| CRC/GC/9 CRC_GC_9E.docx (English) | CRC/GC/9 CRC_GC_9C.docx (Chinese) |
| CRC | CRC |
| General comment No. 9: | 第9号一般性意见： |
| The rights of children with disabilities | 残疾儿童的权利 |
| Forty-third session (2006) | 第四十三届会议(2006年) |
| I. INTRODUCTION | 一、导言 |
| A. Why a General Comment on children with disabilities? | A. 为什么发表关于残疾儿童权利的一般性意见？ |
| 1. It is estimated that there are 500-650 million
persons with disabilities in the world, approximately 10 per cent of the
world population, 150 million of whom are children. | 1. 全世界估计有5亿至6.5亿残疾人，约占世界人口的10%，其中1.5亿是儿童。 |
| More than 80 per cent live in developing countries with little or no access to services. | 超过80%的残疾人都生活在发展中国家，基本或根本没有机会获得各项服务。 |
| The majority of children with disabilities in developing countries remain out of school and are completely illiterate. | 发展中国家的大多数残疾儿童都不上学，完全是文盲。 |
| It is recognized that most of the causes of
disabilities, such as war, illness and poverty, are preventable which
also prevent and/or reduce the secondary impacts of disabilities, often
caused by the lack of early/timely intervention. | 已得到承认的是，造成残疾的大多数原因，例如战争、疾病和贫困，都是可以预防的，阻止和/或减少往往因为缺乏早期及时的干预而对残疾人产生的次要影响。 |
| Therefore, more should be done to create the
necessary political will and real commitment to investigate and put into
practice the most effective actions to prevent disabilities with the
participation of all levels of society. | 因此，还应当开展更多的工作，为进行调查创造必要的政治意愿并作出真正的承诺，切实采取防止残疾的最行之有效的行动，并动员社会所有阶层参与。 |
| 2. The past few decades have witnessed positive focus on persons with disabilities in general and children in particular. | 2. 过去几十年中，残疾人的问题，尤其是残疾儿童的问题，得到了积极的重视。 |
| The reason for this new focus is explained partly by
the fact that the voice of persons with disabilities and of their
advocates from national and international non governmental organizations
(NGO) is being increasingly heard and partly by the growing attention
paid to persons with disabilities within the framework of the human
rights treaties and the United Nations human rights treaty bodies. | 之所以有这种新的重点，部分原因是残疾人以及其国家和国际非政府组织倡导者的声音越来越大，还有部分原因是，人权条约和联合国人权条约机构框架中对残疾人越来越重视。 |
| These treaty bodies have considerable potential in
advancing the rights of persons with disabilities but they have
generally been underused. | 这些条约机构在增进残疾人权利方面有着巨大的潜力，但往往利用不够。 |
| When adopted in November 1989 the Convention on the
Rights of the Child (hereafter “the Convention”) was the first human
rights treaty that contained a specific reference to disability (article
2 on non-discrimination) and a separate article 23 exclusively
dedicated to the rights and needs of children with disabilities. | 1989年11月所通过的《儿童权利公约》(下称《公约》)是第一项具体提及残疾问题(关于不歧视问题的第2条)和专门规定残疾儿童的权利和需求的单独条款(第23条)的人权条约。 |
| Since the Convention has entered into force (2
September 1990), the Committee on the Rights of the Child (thereafter
“the Committee”) has paid sustained and particular attention to
disability-based discrimination while other human rights treaty bodies
have paid attention to disability-based discrimination under “other
status” in the context of articles on non-discrimination of their
relevant Convention. | 自《公约》生效(1990年9月2日)以来，儿童权利委员会(下称“委员会”)持续地特别重视基于残疾的歧视问题，其他人权条约机构也在其相关公约有关不歧视问题的条款中，在“其它地位”项下重视基于残疾的歧视问题。 |
| In 1994 the Committee on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights issued its general comment No. 5 on persons with
disabilities and stated in paragraph 15 that “The effects of
disability-based discrimination have been particularly severe in the
fields of education, employment, housing, transport, cultural life, and
access to public places and services.” | 1994年，经济、社会和文化权利委员会发表了关于残疾人的第5号一般性意见，其中第15段中指出，“基于残疾的歧视造成的影响在教育、就业、住房、交通、文化生活、进入公共场所和享受公共服务等方面尤为严重。” |
| The Special Rapporteur on disability of the United
Nations Commission for Social Development was first appointed in 1994
and mandated to monitor of the Standard Rules on the Equalization of
Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities, adopted by the General
Assembly at its forty-eighth session in 1993 (A/RES/48/96, Annex), and
to advance the status of persons with disabilities throughout the world. | 联合国社会发展委员会残疾问题特别报告员是1994年首次被任命的，被委以监督大会在1993年第四十八届会议上通过的《残疾人机会均等标准规则》(A/AES/48/96，附件)的情况，并提升全世界残疾人的地位。 |
| On 6 October 1997 the Committee devoted its day of
general discussion to children with disabilities and adopted a set of
recommendations (CRC/C/69, paragraphs 310-339), in which it considered
the possibility of drafting a general comment on children with
disabilities. | 1997年10月6日，委员会的一般性讨论日专门讨论了残疾儿童问题，并通过了一系列建议(CRC/C/69，第310-339段)，其中委员会认为可以起草一份关于残疾儿童的一般性意见。 |
| The Committee notes with appreciation the work of the
Ad-Hoc Committee on a Comprehensive and Integral International
Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights and Dignity of
Persons with Disabilities, and that it adopted at its eighth session,
held in New York on 25 August 2006, a draft convention on the rights of
persons with disabilities to be submitted to the General Assembly at its
sixty-first session (A/AC.265/2006/4, Annex II). | 委员会赞赏地注意到拟订保护和促进残疾人权利和尊严的全面综合国际公约特设委员会的工作，并注意到该委员会2006年8月25日在纽约举行的第八届会议通过了拟向大会第六十一届会议提交的残疾人权利公约草案(A/AC.265/2006/4，附件二)。 |
| 3. The Committee, in reviewing State party reports,
has accumulated a wealth of information on the status of children with
disabilities worldwide and found that in the overwhelming majority of
countries some recommendations had to be made specifically to address
the situation of children with disabilities. | 3. 委员会在审查各缔约国的报告时，积累了关于全世界残疾儿童地位方面的大量资料，并认为在绝大多数国家中，必须提出一些建议，专门涉及残疾儿童的处境。 |
| The problems identified and addressed have varied
from exclusion from decision-making processes to severe discrimination
and actual killing of children with disabilities. | 已查明和涉及的问题多种多样，从被排斥在决策程序以外，到严重歧视和实际杀害残疾儿童，不一而足。 |
| Poverty being both a cause and a consequence of
disability, the Committee has repeatedly stressed that children with
disabilities and their families have the right to an adequate standard
of living, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and to the
continuous improvement of their living conditions. | 贫困既是造成残疾的原因又是残疾带来的后果，因此委员会反复强调，残疾儿童及其家庭有权享有适当的生活水准，包括适当的食物、衣物和住房，并不断改善其生活条件。 |
| The question of children with disabilities living in
poverty should be addressed by allocating adequate budgetary resources
as well as by ensuring that children with disabilities have access to
social protection and poverty reduction programmes. | 对于生活贫困的残疾儿童，应该通过划拨适当的预算资源，并通过确保残疾儿童有机会参加社会保护和减贫方案的方式来处理。 |
| 4. The Committee has noted that no reservations or
declarations have been entered specifically to article 23 of the
Convention by any State party. | 4. 委员会注意到，没有任何缔约国专门对《公约》第23条作出保留或声明。 |
| 5. The Committee also notes that children with
disabilities are still experiencing serious difficulties and facing
barriers to the full enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the
Convention. | 5. 委员会还注意到，残疾儿童在全面享有《公约》规定的各项权利方面，仍然面临严重的困难和障碍。 |
| The Committee emphasizes that the barrier is not the
disability itself but rather a combination of social, cultural,
attitudinal and physical obstacles which children with disabilities
encounter in their daily lives. The strategy for promoting their rights
is therefore to take the necessary action to remove those barriers. | 委员会强调指出，障碍并非残疾本身，而是残疾儿童在日常生活中所遇到的各种社会、文化、观念和实际障碍之和，因此，增进其权利的战略是，采取行动克服这些障碍。 |
| Acknowledging the importance of articles 2 and 23 of
the Convention, the Committee states from the outset that the
implementation of the Convention with regards to children with
disabilities should not be limited to these articles. | 委员会肯定《公约》第2条和第23条的重要性，因此从一开始就表明执行《公约》有关残疾儿童问题的规定不应仅限于这两条。 |
| 6. The present general comment is meant to provide
guidance and assistance to States parties in their efforts to implement
the rights of children with disabilities, in a comprehensive manner
which covers all the provisions of the Convention. | 6. 本一般性意见意在为各缔约国以综合地处理《公约》所有规定的方式落实残疾儿童权利的努力提供指导和协助。 |
| Thus, the Committee will first make some observations
related directly to articles 2 and 23, then it will elaborate on the
necessity of paying particular attention to and including explicitly
children with disabilities within the framework of general measures for
the implementation of the Convention. | 因此，委员会将首先发表直接与第2条和第23条相关的一些看法，然后将详细阐述在为执行《公约》而采取的一般性措施的框架中特别重视并明确包括残疾儿童的必要性。 |
| Those observations will be followed by comments on
the meaning and the implementation of the various articles of the
Convention (clustered in accordance with the Committee’s practice) for
children with disabilities. | 在这些看法之后，将提出关于《公约》各条规定(按委员会的作法归类)对残疾儿童的含义和执行情况的意见。 |
| B. Definition | B. 定义 |
| 7. According to article 1, paragraph 2, of the draft
convention on the rights of persons with disabilities, “Persons with
disabilities include those who have long-term physical, mental,
intellectual, or sensory impairments which in interaction with various
barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on
an equal basis with others.” | 7. 根据残疾人权利公约草案第1条第2款，“残疾人为身体、精神、智力或感觉器官受到损害，且这些损害与其他各种障碍一起，阻碍他们在与他人平等的基础上切实全面参与社会的人。” |
| (A/AC.265/2006/4, Annex II) | (A/AC.265/2006/4，附件二) |
| II. THE KEY PROVISIONS FOR CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES (arts. 2 and 23) | 二、与残疾儿童有关的重要条款(第2条和第23条) |
| A. Article 2 | A. 第2条 |
| 8. Article 2 requires States parties to ensure that
all children within their jurisdiction enjoy all the rights enshrined in
the Convention without discrimination of any kind. | 8. 第2条要求缔约国确保在其管辖范围内的每一儿童不受任何歧视地享有《公约》所载列的所有权利。 |
| This obligation requires States parties to take
appropriate measures to prevent all forms of discrimination, including
on the ground of disability. | 这项义务要求缔约国采取适当措施，制止一切形式的歧视行为，其中包括基于残疾的歧视行为。 |
| This explicit mention of disability as a prohibited
ground for discrimination in article 2 is unique and can be explained by
the fact that children with disabilities belong to one of the most
vulnerable groups of children. | 第2条明确提及禁止基于残疾的歧视行为，是独一无二的，这可以归因于残疾儿童属于最脆弱的儿童群体之一。 |
| In many cases forms of multiple discrimination -
based on a combination of factors, i.e. indigenous girls with
disabilities, children with disabilities living in rural areas and so on
- increase the vulnerability of certain groups. | 在许多情况下，多重歧视的形式――基于多种因素，即：残疾土著女孩、生活在农村地区的残疾儿童等――会使某些群体的脆弱性提高。 |
| It has been therefore felt necessary to mention disability explicitly in the non-discrimination article. | 因此，必须在不歧视的条款中明确提及残疾问题。 |
| Discrimination takes place - often de facto - in various aspects of the life and development of children with disabilities. | 歧视现象发生――而且往往是事实上发生――在残疾儿童的生活和发展的各个方面。 |
| As an example, social discrimination and
stigmatization leads to their marginalization and exclusion, and may
even threaten their survival and development if it goes as far as
physical or mental violence against children with disabilities. | 举例而言，社会歧视和成见造成他们被边际化和受到排斥，而且如果歧视到达在身体上和精神上侵害残疾儿童的程度，甚至可能威胁他们的生存与发展。 |
| Discrimination in service provision excludes them from education and denies them access to quality health and social services. | 在提供服务方面的歧视使他们被排斥在教育系统之外，并使他们没有机会获得优质的保健和社会服务。 |
| The lack of appropriate education and vocational
training discriminates against them by denying them job opportunities in
the future. | 缺乏适当的教育和职业培训，使他们将来得不到工作机会。 |
| Social stigma, fears, overprotection, negative
attitudes, misbeliefs and prevailing prejudices against children with
disabilities remain strong in many communities and lead to the
marginalization and alienation of children with disabilities. | 社会成见、恐惧、过度保护、负面态度、信邪说以及对残疾儿童现有的偏见，在许多社区仍然很强烈，而且致使残疾儿童被边际化和异化。 |
| The Committee shall elaborate on these aspects in the paragraphs below. | 委员会将在以下各段详细阐述这些问题。 |
| 9. In general, States parties in their efforts to
prevent and eliminate all forms of discrimination against children with
disabilities should take the following measures: | 9. 一般而言，各缔约国在开展防止和消除一切形式歧视残疾儿童的工作中，应当采取下述措施： |
| (a) Include explicitly disability as a forbidden
ground for discrimination in constitutional provisions on
non-discrimination and/or include specific prohibition of discrimination
on the ground of disability in specific anti-discrimination laws or
legal provisions. | 在关于不歧视的宪法规定中，明确禁止以残疾为由的歧视，和/或在禁止歧视的专门法律或法律规定中，具体禁止基于残疾的歧视。 |
| (b) Provide for effective remedies in case of
violations of the rights of children with disabilities, and ensure that
those remedies are easily accessible to children with disabilities and
their parents and/or others caring for the child. | 为残疾儿童权利受到侵犯的情况提供有效的补救办法，并确保这些补救办法易于残疾儿童及其父母和/或扶养残疾儿童的其他人使用。 |
| (c) Conduct awareness-raising and educational
campaigns targeting the public at large and specific groups of
professionals with a view to preventing and eliminating de facto
discrimination against children with disabilities. | 针对所有公众和具体的专业人员群体开展宣传和教育活动，以防止和消除对残疾儿童事实上的歧视行为。 |
| 10. Girls with disabilities are often even more vulnerable to discrimination due to gender discrimination. | 10. 残疾女孩由于性别歧视而往往更加容易受到歧视。 |
| In this context, States parties are requested to pay
particular attention to girls with disabilities by taking the necessary
measures, and when needed extra measures, in order to ensure that they
are well protected, have access to all services and are fully included
in society. | 在此方面，请各缔约国特别重视残疾女孩，采取必要措施，并在必要时采取额外的措施，确保她们受到很好的保护，有机会使用所有服务，并全面融入社会。 |
| B. Article 23 | B. 第23条 |
| 11. Paragraph 1 of article 23 should be considered as
the leading principle for the implementation of the Convention with
respect to children with disabilities: the enjoyment of a full and
decent life in conditions that ensure dignity, promote self reliance and
facilitate active participation in the community. | 11. 第23条第1款应当视为执行《公约》有关残疾儿童规定的主要原则：在确保其尊严、促进其自立、有利于其积极参与社会生活的条件下享有充实而体面的生活。 |
| The measures taken by States parties regarding the
realization of the rights of children with disabilities should be
directed towards this goal. | 各缔约国应当针对这一目标采取实现残疾儿童各项权利的措施。 |
| The core message of this paragraph is that children with disabilities should be included in the society. | 该款的核心信息是，残疾儿童应当融入社会。 |
| Measures taken for the implementation of the rights
contained in the Convention regarding children with disabilities, for
example in the areas of education and health, should explicitly aim at
the maximum inclusion of those children in society. | 为落实《公约》所载列的关于残疾儿童的各项权利所采取的各项措施，例如教育和卫生领域的措施，应当明确以最大限度地使残疾儿童融入社会为目标。 |
| 12. According to paragraph 2 of article 23 States
parties to the Convention recognize the right of the child with
disability to special care and shall encourage and ensure the extension
of assistance to the eligible child and those responsible for his or her
care. | 12. 根据23条第2款，《公约》缔约国确认残疾儿童有接受特别照顾的权利，应鼓励并确保对合格儿童及负责照料该儿童的人提供援助。 |
| The assistance has to be appropriate to the child’s
condition and the circumstances of the parents or others caring for the
child. | 援助必须符合该儿童的条件以及该儿童的父母或其他照料人的情况。 |
| Paragraph 3 of article 23 gives further rules
regarding the costs of specific measures and precisions as to what the
assistance should try to achieve. | 第23条第3款进一步规定有关各项具体措施的费用以及援助应当努力实现的各项具体目标。 |
| 13. In order to meet the requirements of article 23
it is necessary that States parties develop and effectively implement a
comprehensive policy by means of a plan of action which not only aims at
the full enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the Convention without
discrimination but which also ensures that a child with disability and
her or his parents and/or others caring for the child do receive the
special care and assistance they are entitled to under the Convention. | 13. 为了符合第23条的要求，各缔约国必须通过一项行动计划来制订并有效地落实一项全面政策，该行动计划不仅应旨在确保残疾儿童不受歧视地全面享有《公约》所载列的各项权利，而且还应确保残疾儿童及其父母和/或其他照料人得到其根据《公约》有权得到的特别照顾和援助。 |
| 14. Regarding the specifics of paragraphs 2 and 3 of article 23, the Committee makes the following observations: | 14. 关于第23条第2款和第3款的具体内容，委员会的看法如下： |
| (a) The provision of special care and assistance is subject to available resources and free of charge whenever possible. | 特别照顾和援助的提供，应以现有资源为限，而且在可能的情况下都必须免费提供。 |
| The Committee urges States parties to make special
care and assistance to children with disabilities a matter of high
priority and to invest to the maximum extent of available resources in
the elimination of discrimination against children with disabilities and
towards their maximum inclusion in society. | 委员会促请各缔约国高度重视为残疾儿童提供特别照顾和援助。 最大限度地将现有资源用于消除对残疾儿童的歧视，让他们最大限度地融入社会。 |
| (b) Care and assistance shall be designed to ensure
that children with disabilities have effective access to and benefit
from education, training, health care services, recovery services,
preparation for employment and recreation opportunities. | 照顾和援助的目的应当是确保残疾儿童能有效地获得并受益于教育、培训、保健服务、康复服务、就业准备和娱乐机会。 |
| The Committee when dealing with specific articles of the Convention will elaborate on the measures necessary to achieve this. | 委员会在讨论《公约》各具体条款时，将详细阐述实现这一目标的必要措施。 |
| 15. With reference to article 23, paragraph 4, the
Committee notes that the international exchange of information between
States parties in the areas of prevention and treatment is quite
limited. | 15. 关于第23条第4款，委员会注意到，各缔约国之间在预防和治疗领域进行的国际资料交流相当有限。 |
| The Committee recommends that States parties take
effective, and where appropriate targeted, measures for an active
promotion of information as envisaged by article 23, paragraph 4, in
order to enable States parties to improve their capabilities and skills
in the areas of prevention and treatment of disabilities of children. | 委员会建议各缔约国采取有效的措施，并酌情采取有针对性的措施，积极宣传第23条第4款所提及的资料，以便各成员国提高其在残疾儿童的预防和治疗领域的能力和技能。 |
| 16. It is often not clear how and to which degree the
needs of developing countries are taken into account as required by
article 23, paragraph 4. | 16. 如何并在多大的程度上按照第23条第4款的要求考虑发展中国家的需求，这一问题常常不明确。 |
| The Committee strongly recommends States parties to
ensure that, within the framework of bilateral or multilateral
development assistance, particular attention be paid to children with
disabilities and their survival and development in accordance with the
provisions of the Convention, for example, by developing and
implementing special programmes aiming at their inclusion in society and
allocating earmarked budgets to that effect. | 委员会强烈建议缔约国确保在双边或多边发展援助框架中，根据《公约》的各项规定特别重视残疾儿童及其生存与发展问题，举例而言，可以制订和落实旨在将其融入社会的特别方案并为此划拨专项预算。 |
| States parties are invited to provide information in
their reports to the Committee on the activities and results of such
international cooperation. | 请各缔约国在其向委员会提交的报告中，介绍此种国际合作的各项活动和成果方面的资料。 |
| III. General measures of implementation (arts. 4, 42 and 44 (6)) | 三、一般执行措施(第4条、第42条和第44条第6款) |
| A. Legislation | A. 立法 |
| 17. In addition to the legislative measures
recommended with regard to non-discrimination (see paragraph 9 above),
the Committee recommends that States parties undertake a comprehensive
review of all domestic laws and related regulations in order to ensure
that all provisions of the Convention are applicable to all children,
including children with disabilities who should be mentioned explicitly,
where appropriate. | 17. 除建议采取有关不歧视的立法措施以外(参见上文第9段)，委员会还建议缔约国对所有国内法和相关条例进行全面审查，以确保《公约》的所有规定均可适用于一切儿童，包括适当时应当明确提及的残疾儿童。 |
| National laws and regulations should contain clear
and explicit provisions for the protection and exercise of the specific
rights of children with disabilities, in particular those enshrined in
article 23 of the Convention. | 国家法律和条例中应当明确载有关于残疾儿童的特别权利，尤其是《公约》第23条所载列的权利的保护和行使的具体规定。 |
| B. National plans of action and policies | B. 国家行动计划和政策 |
| 18. The need for a national plan of action that
integrates all the provisions of the Convention is a well-recognized
fact and has often been a recommendation made by the Committee to States
parties. | 18. 有必要结合《公约》的所有规定制订一项国家行动计划，已是公认的事实，而且经常是委员会向各缔约国提出的一项建议。 |
| Plans of action must be comprehensive, including
plans and strategies for children with disabilities, and should have
measurable outcomes. | 行动计划必须全面，应包括残疾儿童方面的计划和战略，并应提出可加以衡量的成果。 |
| The draft convention on the rights of persons with
disabilities, in its article 4, paragraph 1 c, emphasizes the importance
of inclusion of this aspect stating that States parties undertake “to
take into account the protection and promotion of the human rights of
persons with disabilities in all policies and programmes”
(A/AC.265/2006/4, annex II). | 残疾人权利公约第4条第1款(c)项强调了纳入这一问题的重要性，并规定各缔约国应承诺“在一切政策和方案中考虑保护和促进残疾人的人权”(A/AC.265/2006/4，附件二)。 |
| It is also essential that all programmes be
adequately supplied with financial and human resources and equipped with
built-in monitoring mechanisms, for example, indicators allowing
accurate outcome measurements. | 还同样重要的是，必须为所有方案提供适当的财政和人力资源，并配备内在监测机制，例如，便于准确衡量成果的各项指标。 |
| Another factor that should not be overlooked is the
importance of including all children with disabilities in policies and
programmes. | 另一个不应忽视的因素是，各项政策和方案中必须包括所有残疾儿童。 |
| Some States parties have initiated excellent programmes, but failed to include all children with disabilities. | 一些缔约国提出了很好的方案，却未能纳入所有残疾儿童。 |
| C. Data and statistics | C. 数据和统计资料 |
| 19. In order to fulfil their obligations, it is
necessary for States parties to set up and develop mechanisms for
collecting data which are accurate, standardized and allow
disaggregation, and which reflect the actual situation of children with
disabilities. | 19. 为履行义务，各缔约国必须建立和发展收集数据的机制，这些数据必须准确、标准化和便于分类，并能反应残疾儿童的实际情况。 |
| The importance of this issue is often overlooked and
not viewed as a priority despite the fact that it has an impact not only
on the measures that need to be taken in terms of prevention but also
on the distribution of very valuable resources needed to fund
programmes. | 这一问题往往被忽视，而且不被当作优先重点，但事实上这一问题不仅对所必须采取的预防措施产生影响，而且还对如何分配为各项方案供资所需的极其宝贵的资源产生影响。 |
| One of the main challenges in obtaining accurate statistics is the lack of a widely accepted clear definition for disabilities. | 在获得准确的统计资料方面所面临的一项主要挑战是，缺乏关于残疾这一概念的普遍认可的清楚定义。 |
| States parties are encouraged to establish an
appropriate definition that guarantees the inclusion of all children
with disabilities so that children with disabilities may benefit from
the special protection and programmes developed for them. | 鼓励各缔约国提出适当的定义，并确保纳入所有的残疾儿童，以便残疾儿童能受益于专门为其制订的保护和方案。 |
| Extra efforts are often needed to collect data on
children with disabilities because they are often hidden by their
parents or others caring for the child. | 收集关于残疾儿童的数据往往需要额外的努力，因为这些数据常常被残疾儿童的父母和其他照料人所隐瞒。 |
| D. Budget | D. 预算 |
| 20. Allocation of budget: in the light of article 4
“… States parties shall undertake such measures to the maximum extent of
their available resources … ”. | 20. 预算的划拨：根据第4条：“…缔约国应根据其现有资源所允许的最大限度…采取此类措施”。 |
| Although the Convention does not make a specific
recommendation regarding the most appropriate percentage of the State
budget that should be dedicated to services and programmes for children,
it does insist that children should be a priority. | 虽然《公约》没有具体建议用于面向儿童的服务和方案的最适当国家预算百分比，但《公约》坚持儿童应当是优先重点。 |
| The implementation of this right has been a concern
to the Committee since many States parties not only do not allocate
sufficient resources but have also reduced the budget allocated to
children over the years. | 这项权利的落实问题始终令委员会关注，因为许多缔约国不仅没有划拨充分的资源，而且多年来还减少了划拨用于儿童的预算。 |
| This trend has many serious implications especially
for children with disabilities who often rank quite low, or even not at
all, on priority lists. | 这一趋势牵涉许多严重的问题，特别是对残疾儿童而言，他们往往很不受重视，甚至根本不受重视。 |
| For example, if a State party is failing to allocate
sufficient funds to ensure compulsory and free quality education for all
children, it will be unlikely to allocate funds to train teachers for
children with disabilities or to provide for the necessary teaching aids
and transportation for children with disabilities. | 举例而言，如果某一缔约国未能为确保所有儿童受义务、免费、高质量的教育划拨足够的资金，该缔约国不太可能会划拨资金为残疾儿童培养师资或者为残疾儿童提供必要的教学援助和交通。 |
| Decentralization and privatization of services are now means of economic reform. | 各项服务的权利下放和私有化现在已成为经济改革的手段。 |
| However, it should not be forgotten that it is the
State Party’s ultimate responsibility to oversee that adequate funds are
allocated to children with disabilities along with strict guidelines
for service delivery. | 然而，不应忘记的是，缔约国负有监督为残疾儿童划拨适当的资金，并制订严格的服务提供指南的最终责任。 |
| Resources allocated to children with disabilities
should be sufficient - and earmarked so that they are not used for other
purposes - to cover all their needs, including programmes established
for training professionals working with children with disabilities such
as teachers, physiotherapists and policymakers; education campaigns;
financial support for families; income maintenance; social security;
assistive devices; and related services. | 为残疾儿童划拨的资源应当足够――而且指定用途以防被用于其他目的――以涵盖其所有需求，包括为培训从事残疾儿童工作的专业人员，例如教师、理疗师和决策者而制定的方案；教育运动；为家庭提供财政支助；保证收入；社会保障；辅助设施及各项相关的服务。 |
| Furthermore, funding must also be ensured for other
programmes aimed at including children with disabilities into mainstream
education, inter alia by renovating schools to render them physically
accessible to children with disabilities. | 此外，必须确保为旨在将残疾儿童纳入主流教育的其他方案提供资金，除其他外包括对学校进行翻修，以方便残疾儿童通行。 |
| E. Coordination body: “Focal point for disabilities” | E. 协调机构：“残疾问题联络中心” |
| 21. Services for children with disabilities are often
delivered by various governmental and non-governmental institutions,
and more often than not, these services are fragmented and not
coordinated which result in overlapping of functions and gaps in
provisions. | 21. 面向残疾儿童的各项服务常常都是由各个政府和非政府机构提供的，更经常的情况是，这些服务支离破碎，无人协调，以致职能重叠，服务提供方面存在差距。 |
| Therefore, the setting up of an appropriate coordinating mechanism becomes essential. | 因此，建立一个适当的协调机制变得十分重要。 |
| This body should be multisectoral, including all organizations public or private. | 这一机构应该是跨部门的，应包括公共或私营部门的所有组织。 |
| It must be empowered and supported from the highest possible levels of Government to allow it to function at its full potential. | 该机构必须得到尽可能高的各级政府的授权和支持，以便全力履行职责。 |
| A coordination body for children with disabilities,
as part of a broader coordination system for the rights of the child or a
national coordination system for persons with disabilities, would have
the advantage of working within an already established system, provided
this system is functioning adequately and capable of devoting the
adequate financial and human resources necessary. | 残疾儿童协调机构作为更广泛的儿童权利协调机制或国家残疾人协调机制的一部分，其优点是能在已建立起来的机制内开展工作，但这一机制必须能够适当运作，并能拨出所需的足够财政和人力资源。 |
| On the other hand, a separate coordination system may help to focus attention on children with disabilities. | 但另一方面，另外建立一个协调机制，可有助于突显残疾儿童问题。 |
| F. International cooperation and technical assistance | F. 国际合作和技术援助 |
| 22. In order to make information among States parties
freely accessible and to cultivate an atmosphere of knowledge-sharing
concerning, inter alia, the management and rehabilitation of children
with disabilities, States parties should recognize the importance of
international cooperation and technical assistance. | 22. 为了使各缔约国之间能自由获取信息并营造一种关于残疾儿童的的管理和康复等方面的知识共享气氛，缔约国应当认识到开展国际合作和技术援助的重要性。 |
| Particular attention should be paid to developing
countries that need assistance in setting up and/or funding programmes
that protect and promote the rights of children with disabilities. | 应当特别重视那些在建立和/或资助保护和增进残疾儿童权利的方案方面需要援助的发展中国家。 |
| These countries are experiencing increasing
difficulties in mobilizing the adequate resources to meet the pressing
needs of persons with disabilities and would urgently need assistance in
the prevention of disability, the provision of services and
rehabilitation, and in the equalization of opportunities. | 这些国家在动员适当资源以满足残疾人的迫切需求方面面临越来越多的困难，因此迫切需要得到有关预防残疾、提供服务和康复以及机会均等方面的援助。 |
| However, in order to respond to these growing needs,
the international community should explore new ways and means of raising
funds, including substantial increase of resources, and take the
necessary follow-up measures for mobilizing resources. | 然而，为了满足这些日益增长的需求，国际社会应当探索新的融资方式和方法，包括大大增加资源以及为动员资源采取必要的后续措施。 |
| Therefore, voluntary contributions from Governments,
increased regional and bilateral assistance as well as contributions
from private sources should also be encouraged. | 因此，还应当鼓励各国政府做出自愿捐款，增加地区和双边援助以及私人机构的捐助。 |
| UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO) have
been instrumental in helping developing countries set up and implement
specific programmes for children with disabilities. | 儿童基金和世界卫生组织(卫生组织)在帮助发展中国家建立和落实残疾儿童的具体方案方面发挥着重要的作用。 |
| The process of knowledge exchange is also valuable in
sharing updated medical knowledge and good practices, such as early
identification and community-based approaches to early intervention and
support to families, and addressing common challenges. | 交流知识的进程对于分享最新的医学知识和良好做法(例如早期确认以及对早期干预和为家庭提供支助方面采取基于社区的做法)以及共同面临挑战，都非常宝贵。 |
| 23. Countries that have endured, or continue to
endure, internal or foreign conflict, during which land mines were laid,
face a particular challenge. | 23. 曾经历过或继续在经历内部和外部冲突的国家，由于冲突期间埋下的地雷，而面临特别的挑战。 |
| States parties are often not privy to plans of the
sites where the land mines and unexploded ordnance were planted and the
cost of mine clearance is very high. | 缔约国往往不了解布有地雷和未引爆装置区域的布雷情况，而排雷的费用又非常高。 |
| The Committee emphasizes the importance of
international cooperation in accordance with the 1997 Convention on the
Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of
Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction, in order to prevent
injuries and deaths caused by landmines and unexploded ordnance that
remain in place. | 委员会强调指出，根据1997年《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》开展国际合作以防止仍埋在地下的地雷和未引爆装置造成的伤亡非常重要。 |
| In this regard the Committee recommends that States
parties closely cooperate with a view to completely removing all
landmines and unexploded ordnance in areas of armed conflict and/or
previous armed conflict. | 在此方面，委员会建议各缔约国密切合作，以彻底排除武装冲突和/或曾发生过武装冲突的地区的所有地雷和未引爆装置。 |
| G. Independent monitoring | G. 独立监督 |
| 24. Both the Convention and the Standard Rules on the
Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities recognize
the importance of the establishment of an appropriate monitoring system. | 24. 无论《公约》还是《残疾人机会均等标准规则》，都承认建立适当的监督机制的重要性。 |
| The Committee has very often referred to “the Paris
Principles” (A/RES/48/134) as the guidelines which national human rights
institutions should follow (see the Committee’s general comment No. 2
(2002) on the role of independent national human rights institutions in
the promotion and protection of the rights of the child). | 委员会经常提及“巴黎原则”(A/RES/48/134)，作为国家人权机构应当遵守的指导方针(参见委员会关于独立国家人权机构在增进和保护儿童权利中的作用的第2号一般性意见(2002))。 |
| National human rights institutions can take many
shapes or forms such as an Ombudsman or a Commissioner and may be
broad-based or specific. | 国家人权机构可以采用多种建制或形式，例如监察员或专员，而且范围可以宽泛，也可以很具体。 |
| Whatever mechanism is chosen, it must be: | 但无论采取何种机制，都必须： |
| (a) Independent and provided with adequate human and financial resources; | 具有独立性，并配备充足的人力和财政资源； |
| (b) Well known to children with disabilities and their caregivers; | 为残疾儿童及其照料者所熟知； |
| (c) Accessible not only in the physical sense but
also in a way that allows children with disabilities to send in their
complaints or issues easily and confidentially; and | 不仅残疾儿童能够实际接近，而且还残疾儿童能够容易地以保密的方式提出投诉或问题；以及 |
| (d) It must have the appropriate legal authority to
receive, investigate and address the complaints of children with
disabilities in a manner sensitive to both their childhood and to their
disabilities. | 必须拥有适当的法律权力，以考虑到残疾儿童年幼及其残疾的方式受理、调查和处理其提出的投诉。 |
| H. Civil society | H. 民间社会 |
| 25. Although caring for children with disabilities is
an obligation of the State, NGOs often carry out these responsibilities
without the appropriate support, funding or recognition from
Governments. | 25. 虽然照顾残疾儿童是国家的义务，但非政府组织往往负起这些责任，却得不到政府的适当支持、资助或承认。 |
| States parties are therefore encouraged to support
and cooperate with NGOs enabling them to participate in the provision of
services for children with disabilities and to ensure that they operate
in full compliance with the provisions and principles of the
Convention. | 因此鼓励各缔约国为非政府组织提供支助与合作，以便其参与为残疾儿童提供服务，并确保其运作全面遵守《公约》的各项规定和原则。 |
| In this regard the Committee draws the attention of
States parties to the recommendations adopted on its day of general
discussion on the private sector as a service provider, held on 20
September 2002 (CRC/C/121, paras. 630-653). | 在此方面，委员会提请各缔约国注意其在2002年9月20日举行的关于私营部门作为服务提供者问题的一般性讨论日所通过的建议(CRC/C/121,第630至653段)。 |
| I. Dissemination of knowledge and training of professionals | I. 传播知识和培训专业人员 |
| 26. Knowledge of the Convention and its specific
provisions devoted to children with disabilities is a necessary and
powerful tool to ensure the realization of these rights. | 26. 了解《公约》及其有关残疾儿童的具体规定，是确保实现这些权利的必要而有力的手段。 |
| States parties are encouraged to disseminate
knowledge by, inter alia, conducting systematic awareness-raising
campaigns, producing appropriate material, such as a child friendly
version of the Convention in print and Braille, and using the mass media
to foster positive attitudes towards children with disabilities. | 鼓励各缔约国尤其通过系统地开展提高认识的宣传活动、制作便于儿童阅读的《公约》印刷读物和盲文本等适当的材料以及利用大众传播媒体帮助人们正确看待残疾儿童等方式，来传播知识。 |
| 27. As for professionals working with and for
children with disabilities, training programmes must include targeted
and focused education on the rights of children with disabilities as a
prerequisite for qualification. | 27. 为从事残疾儿童工作的专业人员所提供的培训方案，必须包括有关残疾儿童权利的有针对性的教育才算合格。 |
| These professionals include but are not limited to
policymakers, judges, lawyers, law enforcement officers, educators,
health workers, social workers and media staff among others. | 这些专业人员包括(但不限于)决策人员、法官、律师、执法官员、教育者、卫生工作者、社会工作者和媒体工作人员。 |
| IV. GENERAL PRINCIPLES | 四、一般原则 |
| Article 2 - Non-discrimination | 第2条：不歧视 |
| 28. See paragraphs 8-10 above. | 28. 参见上文第8至10段。 |
| Article 3 - Best interests of the child | 第3条：儿童的最大利益 |
| 29. “In all actions concerning children…the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration”. | 29. “关于儿童的一切行动，…均应以儿童的最大利益为一种首要考虑”。 |
| The broad nature of this article aims at covering all aspects of care and protection for children in all settings. | 该条涉及面很广，旨在涵盖照料和保护一切处境下的儿童的所有方面。 |
| It addresses legislators who are entrusted with
setting the legal framework for protecting the rights of children with
disabilities as well as the decisions-making processes concerning
children with disabilities. | 该条提及为保护残疾儿童权利制定法律框架的立法者以及涉及残疾儿童的决策进程。 |
| Article 3 should be the basis on which programmes and
policies are set and it should be duly taken into account in every
service provided for children with disabilities and any other action
affecting them. | 第3条应成为制定各种方案和政策的依据，而且应当在为残疾儿童提供的每一项服务以及所采取的对残疾儿童产生影响的任何其他行动中加以考虑。 |
| 30. The best interests of the child is of particular
relevance in institutions and other facilities that provide services for
children with disabilities as they are expected to conform to standards
and regulations and should have the safety, protection and care of
children as their primary consideration, and this consideration should
outweigh any other and under all circumstances, for example, when
allocating budgets. | 30. 儿童的最大利益对为残疾儿童提供服务的机构及其他设施尤其具有相关性，因为它们需要符合各种标准和条例，而且应当以儿童的安全、保护和照料作为首要考虑，而且这一考虑应当在所有情况下，例如划拨预算时，都要比其他任何事项更为重要。 |
| Article 6 - Right to life, survival and development | 第6条：生命、生存和发展的权利 |
| 31. The inherent right to life, survival and
development is a right that warrants particular attention where children
with disabilities are concerned. | 31. 人所固有的生命、生存和发展的权利，对残疾儿童而言，是尤其值得重视的权利。 |
| In many countries of the world children with
disabilities are subject to a variety of practices that completely or
partially compromise this right. | 在世界上许多国家，有大量的做法使残疾儿童完全或部分丧失这一权利。 |
| In addition to being more vulnerable to infanticide,
some cultures view a child with any form of disability as a bad omen
that may “tarnish the family pedigree” and, accordingly, a certain
designated individual from the community systematically kills children
with disabilities. | 残疾儿童更容易受杀婴之害，此外，一些文化将带有任何形式残疾的儿童视为不祥之兆，可能会“玷污家庭的血统”，因此社区指定专人系统地杀害残疾儿童。 |
| These crimes often go unpunished or perpetrators receive reduced sentences. | 这些罪行往往是有罪不罚，或者肇事者被从轻处罚。 |
| States parties are urged to undertake all the
necessary measures required to put an end to these practices, including
raising public awareness, setting up appropriate legislation and
enforcing laws that ensure appropriate punishment to all those who
directly or indirectly violate the right to life, survival and
development of children with disabilities. | 促请各缔约国采取包括以下在内的必要措施，结束这些做法：提高公众认识、制定适当的立法、开展执法工作，确保所有直接或间接侵犯残疾儿童生命、存活和发展权利的人受到应有的惩罚。 |
| Article 12 - Respect for the views of the child | 第12条：尊重儿童的意见 |
| 32. More often than not, adults with and without
disabilities make policies and decisions related to children with
disabilities while the children themselves are left out of the process. | 32. 与残疾儿童相关的政策和决定都是由无论是否身患残疾的成年人做出的，而残疾儿童自己却被排除在这一进程之外。 |
| It is essential that children with disabilities be
heard in all procedures affecting them and that their views be respected
in accordance with their evolving capacities. | 在影响残疾儿童的所有程序中倾听他们的意见，并根据他们不断发展的能力尊重他们的意见，具有至为重要的意义。 |
| In order for this principle to be respected, children
should be represented in various bodies such as parliament, committees
and other forums where they may voice views and participate in the
making of decisions that affect them as children in general and as
children with disabilities specifically. | 为使这一原则得到尊重，在议会、各委员会及其他论坛等各种机构中都应当有儿童代表，以便其发表意见，并参与对儿童尤其是残疾儿童产生影响的决策。 |
| Engaging children in such a process not only ensures
that the policies are targeted to their needs and desires, but also
functions as a valuable tool for inclusion since it ensures that the
decision-making process is a participatory one. | 让儿童参与此种进程，不仅可以确保各项政策针对他们的需要和期望，而且还可以作为一个重要的包容手段，因为这样做可以确保决策程序具有参与性。 |
| Children should be provided with whatever mode of communication they need to facilitate expressing their views. | 应当为儿童提供方便其发表意见的一切必需的交流方式。 |
| Furthermore, States parties should support the
training for families and professionals on promoting and respecting the
evolving capacities of children to take increasing responsibilities for
decision-making in their own lives. | 此外，各缔约国还应当为培训家庭和专业人员提供支助，使他们了解如何提高和尊重儿童在承担其自己生活中的决策责任方面不断发展的能力。 |
| 33. Children with disabilities often require special
services in health and education to allow them to achieve their fullest
potential and these are further discussed in the relevant paragraphs
below. | 33. 残疾儿童往往需要特别的卫生和教育服务，才能最大限度地发挥其潜力，这方面的问题将在下文相关段落进一步讨论。 |
| However it should be noted that spiritual, emotional
and cultural development and well-being of children with disabilities
are very often overlooked. | 然而，应当指出的是，残疾儿童的精神、感情和文化发展与福利经常被忽视。 |
| Their participation in events and activities catering
to these essential aspects of any child’s life is either totally
lacking or minimal. | 残疾儿童要么根本没有，要么很少参加专为儿童生活的这些最基本的方面所开展的工作和活动。 |
| Furthermore, when their participation is invited, it
is often limited to activities specifically designed for and targeted at
children with disabilities. | 另外，他们被邀请参加这些活动时，往往也仅限于参加专为残疾儿童开展的活动。 |
| This practice only leads to further marginalization of children with disabilities and increases their feelings of isolation. | 这种做法只能进一步使残疾儿童边际化，加大他们的被孤立感。 |
| Programmes and activities designed for the child’s
cultural development and spiritual well-being should involve and cater
to both children with and without disabilities in an integrated and
participatory fashion. | 专为儿童的文化发展和精神福利所执行的方案和活动，应当以兼收并蓄的方式让无论是否身患残疾的儿童参加。 |
| V. CIVIL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS (arts. 7, 8, 13-17, and 37 a) | 五、公民权利和自由(第7条、第8条、第13至17条和第37条a项) |
| 34. The right to name and nationality, preservation
of identity, freedom of expression, freedom of thought, conscience and
religion, freedom of association and peaceful assembly, the right to
privacy and the right not to be subjected to torture or other cruel
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and not to be unlawfully
deprived of liberty are all universal civil rights and freedoms which
must be respected, protected and promoted for all, including children
with disabilities. | 34.
姓名和国籍权，维护身份的权利，言论自由权，思想、良知和宗教自由权，结社自由及和平集会自由权，隐私权以及不受酷刑或其他残酷、不人道或有辱人格待遇或
处罚以及不被非法剥夺自由的权利等，都是普遍的公民权利和自由，对所有人，包括残疾儿童的这些权利，都必须尊重、保护和增进。 |
| Particular attention should be paid here on areas
where the rights of children with disabilities are more likely to be
violated or where special programmes are needed for their protection. | 在此方面，应当尤其注意残疾儿童的权利更可能被侵犯的领域，或者为保护残疾儿童而需要开展特别方案的领域。 |
| A. Birth registration | A. 出生登记 |
| 35. Children with disabilities are disproportionately vulnerable to non-registration at birth. | 35. 残疾儿童未进行出生登记的比率很高。 |
| Without birth registration they are not recognized by law and become invisible in government statistics. | 残疾儿童不进行出生登记，便得不到法律保护，政府的统计资料中也无法体现。 |
| Non-registration has profound consequences for the
enjoyment of their human rights, including the lack of citizenship and
access to social and health services and to education. | 不进行出生登记，对其享受人权产生深刻的影响，其中包括缺乏公民身份，没有机会获得社会和保健服务，也没有受教育的机会。 |
| Children with disabilities who are not registered at birth are at greater risk of neglect, institutionalization, and even death. | 未进行出生登记的残疾儿童面临被忽视、被送进照料机构甚至死亡的可能性更大。 |
| 36. In the light of article 7 of the Convention, the
Committee recommends that States parties adopt all appropriate measures
to ensure the registration of children with disabilities at birth. | 36. 根据《公约》第7条，委员会建议各缔约国采取一切适当措施，确保残疾儿童进行出生登记。 |
| Such measures should include developing and
implementing an effective system of birth registration, waiving
registration fees, introducing mobile registration offices and, for
children who are not yet registered, providing registration units in
schools. | 此种措施应当包括建立和实行有效的出生登记制度，免除登记费用，设立移动登记所，以及为尚未登记的儿童设立学校登记站。 |
| In this context, States parties should ensure that
the provisions of article 7 are fully enforced in conformity with the
principles of non-discrimination (art. 2) and of the best interests of
the child (art. 3). | 在此方面，各缔约国应确保根据不歧视(第2条)原则和儿童的最大利益(第3条)原则全面落实第7条的规定。 |
| B. Access to appropriate information and mass media | B. 获得适当信息和大众传播 |
| 37. Access to information and means of communication,
including information and communication technologies and systems,
enables children with disabilities to live independently and participate
fully in all aspects of life. | 37. 获得信息和通信手段，包括信息与通信技术和系统，能让残疾儿童独立生活，并充分参与生活的各个方面。 |
| Children with disabilities and their caregivers
should have access to information concerning their disabilities so that
they can be adequately educated on the disability, including its causes,
management and prognosis. | 残疾儿童及其照料者应当有机会获得关于其残疾问题的信息，以便其适当了解其残疾情况，包括残疾的起因、管理和预后等方面。 |
| This knowledge is extremely valuable as it does not
only enable them to adjust and live better with their disabilities, but
also allows them to be more involved in and to make informed decisions
about their own care. | 这些知识特别宝贵，因为不但能使其适应自己的残疾并生活过得更好，而且还让他们能在自己的照料问题上更多地参与并做出知情的决定。 |
| Children with disabilities should also be provided
with the appropriate technology and other services and/or languages,
e.g. Braille and sign language, which would enable them to have access
to all forms of media, including television, radio and printed material
as well as new information and communication technologies and systems,
such as the Internet. | 还应当为残疾儿童提供适当的技术及其他服务和/或语言，例如布莱叶盲文和手语，以便其有机会享用一切形式的媒体，包括电视、广播和印刷材料，以及新的信息与通信技术和系统，例如互联网。 |
| 38. On the other hand, States parties are required to
protect all children, including children with disabilities from harmful
information, especially pornographic material and material that
promotes xenophobia or any other form of discrimination and could
potentially reinforce prejudices. | 38. 另一方面，各缔约国还需要保护所有儿童，包括残疾儿童，不受有害信息的危害，特别是色情村料和宣扬仇外心理或任何其他歧视形式并有可能加深偏见的材料。 |
| C. Accessibility to public transportation and facilities | C. 公共交通和设施的使用便利条件 |
| 39. The physical inaccessibility of public
transportation and other facilities, including governmental buildings,
shopping areas, recreational facilities among others, is a major factor
in the marginalization and exclusion of children with disabilities and
markedly compromises their access to services, including health and
education. | 39. 公共交通及其他设施，包括政府大楼、购物场所、娱乐设施等不易进入和使用，是造成残疾儿童被边际化和被排斥的一个主要因素，而且明显使其获得各项服务，包括保健和教育服务的机会大打折扣。 |
| Although this provision may be mostly realized in developed countries, it remains largely un-addressed in the developing world. | 虽然这一规定在发达国家已多数得到落实，但在发展中国家却在很大程度上没有解决。 |
| All States parties are urged to set out appropriate
policies and procedures to make public transportation safe, easily
accessible to children with disabilities, and free of charge, whenever
possible, taking into account the financial resources of the parents or
others caring for the child. | 因此促请所有缔约国制定适当的政策和程序，让公共交通便于残疾儿童安全、方便、免费使用，必要时可以考虑儿童的父母或其他照料者的财政资源情况。 |
| 40. All new public buildings should comply with
international specifications for access of persons with disabilities and
existing public buildings, including schools, health facilities,
governmental buildings, shopping areas, undergo necessary alterations
that make them as accessible as possible. | 40. 所有新的公共大楼都应符合方便残疾人出入的国际规格，现有的公共大楼，包括学校、卫生设施、政府大楼、购物场所，都必须进行必要的改造，以使之尽可能容易进出。 |
| VI. FAMILY ENVIRONMENT AND ALTERNATIVE CARE | 六、家庭环境和替代照料 |
| (arts. 5, 18 (1-2), 9-11, 19-21, 25, 27 (4), and 39) | (第5条、第18条第1-2款、第9-11条、第19-21条、第25条、第27条第4款和第39条) |
| A. Family support and parental responsibilities | A. 家庭支助和父母责任 |
| 41. Children with disabilities are best cared for and
nurtured within their own family environment provided that the family
is adequately provided for in all aspects. | 41. 只要家庭在所有方面都得到适当的配备，残疾儿童在自己的家庭环境中被照料和养育是最佳的。 |
| Such support to families includes education of
parent/s and siblings, not only on the disability and its causes but
also on each child’s unique physical and mental requirements;
psychological support that is sensitive to the stress and difficulties
imposed on families of children with disabilities; education on the
family’s common language, for example sign language, so that parents and
siblings can communicate with family members with disabilities;
material support in the form of special allowances as well as consumable
supplies and necessary equipment, such as special furniture and
mobility devices that is deemed necessary for the child with a
disability to live a dignified, self-reliant lifestyle, and be fully
included in the family and community. | 为家庭提供的此种支助包括：
对父母(单亲或双亲)及兄弟妹妹进行不仅关于残疾问题及其起因的教育，而且关于每个儿童独特的身心要求的教育；注重残疾儿童家庭面临的压力和困难的心理支
助；关于家庭共同语言的教育，例如手语，以便父母和兄弟妹妹能与残疾家庭成员交流；特殊津贴形式的物质支助以及消费品和被认为系确保残疾儿童生活体面、自
给自足、全面融入家庭和社区所必需的特殊家具和代步设施等必要设备。 |
| In this context, support should also be extended to children who are affected by the disabilities of their caregivers. | 在此方面，还应为受其照料者残疾影响的儿童提供支助。 |
| For example, a child living with a parent or other
caregiver with disabilities should receive the support that would
protect fully his or her rights and allow him or her to continue to live
with this parent whenever it is in his or her best interests. | 例如，与一名残疾父母或其他照料者一起生活的儿童应当得到支助，使其权利得到全面保护，并允许其在符合其最大利益的情况下继续与残疾父母共同生活。 |
| Support services should also include different forms
of respite care, such as care assistance in the home and day-care
facilities directly accessible at community level. | 支助服务还应当包括各种不同形式的临时护理，例如在社区可以直接获得的家庭和日托设施提供的照料援助。 |
| Such services enable parents to work, as well as relieve stress and maintain healthy family environments. | 此种服务让父母得以工作，并能缓解压力，维持健康的家庭环境。 |
| B. Violence, abuse and neglect | B. 暴力、虐待与忽视 |
| 42. Children with disabilities are more vulnerable to
all forms of abuse be it mental, physical or sexual in all settings,
including the family, schools, private and public institutions, inter
alia alternative care, work environment and community at large. | 42. 残疾儿童更容易受到各种形式的虐待，无论是身心方面的虐待还是性虐待，也不管任何环境，包括家庭、学校、私营和公共机构，尤其是替代照料、工作环境和一般社区。 |
| It is often quoted that children with disabilities are five times more likely to be victims of abuse. | 人们常常引述说，残疾儿童遭受虐待的可能性要高五倍。 |
| In the home and in institutions, children with
disabilities are often subjected to mental and physical violence and
sexual abuse, and they are also particularly vulnerable to neglect and
negligent treatment since they often present an extra physical and
financial burden on the family. | 在家中和在照料机构，残疾儿童都经常在精神和身体上受到暴力和性虐待，而且由于他们往往为家庭带来额外的实际和财政负担，因此特别容易被忽视和受到冷漠的对待。 |
| In addition, the lack of access to a functional
complaint receiving and monitoring mechanism is conducive to systematic
and continuing abuse. | 此外，缺乏机会使用能发挥作用的申诉受理和监督机制，也助长了这种系统、持续的虐待行为。 |
| School bullying is a particular form of violence that
children are exposed to and more often than not, this form of abuse
targets children with disabilities. | 学校中恃强欺弱的现象是儿童遭受的一种特别暴力形式，而这种暴力形式常常以残疾儿童为目标。 |
| Their particular vulnerability may be explained inter alia by the following main reasons: | 他们之所以特别容易受到伤害，可归因于以下一些主要原因： |
| (a) Their inability to hear, move, and dress, toilet,
and bath independently increases their vulnerability to intrusive
personal care or abuse; | 他们没有能力独立地听、行动、穿衣、梳妆和洗浴，增加了他们容易受到侵入式人身照料或虐待的可能性； |
| (b) Living in isolation from parents, siblings, extended family and friends increases the likelihood of abuse; | 离开父母、兄弟妹妹、大家庭和朋友而独处，增加了被虐待的可能性； |
| (c) Should they have communication or intellectual
impairments, they may be ignored, disbelieved or misunderstood should
they complain about abuse; | 如果他们有交流上的障碍或智力障碍，他们被虐待的申诉可能被人忽视、不相信或误解； |
| (d) Parents or others taking care of the child may be
under considerable pressure or stress because of physical, financial
and emotional issues in caring for their child. | 父母或照料残疾儿童的其他人可能因为照料这些儿童所带来的实际、财政和感情问题，而承受很大的压力或感到相当紧张。 |
| Studies indicate that those under stress may be more likely to commit abuse; | 研究表明，情绪紧张的可能更容易有虐待行为； |
| (e) Children with disabilities are often wrongly
perceived as being non-sexual and not having an understanding of their
own bodies and, therefore, they can be targets of abusive people,
particularly those who base abuse on sexuality. | 残疾儿童常常被错误地认为没有性兴趣，并不了解自己的身体，因此，可能成为被人虐待的目标，尤其是性虐待者的目标。 |
| 43. In addressing the issue of violence and abuse,
States parties are urged to take all necessary measures for the
prevention of abuse of and violence against children with disabilities,
such as: | 43. 因此在处理暴力和虐待问题时，促请各缔约国采取例如以下方面的一切必要措施，防止残疾儿童受到虐待和暴力侵害： |
| (a) Train and educate parents or others caring for the child to understand the risks and detect the signs of abuse of the child; | 对父母或照料儿童的其他人进行培训和教育，使其了解儿童被虐待的危险并发觉儿童被虐待的迹象； |
| (b) Ensure that parents are vigilant about choosing
caregivers and facilities for their children and improve their ability
to detect abuse; | 确保父母在为子女选择照料者和设施时保持警惕，并提高其发觉儿童被虐待的能力； |
| (c) Provide and encourage support groups for parents,
siblings and others taking care of the child to assist them in caring
for their children and coping with their disabilities; | 提供或鼓励设立儿童的父母、兄弟妹妹及其他照料人支助小组，以帮助其照料这些儿童，对付残疾问题； |
| (d) Ensure that children and caregivers know that the
child is entitled as a matter of right to be treated with dignity and
respect and they have the right to complain to appropriate authorities
if those rights are breached; | 确保残疾儿童和照料者了解儿童有权受到体面的对待和尊重，而且在这些权利被侵犯时，有权向适当部门提出申诉； |
| (e) Ensure that schools take all measures to combat
school bullying and pay particular attention to children with
disabilities providing them with the necessary protection while
maintaining their inclusion into the mainstream education system; | 确保学校采取一切措施，打击校内恃强欺弱的现象，尤其注意残疾儿童的情况，为他们提供必要的保护，同时将其纳入主流教育系统； |
| (f) Ensure that institutions providing care for
children with disabilities are staffed with specially trained personnel,
subject to appropriate standards, regularly monitored and evaluated,
and have accessible and sensitive complaint mechanisms; | 确保为残疾儿童提供照料的机构配备受过专门训练的人员，遵守适当的标准，定期接受监督和评估，并有方便使用和敏感的申诉机制； |
| (g) Establish an accessible, child-sensitive
complaint mechanism and a functioning monitoring system based on the
Paris Principles (see paragraph 24 above); | 建立一个便于使用、对儿童问题敏感的申诉机制和基于《巴黎原则》的能发挥作用的监督体制(见上文第24段)； |
| (h) Take all necessary legislative measures required
to punish and remove perpetrators from the home ensuring that the child
is not deprived of his or her family and continue to live in a safe and
healthy environment; | 采取一切必要的立法措施，对肇事者加以惩罚，逐出家庭，并确保残疾儿童不失去家庭，能继续在安全、健康的环境中生活； |
| (i) Ensure the treatment and re-integration of
victims of abuse and violence with a special focus on their overall
recovery programmes. | 确保虐待和暴力的受害者得到治疗并重新融入社会，应特别侧重于为其开展全面的康复方案。 |
| 44. In this context the Committee would also like to
draw States parties’ attention to the report of the independent expert
for the United Nations study on violence against children (A/61/299)
which refers to children with disabilities as a group of children
especially vulnerable to violence. | 44. 在此方面，委员会希望提请各缔约国注意联合国研究暴力侵害儿童问题独立专家的报告(A/61/299)，其中提到残疾儿童是特别容易受暴力侵害的儿童群体。 |
| The Committee encourages States parties to take all
appropriate measures to implement the overarching recommendations and
setting-specific recommendations contained in this report. | 委员会鼓励各缔约国采取一切适当措施，落实该报告中所载的首要建议和具体建议。 |
| C. Family-type alternative care | C. 家庭型的替代照料 |
| 45. The role of the extended family, which is still a
main pillar of childcare in many communities and is considered one of
the best alternatives for childcare, should be strengthened and
empowered to support the child and his or her parents or others taking
care of the child. | 45. 大家庭仍然是许多社区照料儿童方面的一个主要支柱，并被认为是最佳的替代照料儿童方式，因此应当加强其作用，使其能够为残疾儿童及其父母或其他照料者提供支助。 |
| 46. Recognizing that the foster family is an accepted
and practiced form of alternative care in many States parties, it is
nevertheless a fact that many foster families are reluctant to take on
the care of a child with disability as children with disabilities often
pose a challenge in the extra care they may need and the special
requirements in their physical, psychological and mental upbringing. | 46. 虽然承认寄养家庭在许多缔约国是一种得到认可并实际采用的替代照料形式，但许多寄养家庭不愿意承担照料残疾儿童的工作，因为残疾儿童可能需要的额外照料，以及其身体、心理和智力成长的特殊要求，往往构成挑战。 |
| Organizations that are responsible for foster
placement of children must, therefore, conduct the necessary training
and encouragement of suitable families and provide the support that will
allow the foster family to appropriately take care of the child with
disability. | 所以，负责将儿童安置在寄养家庭的组织，必须为适当的家庭进行必要的培训和鼓励，并为寄养家庭提供能使其适当照料残疾儿童所需的支助。 |
| D. Institutions | D. 照料机构 |
| 47. The Committee has often expressed its concern at
the high number of children with disabilities placed in institutions and
that institutionalization is the preferred placement option in many
countries. | 47. 委员会经常对被安置在照料机构中的残疾儿童的数量极高并且将残疾儿童安置在照料机构中是许多国家喜欢采用的安置办法，表示关注。 |
| The quality of care provided, whether educational,
medical or rehabilitative, is often much inferior to the standards
necessary for the care of children with disabilities either because of
lack of identified standards or lack of implementation and monitoring of
these standards. | 从质量上讲，所提供的照料，无论是教育、医疗还是康复方面，往往都比照料残疾儿童所必需的标准低得多，其原因不是因为缺乏确定的标准就是这些标准得不到落实和监督。 |
| Institutions are also a particular setting where
children with disabilities are more vulnerable to mental, physical,
sexual and other forms of abuse as well as neglect and negligent
treatment (see paragraphs 42-44 above). | 照料机构的环境也尤其让残疾儿童更容易受到身心虐待、性虐待及其他形式的虐待，以及被忽视和受到冷漠的对待(见上文第42-44段)。 |
| The Committee therefore urges States parties to use
the placement in institution only as a measure of last resort, when it
is absolutely necessary and in the best interests of the child. | 因此，委员会促请各缔约国只有在为了儿童的最大利益万不得已的情况下，才作为最后手段将残疾儿童安置在照料机构。 |
| It recommends that the States parties prevent the use
of placement in institution merely with the goal of limiting the
child’s liberty or freedom of movement. | 委员会建议各缔约国防止纯粹为限制残疾儿童的自由或行动自由而将其安置在照料机构的做法。 |
| In addition, attention should be paid to transforming
existing institutions, with a focus on small residential care
facilities organized around the rights and needs of the child, to
developing national standards for care in institutions, and to
establishing rigorous screening and monitoring procedures to ensure
effective implementation of these standards. | 此外，还应当重视改造现有的照料机构，重点建设围绕儿童权利和需求组成的小型居家型照料设施，制定机构中照料的国家标准，并制定严格的筛选和监督程序，以确保这些标准得到有效的落实。 |
| 48. The Committee is concerned at the fact that
children with disabilities are not often heard in separation and
placement processes. | 48. 委员会感到关注的是，在将残疾儿童分离和安置的过程中，没有听取残疾儿童的意见。 |
| In general, decision-making processes do not attach
enough weight to children as partners even though these decisions have a
far-reaching impact on the child’s life and future. | 一般而言，决策程序都没有把儿童当作伙伴予以足够的重视，尽管这些决定会对儿童的生活和未来产生深远的影响。 |
| Therefore, the Committee recommends that States
parties continue and strengthen their efforts to take into consideration
the views of children with disabilities and facilitate their
participation in all matters affecting them within the evaluation,
separation and placement process in out-of-home care, and during the
transition process. | 因此，委员会建议各缔约国继续加强努力，听取残疾儿童的意见，并为残疾儿童参与在家庭外照料的评估、分离和安置进程内，以及过渡阶段期间对其产生影响的一切事务提供便利。 |
| The Committee also emphasizes that children should be
heard throughout the protection measure process, before making the
decision as well as during and after its implementation. | 委员会还强调指出，在整个保护措施过程中，无论是作出决定之前，还是执行期间和之后，都必须听取儿童的意见。 |
| In this context, the Committee draws the attention of
the States parties to the Committee’s recommendations adopted on its
day of general discussion on children without parental care, held on 16
September 2005 (CRC/C/153, paragraphs 636-689). | 在此方面，委员会提请各缔约国注意委员会在2005年9月16日举行的关于无父母照料儿童的一般性讨论日所通过的建议(CRC/ C/153, 第636-689段)。 |
| 49. In addressing institutionalization, States
parties are therefore urged to set up programmes for
de-institutionalization of children with disabilities, re-placing them
with their families, extended families or foster care system. | 49. 因此，促请各缔约国在解决将残疾儿童安置在照料机构的问题时，制定使残疾儿童脱离照料机构，将其重新安置在家庭、大家庭或寄养系统中的方案。 |
| Parents and other extended family members should be
provided with the necessary and systematic support/training for
including their child back into their home environment. | 应当为儿童重回家庭环境向父母及大家庭的其他成员系统地提供必要的支助/培训。 |
| E. Periodic review of placement | E. 定期审查安置情况 |
| 50. Whatever form of placement chosen for children
with disabilities by the competent authorities, it is essential that a
periodic review of the treatment provided to the child, and all other
circumstances relevant to his or her placement, is carried out to
monitor his or her well being. | 50. 无论主管部门为残疾儿童选择哪种安置形式，都必须对残疾儿童受到的待遇以及与其安置相关的所有其他情况进行定期的审查，以监测其福利情况。 |
| VII. BASIC HEALTH AND WELFARE | 七、基本健康和福利 |
| (arts. 6, 18 (3), 23, 24, 26, and 27 (1-3)) | (第6条、第18条第3款、第23条、第24条、第26条和第27条第1-3款) |
| A. Right to health | A. 健康权 |
| 51. Attainment of the highest possible standard of
health as well as access and affordability of quality healthcare is an
inherent right for all children. | 51. 达到可能的最高标准的健康以及有机会获得并有能力支付高质量的保健服务，是所有儿童的一项固有权利。 |
| Children with disabilities are often left out because
of several challenges, including discrimination, inaccessibility due to
the lack of information and/or financial resources, transportation,
geographic distribution and physical access to health care facilities. | 由于面临多方面的挑战，残疾儿童往往被排除在外，这些挑战包括歧视；以及因缺乏信息和/或财政资源、交通、地理分布和保健设施进出通道而享受不到。 |
| Another factor is the absence of targeted health care programmes that address the specific needs of children with disabilities. | 另一个因素是，缺乏专门针对残疾儿童的具体需求而制定的保健方案。 |
| Health policies should be comprehensive and address
early detection of disabilities, early intervention, including
psychological and physical treatment, rehabilitation including physical
aids, for example limb prosthesis, mobility devices, hearing aids and
visual aids. | 健康政策应当全面、并应涉及以下各方面的工作：早期发现残疾，早期干预，包括进行心理和生理治疗，康复，包括物理辅助器，例如假肢、代步设施、助听器和助视器。 |
| 52. It is important to emphasize that health services
should be provided within the same public health system that provides
for children with no disabilities, free of charge, whenever possible,
and as updated and modernized as possible. | 52. 必须强调的是，保健服务应当在与没有残疾的儿童相同的公共卫生系统中，尽可能免费地提供，而且服务应当尽可能是最新和现代化的。 |
| The importance of community-based assistance and
rehabilitation strategies should be emphasized when providing health
services for children with disabilities. | 在为残疾儿童提供保健服务时，应当强调基于社区的援助和康复战略的重要性。 |
| States parties must ensure that health professionals
working with children with disabilities are trained to the highest
possible standard and practice based on a child-centred approach. | 各缔约国必须确保从事残疾儿童工作的卫生专业人员所受的训练达到可能的最高标准并按以儿童为中心的做法从事工作。 |
| In this respect, many States parties would greatly
benefit from international cooperation with international organizations
as well as other States parties. | 在此方面，许多缔约国将能极大地受益于同国际组织及其他缔约国开展的国际合作。 |
| B. Prevention | B. 预防 |
| 53. Causes of disabilities are multiple and, therefore, the quality and level of prevention vary. | 53. 残疾是由于多种原因造成的，因此预防的质量和水平也多种多样。 |
| Inherited diseases that often cause disabilities can
be prevented in some societies that practice consanguineous marriages
and under such circumstances public awareness and appropriate
pre-conception testing would be recommended. | 经常造成残疾的遗传性疾病在一些实行近亲结婚的社会中是可以预防的，在此种情况下，建议开展公共宣传，并进行适当的受孕前检查。 |
| Communicable diseases are still the cause of many
disabilities around the world and immunization programmes need to be
stepped up aiming to achieve universal immunization against all
preventable communicable diseases. | 传染性疾病仍然是全世界造成许多残疾的原因，因此应当加强免疫接种方案，争取实现在全世界范围内进行防止一切可以预防的传染性疾病的免疫接种这一目标。 |
| Poor nutrition has a long-term impact upon children’s
development and it can lead to disabilities, such as blindness caused
by Vitamin A deficiency. | 营养不良对儿童的发展造成长期的影响，而且可以导致残疾，例如缺乏维生素A会致盲。 |
| The Committee recommends that States parties
introduce and strengthen prenatal care for children and ensure adequate
quality of the assistance given during the delivery. | 委员会建议各缔约国实行并加强儿童出生前保健，并确保分娩当中有一定质量的援助。 |
| It also recommends that States parties provide
adequate post-natal health-care services and develop campaigns to inform
parents and others caring for the child about basic child healthcare
and nutrition. | 委员会还建议各缔约国提供适当的出生后保健服务，并开展宣传运动，让父母以及照料儿童的其他人了解基本的儿童保健和营养知识。 |
| In this regard, the Committee also recommends that
the States parties continue to cooperate and seek technical assistance
with, among others, WHO and UNICEF. | 在此方面，委员会还建议缔约国继续与卫生组织和儿童基金等组织开展合作并寻求得到技术援助。 |
| 54. Domestic and road traffic accidents are a major
cause of disability in some countries and policies of prevention need to
be established and implemented such as the laws on seat belts and
traffic safety. | 54. 家庭和交通事故在一些国家中是造成残疾的一个主要原因，因此必须制定并执行预防性政策，例如制定关于系安全带和交通安全方面的法律。 |
| Lifestyle issues, such as alcohol and drug abuse
during pregnancy, are also preventable causes of disabilities and in
some countries the fetal alcohol syndrome presents a major cause for
concern. | 生活方式造成的问题，例如怀孕期间酗酒和吸毒，也是可以预防的造成残疾的原因，而且在一些国家胎儿酒精综合症是令人担忧的大事。 |
| Public education, identification and support for
pregnant mothers who may be abusing such substances are just some of the
measures that may be taken to prevent such causes of disability among
children. Hazardous environment toxins also contribute to the causes of
many disabilities. | 预防出现儿童残疾的这些原因可以采取的措施包括：开展公共教育，发现并帮助那些可能酗酒和吸毒的孕妇。 |
| Toxins, such as lead, mercury, asbestos, etc., are commonly found in most countries. | 铅、汞、石棉等有毒物质在一些国家十分常见。 |
| Countries should establish and implement policies to
prevent dumping of hazardous materials and other means of polluting the
environment. | 各国应当制定和执行防止倾倒有害物质及其他污染环境的媒介的政策。 |
| Furthermore, strict guidelines and safeguards should also be established to prevent radiation accidents. | 此外，还应当制定防止辐射事故的严格准则和保障措施。 |
| 55. Armed conflicts and their aftermath, including
availability and accessibility of small arms and light weapons, are also
major causes of disabilities. | 55. 武装冲突及其造成的严重后果，包括小武器和轻武器随处可得，也是造成残疾的主要原因。 |
| States parties are obliged to take all necessary
measures to protect children from the detrimental effects of war and
armed violence and to ensure that children affected by armed conflict
have access to adequate health and social services, including
psychosocial recovery and social reintegration. | 各缔约国必须采取一切必要的措施，防止儿童受战争和武装暴力的不利影响，并确保受武装冲突影响的儿童有机会获得适当的卫生和社会服务，包括心理康复和重新融入社会的服务。 |
| In particular, the Committee stresses the importance
of educating children, parents and the public at large about the dangers
of landmines and unexploded ordnance in order to prevent injury and
death. | 尤其是，委员会强调，对儿童、父母和广大公众开展有关地雷和未引爆装置危险的教育十分重要，可以预防伤亡现象。 |
| It is crucial that States parties continue to locate
landmines and unexploded ordnance, take measures to keep children away
from suspected areas, and strengthen their mine clearance activities
and, when appropriate, seek the necessary technical and financial
support within a framework of international cooperation, including from
United Nations agencies. | 至为重要的是，各缔约国必须继续找到地雷和未爆装置，采取措施禁止儿童进入可疑地区，加强排雷活动，并酌情在包括联合国各机构在内的国际合作框架中寻求必要的技术和财政支助。 |
| (See also paragraph 23 above on landmines and
unexploded ordnance and paragraph 78 below on armed conflicts under
special protection measures.) | (亦参见上文关于地雷和未爆装置的第23段以及下文特别保护措施中关于武装冲突的第78段)。 |
| C. Early identification | C. 早期发现 |
| 56. Very often, disabilities are detected quite late
in the child’s life, which deprives him or her of effective treatment
and rehabilitation. | 56. 很常见的情况是，残疾是在儿童生活中很晚时才发现的，致使其失去了有效的治疗和康复机会。 |
| Early identification requires high awareness among
health professionals, parents, teachers as well as other professionals
working with children. | 早期发现需要卫生专业人员、父母、教师以及从事儿童工作的其他专业人员有很高的意识。 |
| They should be able to identify the earliest signs of
disability and make the appropriate referrals for diagnosis and
management. | 他们应当能发现最早的残疾迹象，并作出适当的诊断和管理转诊。 |
| Therefore, the Committee recommends that States
parties establish systems of early identification and early intervention
as part of their health services, together with birth registration and
procedures for following the progress of children identified with
disabilities at an early age. | 因此，委员会建议各缔约国在其保健服务中建立早期发现和早期干预系统，并建立出生登记以及跟踪早期发现患有残疾的儿童的进展的程序。 |
| Services should be both community- and home-based, and easy to access. | 各项服务应当在社区和家中提供，而且容易获得。 |
| Furthermore, links should be established between
early intervention services, pre-schools and schools to facilitate the
smooth transition of the child. | 此外，还应当在早期干预服务、学前和学校之间建立联系，为儿童的顺利转换提供便利。 |
| 57. Following identification, the systems in place
must be capable of early intervention including treatment and
rehabilitation providing all necessary devices that enable children with
disabilities to achieve their full functional capacity in terms of
mobility, hearing aids, visual aids, and prosthetics among others. | 57. 在发现残疾后，已建立的各种系统必须能进行早期干预，包括治疗和康复，并为使残疾儿童具有全部功能提供一切必要的设备，包括代步器、助听器、助视器和假肢等。 |
| It should also be emphasized that these provisions
should be offered free of cost, whenever possible, and the process of
acquiring such services should be efficient and simple avoiding long
waits and bureaucracies. | 还应当强调的是，这些设备应当尽可能免费提供，而且获得各该项服务的程序有效、简单、避免等待时间过长和官僚现象。 |
| D. Multidisciplinary care | D. 跨部门照料 |
| 58. Children with disabilities very often have multiple health issues that need to be addressed in a team approach. | 58. 残疾儿童经常有多种健康问题，需要采取会诊的办法治疗。 |
| Very often, many professionals are involved in the
care of the child, such as neurologists, psychologists, psychiatrists,
orthopaedic surgeons and physiotherapists among others. | 残疾儿童的医疗经常需要许多专业人员，例如神经病学者、心理学者、精神病学者、矫形外科医生和理疗师等。 |
| Ideally these professionals should collectively
identify a plan of management for the child with disability that would
ensure the most efficient healthcare is provided. | 理想的做法是，这些专业人员进行会诊，确定为残疾儿童进行治疗的方案，以确保提供最有效的保健服务。 |
| E. Adolescent health and development | E. 青少年健康和发展 |
| 59. The Committee notes that children with
disabilities are, particularly during their adolescence, facing multiple
challenges and risks in the area of establishing relationships with
peers and reproductive health. | 59. 委员会注意到，残疾儿童尤其在青少年时期在交友和生殖卫生方面面临多种挑战和危险。 |
| Therefore, the Committee recommends that States
parties provide adolescents with disabilities with adequate, and where
appropriate, disability specific information, guidance and counselling
and fully take into account the Committee’s general comments No. 3
(2003) on HIV/AIDS and the rights of the child and No. 4 (2003) on
adolescent health and development in the context of the Convention on
the Rights of the Child. | 因此，委员会建议各缔约国为残疾青少年提供适当的(并酌情针对具体残疾的)信息、指导和咨询，并全面考虑委员会关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病与儿童权利问题的第3号一般性意见(2003)以及关于《儿童权利公约》框架内的青少年健康与发展问题的第4号一般性意见(2003)。 |
| 60. The Committee is deeply concerned about the
prevailing practice of forced sterilisation of children with
disabilities, particularly girls with disabilities. | 60. 委员会对盛行的强迫残疾儿童尤其是残疾女孩结扎的做法表示深切关注。 |
| This practice, which still exists, seriously violates
the right of the child to her or his physical integrity and results in
adverse life-long physical and mental health effects. | 这一做法仍然存在，严重侵犯了儿童身体完整的权利，并对身心健康带来终身的负面影响。 |
| Therefore, the Committee urges States parties to prohibit by law the forced sterilisation of children on grounds of disability. | 因此，委员会促请各缔约国依法禁止以残疾为由强制儿童结扎的做法。 |
| F. Research | F. 研究 |
| 61. Causes, prevention and management of disabilities
do not receive the much needed attention on national and international
research agendas. | 61. 残疾的原因、预防和管理，在国家和国际研究议程上并没有得到应有的重视。 |
| States parties are encouraged to award this issue
priority status ensuring funding and monitoring of disability focused
research paying particular attention to ethical implications. | 因此鼓励各缔约国优先重视这一问题，确保对重点放在残疾问题的研究提供资金和监督，并尤其注意对伦理产生的影响。 |
| VIII. Education and leisure | 八、教育和休闲 |
| (arts. 28, 29 and 31) | (第28条、第29条和第31条) |
| A. Quality education | A. 高质教育 |
| 62. Children with disabilities have the same right to
education as all other children and shall enjoy this right without any
discrimination and on the basis of equal opportunity as stipulated in
the Convention. | 62. 残疾儿童享有与所有其他儿童一样的受教育权利，并应按《公约》的规定，在不受任何歧视和机会均等的基础上，享有该项权利。 |
| For this purpose, effective access of children with
disabilities to education has to be ensured to promote “the development
of the child’s personality, talents and mental and physical abilities to
their fullest potential (see articles 28 and 29 of the Convention and
the Committee’s general comment No. 1 (2001) on the aims of education). | 为此目的，必须确保残疾儿童能有效地获得受教育的机会，以促进“最充分地发展儿童的个性、才智和身心能力(参见《公约》第28条和第29条以及委员会关于教育的目的的第1号一般性意见(2001))。 |
| The Convention recognizes the need for modification
to school practices and for training of regular teachers to prepare them
to teach children with diverse abilities and ensure that they achieve
positive educational outcomes. | 《公约》承认有必要改变学校的做法，对正规教师进行培训，使其能教授具有多种能力的儿童，并确保其取得积极的教育结果。 |
| 63. As children with disabilities are very different
from each other, parents, teachers and other specialized professionals
have to help each individual child to develop his or her ways and skills
of communication, language, interaction, orientation and
problem-solving which best fit the potential of this child. | 63. 由于残疾儿童相互之间大不相同，因此父母、教师和其他专门的专业人员必须帮助每一名儿童发展最适合自己潜力的交流、语言、交往、志趣和解决问题的方式和技能。 |
| Everybody, who furthers the child’s skills, abilities
and self-development, has to precisely observe the child’s progress and
carefully listen to the child’s verbal and emotional communication in
order to support education and development in a well-targeted and most
appropriate manner. | 凡是负责提高儿童技能、能力和自我发展的人，都必须准确地观察儿童的进步，认真听取儿童的言语感情表达，争取以目标明确、最适当的方式为教育和发展提供支助。 |
| B. Self-esteem and self-reliance | B. 自尊和自力更生 |
| 64. It is crucial that the education of a child with
disability includes the strengthening of positive self-awareness, making
sure that the child feels he or she is respected by others as a human
being without any limitation of dignity. | 64. 至为重要的是，残疾儿童的教育中必须包括提升正面的自我认识，确保儿童感到自己作为一个人而受到他人的尊重，在尊严方面没有任何限制。 |
| The child must be able to observe that others respect him or her and recognize his or her human rights and freedoms. | 儿童必须能看到他人尊重他，并承认其人权和自由。 |
| Inclusion of the child with disability in the groups
of children of the classroom can show the child that he or she has
recognized identity and belongs to the community of learners, peers, and
citizens. | 将残疾儿童与同班其他儿童放在一起，可以向残疾儿童表明，他/她有得到承认的身份，并且是学生、同行和公民中的一员。 |
| Peer support enhancing self-esteem of children with disabilities should be more widely recognized and promoted. | 同学间的支持可以提高残疾儿童的自尊，应当得到更广泛的承认和提倡。 |
| Education also has to provide the child with
empowering experience of control, achievement, and success to the
maximum extent possible for the child. | 教育还必须为儿童提供增强能力的经验，让儿童最大限度地学会控制、取得成就和成功。 |
| C. Education in the school system | C. 学校系统中的教育 |
| 65. Early childhood education is of particular
relevance for children with disabilities as often their disabilities and
special needs are first recognized in these institutions. | 65. 早期幼年教育对残疾儿童尤其重要，因为他们的残疾和特别需求往往是在这些机构中被首先发现的。 |
| Early intervention is of utmost importance to help children to develop their full potential. | 早期干预对于帮助儿童充分发挥潜力具有至关重要的意义。 |
| If a child is identified as having a disability or
developmental delay at an early stage, the child has much better
opportunities to benefit from early childhood education which should be
designed to respond to her or his individual needs. | 如果儿童在早期被发现患有某种残疾或发展迟缓，该儿童将有更好的机会受益于针对与其个人需求设计的早期幼年教育。 |
| Early childhood education provided by the State, the
community or civil society institutions can provide important assistance
to the well-being and development of all children with disabilities
(see the Committee’s general comment No. 7 (2005) on implementing child
rights in early childhood). | 国家、社区或民间社会机构提供的早期幼年教育，可以为所有残疾儿童的福利和发展提供重要的帮助(参见委员会关于在幼年落实儿童权利的第7号一般性意见(2005))。 |
| Primary education, including primary school and, in
many States parties, also secondary school, has to be provided for
children with disabilities free of costs. | 初等教育，包括小学以及在许多缔约国还包括中学，应当免费向残疾儿童提供。 |
| All schools should be without communicational
barriers as well as physical barriers impeding the access of children
with reduced mobility. | 所有学校都不得有交流上的障碍以及阻碍行动不便的儿童出入的有形障碍。 |
| Also higher education, accessible on the basis of capacities, has to be accessible for qualified adolescents with disabilities. | 另外，根据能力提供的高等教育也应当向合格的残疾青少年提供。 |
| In order to fully exercise their right to education,
many children need personal assistance, in particular, teachers trained
in methodology and techniques, including appropriate languages, and
other forms of communication, for teaching children with a diverse range
of abilities capable of using child-centred and individualised teaching
strategies, and appropriate and accessible teaching materials,
equipment and assistive devices, which States parties should provide to
the maximum extent of available resources. | 为了充分行使受教
育的权利，许多儿童需要个人辅导，尤其是需要在方法和技巧包括适当语言及其他交流形式方面受过训练的教师教授儿童掌握多种能力，从而能利用以儿童为中心的
个性化教学战略，以及便于使用的适当教学材料、设备和辅助教具，各缔约国应当根据现有资源尽量提供这些材料设备和教具。 |
| D. Inclusive education | D. 包容型教育 |
| 66. Inclusive education should be the goal of educating children with disabilities. | 66. 包容型教育应当成为残疾儿童教育的目标。 |
| The manner and form of inclusion must be dictated by
the individual educational needs of the child, since the education of
some children with disabilities requires a kind of support which may not
be readily available in the regular school system. | 包容方式和形式必须取决于儿童个人的教育需求，因为某些残疾儿童的教育需要某种正规学校制度中可能得不到的支助。 |
| The Committee notes the explicit commitment towards
the goal of inclusive education contained in the draft convention on the
rights of persons with disabilities and the obligation for States to
ensure that persons including children with disabilities are not
excluded from the general education system on the basis of disability
and that they receive the support required, within the general education
system, to facilitate their effective education. | 委员会注意到残疾人权利公约草案中所载的实现包容型教育目标的明确承诺以及各国有义务确保包括残疾儿童在内的所有人不因残疾而被排除在一般教育制度以外，并确保他们在一般教育制度中得到必要的支助，以便利其有效地接受教育。 |
| It encourages States parties which have not yet begun
a programme towards inclusion to introduce the necessary measures to
achieve this goal. | 委员会鼓励尚未开始实行包容型教育方案的缔约国采取必要措施，实现这一目标。 |
| However, the Committee underlines that the extent of inclusion within the general education system may vary. | 然而，委员会强调指出，一般教育制度中的包容可能程度不一。 |
| A continuum of services and programme options must be
maintained in circumstances where fully inclusive education is not
feasible to achieve in the immediate future. | 在短期内无法全面实现包容型教育的情况下，必须继续保持各项服务和方案选择。 |
| 67. The movement towards inclusive education has received much support in recent years. | 67. 朝包容性教育的方向发展，近年来已得到很大的支持。 |
| However, the term inclusive may have different meanings. | 然而，“包容”一词可能有不同的含义。 |
| At its core, inclusive education is a set of values,
principles and practices that seeks meaningful, effective, and quality
education for all students, that does justice to the diversity of
learning conditions and requirements not only of children with
disabilities, but for all students. | 从核心意义上来讲，包容型教育是一套价值观、原则和做法，设法为所有学生提供有意义、有成效和高质量教育，并公平地对待无论是残疾儿童还是所有学生学习条件和要求的多样性。 |
| This goal can be achieved by different organizational means which respect the diversity of children. | 这一目标可以针对儿童的多样性，通过各种不同的组织手段来实现。 |
| Inclusion may range from full-time placement of all
students with disabilities into one regular classroom or placement into
the regular class room with varying degree of inclusion, including a
certain portion of special education. | 包容可以是将所有残疾学生全时安排在一个正规班级，或是安排在包容程度不一的正规班级，其中包括一定比例的特别教育。 |
| It is important to understand that inclusion should
not be understood nor practiced as simply integrating children with
disabilities into the regular system regardless of their challenges and
needs. | 必须认识到，包容既不能理解为无论残疾儿童面临什么样的挑战和需求，仅将其纳入正规系统即可，也不能这样去做。 |
| Close cooperation among special educators and regular educators is essential. | 特别教育者和正规教育者之间开展密切合作非常重要。 |
| Schools’ curricula must be re-evaluated and developed to meet the needs of children with and without disabilities. | 必须重新评价和制定学校的教学大纲，以满足无论有无残疾的儿童的需求。 |
| Modification in training programmes for teachers and
other personnel involved in the educational system must be achieved in
order to fully implement the philosophy of inclusive education. | 必须对教师以及教育系统中所涉的其他人员的培训方案加以修改，以全面反映包容性教育的理念。 |
| E. Career education and vocational training | E. 职业教育和职业培训 |
| 68. Education for career development and transition is for all persons with disabilities regardless of their age. | 68. 进行职业发展和转变的教育，对所有残疾人都适宜，而无论其年龄大小。 |
| It is imperative to begin preparation at an early age
because career development is seen as a process that begins early and
continues throughout life. | 但必须从小抓起，因为职业发展可以说是一种从小即开始并贯穿整个人生的过程。 |
| Developing career awareness and vocational skills as
early as possible, beginning in the elementary school, enables children
to make better choices later in life in terms of employment. | 从小学开始尽早培养职业意识和就业技能，可以让儿童长大后在就业方面做更好的选择。 |
| Career education in the elementary school does not
mean using young children to perform labour that ultimately opens the
door for economic exploitation. | 在小学进行职业教育，并不意味着利用年幼的儿童做工，最终敞开经济剥削的大门。 |
| It begins with students choosing goals according to their evolving capacities in the early years. | 开始是学生根据其早年发展起来的能力选择目标。 |
| It should then be followed by a functional secondary
school curriculum that offers adequate skills and access to work
experience, under systematic coordination and monitoring between the
school and the work place. | 然后是按照中学的职业教学大纲，在学校与工作场所之间的系统协调与监督下，学习适当的技能并获得工作经验。 |
| 69. Career development and vocational skills should be included in the school curriculum. | 69. 职业发展和就业技能应当包括在学校教学大纲中。 |
| Career awareness and vocational skills should be incorporated into the years of compulsory education. | 职业意识和就业技能应当被纳入义务教育期间的课程。 |
| In countries where compulsory education does not go
beyond the elementary school years, vocational training beyond
elementary school should be mandatory for children with disabilities. | 在义务教育只到小学为止的国家，残疾儿童在小学之后的职业培训应当是强制性的。 |
| Governments must establish policies and allocate sufficient funds for vocational training. | 各国政府必须为职业培训制定政策并划拨足够的资金。 |
| F. Recreation and cultural activities | F. 娱乐和文化活动 |
| 70. The Convention stipulates in article 31 the right
of the child to recreation and cultural activities appropriate to the
age of the child. | 70. 《公约》第31条规定，儿童有权从事与儿童年龄相宜的娱乐和文化活动。 |
| This article should be interpreted to include mental, psychological as well as the physical ages and capabilities of the child. | 该条应被理解为包括儿童的智力、心理和实际年龄与能力。 |
| Play has been recognized as the best source of learning various skills, including social skills. | 游戏应被认为是学习包括社会技能在内的各种技能的最佳源泉。 |
| The attainment of full inclusion of children with
disabilities in the society is realized when children are given the
opportunity, places, and time to play with each other (children with
disabilities and no disabilities). | 残疾儿童全面融入社会的目标，在儿童(有无残疾的儿童)有机会、场所和时间一起游戏时，便得到实现。 |
| Training for recreation, leisure and play should be included for school-aged children with disabilities. | 应当为学龄残疾儿童的目的，提供娱乐、休闲和游戏方面的培训。 |
| 71. Children with disabilities should be provided
with equal opportunities to participate in various cultural and arts
activities as well as sports. | 71. 应当为残疾儿童提供平等的机会参加各种文化和艺术活动以及体育活动。 |
| These activities must be viewed as both medium of expression and medium of realizing self-satisfying, quality of life. | 这些活动必须被视为表达手段和实现自我满足、高质量的生活的手段。 |
| G. Sports | G. 体育 |
| 72. Competitive and non-competitive sports activities
must be designed to include children with disabilities in an inclusive
manner, whenever possible. | 72. 无论竞技型还是非竞技型体育活动，在设计时都必须尽可能以包容性方式将残疾儿童包括在内。 |
| That is to say, a child with a disability who is able
to compete with children with no disability should be encouraged and
supported to do so. | 也就是说，对于有能力与无残疾儿童竞争的残疾儿童，应当鼓励和帮助他们这么做。 |
| But sports are an area where, because of the physical
demands of the sport, children with disabilities will often need to
have exclusive games and activities where they can compete fairly and
safely. | 但在体育领域，由于需要体力，因此残疾儿童往往需要有专门的游戏和活动，才能公平、安全地进行竞争。 |
| It must be emphasized though that when such exclusive
events take place, the media must play its role responsibly by giving
the same attention as it does to sports for children with no
disabilities. | 但必须强调的是，在举行这种专门的活动时，媒体必须以负责任的态度发挥作用，对其给予同无残疾儿童的体育运动一样的重视，并加以报道。 |
| IX. SPECIAL PROTECTION MEASURES | 九、特别保护措施 |
| (arts. 22, 38, 39, 40, 37 b-d, and 32-36) | (第22条、第38条、第39条、第40条、第37条(b)-(d)项和第32-36条) |
| A. Juvenile justice system | A. 少年司法系统 |
| 73. In the light of article 2 States parties have the
obligation to ensure that children with disabilities who are in
conflict with the law (as described in article 40, paragraph 1) will be
protected not only by the provisions of the Convention which
specifically relate to juvenile justice (arts. 40, 37 and 39) but by all
other relevant provisions and guarantees contained in the Convention,
for example in the area of health care and education. | 73. 根据第2条，各缔约国有义务确保触犯刑法(如第40条第1款所述)的残疾儿童不仅受《公约》专门涉及少年司法的规定(第40条、第37条和第39条)的保护，而且还受《公约》所载列的所有其他相关规定和保障的保护，例如保健和教育领域的规定和保障。 |
| In addition, States parties should take where
necessary specific measures to ensure that children with disabilities de
facto are protected by and do benefit from the rights mentioned above. | 此外，必要时各缔约国应采取专门措施，确保实际患有残疾儿童实际上受到上述各项权利的保护，并从中受益。 |
| 74. With reference to the rights enshrined in article
23 and given the high level of vulnerability of children with
disabilities, the Committee recommends - in addition to the general
recommendation made in paragraph 73 above - that the following elements
of the treatment of children with disabilities (allegedly) in conflict
with the law be taken into account: | 74. 关于第23条所规定的权利，考虑到残疾儿童极其容易受到伤害，因此除上文第73段中提出的一般性建议外，委员会建议在处理(被指控)触犯法律的残疾儿童时，应考虑以下因素： |
| (a) A child with disability who comes in conflict
with the law should be interviewed using appropriate languages and
otherwise dealt with by professionals such as police officers,
attorneys/advocates/social workers, prosecutors and/or judges, who have
received proper training in this regard; | 审问触犯法律的残疾儿童应使用适当的语言，否则应由在此方面受过适当训练的警察、律师/辩护人/社会工作者、检察官和/或法官等专业人员进行处理； |
| (b) Governments should develop and implement
alternative measures with a variety and a flexibility that allow for an
adjustment of the measure to the individual capacities and abilities of
the child in order to avoid the use of judicial proceedings. | 各国政府应当制定并执行多种具有灵活性的替代措施，以便根据儿童的个人身份和能力调整措施，争取避免使用司法诉讼程序。 |
| Children with disabilities in conflict with the law
should be dealt with as much as possible without resorting to
formal/legal procedures. | 在处理触犯法律的残疾儿童时，应尽量不采取正规/法律诉讼程序。 |
| Such procedures should only be considered when necessary in the interest of public order. | 此种程序应当仅在为了维持公共秩序所必需时才考虑采用。 |
| In those cases special efforts have to be made to
inform the child about the juvenile justice procedure and his or her
rights therein; | 在此种情况下，应作出特别努力，让儿童了解少年司法程序及其享有的权利； |
| (c) Children with disabilities in conflict with the
law should not be placed in a regular juvenile detention centre by way
of pre-trial detention nor by way of a punishment. | 对触犯法律的残疾儿童，不得通过审前拘留或处罚的形式，将其安置在正规的少年拘留中心。 |
| Deprivation of liberty should only be applied if
necessary with a view to providing the child with adequate treatment for
addressing his or her problems which have resulted in the commission of
a crime and the child should be placed in an institution that has the
specially trained staff and other facilities to provide this specific
treatment. | 只有在对为了儿童提供适当的治疗以解决致使其犯罪的问题而有必要的情况下，才应剥夺其自由，而且应将该儿童关在拥有受过专门训练的工作人员及能提供这种专门治疗的其他设施的机构中。 |
| In making such decisions the competent authority
should make sure that the human rights and legal safeguards are fully
respected. | 在作出此种决定时，主管部门应当确保各项人权和法律保障均得到充分的遵守。 |
| B. Economic exploitation | B. 经济剥削 |
| 75. Children with disabilities are particularly
vulnerable to different forms of economic exploitation, including the
worst forms of child labour as well as drug trafficking and begging. | 75. 残疾儿童尤其易受各种形式的经济剥削，其中包括最恶劣形式的童工以及贩毒和乞讨。 |
| In this context, the Committee recommends that States
parties which have not yet done so ratify the Convention No. 138 of the
International Labour Organization (ILO) concerning the minimum age for
admission to employment and ILO Convention No. 182 concerning the
prohibition of and immediate action for the elimination of the worst
forms of child labour. | 在此方面，委员会建议尚未批准国际劳工组织(劳工组织)关于允许就业的最低年龄的第138号公约和劳工组织关于禁止并立即采取行动消除最恶劣形式童工的第182号公约的缔约国，批准该两项公约。 |
| In the implementation of these conventions States
parties should pay special attention to the vulnerability and needs of
children with disabilities. | 在执行该两项公约时，各缔约国应特别注意残疾儿童易受伤害的特点及其需求。 |
| C. Street children | C. 街头儿童 |
| 76. Children with disabilities, specifically physical
disabilities, often end up on the streets for a variety of reasons,
including economic and social factors. | 76. 残疾儿童，尤其是身体残疾的儿童，往往由于各种原因，其中包括经济和社会原因，而流落街头。 |
| Children with disabilities living and/or working on
the streets need to be provided with adequate care, including nutrition,
clothing, housing, educational opportunities, life-skills training as
well as protection from the different dangers including economic and
sexual exploitation. | 在街头生活和工作的残疾儿童需要得到适当的照料，包括营养、穿衣、住房、教育机会、谋生技能培训，并应受到保护，以免于各种危险，包括经济剥削和性剥削。 |
| In this regard an individualized approach is
necessary which takes full account of the special needs and the
capacities of the child. | 在此方面，必须采取充分考虑儿童的特殊需求和能力的个别处理办法。 |
| The Committee is particularly concerned that children
with disabilities are sometimes exploited for the purpose of begging in
the streets or elsewhere; sometimes disabilities are inflicted on
children for the purpose of begging. | 委员会尤其感到关注的是，残疾儿童有时被利用在街头或在其他地方乞讨；有时为了乞讨的目的而故意造成儿童伤残。 |
| States parties are required to take all necessary
actions to prevent this form of exploitation and to explicitly
criminalize exploitation in such manner and take effective measures to
bring the perpetrators to justice. | 各缔约国必须采取一切必要的行动，防止此种形式的剥削行为，并明确地将此种形式的剥削为犯罪行为，同时采取有效措施将肇事者绳之以法。 |
| D. Sexual exploitation | D. 性剥削 |
| 77. The Committee has often expressed grave concern
at the growing number of child victims of child prostitution and child
pornography. | 77. 委员会经常对越来越多的儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品的儿童受害者表示严重的关注。 |
| Children with disabilities are more likely than others to become victims of these serious crimes. | 残疾儿童比其他儿童更容易成为这些严重犯罪行为的受害者。 |
| Governments are urged to ratify and implement the
Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child
pornography (OPSC) and, in fulfilling their obligations to the Optional
Protocol, States parties should pay particular attention to the
protection of children with disabilities recognizing their particular
vulnerability. | 因此促请各国政府批准并执行《关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》，各缔约国在履行《任择议定书》的各项义务时，应认识到残疾儿童特别脆弱，应特别注意保护残疾儿童。 |
| E. Children in armed conflict | E. 武装冲突中的儿童 |
| 78. As previously noted above, armed conflicts are a
major cause of disabilities whether children are actually involved in
the conflict or are victims of combat. | 78. 如前所述，武装冲突是造成残疾的一个主要原因，无论儿童直接参与冲突还是成为战争的受害者，都是如此。 |
| In this context, Governments are urged to ratify and
implement the Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed
conflict (OPAC). | 在此方面，促请各国政府批准并执行《关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》。 |
| Special attention should be paid to the recovery and
social re-integration of children who suffer disabilities as a result of
armed conflicts. | 应特别注意因武装冲突而致残的儿童的康复和重新融入社会的问题。 |
| Furthermore, the Committee recommends that States
parties explicitly exclude children with disabilities from recruitment
in armed forces and take the necessary legislative and other measures to
fully implement that prohibition. | 此外，委员会还建议各缔约国明确规定禁止招募残疾儿童参与武装部队，并采取必要的立法和其他措施全面落实这一规定。 |
| F. Refugee and internally displaced children, children belonging to minorities and indigenous children | F. 难民及国内流离失所儿童、属于少数群体的儿童和土著儿童 |
| 79. Certain disabilities result directly from the
conditions that have led some individuals to become refugees or
internally displaced persons, such as human-caused or natural disasters. | 79. 某些残疾是致使某些个人成为难民或国内流离失所者的条件――例如天灾人祸――直接造成的。 |
| For example, landmines and unexploded ordnance kill
and injure refugee, internally displaced and resident children long
after armed conflicts have ceased. | 举例而言，在武装冲突结束之后很长时间内，地雷和未爆装置仍然造成难民、国内流离失所儿童和居民儿童伤亡。 |
| Refugee and internally displaced children with
disabilities are vulnerable to multiple forms of discrimination,
particularly refugee and internally displaced girls with disabilities,
who are more often than boys subject to abuse, including sexual abuse,
neglect and exploitation. | 难民和国内流离失所残疾儿童很容易受到多种形式的歧视，尤其是难民和国内流离失所的残疾女孩，她们比男孩更容易受到虐待，包括性虐待、忽视和剥削。 |
| The Committee strongly emphasizes that refugee and
internally displaced children with disabilities should be given high
priority for special assistance, including preventative assistance,
access to adequate health and social services, including psychosocial
recovery and social reintegration. | 委员会强烈地强调，难民和国内流离失所残疾儿童应当优先得到特殊援助，包括预防性援助，获得适当的卫生和社会服务，其中包括心理康复和重新融入社会的服务。 |
| The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees (UNHCR) has made children a policy priority and adopted
several documents to guide its work in that area, including the
Guidelines on Refugee Children in 1988, which are incorporated into
UNHCR Policy on Refugee Children. | 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)将儿童列为优先的政策领域，并通过了多份文件为这一领域的工作提供指导，其中包括1988年的《难民儿童指导方针》，该方针已被融入难民署关于难民儿童的政策。 |
| The Committee also recommends that States parties
take into account the Committee’s general comment No. 6 (2005) on the
treatment of unaccompanied and separated children outside of their
country of origin. | 委员会还建议各缔约国考虑委员会关于远离原国籍无人陪伴和无父母陪伴的儿童待遇的第6号一般性意见(2005)。 |
| 80. All appropriate and necessary measures undertaken
to protect and promote the rights of children with disabilities must
include and pay special attention to the particular vulnerability and
needs of children belonging to minorities and indigenous children who
are more likely to be already marginalized within their communities. | 80. 为保护和增进残疾儿童的权利所采取的一切适当和必要的措施，都必须包括并特别重视属于少数群体的儿童和土著儿童特别易受伤害的特点及其需求，这些儿童很有可能在各自的社区中已经被边际化。 |
| Programmes and policies must always be culturally and ethnically sensitive. | 各项方案和政策总是必须考虑到文化和种族问题。 |
| Notes | 注 |
| See Wouter Vandenhole, Non-Discrimination and
Equality in the View of the UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies, p.170-172,
Antwerpen/Oxford, Intersentia 2005. | 参见Wouter Vandenhole，“联合国人权条约机构所认为的不歧视和平等问题”，第170-172页，Intersentia，Antwerpen/Oxford，2005年。 |
| In the present general comment the Committee focuses
on the need to pay special attention to children with disabilities in
the context of the general measures. | 在本一般性意见中，委员会着重提出在一般措施方面特别重视残疾儿童问题的必要性。 |
| For a more elaborated explanation of the content and
importance of these measures, see the Committee’s general comment No. 5
(2003) on general measures of implementation of the Convention on the
Rights of the Child. | 有关这些措施的内容和重要性的更详尽的解释，参见委员会关于落实《儿童权利公约》的一般性措施的第5号一般性意见(2003)。 |
| See also the general comment No. 5 (1994) of the
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights regarding persons with
disabilities. | 另见经济、社会、文化权利委员会关于残疾人的第5号一般性意见(1994)。 |
| In this context the Committee would like to make a
reference to the United Nations Millennium Declaration (A/RES/55/2) and
in particular to the Millennium Development Goal No. 2 relating to
universal primary education according to which Governments are committed
to “ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike,
will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling and that
girls and boys will have equal access to all levels of education”. | 在此方面，委员会希望提及《联合国千年宣言》(A/RES/55/2)，尤其是提及有关普及小学教育的千年发展目标，在目标2中各国政府承诺“确保在2015年年底之前，使各地儿童，不论男女，都能上完小学全部课程，男女儿童都享有平等机会，接受所有各级教育”。 |
| The Committee would also like to refer to other
international commitments which endorse the idea of inclusive education,
inter alia, the Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special
Needs Education adopted by the World Conference on Special Needs
Education: Access and Quality, Salamanca, Spain, 7-10 June 1994 (UNESCO
and Ministry of Education and Science of Spain) and the Dakar Framework
for Action, Education for All: Meeting our Collective Commitments,
adopted by the World Education Forum, Dakar, Senegal, 26-28 April 2000. | 委
员会还希望提及核准包容型教育概念的其它国际承诺，尤其是(联合国教科文组织和西班牙教育与科学部)于1994年6月7-10日在西班牙萨拉曼卡市召开的
“世界特殊需要教育大会”所通过的《特殊需要教育萨拉曼卡宣言和行动框架》和于2000年4月26-28日在塞内加尔达喀尔市召开的“世界全民教育论
坛”。 所通过的《达喀尔全民教育行动框架：履行我们作出的集体承诺》。 |
| UNESCO’s Guidelines for Inclusion: Ensuring Access to
Education for All (UNESCO 2005) provides the following definition
“Inclusion is seen as a process of addressing and responding to the
diversity of needs of all learners through increasing participation in
learning, cultures and communities, and reducing exclusion within and
from education. | 《联合国教科文组织关于包容性的指南，确保全民接受教育》(教科文组织2005年)作出如下界定：包容性可被视为通过增加学习、文化和社区等方面的参入程度，针对所有学习者不同需求采取对应措施，并减少教育系统中的排斥现象和被排斥在教育系统之外的现象。 |
| It involves changes and modifications in content,
approaches, structures and strategies, with a common vision which covers
all children of the appropriate age range and a conviction that it is
the responsibility of the regular system to educate all children …
Inclusion is concerned with the identification and removal of barriers…”
(pp. 13 and 15). | 这涉及对内容、办法、结构及战略方面进行修改和调整，并一般考虑到适当年龄层次的所有儿童的情况，且将使所有儿童受教育视为正规教育系统的责任…包容性涉及认同和排除阻碍… ”(第13段和第15段)。 |
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