CRC/GC/7/Rev.1 2006044380_ENG.doc (English)	CRC/GC/7/Rev.1 2006044379_CHI.doc (Chinese)
CRC/C/GC/7/Rev.1	CRC/C/GC/7/Rev.1
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CRC/C/GC/7/Rev.1	联合国
page UNITED NATIONS	CRC/C/GC/7/Rev.1
CRC	page
Convention on the Rights of the Child	GE. 06-44379 (C)
Distr. GENERAL	021006
CRC/C/GC/7/Rev.1 20 September 2006	031006儿童权利委员会
Original: ENGLISH	第四十届会议
COMMITTEE ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD Fortieth Session Geneva, 12-30 September 2005	2006年9月12日至30日，日内瓦
GENERAL COMMENT No. 7 (2005)	第7号一般性意见(2005年)
Implementing child rights in early childhood	在幼儿期落实儿童权利
I. INTRODUCTION	一、导 言
1.	1.
This general comment arises out of the Committee’s experiences of reviewing States parties’ reports.	本一般性意见源自委员会审查缔约国报告方面的经历。
In many cases, very little information has been offered about early childhood, with comments limited mainly to child mortality, birth registration and health care.	在许多情况下，缔约国提供的关于幼儿的资料极少，相关意见主要限于婴幼儿死亡率、出生登记和医疗保健。
The Committee felt the need for a discussion on the broader implications of the Convention on the Rights of the Child for young children.	委员会认为，有必要就《儿童权利公约》对幼儿更为广泛的影响展开讨论。
Accordingly, in 2004, the Committee devoted its day of general discussion to the theme “Implementing child rights in early childhood”.	据此，2004年，委员会的一般性讨论日专门讨论了“在幼儿期落实儿童权利”这一主题。
This resulted in a set of recommendations (see CRC/C/143, sect. VII) as well as the decision to prepare a general comment on this important topic.	通过这次讨论，提出了一套建议(见CRC/C/143，第七节)，并决定就这项重要问题编写一个一般性意见。
Through this general comment, the Committee wishes to encourage recognition that young children are holders of all rights enshrined in the Convention and that early childhood is a critical period for the realization of these rights.	通过本一般性意见，委员会愿促使人们认识到，幼儿是《公约》所载一切权利的主体，而且幼儿期是实现这些权利的一个关键时期。
The Committee’s working definition of “early childhood” is all young children: at birth and throughout infancy;	委员会为“幼儿期”确定的工作定义是指所有幼儿：新生儿和婴儿、学龄前儿童以及向正式入学过渡的儿童(见下文第4段)。
during the preschool years;	二、一般性意见的目的
as well as during the transition to school (see paragraph 4 below).	2. 一般性意见的目的是：
II.	(a)
OBJECTIVES OF THE GENERAL COMMENT	加深对所有幼儿的人权的理解，提请缔约国重视它们对幼儿的义务；
2.	(b)
The objectives of the general comment are:	就影响到权利的实现的幼儿期具体特点发表评论；
(a)	(c)
To strengthen understanding of the human rights of all young children and to draw States parties’ attention to their obligations towards young children;	鼓励人们认识到幼儿从生命开始起就属于有着特殊兴趣、能力和脆弱性的社会行为者，并认识到需要在他们行使权利过程中提供保护、指导和支持；
(b)	(d)
To comment on the specific features of early childhood that impact on the realization of rights;	提请注意在执行《公约》之时需要考虑到的幼儿期的多样性，包括幼儿所处环境、他们的经历特点以及影响其成长的因素等方面的多样性；
GE.06-44380	(e)
(c) To encourage recognition of young children as social actors from the beginning of life, with particular interests, capacities and vulnerabilities, and of requirements for protection, guidance and support in the exercise of their rights;	指出不同社会在要求和对待儿童方面的差别，包括应当尊重的当地习惯和习俗，但与儿童权利相抵触的习惯和习俗除外； (f) 强调幼儿容易处于贫困状态，容易遭受歧视，遭受家庭破裂的伤害，而且容易遭受侵犯其权利和损害其福利的其他多种不利因素的影响；
(d)	(g)
To draw attention to diversities within early childhood that need to be taken into account when implementing the Convention, including diversities in young children’s circumstances, in the quality of their experiences and in the influences shaping their development;	通过制定和倡导专门针对幼儿权利的全面政策、法律、方案和做法，并提倡在这方面开展专业培训和研究，推动所有幼儿权利的实现。 三、人权与幼儿
(e)	3.
To point to variations in cultural expectations and treatment of children, including local customs and practices that should be respected, except where they contravene the rights of the child; (f)	幼儿是权利主体。 《儿童权利公约》将儿童界定为“18岁以下的任何人，除非对其适用之法律规定成年年龄低于18岁”(第1条)。 因此，幼儿是《公约》所载一切权利的主体。
To emphasize the vulnerability of young children to poverty, discrimination, family breakdown and multiple other adversities that violate their rights and undermine their well-being;	他们有资格得益于特殊保护措施，并且依据其逐步发展的能力，逐步行使其权利。
(g) To contribute to the realization of rights for all young children through formulation and promotion of comprehensive policies, laws, programmes, practices, professional training and research specifically focused on rights in early childhood.	委 员会感到关切的是，在履行《公约》之下的义务过程中，缔约国没有对属于权利主体的幼儿给予足够重视，也没有对在这一儿童期独特阶段实现其权利所需的法律、 政策和方案给予足够重视。 委员会重申，应当在考虑到所有人权的普遍性、不可分割性和相互依赖性原则的前提下，在幼儿期完整地适用《儿童权利公约》。 4.
III.	幼儿期的定义。
HUMAN RIGHTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN	在不同国家和地区，幼儿期的定义因当地传统和小学的设置而有所不同。
3.	在有些国家，学龄前儿童过了4岁即可正式入学。
Young children are rights holders.	在另一些国家，正式入学年龄为7岁左右。
The Convention on the Rights of the Child defines a child as “every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier” (art. 1).	在审议幼儿期权利方面，委员会希望将所有幼儿都包括在内：新生儿和婴儿、学龄前儿童以及向正式入学过渡的儿童。 据此，委员会建议将八岁以下的时期作为幼儿期恰当的工作定义。
Consequently, young children are holders of all the rights enshrined in the Convention.	缔约国应当联系这一定义，审查其对幼儿承担的义务。 5. 为幼儿期制订一项积极的议程。
They are entitled to special protection measures and, in accordance with their evolving capacities, the progressive exercise of their rights.	委员会鼓励缔约国制订一项维护幼儿期权利的积极议程。 传统观念将幼儿期主要视为儿童适应社会生活，从未成年向成年发展的时期，这种观念现在需要转变。
The Committee is concerned that in implementing their obligations under the Convention, States parties have not given sufficient attention to young children as rights holders and to the laws, policies and programmes required to realize their rights during this distinct phase of their childhood.	《公约》要求给予包括婴幼儿在内的儿童本身作为人应受到的尊重。 应当将幼儿视为家庭、社区和社会的积极成员，他们有着自己的关切、兴趣和看法。 为行使其权利，幼儿在抚育、情感关注及悉心指导方面有着特殊需要，在社会游戏、探索和学习方面也需要时间和空间。
The Committee reaffirms that the Convention on the Rights of the Child is to be applied holistically in early childhood, taking account of the principle of the universality, indivisibility and interdependence of all human rights.	可在幼儿期法律、政策和方案框架内以最佳方式制订计划，满足这些需要，包括制订一项执行和独立监测计划，例如，为此可采取任命一名儿童权利专员以及评估法律和政策对儿童的影响(见关于独立人权机构的作用的第2号一般性意见(2002)，第19段)等做法。
4.	6.
Definition of early childhood.	幼儿期特点。 幼儿期是实现儿童权利的一个关键时期。 在这一时期：
Definitions of early childhood vary in different countries and regions, according to local traditions and the organization of primary school systems.	(a) 不论是从幼儿身体和神经系统的成熟、活动能力、沟通技巧和智力的增加来看，还是从其兴趣和能力的迅速转变来看，幼儿都经历着人生中发育成长和变化最快的阶段； (b)
In some countries, the transition from preschool to school occurs soon after 4 years old.	幼儿在情感上形成对其父母或其他养育人的强烈的依恋，从后者那里寻求并得到抚育、指导和保护，此种抚育、指导和保护的给予以尊重幼儿的个性和能力发展的方式进行；
In other countries, this transition takes place at around 7 years old.	(c) 幼儿建立自己与同龄儿童以及与比其年幼和年长儿童的重要关系。
In its consideration of rights in early childhood, the Committee wishes to include all young children: at birth and throughout infancy;	通过这些关系，他们学会商谈和协调共同的活动，解决冲突，遵守协议并承担对他人的责任； (d) 幼儿积极认识他们所居住的世界的物质、社会和文化方面，逐步从其活动以及与包括儿童和成年人在内的其他人的交往中学习知识；
during the preschool years;	(e)
as well as during the transition to school.	幼儿早期可为达到身心健康、培养情绪安全感、形成文化和个人特性以及培养能力奠定基础；
Accordingly, the Committee proposes as an appropriate working definition of early childhood the period below the age of 8 years;	(f) 幼儿的成长经历，因其个性、性别、生活条件、家庭状况、照料安排和所受教育而有所不同； (g)
States parties should review their obligations towards young children in the context of this definition.	有关幼儿的需求和恰当待遇及其在家庭和社会中的积极作用的文化观念，对于幼儿的成长经历有着重大影响。
5.	7.
A positive agenda for early childhood.	尊重每个幼儿的独特兴趣、经历及面临的挑战，是在其人生的这一关键阶段实现其权利的出发点。
The Committee encourages States parties to construct a positive agenda for rights in early childhood.	8. 幼儿期研究。 委员会注意到，越来越多的理论和研究证实，将幼儿视为社会行为者最为恰当，他们的生存、福利和成长取决于并且建立密切的关系。
A shift away from traditional beliefs that regard early childhood mainly as a period for the socialization of the immature human being towards mature adult status is required.	这些关系的另一方通常是少数关键人员，他们往往是父母、大家庭成员和同伴，以及养育人和其他幼儿专业人员。
The Convention requires that children, including the very youngest children, be respected as persons in their own right.	同时，对幼儿期社会和文化方面的研究，提醒人们注意对幼儿的成长的理解和规定所依据的不同方式，包括对幼儿的不同期望，以及在幼儿照料和教育方面的不同安排等。
Young children should be recognized as active members of families, communities and societies, with their own concerns, interests and points of view.	现代社会的一个特点是，越来越多的幼儿在多文化社会中长大，他们所处的环境在发生迅速的社会变革，在这一环境中，有关幼儿的看法和对幼儿的期望也在发生变化，其中包括更多地承认幼儿的权利。
For the exercise of their rights, young children have particular requirements for physical nurturance, emotional care and sensitive guidance, as well as for time and space for social play, exploration and learning.	委员会鼓励缔约国以与当地情况和变化中的习俗相适应的方式，利用关于幼儿期的看法和知识，并尊重传统价值观，但条件是这些价值观不具歧视性(《公约》第2条)，无损于儿童的健康和福利(第24条第3款)，也不违背儿童的最大利益(第3条)。
These requirements can best be planned for within a framework of laws, policies and programmes for early childhood, including a plan for implementation and independent monitoring, for example through the appointment of a children’s rights commissioner, and through assessments of the impact of laws and policies on children (see general comment No. 2 (2002) on the role of independent human rights institutions, para. 19).6.	最后，研究指出，营养不良、疾病、贫困、 忽视、社会排斥以及一系列其他有害因素对幼儿尤其构成威胁。 研究显示，幼儿期恰当的预防和干预战略可对幼儿的福利和前途产生积极影响。 因此，在幼儿期落实儿童权利，是一种有效手段，有助于防止儿童中期和青春期出现个人、社会和教育问题(见关于青少年健康和成长的第4号一般性意见 (2003年))。
Features of early childhood.	四、幼儿期总原则和权利 9.
Early childhood is a critical period for realizing children’s rights.	委员会认为，《公约》第2、第3、第6条和第12条属于总原则(见关于执行《公约》的一般措施的第5号一般性意见(2003年))。
During this period:	其中，每项原则都对幼儿期的权利产生着影响。 10.
(a)	生命权、生存权和成长权。
Young children experience the most rapid period of growth and change during the human lifespan, in terms of their maturing bodies and nervous systems, increasing mobility, communication skills and intellectual capacities, and rapid shifts in their interests and abilities; (b)	第6条提及儿童固有的生命权，还规定缔约国有义务最大限度地确保儿童的生存和 成长。 现敦促缔约国采取一切可能措施，改善围产期母婴照料，降低婴儿和儿童死亡率，并创造条件，增进所有幼儿在其人生这一关键阶段的福利。 营养不良和可预防疾病依然是幼儿期权利的落实所面临的主要障碍。
Young children form strong emotional attachments to their parents or other caregivers, from whom they seek and require nurturance, care, guidance and protection, in ways that are respectful of their individuality and growing capacities; (c)	确 保生存和身体健康是优先事项，但委员会提醒缔约国：第6条涵盖成长的所有方面，而且幼儿的健康和社会心理福利在许多方面是相互依存的。 不利的生活条件、忽视、照料不周或虐待以及对人的潜力发挥加以限制等，都会对这两者构成威胁。 在极为困难的环境中长大的幼儿需要受到特殊关注(见下文第七节)。
Young children establish their own important relationships with children of the same age, as well as with younger and older children.	委员会提醒缔约国(和其他相关方)：生存权和成长权只能从整体上加以落实，为此必须执行《公约》所有其他条款，包括落实健康权、适足营养权、社会保障权、适足生活水平权、享有卫生和安全环境的权利、受教育的权利以及游戏权(第24、27、28、29和31条)；
Through these relationships they learn to negotiate and coordinate shared activities, resolve conflicts, keep agreements and accept responsibility for others;	另外还须尊重父母的责任，并提供协助和高质量服务(第5和18条)。 儿童从幼年起就应当能够参与提倡合理摄取营养和采取健康、卫生的生活方式的活动。
(d)	11.
Young children actively make sense of the physical, social and cultural dimensions of the world they inhabit, learning progressively from their activities and their interactions with others, children as well as adults;	不受歧视的权利。 第2条规定每个儿童都应能在不受任何歧视的情况下享受相关权利。 委员会敦促缔约国明确这项原则对于在幼儿期实现权利的影响：
(e)	(a)
Young children’s earliest years are the foundation for their physical and mental health, emotional security, cultural and personal identity, and developing competencies;	第2条的含义是：不得基于任何理由对一般幼儿实现歧视，例如，在法律未能为包括幼儿在内的所有儿童提供同等保护使其免遭暴力的情况下。 由于相对处于弱势且需依靠他人来落实其权利，幼儿特别可能遭受歧视；
(f)	(b)
Young children’s experiences of growth and development vary according to their individual nature, as well as their gender, living conditions, family organization, care arrangements and education systems;	第2条还有如下含义：不得对特定群体幼儿实行歧视。 歧视还可能以以下形式出现：降低营养水平； 不给予充分照料和关注；
(g)	限制游戏，学习和受教育的机会；
Young children’s experiences of growth and development are powerfully shaped by cultural beliefs about their needs and proper treatment, and about their active role in family and community.	或禁止自由表达感情和看法等。 歧视也可能表现为提供苛刻待遇和提出不合理要求，这种待遇和要求可能具有剥削或虐待性质。 例如：
7.	(一)
Respecting the distinctive interests, experiences and challenges facing every young child is the starting point for realizing their rights during this crucial phase of their lives.	对 女童的歧视是对权利的一种严重侵犯，这种侵犯影响到女童的生存及其年轻生命的各个方面，同时也限制了女童对社会作积极贡献的能力。 女童可能因选择性堕胎、女性生殖器残割、遗弃和杀婴行为，包括不向婴儿提供充足食物等行为而受害。 女童还可能被要求承担过多的家庭责任，并可能被剥夺接受幼儿期教育和初等教育的机会；
8.	(二)
Research into early childhood.	对残疾儿童的歧视会减少此种儿童生存的可能性并降低其生活质量。
The Committee notes the growing body of theory and research which confirms that young children are best understood as social actors whose survival, well-being and development are dependent on and built around close relationships. These relationships are normally with a small number of key people, most often parents, members of the extended family and peers, as well as caregivers and other early childhood professionals. At the same time, research into the social and cultural dimensions of early childhood draws attention to the diverse ways in which early development is understood and enacted, including varying expectations of the young child and arrangements for his or her care and education. A feature of modern societies is that increasing numbers of young children are growing up in multicultural communities and in contexts marked by rapid social change, where beliefs and expectations about young children are also changing, including through greater recognition of their rights. States parties are encouraged to draw on beliefs and knowledge about early childhood in ways that are appropriate to local circumstances and changing practices, and respect traditional values, provided these are not discriminatory, (article 2 of the Convention) nor prejudicial to children’s health and well-being (art. 24.3), nor against their best interests (art. 3).
Finally, research has highlighted the particular risks to young children from malnutrition, disease, poverty, neglect, social exclusion and a range of other adversities.	这些儿童有权得到其他儿童得到的照料、营养、抚育和鼓励。 他们也许还需要得到额外、特殊协助，以使其能够融入社会，并使其权利得到落实； (三)
It shows that proper prevention and intervention strategies during early childhood have the potential to impact positively on young children’s current well-being and future prospects.	对感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病或受艾滋病毒/艾滋病影响的儿童的歧视，会使他们失去他们最需要的帮助和支持。 此种歧视可能存在于公共政策和服务的提供及利用方面，并存在于一些侵犯这些儿童的权利的日常做法中(还见第27段)。 (四)
Implementing child rights in early childhood is thus an effective way to help prevent personal, social and educational difficulties during middle childhood and adolescence (see general comment No. 4 (2003) on adolescent health and development).	与种族、阶级/种姓、个人情况和生活方式或(儿童或其父母的)政治见解和宗教信仰有关的歧视，会使儿童无法充分参与社会。 这种歧视会影响到父母履行对子女的责任的能力。 它会影响到儿童的机会，伤害儿童的自尊，还会助长儿童之间和成人之间的怨恨和冲突；
III.	(五)
GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND RIGHTS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD	遭受多种歧视(例如，与种族、社会和文化地位、性别和/或残疾有关的歧视)的幼儿尤其面临着威胁。
9.	12.
The Committee has identified articles 2, 3, 6 and 12 of the Convention as general principles (see general comment No. 5 (2003) on the general measures of implementation of the Convention).	幼儿还可能因其父母遭受歧视而受害，例如，非婚生儿童或在偏离传统价值观的情形中出生的儿童，或父母是难民或寻求庇护者的儿童，可能因此而受害。 缔约国有责任监测并打击歧视现象，不论它以何种形式、在何处——家庭、社区、学校或其他机构中——出现。
Each principle has implications for rights in early childhood.	在幼儿利用高质量服务方面可能存在的歧视尤为令人关注，特别是在卫生保健、教育、福利和其他服务尚未普及而且以国家、私人和慈善组织相结合的方式提供的情况下。
10. Right to life, survival and development. Article 6 refers to the child’s inherent right to life and States parties’ obligation to ensure, to the maximum extent possible, the survival and development of the child.	作为第一步，委员会鼓励缔约国监测有助于幼儿生存和成 长的高质量服务的提供和利用情况，具体可采用有系统地收集数据资料的做法，此种数据资料按与儿童和家庭背景及状况相关的主要变量加以分类。 然后，可能需要采取行动，确保所有儿童都能有机会利用现有服务。 总的来说，缔约国应当提高人们对幼儿特别是弱势群体遭受歧视问题的认识。
	13. 儿童的最大利益。
States parties are urged to take all possible measures to improve perinatal care for mothers and babies, reduce infant and child mortality, and create conditions that promote the well-being of all young children during this critical phase of their lives.	第 3条提出了以下原则：儿童的最大利益在所有涉及儿童的行动中属于首要考虑。 由于未成年，儿童在与其福利相关的决定和行动方面，须由主管机构在考虑到其意见和能力的增强的前提下评估和代表其权利和最大利益。 这项最大利益原则多次在《公约》中出现(包括在与幼儿期最为相关的第9、18、20和21条中出现)。
Malnutrition and preventable diseases continue to be major obstacles to realizing rights in early childhood.	最大利益原则适用于所有涉及儿童的行动，要求采取积极措施，保护儿童权利，便利其生存、成长并促进其福利，还要求采取措施，向父母和日常负责实现儿童权利的其他人员提供支持和协助：
Ensuring survival and physical health are priorities, but States parties are reminded that article 6 encompasses all aspects of development, and that a young child’s health and psychosocial well-being are in many respects interdependent. Both may be put at risk by adverse living conditions, neglect, insensitive or abusive treatment and restricted opportunities for realizing human potential. Young children growing up in especially difficult circumstances require particular attention (see section VI below). The Committee reminds States parties (and others concerned) that the right to survival and development can only be implemented in a holistic manner, through the enforcement of all the other provisions of the Convention, including rights to health, adequate nutrition, social security, an adequate standard of living, a healthy and safe environment, education and play (arts. 24, 27, 28, 29 and 31), as well as through respect for the responsibilities of parents and the provision of assistance and quality services (arts. 5 and 18). From an early age, children should themselves be included in activities promoting good nutrition and a healthy and disease-preventing lifestyle.
11.	(a)
Right to non-discrimination.	单个儿童的最大利益。
Article 2 ensures rights to every child, without discrimination of any kind.	所有与儿童的照料、健康、教育等相关的决策，都必须考虑到最大利益原则，父母、专业人员和其他负责照料儿童者作出的决定也不例外。
The Committee urges States parties to identify the implications of this principle for realizing rights in early childhood:	委员会敦促缔约国作出规定，让幼儿能够在所有诉讼中都由为儿童的利益行事的人员作为代表，并且在所有儿童能够发表自己的意见或表明自己的选择的情形中倾听他们的看法；
(a)	(b)
Article 2 means that young children in general must not be discriminated against on any grounds, for example where laws fail to offer equal protection against violence for all children, including young children.	幼儿作为一个群体或团体的最大利益。 所有影响到儿童的法律和政策制定、行政和司法决策以及服务提供，都必须考虑到最大利益原则。 这包括直接影响到儿童的行动(例如与卫生保健服务、照料体系或学校相关的行动)，以及间接影响到幼儿的行动(例如与环境、住房或交通相关的行动)。
Young children are especially at risk of discrimination because they are relatively powerless and depend on others for the realization of their rights; (b)	14. 尊重幼儿的意见和感受。 第12条规定，儿童有权对所有与其相关的事项自由表达意见，并有权使这些意见得到考虑。
Article 2 also means that particular groups of young children must not be discriminated against.	这项权利加强了幼儿作为推动、保护和监测其权利活动的积极参与者的地位。 人们常常以年幼和未成年为由，忽视幼儿——作为家庭、社区和社会的参与者——的作用。
Discrimination may take the form of reduced levels of nutrition;	在许多国家和地区，传统观念强调有必要让幼儿接受培训并适应社会生活。
inadequate care and attention;	人们认为，幼儿尚未完全发育，缺乏甚至基本的理解能力、沟通能力和抉择能力。
restricted opportunities for play, learning and education;	幼儿在家庭中处于弱势，而且在社会中往往没有发言权，得不到重视。 委员会愿强调，第12条既适用于幼儿也适用于少年儿童。
or inhibition of free expression of feelings and views.	作为权利的主体，即便是最年幼的儿童也有权发表意见，对于这些意见“应按照其年龄和成熟程度给以适当的看待”(第12条第1款)。
Discrimination may also be expressed through harsh treatment and unreasonable expectations, which may be exploitative or abusive.	幼儿对其周围环境十分敏感，而且会非常迅速地了解其生活中人、地点和日常事务，同时清楚地意识到他们自己的特性。 早在他们能够通过常规方式即说或写进行表达之前，他们就能够以多种方式作出选择，传递自己的感情、见解和愿望。
For example:	在这方面：
Discrimination against girl children is a serious violation of rights, affecting their survival and all areas of their young lives as well as restricting their capacity to contribute positively to society.	(a) 委员会鼓励缔约国采取一切恰当措施，确保儿童是权利主体，在与其相关事项上享有表达意见的自由和使自己的意见得到倾听的权利这一概念，能够从最早的阶段开始，以与儿童的能力、最大利益和受到保护免遭伤害的权利相适应的方式得到实施； (b)
They may be victims of selective abortion, genital mutilation, neglect and infanticide, including through inadequate feeding in infancy.	表达意见和感受的权利，应当在儿童的家庭(乃至大家庭)和社区日常生活中得到确立； 在幼儿期各类保健、照料和教育设施中以及在诉讼中得到确立； 并在政策制定和服务完善中得到确立，包括通过研究和咨询；
They may be expected to undertake excessive family responsibilities and deprived of opportunities to participate in early childhood and primary education;	(c) 缔约国应当采取一切恰当措施，推动父母、专业人员和主管机构积极参与为幼儿创造机会，使其能够在其日常活动中在所有相关环境里逐步行使其权利，包括在掌握必要的技巧方面提供培训。
Discrimination against children with disabilities reduces survival prospects and quality of life.	实现参与权需要成年人采取以儿童为本的态度，听取幼儿的意见，维护其尊严并尊重他们个人的看法；
These children are entitled to the care, nutrition, nurturance and encouragement offered other children.	还需要成年人体现出耐心和创造力，使其期望与幼儿的兴趣、理解水平和愿意采用的沟通方式相适应。 五、父母的责任和缔约国提供的协助 15.
They may also require additional, special assistance in order to ensure their integration and the realization of their rights;	父母和其他主要养育人的关键作用。 在通常情况下，幼儿的父母在实现幼儿权利方面发挥着关键作用，家庭、大家庭或社区其他成员包括法定监护人等，也是如此。
Discrimination against children infected with or affected by HIV/AIDS deprives them of the help and support they most require.	这在《公约》中(尤其是第5条中)得到了充分确认，《公约》还确认，缔约国有义务提供协助，包括重质量的儿童照料服务(尤其是第18条)。 《公约》序言指出，家庭是“社会的基本单元，作为家庭所有成员，特别是儿童的成长和幸福的自然环境”。
Discrimination may be found within public policies, in the provision of and access to services, as well as in everyday practices that violate these children’s rights (see also paragraph 27);	委员会认为，这里的“家庭”是指能够满足幼儿的照料、抚养和成长需求的各种安排，包括核心家庭、大家庭，以及其他传统安排和现代基于社区的安排，但这些安排须与儿童的权利和最大利益相一致。 16. 父母/主要养育人与儿童的最大利益。
Discrimination related to ethnic origin, class/caste, personal circumstances and lifestyle, or political and religious beliefs (of children or their parents) excludes children from full participation in society.	父母和其他主要养育人的责任，与他们以有利于儿童的最大利益的方式行事这一要求相联系。 第5条规定，父母的作用是提供适当指导，以使“儿童行使本公约所确认的权利”。 这既适用于幼儿也适用于少年。
It affects parents’ capacities to fulfil their responsibilities towards their children.	婴幼儿完全依赖他人，但他们并不是被动地得到照料和指导。 他们是积极的社会成员，寻求父母或其他养育人的保护、抚育和理解，这些都是他们生存、成长和福利所依赖的条件。
It affects children’s opportunities and self-esteem, as well as encouraging resentment and conflict among children and adults;	新生儿出生后不久就能够辨认其父母(或其他养育人)，并积极与父母(或其他养育人)进行非言语交流。 在通常情况下，幼儿会与其父母或主要养育人相互建立深厚的感情。
Young children who suffer multiple discrimination (e.g. related to ethnic origin, social and cultural status, gender and/or disabilities) are especially at risk.	这些关系使儿童具有身心安全感，并使其得到持续的关爱。 通过这些关系，儿童形成自我意识形态，并获取在社会里被认为具有价值的技能、知识，同时养成有关习性。 因此，父母(以及其他养育人)通常是幼儿据以实现其权利的主要途径。
12.	17.
Young children may also suffer the consequences of discrimination against their parents, for example if children have been born out of wedlock or in other circumstances that deviate from traditional values, or if their parents are refugees or asylum-seekers.	能 力发展是一项扶持性原则。 第5条借助“能力发展”概念来提及儿童据以逐步获取知识、能力和认识，包括逐步了解其权利，以及知道如何以最佳方式实现这些权利的成熟和学习过程。 尊重幼儿逐步发展的能力对于实现其权利至关重要，这一点尤其适用于幼儿期，因为从婴儿起到开始正式入学这一时期，儿童的身体、认知、社交和心理状况的变化 非常迅速。
States parties have a responsibility to monitor and combat discrimination in whatever forms it takes and wherever it occurs - within families, communities, schools or other institutions.	第 5条载有以下原则：父母(和其他人)有责任不断调整他们向儿童提供的支持和指导的程度。 这些调整考虑到儿童的兴趣和愿望以及儿童的自主决策和理解其最大利益的能力。 幼儿一般来说需要得到比少年更多的指导，但同时有必要考虑到同龄儿童在能力上的差异，并考虑到他们对一些情况作出反应的方式。
Potential discrimination in access to quality services for young children is a particular concern, especially where health, education, welfare and other services are not universally available and are provided through a combination of State, private and charitable organizations.	能力发展应视为一种积极的扶持过程，而不应视为采用限 制儿童的自主权和自我表达的独断做法的一种借口，这种做法以往被认为是合理的，理由是儿童相对不成熟而且需要适应社会生活。 应当鼓励父母(和其他人)采取以儿童为本的方针，通过对话和实例，并以加强幼儿行使其权利包括其参与权(第12条)和思想、信仰及宗教自由权(第14条) 的能力的方式，向儿童提供“指导” 。 18.
As a first step, the Committee encourages States parties to monitor the availability of and access to quality services that contribute to young children’s survival and development, including through systematic data collection, disaggregated in terms of major variables related to children’s and families’ background and circumstances.	尊重父母的作用。 《公约》第18条重申，父母或法定监护人对于促进儿童的成长和福利负有主要责任，儿童的最大利益是他们关注的重要问题(第18条第1款和第27条第2款)。 缔约国应尊重父母、母亲及父亲的首要地位。
As a second step, actions may be required that guarantee that all children have an equal opportunity to benefit from available services.	这包括不使子女与父母分离的义务，除非这种分离符合儿童的最大利益(第9条)。 幼儿特别易受分离造成的不利影响，因为他们在物质上和在情感上都依赖父母/主要养育人。
More generally, States parties should raise awareness about discrimination against young children in general, and against vulnerable groups in particular.	另外，他们不太容易理解任何分离所涉的具体情况。 一些最有可能对幼儿造成不利影响的情形是：遗弃和剥夺恰当的养育； 在严重的身心压力或精神健康受损害情况下的养育；
13.	孤立无援情况下的养育；
Best interests of the child.	不稳定的养育，父母之间有冲突或子女遭受虐待；
Article 3 sets out the principle that the best interests of the child are a primary consideration in all actions concerning children.	以及子女经历关系破裂过程(包括被迫分离)，或得到质量很差的机构照料的情形等。 委员会敦促缔约国采取一切必要步骤，确保父母能够对其子女承担主要责任； 支持父母履行其职责，包括减少儿童照料方面的有害剥夺、关系破裂和扭曲现象；
By virtue of their relative immaturity, young children are reliant on responsible authorities to assess and represent their rights and best interests in relation to decisions and actions that affect their well-being, while taking account of their views and evolving capacities.	并在幼儿福利可能受到威胁的情况下采取行动。 缔约国的总体目标应当包括减少被丢弃或成为孤儿的幼儿数目； 并尽量减少需要得到机构照料或其他形式的长期照料的人数，除非这样做被认为有利于幼儿的最大利益(见下文第七节)。
The principle of best interests appears repeatedly within the Convention (including in articles 9, 18, 20 and 21, which are most relevant to early childhood).	19. 社会趋势和家庭的作用。 《公约》强调，“父母双方对儿童的养育和发展负有共同责任”，父亲和母亲被视为平等的养育人(第18条第1款)。
The principle of best interests applies to all actions concerning children and requires active measures to protect their rights and promote their survival, growth, and well-being, as well as measures to support and assist parents and others who have day-to-day responsibility for realizing children’s rights: (a)	委 员会指出，实际上，许多地区的家庭形态是可变的，而且正在发展变化，如同支助父母的非正规网络的提供那样，总的趋势是：家庭规模、父母作用和子女抚养安排 方面的多样性增强。 这些趋势与幼儿尤其相关，因为对他们的身心发育和个性的形成最为有利的，是少数稳定、悉心关爱的关系。 通常，这些关系是母亲、父亲、兄弟姐妹、祖父母/外祖父母和大家庭其他成员以及专门从事儿童保育和教育工作的人员的某种组合。
Best interests of individual children. All decision-making concerning a child’s care, health, education, etc. must take account of the best interests principle, including decisions by parents, professionals and others responsible for children.	委 员会认识到，其中的每一种关系都会以独特方式有助于《公约》之下的儿童权利的实现，而且多种不同的家庭形态或许是与促进儿童的福利相一致的。 在一些国家和地区，对家庭、婚姻和养育的社会观念的转变正在影响着幼儿的童年经历，例如有些幼儿家庭出现分离和重新组合。 经济压力也对幼儿产生着影响，例如，有些父母被迫到远离家庭和社区的地方工作。
States parties are urged to make provisions for young children to be represented independently in all legal proceedings by someone who acts for the child’s interests, and for children to be heard in all cases where they are capable of expressing their opinions or preferences;	在另一些国家和地区，父母一方或双方或其他亲属感染艾滋病毒／艾滋病并因此而死 亡，这一现象现在已经成为幼儿期的一个共同特点。 这些因素和许多其他因素影响到父母履行其对子女责任的能力。 总的来说，在社会急剧变革的时期，传统做法也许不再可行或适用于当前的抚养状况和生活方式，但同时，人们还没有足够的时间来吸收消化新的做法以及了解和评 价新的抚养能力。
(b)	20.
Best interests of young children as a group or constituency. All law and policy development, administrative and judicial decision-making and service provision that affect children must take account of the best interests principle.	对父母的 协助。 缔约国需要以恰当方式协助父母、法定监护人和大家庭履行其养育子女的责任(第18条第2款和第18条第3款)，包括协助父母提供儿童的成长所需的生活条件 (第27条第2款)，并确保儿童得到必要的保护和照料(第3条第2款)。 委员会感到关切的是，对父母和其他负责抚养幼儿的人员所需的资源、技能和个人承诺没有给予充分的考虑，这在早婚和早育仍然认可的社会和年轻、单身父母比例 较高的社会尤其突出。
This includes actions directly affecting children (e.g. related to health services, care systems, or schools), as well as actions that indirectly impact on young children (e.g. related to the environment, housing or transport).	幼儿期是父母在《公约》涵盖的儿 童福利的各个方面承担起最为广泛(而且繁重)的责任的时期：父母必须确保幼儿的生存、健康、身心安全，确保幼儿享有高水准的生活照料，并使其有足够的时间 游戏和学习、自由表达看法。 因此，实现儿童权利在很大程度上取决于负责照料儿童的人的福利和可利用的资源。
14. Respect for the views and feelings of the young child.	认识到这种相互依存关系，是制订向父母、法定监护人和其他养育人提供协助计划的一个合理出发点。 例如： (a)
Article 12 states that the child has a right to express his or her views freely in all matters affecting the child, and to have them taken into account.	一种综合做法将包括对父母促进儿童的最大利益的能力产生间接影响的干预行动(例如税收和津贴、适足住房、工时等)和能够产生比较直接影响的行动(例如母婴围产期保健服务、父母教育、家访等)；
This right reinforces the status of the young child as an active participant in the promotion, protection and monitoring of their rights.	(b) 提供适当援助应当考虑到要求父母发挥的新的作用和具备的新的技能，并考虑到幼儿期要求和压力的转变——例如幼儿的活动范围扩大，言语交流能力增强，交往能力增强，以及幼儿开始参加照料和教育方案等； (c)
Respect for the young child’s agency - as a participant in family, community and society - is frequently overlooked, or rejected as inappropriate on the grounds of age and immaturity.	对父母的协助将包括提供养育培训、父母咨询，以及向母亲、父亲、兄弟姐妹、祖父母/ 外祖父母和其他可能不时会负责促进儿童的最大利益的人员提供的其他高质量服务； (d) 相关协助还包括以鼓励同幼儿建立积极、负责的关系并增强对儿童权利和最大利益的了解的方式，向父母和其他家庭成员提供协助。
In many countries and regions,	21.
traditional beliefs have emphasized young children’s need for training and socialization.	对父母的恰当协助最好作为幼儿期全面政策一部分加以提供(见下文第六节)，包括在早年提供保健、照料和教育。
They have been regarded as undeveloped, lacking even basic capacities for understanding, communicating and making choices.	缔约国应当确保父母得到恰当支助，以便使其能够让幼儿充分参与这种方案，特别是让处境最为不利和脆弱群体参与此种方案。 具体来说，第18条第3款认识到，许多父母从事工作，但往往从事的是薪水很低的工作，同时还须承担养育责任。
They have been powerless within their families, and often voiceless and invisible within society.	第18条第3款要求缔约国采取一切适当措施，确保就业父母的子女有权得益于他们有资格享有的的儿童照料服务、产妇保护和便利条件。
The Committee wishes to emphasize that article 12 applies both to younger and to older children.	在这方面，委员会建议缔约国批准国际劳工组织2000年《保护生育公约》(第183号)。 六、幼儿，特别是弱势儿童综合政策和方案 22.
As holders of rights, even the youngest children are entitled to express their views, which should be “given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child” (art. 12.1).	以权利为基础的多部门战略。 许多国家和地区在发展高质量服务方面对幼儿期不重视。 这些服务大多不成系统，常常由中央和地方各级若干政府部门负责，计划也往往没有系统性，不作协调。
Young children are acutely sensitive to their surroundings and very rapidly acquire understanding of the people, places and routines in their lives, along with awareness of their own unique identity.	在有些情况下，这种服务还主要由私营部门和自愿团体提供，其资源不足，没 有规章，质量得不到保证。 委员会促请缔约国制定基于权利，协调，多部门的战略，以确保儿童的最大利益仍然是服务规划和提供的出发点。 这种战略应以系统而统一的方法为基础制定关于8岁以下儿童的法律和政策。
They make choices and communicate their feelings, ideas and wishes in numerous ways, long before they are able to communicate through the conventions of spoken or written language.	在幼儿期服务、服务的提供和设施方面必须要有一个综合性的框架，并有信息和监测系统作后盾，综合性服务将与提供给父母的帮助加以协调，并充分尊重他们的责任以及他们的境况和要求(《公约》第5条和第18条，见上文第五节)。
In this regard:	也应征求父母的意见，让他们参与综合性服务的规划。
(a)	23.
The Committee encourages States parties to take all appropriate measures to ensure that the concept of the child as rights holder with freedom to express views and the right to be consulted in matters that affect him or her is implemented from the earliest stage in ways appropriate to the child’s capacities, best interests, and rights to protection from harmful experiences; (b)	适合于该年龄段 的方案标准和专业培训。 委员会强调，幼儿期综合战略也必须考虑儿童个人的成长状况和个性，特别要认识到各年龄组(如：婴儿、学步幼童、学龄前儿童和初小年龄组)在成长方面不断变 化的优先事项以及对方案标准和质量标准的影响。 缔约国必须保证负责幼儿期的机构、服务和设施符合质量标准，特别是在卫生和安全方面，并保证工作人员的社会心理素质良好，合适，人数充足，训练有素。
The right to express views and feelings should be anchored in the child’s daily life at home (including, when applicable, the extended family) and in his or her community;	按具体情况，年龄和个性向幼儿提供服务，需要所有工作人员在从事这年龄组的工作方面接受培训。 从事幼儿的工作应该得到社会的尊重，报酬适当，以便吸引高质量的男女工作人员。
within the full range of early childhood health, care and education facilities, as well as in legal proceedings;	对儿童权利和成长问题，他们必须在理论和实践上有最新的正确认识(亦见第41段)； 他们必须采取以儿童为本的适当的保育做法、课程和教学法；
and in the development of policies and services, including through research and consultations;	他们必须能获得专业资源和支持，包括公共和私人方案、机构和服务的监督和监测系统。
(c)	24.
States parties should take all appropriate measures to promote the active involvement of parents, professionals and responsible authorities in the creation of opportunities for young children to progressively exercise their rights within their everyday activities in all relevant settings, including by providing training in the necessary skills.	获得服务，特别是最弱势儿童获得服务。 委员会呼吁缔约国保证所有幼儿 (以及主要对他们的福祉负责的人)能获得适当有效的服务，包括专门为促进他们的福祉而制定的卫生、照料和教育方案。 应特别注意最弱势的幼儿群体以及可能受到歧视的幼儿 (第2条)，其中包括女孩、生活贫困的儿童、残疾儿童、属于土著或少数人群体的儿童、移民家庭的儿童、孤儿、因其他原因而没有父母照顾的儿童、育儿机构的 儿童、与监狱中的母亲一起生活的儿童、难民儿童、寻求庇护的儿童、感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病或受其影响的儿童、酗酒或吸毒父母的儿童(又见第七节)。
	25. 出生登记。 幼儿期的综合服务始于出生。
To achieve the right of participation requires adults to adopt a child-centred attitude, listening to young children and respecting their dignity and their individual points of view.	委 员会指出，对所有新生儿作登记的问题，仍然是许多国家和地区的一个严峻挑战。 这可能对儿童的自我意识形态感产生消极影响，儿童可能会因此而得不到基本保健、教育和社会福利的权利。 作为确保所有儿童在生存、成长和获得高质量服务的权利(第6条)方面的第一步，委员会建议缔约国采取一切必要措施，保证所有儿童的出生登记。
It also requires adults to show patience and creativity by adapting their expectations to a young child’s interests, levels of understanding and preferred ways of communicating. IV.	如 果有一个人人可以免费使用的普遍，管理优良的登记系统，就可以做到这一点。 一个行之有效的系统，必须对各家庭的情况采取灵活和有针对性的方法，例如必要时提供流动登记站。 委员会指出，在有些地区，生病的儿童或残疾儿童可能更难得到登记，它强调对所有儿童的出生登记都不应加以任何歧视(第2条)。
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITIES AND ASSISTANCE FROM STATES PARTIES	委员会还提醒缔约国为晚登记出生提供便利的重要性，并确保没有登记的儿童能平等获得保健、保护、教育和其他社会服务。
15.	26.
A crucial role for parents and other primary caregivers.	生活水准和社会保障。 幼儿有权得到适合于他们身心、精神、道义和社会成长的生活水准(第27条)。
Under normal circumstances, a young child’s parents play a crucial role in the achievement of their rights, along with other members of family, extended family or community, including legal guardians, as appropriate.	委员会关注地指出，尽管普遍认识到被剥夺的不利影 响，但仍然有数百万幼儿连最基本的生活水准也得不到保证。 在较贫穷的情况下成长，对儿童的福利、社会融入和自尊带来不利影响，减少他们学习和发展的机会。 在赤贫的情况中成长，造成的后果更加严重，危及到儿童的生存及其健康，损害基本的生活质量。
This is fully recognized within the Convention (especially article 5), along with the obligation on States parties to provide assistance, including quality childcare services (especially article 18).	委员会促请缔约国落实有系统的战略，减少幼儿期的贫穷，克服贫穷对儿童福祉的不利 影响。 应采取一切可能采取的办法，包括对儿童和家庭的“物质援助和支助方案”(第27条第3款)，以确保幼儿拥有与权利相符的基本生活水准。 落实儿童得益于社会保障的权利，包括社会保险，是所有战略的一项重要内容(第26条)。
The preamble to the Convention refers to the family as “the fundamental group of society and the natural environment for the growth and well-being of all its members and particularly children”.	27. 提供保健。 缔约国应确保所有儿童在他们的幼儿期能享有可达到的最高标准的保健和营养，以减少婴儿死亡率，使儿童能够享有生命的健康开端(第24条)。
	特别是： (a)
The Committee recognizes that “family” here refers to a variety of arrangements that can provide for young children’s care, nurturance and development, including the nuclear family, the extended family, and other traditional and modern community-based arrangements, provided these are consistent with children’s rights and best interests.	缔 约国有责任确保提供清洁饮水、适当的环境卫生、适当的免疫接种、良好的营养和医疗服务，以及没有压力的环境，这些都对幼儿的健康至关重要。 营养不良和疾病对儿童的身体健康和成长有长期影响，影响到儿童的心理状况，妨碍学习和社会参与，减少发掘他们潜力的可能性，同样也会导致肥胖症和不健康的 生活方式；
16.	(b)
Parents/primary caregivers and children’s best interests.	缔约国有责任落实儿童的健康权，鼓励在儿童健康和成长方面的教育，包括母乳喂养、营养和讲卫生的好处等方面的教育。
The responsibility vested in parents and other primary caregivers is linked to the requirement that they act in children’s best interests.	还应优先重视向母亲和婴儿提供适当的产前和产后保健，以培养健康的家庭――儿童关系，特别是儿童与其母亲(或其他主要养育人)之间的关系(第24条第2款)。
Article 5 states that parents’ role is to offer appropriate direction and guidance in “the exercise by the child of the rights in the …	幼儿本身能够有助于确保他们的个人健康和鼓励其同伴的健康生活方式，例如通过参加以儿童为本的适当的保健教育方案；
Convention”.	(c)
This applies equally to younger as to older children.	委员会希望提请缔约国注意艾滋病毒/艾滋病对幼儿期的具体挑战。
Babies and infants are entirely dependent on others, but they are not passive recipients of care, direction and guidance.	应采取一切必要步骤：(一) 防止父母和幼儿感染，特别是对传播链作干预，特别是母亲与父亲之间和从母亲到婴儿； (二) 向感染艾滋病毒的父母和幼儿提供精确的诊断、有效的治疗和其他形式的支助(包括抗逆转录病毒治疗)；
They are active social agents, who seek protection, nurturance and understanding from parents or other caregivers, which they require for their survival, growth and well-being.	(三) 确保因艾滋病毒/艾滋病而失去父母和其他主要养育人的儿童，包括健康的和受感染的孤儿得到充分的替代照料。 (又见关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病和儿童权利的第3号一般性意见(2003))。 28.
Newborn babies are able to recognize their parents (or other caregivers) very soon after birth, and they engage actively in non-verbal communication.	幼儿期教育。 《公约》承认儿童受教育的权利，小学教育应实现义务制和对人人免费(第28条)。 委员会赞赏地认识到有些缔约国在计划向所有儿童提供一年的免费学前教育。
Under normal circumstances, young children form strong mutual attachments with their parents or primary caregivers.	委员会将幼儿期受教育的权利解释为一出生就开始有的权利，并与幼儿最大程度的发展的权利密切相联(第6条第2款)。
These relationships offer children physical and emotional security, as well as consistent care and attention.	第29条第1款阐述了教育与儿童成长的关系：“缔约国一致认为教育儿童的目的应是：最充分地发展儿童的个性、才智和身心能力”。
Through these relationships children construct a personal identity and acquire culturally valued skills, knowledge and behaviours.	关于教育目的的第1号一般性意见解释说，其目的是“通过培养儿童的技能、学习和其他能力、人的尊严、自尊和自信来扶助儿童”，要实现这个目标，就必须以儿童为中心，与儿童友善并反映儿童的各项权利和固有尊严(第2段)。
In these ways, parents (and other caregivers) are normally the major conduit through which young children are able to realize their rights.	委员会提醒缔约国，儿童受教育的权利适用于所有儿童，应无任何歧视地扶助女孩接受教育(第2条)。
17.	29.
Evolving capacities as an enabling principle.	对幼儿期教育的父母和公共责任。
Article 5 draws on the concept of “evolving capacities” to refer to processes of maturation and learning whereby children progressively acquire knowledge, competencies and understanding, including acquiring understanding about their rights and about how they can best be realized.	父母(和其他主要养育人)是儿童的第一任教育者的原则，在《公约》中得到确立和核准。 它强调尊重父母的责任(上文第五节)。 父母应在幼儿行使权利方面提供适当的指导，创造一个环境，建立以尊重和理解为基础的牢靠的慈爱关系 (第5条)。
Respecting young children’s evolving capacities is crucial for the realization of their rights, and especially significant during early childhood, because of the rapid transformations in children’s physical, cognitive, social and emotional functioning, from earliest infancy to the beginnings of schooling.	委员 会请缔约国将这一原则作为在以下两个方面规划幼儿期教育的起点： (a) 在向父母提供履行育儿责任的适当援助方面(第18条第2款)，缔约国应采取一切适当措施，加强父母了解他们在儿童幼儿期教育方面的作用，鼓励以儿童为中心 的育儿做法，鼓励尊重儿童的尊严，为培养谅解、自尊和自信提供机会；
Article 5 contains the principle that parents (and others) have the responsibility to continually adjust the levels of support and guidance they offer to a child. These adjustments take account of a child’s interests and wishes as well as the child’s capacities for autonomous decision-making and comprehension of his or her best interests. While a young child generally requires more guidance than an older child, it is important to take account of individual variations in the capacities of children of the same age and of their ways of reacting to situations. Evolving capacities should be seen as a positive and enabling process, not an excuse for authoritarian practices that restrict children’s autonomy and self-expression and which have traditionally been justified by pointing to children’s relative immaturity and their need for socialization. Parents (and others) should be encouraged to offer “direction and guidance” in a child-centred way, through dialogue and example, in ways that enhance young children’s capacities to exercise their rights, including their right to participation (art. 12) and their right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (art. 14).
18.	(b)
Respecting parental roles. Article 18 of the Convention reaffirms that parents or legal guardians have the primary responsibility for promoting children’s development and well-being, with the child’s best interests as their basic concern (arts. 18.1 and 27.2).	在为幼儿期制定计划方面，缔约国的目标应始终是提供对父母的作用作补充的方案，而且这种方案应 尽量与父母合作制定，包括通过父母、专业人员和其他人在“最充分地发展儿童的个性、才智和身心能力”(第29条第1款(a)项)方面开展积极合作。 30. 委员会呼吁缔约国确保所有幼儿获得最广泛意义上的教育(如上文第28段所述)，这种教育承认父母、扩大家庭和社区的关键作用，以及国家、社区和民间机构提 供的幼儿期教育的有组织方案所作出的贡献。
States parties should respect the primacy of parents, mothers and fathers.	研究证据表明高质量的教育方案能够对幼儿成功地过渡到小学，对他们的学习进步及其长期的社会适应产生积极影响。
This includes the obligation not to separate children from their parents, unless it is in the child’s best interests (art. 9).	现在，许多国家和地区从4岁起向儿童提供综合性幼儿期教育，有些国家将其纳入双职工父母的育儿教育。
Young children are especially vulnerable to adverse consequences of separations because of their physical dependence on and emotional attachment to their parents/primary caregivers.	人们认识到传统上将“保育”服务与“教育”服务分开，并不总是符合儿童的最大利益，因此有时采用“教育保育”的概念，以示向综合服务的转变，加强承认协调、整体、多部门处理幼儿期问题的必要性。 31. 以社区为基础的方案。
They are also less able to comprehend the circumstances of any separation.	委员会建议缔约国支持幼儿期发展方案，包括以家庭和社区为基础的学前方案，这种方案的主要特征是扶持和教育父母(和其他养育人)。
Situations which are most likely to impact negatively on young children include neglect and deprivation of adequate parenting;	缔约国可以在以下方面发挥关键作用：制定一个立法框架，提供资源适足的高质量服务，确保标准适合于各群体和个人的具体情况，适合于从婴儿一直到上学的各年龄组的发展重点。
parenting under acute material or psychological stress or impaired mental health;	鼓励缔约国制定适合于发展，与文化相关的高质量方案，并且要与当地社区合作来实现这个目标，而不是对幼儿期保育和教育强行规定一种标准化办法。
parenting in isolation; parenting which is inconsistent, involves conflict between parents or is abusive towards children;	委员会还建议缔约国加强注意并积极支持对幼儿期方案采取以权利为基础的方法，包括围绕过渡到小学，确保连续性和不断进步的倡议，以通过积极参与规划活动等培养儿童的自信、沟通能力和学习热情。 32. 作为服务提供者的私营部门。
and situations where children experience disrupted relationships (including enforced separations), or where they are provided with low-quality institutional care.	关于委员会在2002年的一般性讨论日就“作为服务提供者的私营部门及其在落实儿童权利中的作用”通过的建议(见CRC/C/121号文件，第630-653段)，委员会建议缔约国作为落实方案的一个渠道支持非政府部门的活动。
The Committee urges States parties to take all necessary steps to ensure that parents are able to take primary responsibility for their children;	它还呼吁所有非国家服务提供者(“营利性”和“非营利性”提供者)遵守《公约》的原则和规定，在这方面还提醒缔约国，它们对保证执行《公约》负有主要责任。
to support parents in fulfilling their responsibilities, including by reducing harmful deprivations, disruptions and distortions in children’s care;	国家和非国家部门中从事幼儿期工作的专业人员应获得全面的训练，经常性的培训以及适当的报酬。
and to take action where young children’s well-being may be at risk.	在这方面，缔约国有责任对幼儿期发展提供服务。
States parties’ overall goals should include reducing the number of young children abandoned or orphaned, as well as minimizing the numbers requiring institutional or other forms of long-term care, except where this is judged to be in a young child’s best interests (see also section VI below).	民间社会的作用是对国家的作用作补充，而不是代替国家的作用。 如果非国家服务起了主要作用，那么委员会提请缔约国注意，它们有义务监测并管理服务提供的质量，以确保儿童权利得到保护并满足他们的最大利益。
19.	33.
Social trends and the role of the family.	幼儿期人权教育。
The Convention emphasizes that “both parents have common responsibilities for the upbringing and development of the child”, with fathers and mothers recognized as equal caregivers (art. 18.1).	根据第29条和委员会第1号一般性意见(2001)，委员会还建议缔约国将人权教育纳入幼儿期教育。 这种教育应该让儿童参与，并培养儿童的能力，以适应于他们的利益、关注和不断提高的能力的方式向他们提供行使权利和履行职责的实际机会。
The Committee notes that in practice family patterns are variable and changing in many regions, as is the availability of informal networks of support for parents, with an overall trend towards greater diversity in family size, parental roles and arrangements for bringing up children. These trends are especially significant for young children, whose physical, personal and psychological development is best provided for within a small number of consistent, caring relationships. Typically, these relationships are with some combination of mother, father, siblings, grandparents and other members of the extended family, along with professional caregivers specialized in childcare and education. The Committee acknowledges that each of these relationships can make a distinctive contribution to the fulfilment of children’s rights under the Convention and that a range of family patterns may be consistent with promoting children’s well-being. In some countries and regions, shifting social attitudes towards family, marriage and parenting are impacting on young children’s experiences of early childhood, for example following family separations and reformations.
Economic pressures also impact on young children, for example, where parents are forced to work far away from their families and their communities.	幼儿的人权教育应围绕在家庭、在育儿中心、在幼儿期教育方案和其他社区背景中幼儿熟悉的日常问题。 34. 休息、闲暇和游戏的权利。
In other countries and regions, the illness and death of one or both parents or other kin due to HIV/AIDS is now a common feature of early childhood.	委员会指出，缔约国和其他方面对执行《公约》第31条的规定的注意不足，该条规定确保“儿童有权享有休息和闲暇、从事与儿童年龄相宜的游戏和娱乐活动，以及自由参加文化生活和艺术活动”。
These and many other factors impact on parents’ capacities to fulfil their responsibilities towards children.	游戏是幼儿期最独特的活动之一。 通过游戏，不管是单独还是与其他人一起，儿童都能享受并刺激提高他们的现有能力。
More generally, during periods of rapid social change, traditional practices may no longer be viable or relevant to present parental circumstances and lifestyles, but without sufficient time having elapsed for new practices to be assimilated and new parental competencies understood and valued. 20.	创造性游戏和探索性学 习对幼儿期教育的重要性是得到普遍承认的。 然而，由于幼儿很少有机会在以儿童为中心、安全、得到支持的、激励性和没有压力的环境中相聚、游戏和互动，因此常常阻碍实现休息、闲暇和游戏的权利。 在许多城市环境中，住房、商业中心和交通系统的设计不合理，密度高，再加上噪音，污染和各种各样的危险，对幼儿造成了一种险象环生的环境，因此特别威胁到 儿童的游戏空间权。
Assistance to parents.	家务繁重(特别影响到女孩)和学习竞争激烈，也可能阻碍儿童的游戏权。
States parties are required to render appropriate assistance to parents, legal guardians and extended families in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities (arts. 18.2 and 18.3), including assisting parents in providing living conditions necessary for the child’s development (art. 27.2) and ensuring that children receive necessary protection and care (art. 3.2). The Committee is concerned that insufficient account is taken of the resources, skills and personal commitment required of parents and others responsible for young children, especially in societies where early marriage and parenthood is still sanctioned as well as in societies with a high incidence of young, single parents. Early childhood is the period of most extensive (and intensive) parental responsibilities related to all aspects of children’s well-being covered by the Convention: their survival, health, physical safety and emotional security, standards of living and care, opportunities for play and learning, and freedom of expression. Accordingly, realizing children’s rights is in large measure dependent on the well-being and resources available to those with responsibility for their care. Recognizing these interdependencies is a sound starting point for planning assistance and services to parents, legal guardians and other caregivers.
For example: (a) An integrated approach would include interventions that impact indirectly on parents’ ability to promote the best interests of children (e.g. taxation and benefits, adequate housing, working hours) as well as those that have more immediate consequences (e.g. perinatal health services for mother and baby, parent education, home visitors);	因此委员会呼吁缔约国、非政府组织和 私人行为者查明并克服最年幼儿童享有这些权利的潜在障碍，包括将其作为扶贫战略的一部分。 城镇规划以及闲暇和游戏设施的规划应通过适当的磋商，考虑儿童发表意见的权利(第12条)。 在以上所有方面，委员会鼓励缔约国加强注意落实休息、闲暇和游戏权，并拨出适足的资源(人力资源和资金)。
(b)	35.
Providing adequate assistance should take account of the new roles and skills required of parents, as well as the ways that demands and pressures shift during early childhood - for example, as children become more mobile, more verbally communicative, more socially competent, and as they begin to participate in programmes of care and education; (c)	现代通信技术与幼儿期。 第17条承认以印刷为主的传统媒体和以现代信息技术为主的大众媒体对实现儿童权利作出积极贡献的潜力。 幼儿期是出版商和媒体制作商的一个专业市场，应鼓励他们传播适合于幼儿的能力和兴趣，对他们的福祉有社会和教育利益，并反映儿童境况、文化和语言方面国家 和区域多样性的材料。
Assistance to parents will include provision of parenting education, parent counselling and other quality services for mothers, fathers, siblings, grandparents and others who from time to time may be responsible for promoting the child’s best interests; (d)	应特别注意少数人群体拥有能推动对他们的承认和社会融入的媒体的必要性。 第17条(e)款还提到缔约国对确保保护儿童不受不适当和可能有害的材料之害的作用。 现代技术的种类，包括以互联网为基础的媒体迅速增加，利用这种技术的机会也大大增加，应引起特别关注。
Assistance also includes offering support to parents and other family members in ways that encourage positive and sensitive relationships with young children and enhance understanding of children’s rights and best interests.	幼儿如果接触到不宜或不当的材料，就特别有危险。 委员会促请缔约国管理媒体的制作和发布，以保护幼儿，并促请它们支持父母/养育人履行他们在这方面的育儿责任(第18条)。 七、需要特别保护的幼儿
21.	36.
Appropriate assistance to parents can best be achieved as part of comprehensive policies for early childhood (see section V below), including provision for health, care and education during the early years.	幼儿对风险的脆弱性。 委员会在上述一般性意见中指出，大量儿童的成长环境困难，他们的权利常常受到侵犯。
States parties should ensure that parents are given appropriate support to enable them to involve young children fully in such programmes, especially the most disadvantaged and vulnerable groups.	与父母和养育人的关系不可靠和不连续，生长在赤贫和被剥夺的环境中，周围充满冲突和暴力，被迫离开家园成为难民，以及任何其他有害他们福祉的不良环境，这一切都使幼儿特别易于受到伤害。
In particular, article 18.3 acknowledges that many parents are economically active, often in poorly paid occupations which they combine with their parental responsibilities.	幼儿理解上述不良环境或抵御对他们的健康、身心、精神、道德或社会发展的有害影响的能力较低。 如果父母或其他养育人不管是由于疾病、死亡，还是由于家庭或社区分裂不能提供适足保护，对幼儿造成的威胁都特别严重。
Article 18.3 requires States parties to take all appropriate measures to ensure that children of working parents have the right to benefit from childcare services, maternity protection and facilities for which they are eligible.	不管在哪种困难情况下， 都必须特别考虑到幼儿，因为他们正在迅速成长变化中，他们较容易生病，心理状况较脆弱，他们的成长较容易受到扭曲或扰乱，在躲避或抵御困难方面的能力较 低，他们要靠别人给予保护和促进他们的最大利益。 在以下几段中，委员会请缔约国注意《公约》提到的对幼儿期的权利有明显影响的几种主要的困难情况。
In this regard, the Committee recommends that States parties ratify the Maternity Protection Convention, 2000 (No. 183) of the International Labour Organization.	所列的并不全面，儿童在任何情况下都会同时面临多种风险，一般来说，缔约国的目标应该是确保在所有情况中，每个儿童都能在行使权利方面得到适当的保护：
V.	(a)
COMPREHENSIVE POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD, ESPECIALLY FOR VULNERABLE CHILDREN	虐待和忽视(第19条)：幼儿常常受到忽视和虐待，包括身心摧残。
22.	虐待常常发生在家庭，特别有害。
Rights-based, multisectoral strategies.	幼儿最没有能力躲避或抵御，也最不能理解所发生的情况，最没有能力寻求他人的保护。
In many countries and regions, early childhood has received low priority in the development of quality services.	有令人信服的证据表明，由于忽视和虐待造成的创伤对发展，包括对最年幼儿童的成长产生消极影响，对他们大脑的成熟过程产生可度量的影响。
These services have often been fragmented. They have frequently been the responsibility of several government departments at central and local levels, and their planning has often been piecemeal and uncoordinated.	鉴于对幼儿期的虐待和忽视非常普遍，并有证据表明它产生长期影响，因此缔约国应采取一切必要措施保卫有风险的幼儿，并向受到虐待的儿童提供保护，采取积极步骤支持他们从创伤中康复，同时避免使他们因蒙受的侵犯而留下伤痕； (b) 没有家庭的儿童(第20和21条)。
In some cases, they have also been largely provided by the private and voluntary sector, without adequate resources, regulation or quality assurance.	如果儿童成为孤儿，被抛弃或者被剥夺家庭照料，或者长期遭受关系破裂或失散(例如由于自然灾害或其他紧急情况、艾滋病毒/艾滋病等等传染病、父母被监禁、武装冲突、战争和被迫移徙)，儿童的发展权就受到严重威胁。
States parties are urged to develop rights-based, coordinated, multisectoral strategies in order to ensure that children’s best interests are always the starting point for service planning and provision.	以上困境对儿童的影响各不相同，视他们的个人应对能力、年龄和境况以及有没有较广泛的支持和替代照料而定。 研究表明，机构照料的质量低，则不可能促进健康的身心发展，反而会对长期的社会调整，特别是三岁以下儿童以及五岁以下儿童的调整，带来的严重的消极后果。
These should be based around a systematic and integrated approach to law and policy development in relation to all children up to 8 years old.	如果需要替代照料，尽早安排以家庭为基础或者类似家庭的照料，则更有可能对幼儿产生积极的结果。
A comprehensive framework for early childhood services, provisions and facilities is required, backed up by information and monitoring systems.	委员会鼓励缔约国投资并支持能确保安全、持续照料和关爱以及在相互信任和尊重的基础上给幼儿以形成长期的情感依恋的各种替代照料形式，例如通过寄养、收养和资助大家庭的成员。
Comprehensive services will be coordinated with the assistance provided to parents and will fully respect their responsibilities, as well as their circumstances and requirements (as in articles 5 and 18 of the Convention;	如果准备收养，“应确保以儿童的最大利益为首要考虑”(第21条)，而不只是“主要考虑”(第3条)，同时必须一直牢记并尊重《公约》其他条款规定，本一般性意见回顾的所有有关的儿童权利和缔约国义务；
see section IV above).	(c) 难民(第22条)。
Parents should also be consulted and involved in the planning of comprehensive services.	年幼的难民儿童丧失了他们日常环境和关系中许许多多熟悉的东西，因此极其容易感到混淆。
23. Programme standards and professional training appropriate to the age range.	他们及其父母有权平等地获得保健、教育和其他服务。 孤身或与家庭失散的儿童的处境特别危险。
The Committee emphasizes that a comprehensive strategy for early childhood must also take account of individual children’s maturity and individuality, in particular recognizing the changing developmental priorities for specific age groups (for example, babies, toddlers, preschool and early primary school groups), and the implications for programme standards and quality criteria. States parties must ensure that the institutions, services and facilities responsible for early childhood conform to quality standards, particularly in the areas of health and safety, and that staff possess the appropriate psychosocial qualities and are suitable, sufficiently numerous and well-trained. Provision of services appropriate to the circumstances, age and individuality of young children requires that all staff be trained to work with this age group. Work with young children should be socially valued and properly paid, in order to attract a highly qualified workforce, men as well as women. It is essential that they have sound, up-to-date theoretical and practical understanding about children’s rights and development (see also paragraph 41);
that they adopt appropriate child-centred care practices, curricula and pedagogies; and that they have access to specialist professional resources and support, including a supervisory and monitoring system for public and private programmes, institutions and services.	委员会关于“在原籍国外孤身和与家庭失散的儿童的待遇问题”的第6号一般性意见(2005)就照料和保护这些儿童的问题提供详细的指导；
24. Access to services, especially for the most vulnerable. The Committee calls on States parties to ensure that all young children (and those with primary responsibility for their well-being) are guaranteed access to appropriate and effective services, including programmes of health, care and education specifically designed to promote their well-being. Particular attention should be paid to the most vulnerable groups of young children and to those who are at risk of discrimination (art. 2). This includes girls, children living in poverty, children with disabilities, children belonging to indigenous or minority groups, children from migrant families, children who are orphaned or lack parental care for other reasons, children living in institutions, children living with mothers in prison, refugee and asylum-seeking children, children infected with or affected by HIV/AIDS, and children of alcohol- or drug-addicted parents (see also section VI).
25.	(d)
Birth registration.	残疾儿童(第23条)。
Comprehensive services for early childhood begin at birth.	幼儿期通常是查明残疾及认识其对儿童的福祉和成长的影响的年龄阶段。
The Committee notes that provision for registration of all children at birth is still a major challenge for many countries and regions.	幼儿决不能只因为是残疾而被送进机构。
This can impact negatively on a child’s sense of personal identity and children may be denied entitlements to basic health, education and social welfare.	首要任务是确保他们有平等的机会充分参加教育和社区生活，包括消除阻碍实现他们权利的障碍。
As a first step in ensuring the rights to survival, development and access to quality services for all children (art. 6), the Committee recommends that States parties take all necessary measures to ensure that all children are registered at birth. This can be achieved through a universal, well-managed registration system that is accessible to all and free of charge. An effective system must be flexible and responsive to the circumstances of families, for example by providing mobile registration units where appropriate. The Committee notes that children who are sick or disabled are less likely to be registered in some regions and emphasizes that all children should be registered at birth, without discrimination of any kind (art. 2). The Committee also reminds States parties of the importance of facilitating late registration of birth, and ensuring that children who have not been registered have equal access to health care, protection, education and other social services.
26. Standard of living and social security.	年幼残疾儿童有权获得专业人员适当的援助，包括对他们父母(或其他养育人)的资助。
Young children are entitled to a standard of living adequate for their physical, mental, spiritual, moral and social development (art. 27).	应时刻尊重残疾儿童的尊严，并鼓励他们自立。
The Committee notes with concern that even the most basic standard of living is not assured for millions of young children, despite widespread recognition of the adverse consequences of deprivation. Growing up in relative poverty undermines children’s well-being, social inclusion and self-esteem and reduces opportunities for learning and development. Growing up in conditions of absolute poverty has even more serious consequences, threatening children’s survival and their health, as well as undermining the basic quality of life. States parties are urged to implement systematic strategies to reduce poverty in early childhood as well as combat its negative effects on children’s well-being. All possible means should be employed, including “material assistance and support programmes” for children and families (art. 27.3), in order to assure to young children a basic standard of living consistent with rights.
Implementing children’s right to benefit from social security, including social insurance, is an important element of any strategy (art. 26).	(亦见委员会1977年关于“残疾儿童权利”问题一般性讨论日的建议，载于CRC/C/66号文件)；
27.	(e)
Health-care provision.	有害工作(第32条)。
States parties should ensure that all children have access to the highest attainable standard of health care and nutrition during their early years, in order to reduce infant mortality and enable children to enjoy a healthy start in life (art. 24).	有些国家和地区在儿童年幼时就让他们踏进社会，参加工作，包括参加有潜在危险、剥削性以及损害健康、教育和长期前景的活动。
In particular: (a) States parties have a responsibility to ensure access to clean drinking water, adequate sanitation, appropriate immunization, good nutrition and medical services, which are essential for young children’s health, as is a stress-free environment.	例如，可能会教幼儿做一些家务劳动或者农业劳动，或者帮助家长或兄弟姐妹从事有危险的工作。 即使非常年幼的婴儿也很可能受到经济剥削，他们可能会被用来乞讨，或者被出租供乞讨。
Malnutrition and disease have long-term impacts on children’s physical health and development.	娱乐业，包括电视、电影、广告和其他现代媒体中对幼儿的剥削，也应引起关注。
They affect children’s mental state, inhibiting learning and social participation and reducing prospects for realizing their potential. The same applies to obesity and unhealthy lifestyles;	缔约国对劳工组织《1999年消除最恶劣形式的童工劳动公约》(第182号)确定的有害童工活动的极端形式负有特别责任。
(b)	(f)
States parties have a responsibility to implement children’s right to health by encouraging education in child health and development, including about the advantages of breastfeeding, nutrition, hygiene and sanitation. Priority should also be given to the provision of appropriate prenatal and post-natal health care for mothers and infants in order to foster healthy family-child relationships, especially between a child and his or her mother (or other primary caregiver) (art. 24.2). Young children are themselves able to contribute to ensuring their personal health and encouraging healthy lifestyles among their peers, for example through participation in appropriate, child-centred health education programmes; (c) The Committee wishes to draw States parties’ attention to the particular challenges of HIV/AIDS for early childhood.
All necessary steps should be taken to: (i) prevent infection of parents and young children, especially by intervening in chains of transmission, especially between father and mother and from mother to baby;	药物滥用(第33条)。
(ii) provide accurate diagnoses, effective treatment and other forms of support for both parents and young children who are infected by the virus (including antiretroviral therapies);	虽然非常年幼的儿童极少有可能滥用药物，但如果他们出生自酗酒或吸毒成瘾的母亲，他们可能需要专门的保健；
and (iii) ensure adequate alternative care for children who have lost parents or other primary caregivers due to HIV/AIDS, including healthy and infected orphans.	如果家庭成员是药物滥用者并有可能接触药物，则需要保护。
(See also general comment No. 3 (2003) on HIV/AIDS and the rights of the child.)	他们也可能会因酗酒或药物滥用对家庭生活水准和照料质量的不利后果而受害，还可能会在早期就学会滥用药物；
28.	(g)
Early childhood education.	性侵犯和性剥削(第34条)。
The Convention recognizes the right of the child to education, and primary education should be made compulsory and available free to all (art. 28).	幼儿特别是女孩，很容易在早期受到家庭内外的性侵犯和性剥削。
The Committee recognizes with appreciation that some States parties are planning to make one year of preschool education available and free of cost for all children. The Committee interprets the right to education during early childhood as beginning at birth and closely linked to young children’s right to maximum development (art. 6.2). Linking education to development is elaborated in article 29.1: “States parties agree that the education of the child shall be directed to: (a) the development of the child’s personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential”. General comment No. 1 on the aims of education explains that the goal is to “empower the child by developing his or her skills, learning and other capacities, human dignity, self-esteem and self-confidence” and that this must be achieved in ways that are child-centred, child-friendly and reflect the rights and inherent dignity of the child (para. 2). States parties are reminded that children’s right to education include all children, and that girls should be enabled to participate in education, without discrimination of any kind (art. 2).
29. Parental and public responsibilities for early childhood education.	环境困难的幼儿特别危险，例如被雇为家庭工人的女孩。
The principle that parents (and other primary caregivers) are children’s first educators is well established and endorsed within the Convention’s emphasis on respect for the responsibilities of parents (sect. IV above). They are expected to provide appropriate direction and guidance to young children in the exercise of their rights, and provide an environment of reliable and affectionate relationships based on respect and understanding (art. 5). The Committee invites States parties to make this principle a starting point for planning early education, in two respects: (a) In providing appropriate assistance to parents in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities (art. 18.2), States parties should take all appropriate measures to enhance parents’ understanding of their role in their children’s early education, encourage child-rearing practices which are child-centred, encourage respect for the child’s dignity and provide opportunities for developing understanding, self-esteem and self-confidence;
(b)	幼儿还可能受色情制造商之害；
In planning for early childhood, States parties should at all times aim to provide programmes that complement the parents’ role and are developed as far as possible in partnership with parents, including through active cooperation between parents, professionals and others in developing “the child’s personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to their fullest potential” (art. 29.1 (a)). 30. The Committee calls on States parties to ensure that all young children receive education in the broadest sense (as outlined in paragraph 28 above), which acknowledges a key role for parents, wider family and community, as well as the contribution of organized programmes of early childhood education provided by the State, the community or civil society institutions. Research evidence demonstrates the potential for quality education programmes to have a positive impact on young children’s successful transition to primary school, their educational progress and their long-term social adjustment. Many countries and regions now provide comprehensive early education starting at 4 years old, which in some countries is integrated with childcare for working parents.
Acknowledging that traditional divisions between “care” and “education” services have not always been in children’s best interests, the concept of “Educare” is sometimes used to signal a shift towards integrated services, and reinforces the recognition of the need for a coordinated, holistic, multisectoral approach to early childhood.	这个问题在2002年《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题任择议定书》中述及；
31.	(h)
Community-based programmes.	买卖、贩运和诱拐儿童(第35条)。
The Committee recommends that States parties support early childhood development programmes, including home- and community-based preschool programmes, in which the empowerment and education of parents (and other caregivers) are main features. States parties have a key role to play in providing a legislative framework for the provision of quality, adequately resourced services, and for ensuring that standards are tailored to the circumstances of particular groups and individuals and to the developmental priorities of particular age groups, from infancy through to transition into school. They are encouraged to construct high-quality, developmentally appropriate and culturally relevant programmes and to achieve this by working with local communities rather by imposing a standardized approach to early childhood care and education. The Committee also recommends that States parties pay greater attention to, and actively support, a rights-based approach to early childhood programmes, including initiatives surrounding transition to primary school that ensure continuity and progression, in order to build children’s confidence, communication skills and enthusiasm for learning through their active involvement in, among others, planning activities. 32.
The private sector as service provider.	委员会对出于各种目的买卖和贩运弃儿和失散儿童的事实经常表示关注。
With reference to its recommendations adopted during its 2002 day of general discussion on “The private sector as service provider and its role in implementing child rights” (see CRC/C/121, paras. 630-653), the Committee recommends that States parties support the activities of the non-governmental sector as a channel for programme implementation. It further calls on all non-State service providers (“for profit” as well as “non-profit” providers) to respect the principles and provisions of the Convention and, in this regard, reminds States parties of their primary obligation to ensure its implementation. Early childhood professionals - in both the State and non-State sectors - should be provided with thorough preparation, ongoing training and adequate remuneration. In this context, States parties are responsible for service provision for early childhood development. The role of civil society should be complementary to - not a substitute for - the role of the State.
Where non-State services play a major role, the Committee reminds States parties that they have an obligation to monitor and regulate the quality of provision to ensure that children’s rights are protected and their best interests served.	就最年幼的年龄组而言，买卖和贩运的目的可以包括收养，特别是(虽然不仅仅是)外国人收养。
33. Human rights education in early childhood. In light of article 29 and the Committee’s general comment No. 1 (2001), the Committee also recommends that States parties include human rights education within early childhood education.	除了《关于买卖 儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题任择议定书》以外，1993年《关于在跨国收养方面保护儿童和进行合作的海牙公约》为在这一领域防止侵犯提供了一个框架 和机制，因此，委员会一直在强烈促请所有承认和/或允许收养的缔约国批准或加入该公约。 普遍的出生登记，除国际合作外，也有助于防止这种侵犯权利的情况； (i)
Such education should be participatory and empowering to children, providing them with practical opportunities to exercise their rights and responsibilities in ways adapted to their interests, concerns and evolving capacities. Human rights education of young children should be anchored in everyday issues at home, in childcare centres, in early education programmes and other community settings with which young children can identify. 34. Right to rest, leisure and play. The Committee notes that insufficient attention has been given by States parties and others to the implementation of the provisions of article 31 of the Convention, which guarantees “the right of the child to rest and leisure, to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child and to participate freely in cultural life and the arts”.
Play is one of the most distinctive features of early childhood.	不正常行为和违法行为(第40条)。
Through play, children both enjoy and challenge their current capacities, whether they are playing alone or with others.	幼儿(界定为八岁以下，见第4段)在任何情况下都不应被列入刑事责任最低年龄的法律定义以内。
The value of creative play and exploratory learning is widely recognized in early childhood education.	行为不当或违法的幼儿需要有同情心的帮助和理解，以提高他们的个人控制、社会同理心和解决冲突的能力。
Yet realizing the right to rest, leisure and play is often hindered by a shortage of opportunities for young children to meet, play and interact in child-centred, secure, supportive, stimulating and stress-free environments. Children’s right-to-play space is especially at risk in many urban environments, where the design and density of housing, commercial centres and transport systems combine with noise, pollution and all manner of dangers to create a hazardous environment for young children. Children’s right to play can also be frustrated by excessive domestic chores (especially affecting girls) or by competitive schooling. Accordingly, the Committee appeals to States parties, non-governmental organizations and private actors to identify and remove potential obstacles to the enjoyment of these rights by the youngest children, including as part of poverty reduction strategies. Planning for towns, and leisure and play facilities should take account of children’s right to express their views (art. 12), through appropriate consultations.
In all these respects, States parties are encouraged to pay greater attention and allocate adequate resources (human and financial) to the implementation of the right to rest, leisure and play. 35.	缔约国应确保在履行职责方面向父母/养育人提供适当的支持和培训(第18条)，确保幼儿获得高质量的幼儿期教育和照料，必要时确保他们获得专门指导/治疗。
Modern communications technologies and early childhood.	37.
Article 17 recognizes the potential for both traditional print-based media and modern information technology-based mass media to contribute positively to the realization of children’s rights. Early childhood is a specialist market for publishers and media producers, who should be encouraged to disseminate material that is appropriate to the capacities and interests of young children, socially and educationally beneficial to their well-being, and which reflects the national and regional diversities of children’s circumstances, culture and language. Particular attention should be given to the need of minority groups for access to media that promote their recognition and social inclusion. Article 17 (e) also refers to the role of States parties in ensuring that children are protected from inappropriate and potentially harmful material. Rapid increases in the variety and accessibility of modern technologies, including Internet-based media, are a particular cause for concern.
Young children are especially at risk if they are exposed to inappropriate or offensive material. States parties are urged to regulate media production and delivery in ways that protect young children, as well as support parents/caregivers to fulfil their child-rearing responsibilities in this regard (art. 18). VI.	对于以上每一种情形，以及所有其他形式的剥削(第36条)，委员会促请缔约国将年幼儿童的具体情况纳入所有立法、政策和干预活动，以便在一个弘扬尊严和自尊的环境中促进身心康复和社会融入(第39条)。
YOUNG CHILDREN IN NEED OF SPECIAL PROTECTION	八、幼儿期的能力建设
36.	38.
Young children’s vulnerability to risks.	对幼儿期的资源分配。
Throughout this general comment the Committee notes that large numbers of young children grow up in difficult circumstances that are frequently in violation of their rights.	为了确保幼儿的权利在这一生命的关键的阶段得到充分实现(并牢记幼儿期的经历对他们的长期前景发生的影响)，委员会促请缔约国在以权利为基础的框架内为幼儿期通过有时间限制的综合性战略计划。
Young children are especially vulnerable to the harm caused by unreliable, inconsistent relationships with parents and caregivers, or growing up in extreme poverty and deprivation, or being surrounded by conflict and violence or displaced from their homes as refugees, or any number of other adversities prejudicial to their well-being. Young children are less able to comprehend these adversities or resist harmful effects on their health, or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development. They are especially at risk where parents or other caregivers are unable to offer adequate protection, whether due to illness, or death, or due to disruption to families or communities. Whatever the difficult circumstances, young children require particular consideration because of the rapid developmental changes they are experiencing; they are more vulnerable to disease, trauma, and distorted or disturbed development, and they are relatively powerless to avoid or resist difficulties and are dependent on others to offer protection and promote their best interests.
In the following paragraphs, the Committee draws States parties’ attention to major difficult circumstances referred to in the Convention that have clear implications for rights in early childhood. This list is not exhaustive, and children may in any case be subject to multiple risks.	这要求增加对幼儿期服务和方案的人力资源和资金分配(第4条)。 委员认识到，在幼儿期落实儿童权利的缔约国在这样做时采取的起始点非常不同，无论是在幼儿期政策、服务和专业培训的现有基础设施方面，还是在可能拥有并可以拨给幼儿期的资源量方面。
In general, the goal of States parties should be to ensure that every child, in every circumstance, receives adequate protection in fulfilment of their rights:	委员会还认识到，缔约国可能会面临在整个儿童期落实权力的各种优先事项相冲突的情况，例如当普遍保健服务和小学教育尚未实现时。
(a) Abuse and neglect (art. 19). Young children are frequent victims of neglect, maltreatment and abuse, including physical and mental violence.	不管怎样，鉴于本一般性意见所述的许多原因，都必须对专门分配给幼儿期的服务、基础设施和总体资源作充分的公共投资。
Abuse very often happens within families, which can be especially destructive.	在这方面，委员会鼓励缔约国在政府、公用事业部门、非政府组织、私营部门和家庭之间建立牢固平等的伙伴关系，为支持幼儿权利而为综合服务供资。
Young children are least able to avoid or resist, least able to comprehend what is happening and least able to seek the protection of others.	最后，委员会强调，如果服务分散，也不应对幼儿造成不利。
There is compelling evidence that trauma as a result of neglect and abuse has negative impacts on development, including, for the very youngest children, measurable effects on processes of brain maturation. Bearing in mind the prevalence of abuse and neglect in early childhood and the evidence that it has long-term repercussions, States parties should take all necessary measures to safeguard young children at risk and offer protection to victims of abuse, taking positive steps to support their recovery from trauma while avoiding stigmatization for the violations they have suffered; (b) Children without families (art. 20 and 21). Children’s rights to development are at serious risk when they are orphaned, abandoned or deprived of family care or when they suffer long-term disruptions to relationships or separations (e.g. due to natural disasters or other emergencies, epidemics such as HIV/AIDS, parental imprisonment, armed conflicts, wars and forced migration).
These adversities will impact on children differently depending on their personal resilience, their age and their circumstances, as well as the availability of wider sources of support and alternative care. Research suggests that low-quality institutional care is unlikely to promote healthy physical and psychological development and can have serious negative consequences for long-term social adjustment, especially for children under 3 but also for children under 5 years old. To the extent that alternative care is required, early placement in family-based or family-like care is more likely to produce positive outcomes for young children. States parties are encouraged to invest in and support forms of alternative care that can ensure security, continuity of care and affection, and the opportunity for young children to form long-term attachments based on mutual trust and respect, for example through fostering, adoption and support for members of extended families. Where adoption is envisaged “the best interests of the child shall be the paramount consideration” (art. 21), not just “a primary consideration” (art. 3), systematically bearing in mind and respecting all relevant rights of the child and obligations of States parties set out elsewhere in the Convention and recalled in the present general comment;
(c)	39.
Refugees (art. 22).	数据收集和管理。
Young children who are refugees are most likely to be disoriented, having lost much that is familiar in their everyday surroundings and relationships.	委员会重申，幼儿期所有方面的最新的数量和质量综合数据，对拟订、监测和评估取得的进展情况以及对评估政策影响至关重要。
They and their parents are entitled to equal access to health care, education and other services.	委员会认识到，许多缔约国在《公约》所述的许多领域缺乏幼儿期问题数据收集的适当的国家系统，特别是幼儿期问题的具体的分类资料不容易获得。
Children who are unaccompanied or separated from their families are especially at risk.	委员会促请所有缔约国根据《公约》，建立一个数据收集和指标的系统，按性别、年龄、家庭结构、城乡居民和其他有关类别分类。
The Committee offers detailed guidance on the care and protection of these children in general comment No. 6 (2005) on the treatment of unaccompanied and separated children outside their country of origin;	这一系统应涵盖18岁以下的所有儿童，专门着重于幼儿期儿童，特别是属于脆弱群体的儿童。
(d)	40.
Children with disabilities (art. 23).	幼儿期问题研究能力建设。
Early childhood is the period during which disabilities are usually identified and the impact on children’s well-being and development recognized. Young children should never be institutionalized solely on the grounds of disability.	委员会在本一般性意见的前面指出，在以下方面开展了广泛的研究：儿童的健康、成长情况、认知、社会和文化发展情况，积极和消极因素对他们福祉的影响，幼儿期照料和教育方案的潜在影响。
It is a priority to ensure that they have equal opportunities to participate fully in education and community life, including by the removal of barriers that impede the realization of their rights.	还越来越多地从人权角度研究幼儿期问题，尤其是对如何尊重儿童的参与权，包括通过他们参与研究进程等方式作研究。
Young disabled children are entitled to appropriate specialist assistance, including support for their parents (or other caregivers).	幼儿期研究的理论和证据在制定政策和做法以及在监测和评估各种倡议，教育和培训所有负责幼儿福祉工作的人等等方面，都可作出巨大的贡献。
Disabled children should at all times be treated with dignity and in ways that encourage their self-reliance.	但是，委员会也提请注意当前研究的局限，它主要围绕有限的情况下和世界上的少数地区的幼儿期。
(See also the recommendations from the Committee’s 1997 day of general discussion on “The rights of children with disabilities” contained in document CRC/C/66.);	作为幼儿期规划的一部分，委员会鼓励缔约国发展幼儿期研究的国家和地方能力，特别是从以权利为基础的角度去发展。
(e)	41.
Harmful work (art. 32).	幼儿期权利培训。
In some countries and regions, children are socialized to work from an early age, including in activities that are potentially hazardous, exploitative and damaging to their health, education and long-term prospects. For example, young children may be initiated into domestic work or agricultural labour, or assist parents or siblings engaged in hazardous activities. Even very young babies may be vulnerable to economic exploitation, as when they are used or hired out for begging. Exploitation of young children in the entertainment industry, including television, film, advertising and other modern media, is also a cause for concern. States parties have particular responsibilities in relation to extreme forms of hazardous child labour identified in the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) of the ILO;
(f) Substance abuse (art. 33).	关于幼儿期的知识和专门知识并不是静止的，而是随着时间的推移而变化。
While very young children are only rarely likely to be substance abusers, they may require specialist health care if born to alcohol- or drug-addicted mothers, and protection where family members are abusers and they are at risk of exposure to drugs.	这分别是由于社会趋势影响幼儿及其父母和其他养育人的生活，对他们的照料和教育的政策和重点发生变化，儿童保育、课程和教学方式发生革新，出现新的研究结果等原因所造成。
They may also suffer adverse consequences of alcohol or drug abuse on family living standards and quality of care, as well as being at risk of early initiation into substance abuse; (g) Sexual abuse and exploitation (art. 34).	在幼儿期落实儿童权利，对所有负责儿童工作的人都是挑战，对儿童本人也是挑战，因为他们认识到了他们在家庭、学校和社区的作用。
Young children, especially girls, are vulnerable to early sexual abuse and exploitation within and outside families. Young children in difficult circumstances are at particular risk, for example girl children employed as domestic workers. Young children may also be victims of producers of pornography;	委员会鼓励缔约国对儿童及其父母以及从事儿童工作的所有专业人员，特别是议员、法官、司法行政官、律师、执法人员、公务员、儿童机构和儿童拘留所的工作人员、教师、保健人员、社会工作者和地方领导，进行有系统的儿童权利培训。
this is covered by the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography of 2002;	此外，委员会促请缔约国对普罗大众开展提高认识的活动。
(h)	42.
Sale, trafficking and abduction of children (art. 35). The Committee has frequently expressed concern about evidence of the sale and trafficking of abandoned and separated children for various purposes. As far as the youngest age groups are concerned, these purposes can include adoption, particularly (though not solely) by foreigners. In addition to the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, the 1993 Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption provides a framework and mechanism for preventing abuses in this sphere, and the Committee has therefore always consistently and strongly urged all States parties that recognize and/or permit adoption to ratify or accede to this treaty. Universal birth registration, in addition to international cooperation, can help to combat this violation of rights;
(i) Deviant behaviour and lawbreaking (art. 40). Under no circumstances should young children (defined as under 8 years old;	国际援助。
see paragraph 4) be included in legal definitions of minimum age of criminal responsibility. Young children who misbehave or violate laws require sympathetic help and understanding, with the goal of increasing their capacities for personal control, social empathy and conflict resolution. States parties should ensure that parents/caregivers are provided adequate support and training to fulfil their responsibilities (art. 18) and that young children have access to quality early childhood education and care, and (where appropriate) specialist guidance/therapies. 37. In each of these circumstances, and in the case of all other forms of exploitation (art. 36), the Committee urges States parties to incorporate the particular situation of young children into all legislation, policies and interventions to promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration within an environment that promotes dignity and self-respect (art. 39).
VII. CAPACITY-BUILDING FOR EARLY CHILDHOOD 38. Resource allocation for early childhood.
In order to ensure that young children’s rights are fully realized during this crucial phase of their lives (and bearing in mind the impact of early childhood experiences on their long-term prospects), States parties are urged to adopt comprehensive, strategic and time-bound plans for early childhood within a rights-based framework. This requires an increase in human and financial resource allocations for early childhood services and programmes (art. 4). The Committee acknowledges that States parties implementing child rights in early childhood do so from very different starting points, in terms of existing infrastructures for early childhood policies, services and professional training, as well as levels of resources potentially available to allocate to early childhood. The Committee also acknowledges that States parties may be faced with competing priorities to implement rights throughout childhood, for example where universal health services and primary education have still not been achieved. It is nonetheless important that there be sufficient public investment in services, infrastructure and overall resources specifically allocated to early childhood, for the many reasons set out in this general comment.
In this connection, States parties are encouraged to develop strong and equitable partnerships between the Government, public services, non-governmental organizations, the private sector and families to finance comprehensive services in support of young children’s rights.	委员会认识到许多缔约国在真正落实本一般性意见所列综合性服务方面资源拮据，因此建议捐助机构，包括世界银行、联合国其他机构和双边捐助方在财政和技术上支持幼儿期发展方案，并将其作为它们协助接受国际援助的国家开展可持续发展的主要目标之一。
Finally, the Committee emphasizes that where services are decentralized, this should not be to the disadvantage of young children. 39.	有效的国际合作，也能在政策拟订、方案编制、研究和专业培训等方面加强幼儿期问题的能力建设。
Data collection and management. The Committee reiterates the importance of comprehensive and up-to-date quantitative and qualitative data on all aspects of early childhood for the formulation, monitoring and evaluation of progress achieved, and for assessment of the impact of policies. The Committee is aware that many States parties lack adequate national data collection systems on early childhood for many areas covered by the Convention, and in particular that specific and disaggregated information on children in the early years is not readily available. The Committee urges all States parties to develop a system of data collection and indicators consistent with the Convention and disaggregated by gender, age, family structure, urban and rural residence, and other relevant categories. This system should cover all children up to the age of 18 years, with specific emphasis on early childhood, particularly children belonging to vulnerable groups.
40. Capacity-building for research in early childhood.	43.
The Committee noted earlier in this general comment that extensive research has been carried out on aspects of children’s health, growth, and cognitive, social and cultural development, on the influence of both positive and negative factors on their well-being, and on the potential impact of early childhood care and education programmes. Increasingly, research is also being carried out on early childhood from a human rights perspective, notably on ways that children’s participatory rights can be respected, including through their participation in the research process. Theory and evidence from early childhood research has a great deal to offer in the development of policies and practices, as well as in the monitoring and evaluation of initiatives and the education and training of all responsible for the well-being of young children. But the Committee also draws attention to the limitations of current research, through its focus mainly on early childhood in a limited range of contexts and regions of the world. As part of planning for early childhood, the Committee encourages States parties to develop national and local capacities for early childhood research, especially from a rights-based perspective.
41.	展望。
Training for rights in early childhood. Knowledge and expertise about early childhood are not static but change over time. This is due variously to social trends impacting on the lives of young children, their parents and other caregivers, changing policies and priorities for their care and education, innovations in childcare, curricula and pedagogy, as well as the emergence of new research. Implementing child rights in early childhood sets challenges for all those responsible for children, as well as for children themselves as they gain an understanding of their role in their families, schools and communities. States parties are encouraged to undertake systematic child rights training for children and their parents, as well as for all professionals working for and with children, in particular parliamentarians, judges, magistrates, lawyers, law enforcement officials, civil servants, personnel in institutions and places of detention for children, teachers, health personnel, social workers and local leaders.
Furthermore, the Committee urges States parties to conduct awareness-raising campaigns for the public at large. 42. International assistance.	委员会促请所有缔约国、政府间组织、非政府组织、学术机构、专业团体和基层社区继续倡导建立落实儿童权利的独立机构，促进在幼儿期生活质量的至关重要性方面开展持续不断的高级别政策对话和研究，包括国际、国家、区域和地方各级的对话。
Acknowledging the resource constraints affecting many States parties seeking to implement the comprehensive provisions outlined in this general comment, the Committee recommends that donor institutions, including the World Bank, other United Nations bodies and bilateral donors support early childhood development programmes financially and technically, and that it be one of their main targets in assisting sustainable development in countries receiving international assistance. Effective international cooperation can also strengthen capacity-building for early childhood, in terms of policy development, programme development, research and professional training. 43. Looking forward. The Committee urges all States parties, inter-governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations, academics, professional groups and grass-roots communities to continue advocating for the establishment of independent institutions on children’s rights and foster continuous, high-level policy dialogues and research on the crucial importance of quality in early childhood, including dialogues at international, national, regional and local levels.
Notes	1
2	见G.
See G. Lansdown, The Evolving Capacities of the Child (Florence: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2005).	Lansdown，The Evolving Capacities of the Child（Florence, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2005）。
3	2
See Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding, World Health Organization, 2003.	见《婴儿和幼儿喂养全球战略》，世界卫生组织，2003年。