country.	如果无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童能够在定居国内实现家庭团聚，那么定居也是符合其最大利益的。
93. The best-interests assessment determination, prior to a decision to resettle, needs also to take into account other factors such as: the envisaged duration of legal or other obstacles to a child’s return to his or her home country; the child’s right to preserve his or her identity, including nationality and name (art. 8); the child’s age, sex, emotional state, educational and family background; continuity/discontinuity of care in the host country; the desirability of continuity in a child’s upbringing and to the child’s ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic background (art. 20); the right of the child to preserve his or her family relations (art. 8) and related short, medium and long-term possibilities of family reunion either in the home, host, or resettlement country.	93. 在作出定居决定之前进行最大利益的评价时需要考虑以下等方面的因素：预计对一名儿童返回其原籍国的法律或其他障碍持续的时间；儿童有权维持其身份，包括国 籍和姓名(第8条)；儿童的年龄、性别、心理素质、教育和家庭背景；在东道国获得的照料连续/不连续；有必要使儿童的培养教育具有连续性，并注意儿童的族 裔、宗教、文化和语言背景(第20条)；儿童有权维持其家庭关系(第8条)以及在原籍国、东道国或定居国有家庭团聚的短期、中期和长期可能性。
Unaccompanied or separated children should never be resettled to a third country if this would undermine or seriously hamper future reunion with their family.	如果在第三国定居会损害或严重妨碍无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童未来与其家庭团聚的可能性，就绝对不应该让他们在第三国定居。
94. States are encouraged to provide resettlement opportunities in order to meet all the resettlement needs related to unaccompanied and separated children.	94. 鼓励各国提供定居的机会，以便满足无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童的所有定居需要。
VIII. TRAINING, DATA AND STATISTICS	八、培训、数据和统计
(a) Training of personnel dealing with unaccompanied and separated children	(a) 对安置无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童的工作人员进行培训
95. Particular attention should be paid to the training of officials working with separated and unaccompanied children and dealing with their cases.	95. 应特别重视为那些从事无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童安置工作和处理其案情的官员提供培训。
Specialized training is equally important for legal representatives, guardians, interpreters and others dealing with separated and unaccompanied children.	也应为法律代表、监护人、翻译和其他处理无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童事务的人提供专业培训。
96. Such training should be specifically tailored to the needs and rights of the groups concerned.	96. 应当根据有关群体的需要和权利量体裁衣，设计出特别的培训方案。
Nevertheless, certain key elements should be included in all training programmes, including:	尽管如此，在所有培训方案中应当纳入一些主要内容，其中包括：
Principles and provisions of the Convention;	《公约》的原则和规定；
Knowledge of the country of origin of separated and unaccompanied children;	对无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童原籍国的了解；
Appropriate interview techniques;	适当的访谈技巧；
Child development and psychology;	儿童发育和心理学；
Cultural sensitivity and intercultural communication.	文化敏感度和跨文化交流。
97. Initial training programmes should also be followed up regularly, including through on-the-job learning and professional networks.	97. 在初步培训方案结束后也应定期加以进一步的跟进，包括开展在职培训和建立专业网络。
(b) Data and statistics on separated and unaccompanied children	(b) 关于无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童的数据和统计
98. It is the experience of the Committee that data and statistics collected with regard to unaccompanied and separated children tends to be limited to the number of arrivals and/or number of requests for asylum.	98. 委员会注意到就无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童所搜集的数据和统计通常有限，无法说明抵达人数和/或申请难民地位的人数。
This data is insufficient for a detailed analysis of the implementation of the rights of such children.	由于数据不足，难以对这类儿童权利得到落实的情况进行详细深入的分析。
Furthermore, data and statistics are often collected by a variety of different ministries or agencies, which can impede further analysis and presents potential concerns with regard to confidentiality and a child’s right to privacy.	此外，通常由各个不同的部委或机构收集这类数据和统计，造成难以作出进一步的分析，同时对保密和维护儿童的隐私权带来了潜在的问题。
99. Accordingly, the development of a detailed and integrated system of data collection on unaccompanied and separated children is a prerequisite for the development of effective policies for the implementation of the rights of such children.	99. 应当开发出一个周全和综合的数据收集系统，以收集无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童的数据，这是为落实这类儿童的权利制定有效政策的一个先决条件。
100. Data collected within such a system should ideally include but not be limited to: basic biographical data on each child (including age, sex, country of origin and nationality, ethnic group); total number of unaccompanied and separated children attempting to enter the country and the number that have been refused entry; number of requests for asylum; number of legal representatives and guardians assigned to such children; legal and immigration status (i.e. asylum-seeker, refugee, temporary resident permit); living arrangements (i.e. in institutions, with families or living independently); enrolment in school or vocational training; family reunifications; and, numbers returned to their country of origin.	100. 这一系统所收集的数据最好能包括、但不一定要局限于以下内容：每个儿童的基本生平数据，包括年龄、性别、原籍国和国籍、族裔群体；试图进入该国的无人陪伴 或无父母陪伴儿童的总人数以及被拒绝入境的人数；提出难民地位申请的人数；为这类儿童指定的法律代表和监护人的人数；法律和移民地位(如寻求庇护者、难 民、临时居留证)；生活安排，例如在收容院(与家庭在一起或独立生活)；上学和接受职业培训人数；家庭团聚；以及返回原籍国的人数。
In addition, States parties should consider collecting qualitative data that would allow them to analyse issues that remain insufficiently addressed, such as for instance, disappearances of unaccompanied and separated children and the impact of trafficking.	此外，各缔约国应考虑收集质量数据，使他们对一些未能充分得到解决的问题加以分析，如无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童的失踪人数以及贩卖造成的影响等等。
Notes	注
These Guiding Principles are jointly endorsed by the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Rescue Committee, Save the Children/UK, UNICEF, UNHCR, and World Vision International.	红十字国际委员会、国际救援委员会、救助儿童/联合王国、儿童基金会、难民署、世界显圣国际社共同批准了这些指导原则。
They are intended to guide the work of all members of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee with respect to unaccompanied and separated children.	这些原则旨在指导机构间常设委员会的所有成员就无人陪伴或无父母陪伴儿童所开展的工作。
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (A/CONF.157/23) adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights, held in Vienna, 14-25 June 1993.	1993年6月14日至25日在维也纳举行的世界人权大会通过的《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》(A/CONF.157/23)。
On child-specific forms and manifestations of persecution more generally, see section VI (d) below “Child sensitive assessment of protection needs, taking into account persecution of a child-specific nature”.	关于儿童所面临的迫害的具体形式和表现的一般的情况，请参阅下文第六节(d)“考虑到儿童面临的迫害的具体性质对保护需要进行对儿童敏感的评价”。