CRPD/C/GC/3, 1620871E.docx (ENGLISH)

CRPD/C/GC/3, 1620871C.docx (CHINESE)

United Nations

联 合 国

CRPD/C/GC/3

CRPD/C/GC/3

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

残疾人权利公约

Distr.: General

Distr.: General

25 November 2016

25 November 2016

Chinese

Original: English

Original: English

Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

残疾人权利委员会

General comment No. 3 (2016) on women and girls with disabilities

关于残疾妇女和女童的第3号一般性意见(2016年)

1.

1.

The present general comment was prepared by the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in accordance with rule 47 of its rules of procedure, which states that the Committee may prepare general comments based on the various articles and provisions of the Convention with a view to assisting States parties in fulfilling their reporting obligations, and with paragraphs 54-57 of its working methods.

本一般性意见系委员会根据议事规则第47条和工作方法第54至57段编写，第47条指出，委员会可根据《公约》的各项条款拟定一般性意见，以协助缔约国履行其报告义务。

2.

2.

There is strong evidence to show that women and girls with disabilities face barriers in most areas of life.

有充分的证据表明，残疾妇女和女童在大多数生活领域都面临障碍。

These barriers create situations of multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination against women and girls with disabilities, in particular with regard to:

这些障碍造成了对残疾妇女和女童的多重和交叉形式的歧视，特别是在以下方面：

equal access to education, economic opportunities, social interaction and justice;

平等获得教育和经济机会，参与社会互动和诉诸司法；

equal recognition before the law;

在法律面前获得平等承认；

and the ability to participate in politics and to exercise control over their own lives across a range of contexts, for example with regard to health care, including sexual and reproductive health services, and to where and with whom they wish to live.

以及参与政治和在各种情况下控制自己生活的能力，例如在包括性健康和生殖健康服务在内的卫生保健方面，以及她们希望在哪里生活和与谁一起生活方面。

I.

一.

Introduction

导言

3.

3.

International and national laws and policies on disability have historically neglected aspects related to women and girls with disabilities.

关于残疾问题的国际和国家法律和政策历来忽视与残疾妇女和女童有关的方面。

In turn, laws and policies addressing women have traditionally ignored disability.

反过来，针对妇女的法律和政策则历来忽视残疾问题。

This invisibility has perpetuated the situation of multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination against women and girls with disabilities.

这种忽视导致对残疾妇女和女童的多重和交叉歧视长期存在。

Women with disabilities are often discriminated against on the grounds of gender and/or disability, and on other grounds as well.

残疾妇女常常由于性别和/或残疾及其他原因而受到歧视。

4.

4.

In the present general comment, the following terms are used:

本一般性意见使用了以下术语：

(a)

(a)

“Women with disabilities” refers to all women, girls and adolescents with disabilities;

“残疾妇女”，指所有的残疾妇女、女童和少女；

(b)

(b)

“Sex” and “gender”, where “sex” refers to biological differences and “gender” refers to the characteristics that a society or culture views as masculine or feminine;

“性”和“性别”，其中“性”是指生物学上的差异，“性别”是指一个社会或文化视为男性或女性的特征；

(c)

(c)

“Multiple discrimination” refers to a situation in which a person experiences discrimination on two or more grounds, leading to discrimination that is compounded or aggravated.

“多重歧视”是指一个人受到基于两个或更多理由的歧视，导致歧视加深或加重的情况。

“Intersectional discrimination” refers to a situation where several grounds interact with each other at the same time in such a way as to be inseparable.

“交叉歧视”是指多个理由同时以不可分割的方式相互作用的情况。

Grounds for discrimination include age, disability, ethnic, indigenous, national or social origin, gender identity, political or other opinion, race, refugee, migrant or asylum seeker status, religion, sex and sexual orientation.

歧视理由包括年龄、残疾、族裔、土著、民族或社会出身、性别认同、政治或其他见解、种族、难民、移民或寻求庇护者身份、宗教、性别和性取向。

5.

5.

Women with disabilities are not a homogenous group.

残疾妇女不是一个单一的群体。

They include indigenous women;

她们包括： 土著妇女；

refugee, migrant, asylum-seeking and internally displaced women;

难民、移民、寻求庇护和境内流离失所妇女；

women in detention (hospitals, residential institutions, juvenile or correctional facilities and prisons);

被拘留妇女(医院、收容机构、少年或惩教设施和监狱)；

women living in poverty;

生活贫困的妇女；

women from different ethnic, religious and racial backgrounds;

来自不同族裔、宗教和种族背景的妇女；

women with multiple disabilities and high levels of support;

有多种残疾和需要高度支助的妇女；

women with albinism;

白化病妇女；

and lesbian, bisexual and transgender women, as well as intersex persons.

以及同性恋、双性恋、变性和两性妇女。

The diversity of women with disabilities also includes all types of impairments, in other words physical, psychosocial, intellectual or sensory conditions that may or may not come with functional limitations.

残疾妇女的多样性还包括各种类型的障碍，换言之，即可能具有或不具有功能限制的身体、心理社会、智力或感觉状况。

Disability is understood as the social effect of the interaction between individual impairment and the social and material environment, as described in article 1 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

残疾被理解为《残疾人权利公约》第一条所述的个人损伤与社会和物质环境之间相互作用的社会影响。

6.

6.

Gradual changes in law and policy have occurred since the 1980s and the recognition of women with disabilities has increased.

自1980年代以来，法律和政策逐渐发生变化，残疾妇女得到更大的承认。

Jurisprudence developed under the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women have highlighted concerns that need to be addressed regarding women and girls with disabilities and recommendations to be implemented.

根据《儿童权利公约》和《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》作出的判例着重强调了需要解决的残疾妇女和女童问题以及需要落实的建议。

At a policy level, various United Nations bodies have started addressing issues facing women with disabilities and a number of regional strategies addressing disability-inclusive development include them.

在政策层面，联合国各机构已开始处理残疾妇女所面临的问题，一些关于兼顾残疾问题的发展的区域战略则列入了这些问题。

7.

7.

Article 6 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is a response to the lack of recognition of the rights of women and girls with disabilities, who worked hard to have that article included in the treaty.

《残疾人权利公约》第六条针对的是残疾妇女和女童的权利得不到承认的情况，她们为将该条纳入条约付出了艰辛的努力。

Article 6 reinforces the non-discriminatory approach of the Convention, in particular in respect of women and girls, and requires that States parties go beyond refraining from taking discriminatory actions to adopting measures aimed at the development, advancement and empowerment of women and girls with disabilities and the promotion of measures to empower them by recognizing that they are distinct rights holders, providing channels to have their voice heard and to exercise agency, raising their self-confidence and increasing their power and authority to take decisions in all areas affecting their lives.

第六条加强了《公约》采取的非歧视性做法，特别就妇女和女童而言，并要求各缔约国除了不采取 歧视行动外，还要采取措施，促进残疾妇女和女童的发展、提高她们的地位和增强她们的权能，并促进通过以下方式增强其权能的措施：承认她们是不同的权利人， 为她们提供发表意见和行使代理权的渠道，提高她们的自信，并增强她们在影响其生活的所有领域作出决定的权力。

Article 6 should guide States parties to comply with their Convention-related responsibilities to promote, protect and fulfil the human rights of women and girls with disabilities, from a human rights-based approach and a development perspective.

第六条应指导缔约国履行《公约》相关责任，以基于人权的办法，从发展角度促进、保护和落实残疾妇女和女童的人权。

8.

8.

Gender equality is central to human rights.

性别平等是人权的核心。

Equality is a fundamental human rights principle that is inherently relative and context-specific.

平等是一项基本的人权原则，本质上具有相对性，并取决于具体情况。

Ensuring the human rights of women requires, first and foremost, a comprehensive understanding of the social structures and power relations that frame laws and policies, as well as of economic and social dynamics, family and community life, and cultural beliefs.

要确保妇女的人权，首先需要全面了解影响法律和政策的社会结构和权力关系，以及经济和社会动态、家庭和社区生活及文化信仰。

Gender stereotypes can limit women’s capacity to develop their own abilities, pursue professional careers and make choices about their lives and life plans.

性别陈规定型观念可能会限制妇女发展自己的能力、从事职业和对自己的生活和生活计划作出选择。

Both hostile/negative and seemingly benign stereotypes can be harmful.

无论是敌对/消极的、还是看似善意的陈规定型观念都是有害的。

Harmful gender stereotypes need to be recognized and addressed in order to promote gender equality.

需要对有害的性别陈规定型观念予以承认和处理，以促进两性平等。

The Convention enshrines an obligation to combat stereotypes, prejudices and harmful practices relating to persons with disabilities, including those based on sex and age, in all areas of life.

《公约》规定了在所有生活领域消除与残疾人有关、包括基于性别和年龄的陈规定型观念、偏见和有害习俗的义务。

9.

9.

Article 6 is a binding non-discrimination and equality provision that unequivocally outlaws discrimination against women with disabilities and promotes equality of opportunity and equality of outcomes.

第六条是一项具有约束力的不歧视和平等条款，明确禁止对残疾妇女的歧视，促进机会平等和结果平等。

Women and girls with disabilities are more likely to be discriminated against than men and boys with disabilities and women and girls without disabilities.

残疾妇女和女童与残疾男子和男童以及没有残疾的妇女和女童相比，更易受到歧视。

10.

10.

The Committee notes that the contributions made during its half-day of general discussion on women and girls with disabilities, held during its ninth session in April 2013, highlighted a range of topics and identified three main subjects of concern with respect to the protection of their human rights: violence, sexual and reproductive health and rights, and discrimination.

2013年4月在委员会第九届会议期间举行了为期半天的关于残疾妇女和女童的一般性讨论，委员会注意到此次讨论所作的贡献，其中强调了一系列专题，并确定了保护残疾妇女和女童人权方面三个主要关切的问题，即暴力、性和生殖健康及权利，以及歧视。

Furthermore, in its concluding observations on women with disabilities, the Committee has expressed concern about:

此外，委员会在关于残疾妇女的结论性意见中表示了对以下方面的关切：

the prevalence of multiple discrimination and of intersectional discrimination against women with disabilities;

普遍存在对残疾妇女的多重歧视和交叉歧视；

the discrimination experienced by women and girls with disabilities on account of their gender, disability and other factors that are not sufficiently addressed in legislation and policies;

残疾妇女和女童由于性别、残疾及立法和政策中没有充分涉及 的其他因素 而受到歧视；

the right to life;

生命权；

equal recognition before the law;

在法律面前获得平等承认；

the persistence of violence against women and girls with disabilities, including sexual violence and abuse;

持续存在对妇女和残疾女童的暴力行为， 包括性暴力 和性虐待；

forced sterilization;

强迫绝育；

female genital mutilation;

切割女性生殖器官；

sexual and economic exploitation;

性剥削和经济剥削；

institutionalization;

机构化；

the lack of or insufficient participation of women with disabilities in decision-making processes in public and political life;

残疾妇女缺乏对公共和政治生活 决策进程的参与或参与不充分；

the lack of inclusion of a gender perspective in disability policies;

残疾政策没有纳入性别观点；

the lack of a disability-rights perspective in policies promoting gender equality;

促进两性平等的政策没有考虑残疾人的权利；

and the lack of or insufficient number of specific measures to promote the education and employment of women with disabilities.

缺乏促进残疾妇女教育和就业的具体措施或这类措施数量不足。

II.

二.

Normative content

规范性内容

11.

11.

The present general comment reflects an interpretation of article 6 that is premised on the general principles outlined in article 3 of the Convention, namely:

本一般性评论反映了以第三条概述的一般原则为前提对《公约》第六条作出的解释，这些原则是：

respect for the inherent dignity, individual autonomy, including the freedom to make one’s own choices, and independence of persons;

尊重固有尊严和个人自主，包括自由作出自己的选择，以及个人的自立；

non-discrimination;

不歧视；

full and effective participation and inclusion in society;

充分和切实地参与和融入社会；

respect for difference and acceptance of persons with disabilities as part of human diversity and humanity;

尊重差异，接受残疾人是人的多样性的一部分和人类的一份子；

equality of opportunity;

机会均等；

accessibility; equality between men and women;

无障碍； 男女平等；

and respect for the evolving capacities of children with disabilities and respect for the right of children with disabilities to preserve their identities.

尊重残疾儿童逐渐发展的能力并尊重残疾儿童保持其身份特性的权利。

12.

12.

Article 6 is a cross-cutting article related to all the other articles of the Convention.

第六条是与《公约》所有其他条款有关的贯穿各领域的条款。

It should remind States parties to include the rights of women and girls with disabilities in all actions aimed at implementing the Convention.

应提醒缔约国将残疾妇女和女童的权利纳入所有旨在执行《公约》的行动。

In particular, positive measures need to be taken in order to ensure that women with disabilities are protected against multiple discrimination and can enjoy human rights and fundamental freedoms on an equal basis with others.

特别是需要采取积极措施，确保残疾妇女免遭多重歧视，并能在与他人平等的基础上享受人权和基本自由。

Article 6 (1)

第六条第一款

13.

13.

Article 6 (1) recognizes that women with disabilities are subject to multiple discrimination and requires that States parties take measures to ensure the full and equal enjoyment by women with disabilities of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.

第六条第一款确认残疾妇女受到多重歧视，要求缔约国采取措施，确保残疾妇女充分和平等地享有一切人权和基本自由。

The Convention refers to multiple discrimination in article 5 (2), which not only requires States parties to prohibit any kind of discrimination based on disability, but also to protect against discrimination on other grounds.

《公约》在第五条第二款中提到多重歧视，要求缔约国不仅禁止任何基于残疾的歧视，还要保护免遭基于其他原因的歧视。

The Committee has included, in its jurisprudence, reference to measures to address multiple and intersectional discrimination.

委员会在判例中提到了处理多重歧视和交叉歧视的措施。

14.

14.

“Discrimination on the basis of disability” is defined in article 2 of the Convention as any distinction, exclusion or restriction on the basis of disability that has the purpose or effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal basis with others, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.

“基于残疾的歧视”在《公约》第二条中被界定为基于残疾而作出的任何区别、排斥或限制，其目的或效果是在政治、经济、社会、文化、公民或任何其他领域，损害或取消在与其他人平等的基础上，对一切人权和基本自由的认可、享有或行使。

It includes all forms of discrimination, including denial of reasonable accommodation. “Discrimination against women” is defined in article 1 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women as any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex that has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, or enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.

它 包括一切形式的歧视，包括拒绝提供合理便利。《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第一条将“对妇女的歧视”界定为基于性别而作的任何区别、排斥或限制，其影响 或其目的均足以妨碍或否认妇女不论已婚未婚在男女平等的基础上认识、享有或行使在政治、经济、社会、文化、公民或任何其他方面的人权和基本自由。

15.

15.

In article 2 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, “reasonable accommodation” is defined as necessary and appropriate modifications and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to persons with disabilities the enjoyment or exercise on an equal basis with others of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.

在《残疾人权利公约》第二条中，“合理便利”被界定为根据具体需要，在不造成过度或不当负担的情况下，进行必要和适当的修改和调整，以确保残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上享有或行使一切人权和基本自由。

Consequently, and in line with article 5 (2) of the Convention, States parties must guarantee to persons with disabilities equal and effective legal protection against discrimination on all grounds.

因此，根据《公约》第五条第二款，缔约国应当保证残疾人获得平等和有效的法律保护，使其不受基于任何原因的歧视。

In its recent jurisprudence, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has made reference to reasonable accommodation in connection to women with disabilities’ access to employment.

消除对妇女歧视委员会在最近的判例中，提到残疾妇女在获得就业机会方面的合理便利。

The duty to provide reasonable accommodation is an ex nunc duty, meaning that it is enforceable from the moment a person requests it in a given situation in order to enjoy his or her rights on an equal basis in a particular context.

提供合理便利的责任是一种事后责任。这意味从一个人在特定情况下需要这种便利以便在特定背景下平等享有自己的权利的那一时刻起，就应该履行这项责任。

Failure to provide reasonable accommodation for women with disabilities may amount to discrimination under articles 5 and 6.

不为残疾妇女提供合理便利可构成第五条和第六条所规定的歧视。

An example of reasonable accommodation could be an accessible facility in the workplace that would allow a woman with a disability to breastfeed.

合理便利的一个例子是，在工作场所提供便于残疾妇女哺乳的无障碍设施。

16.

16.

The concept of intersectional discrimination recognizes that individuals do not experience discrimination as members of a homogenous group but, rather, as individuals with multidimensional layers of identities, statuses and life circumstances.

交叉歧视的概念确认，个人不是作为同一类人中的一员受到歧视，而是作为具有多层面身份、地位和生活环境的人受到歧视。

It acknowledges the lived realities and experiences of heightened disadvantage of individuals caused by multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination, which requires targeted measures to be taken with respect to disaggregated data collection, consultation, policymaking, the enforceability of non-discrimination policies and the provision of effective remedies.

它承认多种相互作用的歧视导致个人遭受更多不利情形的现实和经历，需要在数据收集、协商、决策、不歧视政策的可执行性以及提供有效补救等方面采取有针对性的措施。

17.

17.

Discrimination against women and girls with disabilities can take many forms:

对残疾妇女和女童的歧视可以有多种形式：

(a) direct discrimination; (b) indirect discrimination; (c) discrimination by association; (d) denial of reasonable accommodation; and (e) structural, or systemic, discrimination. Irrespective of the form it takes, the impact of discrimination violates the rights of women with disabilities:

(a) 直接歧视；(b) 间接歧视；(c) 连带歧视；(d) 拒绝提供合理便利；(e) 结构性或系统性歧视。无论其形式如何，歧视的结果都侵犯了残疾妇女的权利：

(a)

(a)

Direct discrimination occurs when women with disabilities are treated less favourably than another person in a similar situation for a reason related to a prohibited ground.

直接歧视指残疾妇女由于被禁止的理由而所受待遇不如情况类似的另一个人。

It also includes detrimental acts or omissions on the basis of prohibited grounds where there is no comparable similar situation. For example, direct discrimination occurs when the testimonies of women with intellectual or psychosocial disabilities are dismissed in court proceedings because of legal capacity, thus denying those women justice and effective remedies as victims of violence;

直接歧视还包括在没有可比较的类似情况下出于被禁止的理由所采取的有害行为或不行为。例如，当有智力或心理社会障碍的妇女所作的证词由于法律行为能力而在法院诉讼中不被采纳，从而剥夺这些妇女作为暴力行为受害人诉诸司法和获得有效补救的机会时，即为直接歧视。

(b)

(b)

Indirect discrimination refers to laws, policies or practices that appear neutral when taken at face value but that nonetheless have a disproportionately negative impact on women with disabilities.

间接歧视指的是，表面上看起来是中性的法律、政策或做法对残疾妇女造成极为不利的影响。

For example, health-care facilities may appear neutral but are discriminatory when they do not include accessible examination beds for gynaecological screenings;

例如，保健设施看起来可能是中性的，但如果不包括用于妇科筛查的无障碍检查床，则具有歧视性；

(c)

(c)

Discrimination by association is discrimination against persons on the basis of their association with a person with a disability. Often, women in a caregiver role experience discrimination by association.

连带歧视是指个人因与残疾人有关联而受到的歧视。通常，担任照顾者角色的妇女受到连带歧视。

For example, the mother of a child with a disability may be discriminated against by a potential employer who fears that she may be a less engaged or available worker because of her child;

例如，残疾儿童的母亲可能会被潜在雇主歧视，担心她可能因为孩子而不能全力或全时工作；

(d)

(d)

Denial of reasonable accommodation is discrimination that occurs when necessary and appropriate modifications and adjustments (that do not impose a disproportionate or undue burden) are denied despite being needed to ensure that women with disabilities enjoy, on an equal basis with others, their human rights and fundamental freedoms.

拒绝提供合理便利是指尽管为确保残疾妇女在与他人平等的基础上享有其人权和基本自由所需，仍拒绝作出必要和适当的修改和调整时所发生的歧视。

For example, a woman with a disability may be denied reasonable accommodation if she cannot undergo a mammogram at a health centre owing to the physical inaccessibility of the built environment;

例如，一位残疾妇女如果由于建筑环境的物质障碍而无法在保健中心接受乳房X光检查，则可能属于被拒绝提供合理便利；

(e)

(e)

Structural, or systemic, discrimination is reflected in hidden or overt patterns of discriminatory institutional behaviour, discriminatory cultural traditions and discriminatory social norms and/or rules.

结构性或系统性歧视反映隐性或显性的歧视性机构行为、歧视性文化传统和歧视性社会规范和/或规则中。有害的性别和残疾陈规定型观念可能导致这种歧视，

Harmful gender and disability stereotyping, which can lead to such discrimination, is inextricably linked to a lack of policies, regulations and services specifically for women with disabilities.

这类观念与缺乏专门针对残疾妇女的政策、法规和服务密不可分。

For example, owing to stereotyping based on the intersection of gender and disability, women with disabilities may face barriers when reporting violence, such as disbelief and dismissal by the police, prosecutors and courts.

例如，由于基于性别加残疾的陈规定型观念，残疾妇女在报告暴力行为时可能面临障碍，如警察、检察官和法院的不相信和驳回申诉。

Likewise, harmful practices are strongly connected to and reinforce socially constructed gender roles and power relations that can reflect negative perceptions of, or discriminatory beliefs regarding, women with disabilities, such as the belief that men with HIV/AIDS can be cured by engaging in sexual intercourse with women with disabilities.

同样，有害习俗与社会构建的性别角色和权力关系密切相关而又使其得到强化，这些角色和权力关系可能反映出对残疾妇女的负面或歧视看法，例如认为感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的男子可通过与残疾妇女性交而被治愈。

The lack of awareness, training and policies to prevent harmful stereotyping of women with disabilities by public officials, be they teachers, health service providers, police officers, prosecutors or judges, and by the public at large can often lead to the violation of rights.

缺乏相关宣传、培训和政策，防止公共官员，不论是教师、保健服务提供者、警察、检察官还是法官，以及广大公众对残疾妇女形成有害的定型观念，往往会导致侵犯权利的行为。

18.

18.

Women with disabilities are subject to multiple discrimination not only in the public realm, but also in the private sphere, for example, within the family or in relation to private social service providers.

残疾妇女不仅在公共领域而且在私人领域受到多重歧视，例如在家庭中受到歧视，或受到私人社会服务提供者的歧视。

International human rights law has long acknowledged State party responsibility for discrimination perpetrated by private, non-State actors.

国际人权法早就确认缔约国对私人、非国家行为者的歧视负有责任。

States parties must adopt legal provisions and procedures that explicitly recognize multiple discrimination to ensure complaints made on the basis of more than one ground of discrimination are considered in determining both liability and remedies.

缔约国必须通过明确承认多重歧视的法律规定和程序，以确保在确定赔偿责任和补救办法时，考虑到不止基于一种歧视理由提出的申诉。

Article 6 (2)

第六条第二款

19.

19.

Article 6 (2) addresses the development, advancement and empowerment of women.

第六条第二款条涉及妇女的发展及其地位的提高和能力的增强。

It assumes that the rights enshrined in the Convention can be guaranteed to women if States parties strive to achieve and promote these rights using the appropriate means and in all of the areas addressed by the Convention.

该条认为，如果缔约国采取一切适当措施，在《公约》涉及的所有领域努力实现和促进《公约》所载的权利，就可以保证妇女享有这些权利。

20.

20.

In line with the Convention, States parties must take “all appropriate measures” to ensure and promote the full realization of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all persons with disabilities.

根据《公约》，缔约国必须采取“一切适当措施”，确保和促进充分实现所有残疾人的所有人权和基本自由。

Measures can be of a legislative, educational, administrative, cultural, political, linguistic or other nature.

这些措施可以为立法、教育、行政、文化、政治、语言或其他性质。

Measures are appropriate if they respect the principles of the Convention, including the goal of guaranteeing to women with disabilities the exercise and enjoyment of the human rights and fundamental freedoms set out in the Convention.

遵守《公约》的各项原则，包括保证残疾妇女行使和享有《公约》所规定的人权和基本自由的目标，即为适当措施。

Measures may be temporary or long-lasting and should overcome de jure and de facto inequality.

措施可以是暂时措施，也可以是长期措施，应当克服法律上和事实上的不平等。

While temporary special measures such as quotas might be necessary to overcome structural, or systemic, multiple discrimination, long-lasting measures such as reforming laws and policies to ensure the equal participation of women with disabilities in all areas of life are essential prerequisites for achieving substantive equality for women with disabilities.

虽然诸如配额等暂行特别措施对于克服结构性或系统性多重歧视而言是必要的，但长期措施，例如实行改革法律和政策以确保残疾妇女平等参与所有生活领域，是实现残疾妇女实质性平等的基本前提。

21.

21.

All measures must ensure the full development, advancement and empowerment of women with disabilities.

所有措施都必须确保残疾妇女的充分发展及其地位的提高和能力的增强。

Although development relates to economic growth and the eradication of poverty, it is not limited to those areas.

虽然发展与经济增长和消除贫困有关，但并不限于这些领域。

While gender- and disability-sensitive development measures in the areas of education, employment, income-generation and combating violence, among others, may be appropriate to ensure the full economic empowerment of women with disabilities, additional measures are necessary with regard to health and participation in politics, culture and sports.

教育、就业、创收和打击暴力等领域顾及性别和残疾的发展措施对于确保充分赋予残疾妇女经济权能而言可能是适当的，但在卫生以及参与政治、文化和体育方面，还需要采取更多措施。

22.

22.

In order to advance and empower women with disabilities, measures must go beyond the goal of development and also aim at improving the situation of women with disabilities throughout their lifespan.

为了提高残疾妇女的地位和增强其能力，措施必须超出发展目标的范围，还以改善残疾妇女一生的状况为目标。

It is not enough to take women with disabilities into account when designing development measures;

在设计发展措施时光考虑残疾妇女是不够的；

rather, women with disabilities must also be able to participate in and contribute to society.

残疾妇女还必须能够参与社会并为社会做出贡献。

23.

23.

In line with a human rights-based approach, ensuring the empowerment of women with disabilities means promoting their participation in public decision-making.

根据基于人权的方针，确保增强残疾妇女的能力意味着促进她们参与公共决策。

Women and girls with disabilities have historically encountered many barriers to participation in public decision-making.

残疾妇女和女童在参与公共决策方面一项面临许多障碍。

Owing to power imbalances and multiple forms of discrimination, they have had fewer opportunities to establish or join organizations that can represent their needs as women and persons with disabilities.

由于力量不平衡和多种形式的歧视，她们更少有机会建立或加入能够满足她们作为女性和残疾人的需求的组织。

States parties should reach out directly to women and girls with disabilities and establish adequate measures to guarantee that their perspectives are fully taken into account and that they will not be subjected to any reprisals for expressing their points of view and concerns, especially in relation to sexual and reproductive health and rights, as well as gender-based violence, including sexual violence.

缔约国应直接与残疾妇女和女童接触，并采取适当措施，保证她们的观点得到充分考虑，并保证她们不会由于表达观点和关切，尤其是就性及生殖健康和权利以及基于性别的暴力、包括性暴力表达观点和关切而遭到任何报复。

Finally, States parties must promote the participation of representative organizations of women with disabilities, not just disability-specific consultative bodies and mechanisms.

最后，缔约国必须促进残疾妇女代表组织、而不仅仅是残疾问题协商机构和机制的参与。

III.

三.

States parties’ obligations

缔约国的义务

24.

24.

States parties to the Convention have an obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the rights of women with disabilities, both under article 6 and under all other substantive provisions, in order to guarantee them the enjoyment and exercise of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.

《公约》缔约国有义务根据第六条和所有其他实质性条款尊重、保护和落实残疾妇女的权利，以保证她们享有和行使所有人权和基本自由。

These duties imply taking legal, political, administrative, educational and other measures.

这些义务意味着采取法律、政治、行政、教育和其他措施。

25.

25.

The obligation to respect requires States parties to refrain from interfering with the enjoyment of the rights of women with disabilities.

尊重的义务要求缔约国不得干涉残疾妇女享有权利。

As such, existing laws, regulations, customs and practices that constitute discrimination against women with disabilities must be abolished.

因此，必须废除构成对残疾妇女歧视的现行法律、法规、习俗和做法。

Laws that do not allow women with disabilities to marry or choose the number and spacing of their children on an equal basis with others are common examples of such discrimination.

不允许残疾妇女在与他人平等的基础上结婚或选择子女的数量和生育间隔的法律就是这种歧视的常见例子。

Furthermore, the duty to respect implies refraining from engaging in any act or practice that is inconsistent with article 6 and other substantive provisions and ensuring that public authorities and institutions act in conformity with them.

此外，尊重的义务还意味着不实施不符合第六条和其他实质性条款的任何行为或做法，并确保公共机关和机构按照这些条款行事。

26.

26.

The obligation to protect means that States parties have to ensure that the rights of women with disabilities are not infringed upon by third parties.

保护的义务意味着缔约国必须确保第三方不会侵犯残疾妇女的权利。

Thus, States parties must take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination on the basis of sex and/or impairment by any person, organization or private enterprise.

因此，缔约国必须采取一切适当措施，消除任何个人、组织或私营企业基于性别和/或缺陷的歧视。

It also includes the duty to exercise due diligence by preventing violence or violations of human rights, protecting victims and witnesses from violations, investigating, prosecuting and punishing those responsible, including private actors, and providing access to redress and reparations where human rights violations occur.

这项义务还包括尽职调查义务，即防止暴力或侵犯人权行为，保护受害者和证人不受侵犯，调查、起诉和惩罚责任人，包括私人行为者，以及在发生侵犯人权事件时提供补救和赔偿。

For example, States parties could promote the training of professionals in the justice sector to make sure that there are effective remedies for women with disabilities who have been subjected to violence.

例如，缔约国可以促进对司法部门专业人员的培训，以确保为遭受暴力的残疾妇女提供有效补救。

27.

27.

The obligation to fulfil imposes an ongoing and dynamic duty to adopt and apply the measures needed to secure the development, advancement and empowerment of women with disabilities.

履行的义务赋予了一项持续和动态的职责，即采取和执行必要措施，确保残疾妇女的发展、地位的提高和能力的增强。

States parties must adopt a twin-track approach by:

缔约国必须采取双轨办法：

(a) systematically mainstreaming the interests and rights of women and girls with disabilities in all national action plans, strategies and policies concerning women, childhood and disability, as well as in sectoral plans concerning, for example, gender equality, health, violence, education, political participation, employment, access to justice and social protection;

(a) 将残疾妇女和女童的利益和权利有系统地纳入所有关于妇女、儿童和残疾问题的国家行动计划、战略 和政策，以及涉及性别平等、健康、暴力、教育、政治参与、就业、诉诸司法和社会保护等方面的部门计划；

and (b) taking targeted and monitored action aimed specifically at women with disabilities. A twin-track approach is essential for reducing inequality in respect of participation and the enjoyment of rights.

(b) 采取专门针对残疾妇女的特定和监测下的行动。双轨方法对于减少参与和享有权利方面的不平等至关重要。

IV.

四.

Relationship between article 6 and other articles of the Convention

《公约》第六条与其他条款之间的关系

28.

28.

The cross-cutting nature of article 6 inextricably links it to all other substantive provisions of the Convention.

第六条贯穿各领域的性质使之与《公约》的所有其他实质性条款有着不可分割的联系。

In addition to being related to those articles that include an explicit reference to sex and/or gender, article 6 is particularly interrelated interrelated with the provisions dealing with violence against women with disabilities (art. 16) and with sexual and reproductive health and rights, including respect for home and the family (arts. 23 and 25);

除明确提及性和/或性别的条款外，第六条还与涉及暴力侵害残疾妇女(第十六条)以及性及生殖健康和权利，包括尊重家庭和家庭(第二十三和第二十五条)的规定，以及其他有关条款中所述残疾妇女受歧视的领域特别相关。

and spheres of discrimination against women with disabilities in other relevant articles.

A.

A.

Freedom from exploitation, violence and abuse (art. 16)

免于剥削、暴力和虐待 (第十六条)

29.

29.

Women with disabilities are at a heightened risk of violence, exploitation and abuse compared to other women.

与其他妇女相比，残疾妇女遭受暴力、剥削和虐待的风险更高。

Violence may be interpersonal or institutional and/or structural.

暴力可能是人际间的或制度性和/或结构性的。

Institutional and/or structural violence is any form of structural inequality or institutional discrimination that keeps a woman in a subordinate position, whether physically or ideologically, compared with other people in her family, household or community.

制度性和/或结构性的暴力是指任何形式的结构性不平等或制度性歧视，使妇女与家庭、家族或社区中的其他人相比，在身体或意识形态上处于从属地位。

30.

30.

Enjoyment by women with disabilities of the right to freedom from exploitation, violence and abuse can be hindered by harmful stereotypes that heighten the risk of experiencing violence.

残疾妇女对免于剥削、暴力和虐待的权利的享有可能会受到有害的陈规定型观念的阻碍，这些观念加大了暴力风险。

Harmful stereotypes that infantilize women with disabilities and call into question their ability to make judgments, perceptions of women with disabilities as being asexual or hypersexual and erroneous beliefs and myths heavily influenced by superstition that increase the risk of sexual violence against women with albinism all stop women with disabilities from exercising their rights as set out in article 16.

导致残疾妇女被当作儿童看待并使她们的判断能力受到怀疑的有害陈规定型观念，认为残疾妇女无性欲或性欲超强的看法，以及受迷信严重影响、导致白化病妇女遭受性暴力的风险增加的错误信念和传说等等，都有碍于残疾妇女行使第十六条所规定的权利。

31.

31.

Examples of violence, exploitation and/or abuse against women with disabilities that violate article 16 include the following:

违反第十六条的针对残疾妇女的暴力、剥削和/或虐待行为的例子包括：

the acquisition of a disability as a consequence of violence, physical force;

因暴力、武力致残；

economic coercion;

经济胁迫；

trafficking and deception;

贩运和欺骗；

misinformation;

蒙蔽；

abandonment;

遗弃；

the absence of free and informed consent and legal compulsion;

不经自由和知情的同意以及法律上的强迫；

neglect, including the withholding or denial of access to medication;

忽视，包括剥夺或拒绝提供药物；

the removal or control of communication aids and the refusal to assist in communicating;

移除或控制交流辅助设备并拒绝协助交流；

the denial of personal mobility and accessibility by, for example, removing or destroying accessibility features such as ramps, assistive devices such as white canes or mobility devices such as wheelchairs;

剥夺个人行动和无障碍设备，例如移除或破坏无障碍设施，如斜道、辅助设备(如明杖)或行动设备(如轮椅)；

the refusal by caregivers to assist with daily activities such as bathing, menstrual and/or sanitation management, dressing and eating, which hinders enjoyment of the right to live independently and to freedom from degrading treatment;

护理人员拒绝协助日常生活，如洗澡、穿衣和进餐，妨碍享有独立生活权和免遭有辱人格的待遇的自由；

the withholding of food or water, or the threat of doing so;

拒绝给予食物或饮水，或威胁采取这种行为；

the infliction of fear by intimidation through bullying, verbal abuse and ridicule on the grounds of disability;

通过欺凌、辱骂和对残疾进行嘲笑，以恐吓方式造成恐惧感；

the harming or threat of harming, removing or killing pets or assistance dogs or destroying objects;

伤害或威胁进行伤害，带走或杀死宠物或销毁物件；

psychological manipulation;

进行心理操纵；

and the exercise of control, for example by restricting face-to-face or virtual access to family, friends or others.

以及实行控制，例如限制与家人、朋友和他人的面对面或虚拟接触。

32.

32.

Certain forms of violence, exploitation and abuse may be considered as cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and as breaching a number of international human rights treaties.

某些形式的暴力、剥削和虐待可被视为残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚，并被视为违反一些国际人权条约。

Among them are:

其中包括：

forced, coerced and otherwise involuntary pregnancy or sterilization;

强迫、胁迫和其他形式的非自愿怀孕或绝育；

any medical procedure or intervention performed without free and informed consent, including procedures and interventions related to contraception and abortion;

在未经自由和知情同意的情况下进行的任何医疗程序或干预，包括与避孕和堕胎有关的程序和干预；

invasive and irreversible surgical practices such as psychosurgery, female genital mutilation and surgery or treatment performed on intersex children without their informed consent;

侵入性和不可逆的外科手术，如精神外科手术、切割女性生殖器官和未经知情同意而对双性儿童进行的手术或治疗；

the administration of electroshock treatment and the use of chemical, physical or mechanical restraints;

电击治疗和化学、物理或机械束缚手段的使用；

and isolation or seclusion.

以及隔离。

33.

33.

Sexual violence against women with disabilities includes rape.

对残疾妇女的性暴力包括强奸。

Sexual abuse occurs in all scenarios, within State and non-State institutions and within the family or the community.

性虐待发生在所有情况下，包括国家和非国家机构内部以及家庭或社区内。

Some women with disabilities, in particular deaf and deafblind women and women with intellectual disabilities, may be at an even greater risk of violence and abuse because of their isolation, dependency or oppression.

一些残疾妇女，特别是聋人和聋盲妇女 及智障妇女，由于其孤立性、依赖性或受到的压迫，可能面临更大的暴力和虐待风险。

34.

34.

Women with disabilities may be targeted for economic exploitation because of their impairment, which can in turn expose them to further violence.

残疾妇女可能由于其障碍而遭到经济剥削，从而使她们面临进一步的暴力。

For example, women with physical or visible impairments can be trafficked for the purpose of forced begging because it is believed that they may elicit a higher degree of public sympathy.

例如，具有身体或视觉障碍的妇女可能遭到以强迫乞讨为目的的贩运，因为她们被认为会引起公众更大的同情。

35.

35.

The often preferential care and treatment of boys means that violence against girls with disabilities is more prevalent than it is against boys with disabilities or girls in general.

男童通常受到的优先照顾和待遇意味着暴力侵害残疾女童的行为比暴力侵害残疾男童或普通女童的行为更加普遍。

Violence against girls with disabilities includes gender-specific neglect, humiliation, concealment, abandonment and abuse, including sexual abuse and sexual exploitation, which increases during puberty.

暴力侵害残疾女童的行为包括针对性别的忽视、羞辱、隐瞒、遗弃和虐待，包括在青春期期间增加的性虐待和性剥削。

Children with disabilities are also disproportionately likely not to be registered at birth, which exposes them to exploitation and violence.

残疾儿童得不到出生登记的比例过高， 这使他们易受剥削和暴力。

Girls with disabilities are particularly at risk of violence from family members and caregivers.

残疾女童特别容易遭到家庭成员和照顾者的暴力行为。

36.

36.

Girls with disabilities are particularly at risk of harmful practices, which are justified by invoking sociocultural and religious customs and values.

残疾女童特易受到有害习俗的危害，人们往往利用社会文化及宗教习俗和价值观为这些习俗开脱。

For example, girls with disabilities are more likely to die as a result of “mercy killings” than boys with disabilities because their families are unwilling or lack the support to raise a girl with an impairment.

例如，与残疾男童相比，残疾女童通过“安乐死”而死亡的可能性更大，因为她们的家庭不愿意抚养有缺陷的女童，或者缺乏这方面的支助。

Other examples of harmful practices include infanticide, accusations of “spirit possession” and restrictions in feeding and nutrition.

有害习俗的其他例子包括杀婴、 指控“鬼魂附体”以及限制喂养和营养。

In addition, the marriage of girls with disabilities, especially girls with intellectual disabilities, is justified under the pretext of providing future security, care and financing.

此外，残疾女童，特别是智障女童的婚姻，则打着提供未来安全、照顾和经济来源的幌子使之合理化。

In turn, child marriage contributes to higher rates of dropping out of school and to early and frequent childbirth.

反过来，童婚还导致辍学率升高，以及早育和频繁生育。

Girls with disabilities experience social isolation, segregation and exploitation inside the family, including by being excluded from family activities, prevented from leaving home, forced to perform unpaid housework and being forbidden from attending school.

残疾女童在家庭内受到社会孤立、隔离和剥削，包括被排除在家庭活动之外，不许离开家里，被迫做无酬家务和被禁止上学等。

37.

37.

Women with disabilities are subjected to the same harmful practices committed against women without disabilities such as forced marriage, female genital mutilation, crimes committed in the name of so-called honour, dowry-related violence, widowhood-related practices and accusations of witchcraft.

残疾妇女还受到与非残疾妇女一样的有害习俗之害，如强迫婚姻、切割女性生殖器官、以所谓的荣誉为名犯下的罪行、与嫁妆有关的暴力、与寡妇有关的习俗和指控会巫术等。

The consequences of these harmful practices go far beyond social exclusion.

这些有害习俗的后果远远超出了社会排斥的范围。

They reinforce harmful gender stereotypes, perpetuate inequalities and contribute to discrimination against women and girls.

它们加强了有害的性别陈规定型观念，使不平等现象长期存在，并助长了对妇女和女童的歧视。

They can result in physical and psychological violence and economic exploitation.

这些习俗可能导致身心暴力和经济剥削。

Harmful practices based on patriarchal interpretations of culture cannot be evoked to justify violence against women and girls with disabilities.

基于对文化的父权解释的有害习俗不能成为暴力侵害残疾妇女和女童的理由。

In addition, women and girls with disabilities are particularly at risk of “virgin testing” and, regarding HIV/AIDS-related misbeliefs, “virgin rapes”.

此外，残疾妇女和女童还特别容易受到“处女测试”， 而在与艾滋病毒/艾滋病有关的错误观念方面，则遭到“强奸处女”行为之害。

B.

B.

Sexual and reproductive health and rights, including respect for the home and the family (arts. 23 and 25)

性及生殖健康和权利，包括尊重家居和家庭 (第二十三和第二十五条)

38.

38.

Wrongful stereotyping related to disability and gender is a form of discrimination that has a particularly serious impact on the enjoyment of sexual and reproductive health and rights, and the right to a found a family.

与残疾和性别有关的错误定型观念是一种歧视形式，对享有性及生殖健康和权利以及组建家庭的权利造成特别严重的影响。

Harmful stereotypes of women with disabilities include the belief that they are asexual, incapable, irrational, lacking control and/or hypersexual.

关于残疾妇女的有害定型观念包括认为她们无性欲、无能力、无理性、缺乏控制力和/或性欲超强。

Like all women, women with disabilities have the right to choose the number and spacing of their children, as well as the right to have control over and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexuality, including sexual and reproductive health, free of coercion, discrimination and violence.

与所有妇女一样，残疾妇女有权选择子女数量和生育间隔，并有权控制和自由、负责任地决定与其性行为有关的事项，包括性健康和生殖健康，而不受胁迫、歧视和暴力。

39.

39.

Women with disabilities face multiple barriers to the enjoyment of sexual and reproductive health and rights, equal recognition before the law and access to justice.

残疾妇女在享有性及生殖健康和权利，以及在法律面前获得平等承认和诉诸司法方面面临多重障碍。

In addition to facing barriers resulting from multiple discrimination on the grounds of gender and disability, some women with disabilities, such as refugees, migrants and asylum seekers, face additional barriers because they are denied access to health care.

除了基于性别和残疾的多重歧视造成的障碍外，一些残疾妇女，例如难民、移民和寻求庇护者面临更多的障碍，因为她们无法获得保健。

Women with disabilities may also face harmful eugenic stereotypes that assume that they will give birth to children with disabilities and thus lead women with disabilities being discouraged or prevented from realizing their motherhood.

残疾妇女还可能面临认为残疾妇女会生育残疾子女的优生定型观念，从而妨碍或阻止残疾妇女成为母亲。

40.

40.

Women with disabilities may also be denied access to information and communication, including comprehensive sexuality education, based on harmful stereotypes that assume that they are asexual and do not therefore require such information on an equal basis with others.

残疾妇女还可能因有害的定型观念而被剥夺获得信息和通信、包括全面性教育的机会，这些观念假定她们没有性欲，因此无需在与他人平等的基础上获得这类信息。

Information may also not be available in accessible formats.

信息也可能以不可访问的格式提供。

Sexual and reproductive health information includes information about all aspects of sexual and reproductive health, including maternal health, contraceptives, family planning, sexually transmitted infections, HIV prevention, safe abortion and post-abortion care, infertility and fertility options, and reproductive cancer.

性健康和生殖健康信息包括关于性健康和生殖健康所有方面的信息，如孕产妇健康、避孕药具、计划生育、性传染病、艾滋病毒预防、安全堕胎和堕胎后护理、不育和生育选择以及生殖系统癌症等。

41.

41.

Lack of access to sexual and reproductive health information for women with disabilities, especially women with intellectual disabilities and deaf and deafblind women, can increase their risk of being subjected to sexual violence.

残疾妇女，特别是智障妇女及聋人和盲聋妇女缺乏获得性健康和生殖健康信息的机会，这会增加她们遭受性暴力的风险。

42.

42.

Health-care facilities and equipment, including mammogram machines and gynaecological examination beds, are often physically inaccessible for women with disabilities.

残疾妇女通常无法实际利用医疗设施和设备，包括乳房X光检查机和妇科检查床。

Safe transport for women with disabilities to attend health-care facilities or screening programmes may be unavailable, unaffordable or inaccessible.

使残疾妇女能够利用保健设施或参加筛查方案的安全交通可能无法提供、负担不起或无法获得。

43.

Attitudinal barriers raised by health-care staff and related personnel may result in women with disabilities being refused access to health-care practitioners and/or services, especially women with psychosocial or intellectual impairments, deaf and deafblind women and women who are still institutionalized.

保健工作人员和相关人员的态度障碍可能导致残疾妇女无法接触保健从业人员和/或获得保健服务，特别是有心理或智力障碍的妇女、聋人人和聋盲妇女以及仍被安置在收容机构的妇女。

44.

44.

In practice, the choices of women with disabilities, especially women with psychosocial or intellectual disabilities, are often ignored and their decisions are often substituted by those of third parties, including legal representatives, service providers, guardians and family members, in violation of their rights under article 12 of the Convention.

实际上，残疾妇女，特别是有心理社会或智力障碍的妇女的选择往往遭到忽视，她们的决定往往被第三方，包括法律代理人、服务提供者、监护人和家庭成员的决定所代替，这侵犯了她们根据《公约》第十二条享有的权利。

All women with disabilities must be able to exercise their legal capacity by taking their own decisions, with support when desired, with regard to medical and/or therapeutic treatment, including by taking their own decisions on retaining their fertility and reproductive autonomy, exercising their right to choose the number and spacing of children, consenting and accepting a statement of fatherhood and exercising their right to establish relationships.

所有残疾妇女都必须能够行使其法律行为能力，在医疗和/或治疗方面作出——必要时在他人支持下作出――自己的决定，包括就以下问题作出决定：保留其生育和生殖自主权，行使其选择生育子女的数目和生育间隔的权利，同意和接受父亲声明，并行使其建立关系的权利。

Restricting or removing legal capacity can facilitate forced interventions, such as sterilization, abortion, contraception, female genital mutilation, surgery or treatment performed on intersex children without their informed consent and forced detention in institutions.

限制或取消法律行为能力会助长强迫干预，例如绝育、堕胎、避孕、切割女性生殖器官、未经其知情同意而对双性儿童实行外科手术或治疗，以及强行关在机构中等。

45.

45.

Forced contraception and sterilization can also result in sexual violence without the consequence of pregnancy, especially for women with psychosocial or intellectual disabilities, women in psychiatric or other institutions and women in custody.

强迫避孕和绝育还可能导致无怀孕后果的性暴力，特别是对于有心理社会或智力障碍的妇女、精神病院或其他机构中的妇女和被关押妇女而言。

Therefore, it is particularly important to reaffirm that the legal capacity of women with disabilities should be recognized on an equal basis with that of others and that women with disabilities have the right to found a family and be provided with appropriate assistance to raise their children.

因此，重申残疾妇女的法律行为能力应在与他人平等的基础上得到承认， 残疾妇女有权建立家庭，并有权得到抚养子女的适当援助，这点特别重要。

46.

46.

Harmful gender and/or disability stereotypes based on such concepts as incapacity and inability can result in mothers with disabilities facing legal discrimination, which is why these women are significantly overrepresented in child protection proceedings and disproportionately lose contact and custody of their children, who are subject to adoption proceedings and/or to being placed in an institution.

基于诸如丧失和没有能力等概念的有害性别和/或残疾定型观念会导致残疾母亲受到法律上的歧视，这就是为什么儿童保护诉讼中的这类妇女比例明显过高，而且太多妇女失去与子女的联系和对子女的监护的原因，她们的子女被收养和/或安置在收容机构。

In addition, a husband can be granted separation or divorce on the basis of his wife’s psychosocial disability.

此外，丈夫可以因妻子的心理社会障碍而获许分居或离婚。

C.

C.

Discrimination against women with disabilities in other articles of the Convention

《公约》其他条款中述及的对残疾妇女的歧视

Awareness-raising (art. 8)

提高认识 (第八条)

47.

47.

Women with disabilities are exposed to compounded stereotypes that can be particularly harmful.

残疾妇女面临一些可能特别有害的复杂的陈规定型观念。

Gender and disability stereotypes affecting women with disabilities include:

影响残疾妇女的性别和残疾方面的陈规定型观念包括：

being burdensome to others (i.e., they must be cared for, are a cause of hardship, an affliction and a responsibility, or require protection);

是他人的累赘(即她们必须得到照顾，是苦难、痛苦和责任的来源，或需要保护)；

being vulnerable (i.e., they are considered defenceless, dependent, reliant or unsafe);

易受伤害(即她们被视为无防卫能力、具有依赖性、离不开他人或缺乏安全)；

being victims (i.e., they are considered to be suffering, passive or helpless) or inferior (i.e., they are considered unable, inadequate, weak or worthless);

是受害者(即她们被认为痛苦、被动或无助)或低能(即她们被认为无能、不强、脆弱或无用)；

having a sexual abnormality (e.g., they are stereotyped as asexual, inactive, overactive, incapable or sexually perverse);

性异常(例如，她们被定型为无性欲、性冷淡、性过度、无性能力或性反常)；

or being mystical or sinister (stereotyped as cursed, possessed by spirits, practitioners of witchcraft, harmful or bring either good or bad luck).

或者是神秘的或邪恶的(被定型为受到诅咒、鬼魂附体、行巫术、有害或会带来好运或厄运)。

Gender and/or disability stereotyping is the practice of ascribing to a specific individual a stereotypical belief;

性别和/或残疾方面的陈规定型是将某种定型想法与特定个人联系起来；

it is wrongful when it results in a violation or in violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

定型观念如果导致侵犯人权和基本自由，就是错误的。

An example of this is the failure of the justice system to hold the perpetrator of sexual violence against a woman with disability accountable based on stereotypical views about the women’s sexuality or her credibility as a witness.

这方面的一个例子是，司法系统基于对妇女性行为或其作为证人缺乏可信度的定型观念，不追究对残疾妇女实施性暴力的犯罪者的责任。

Accessibility (art. 9)

无障碍 (第九条)

48.

48.

The lack of consideration given to gender and/or disability aspects in policies relating to the physical environment, to transportation, to information and communications, including information and communications technologies and systems, and to other facilities and services open or provided to the public, both in urban and rural areas, prevents women with disabilities from living independently and participating fully in all areas of life on an equal basis with others.

在有关物质环境、交通工具、信息和通信，包括信息和通信技术和系统，以及在城市和农村地区向公众开放或提供的其他设施和服务的政策方面，缺乏对性别和/或残疾问题的考虑，妨碍残疾妇女独立生活和在与他人平等的基础上充分参与一切生活领域。

This is especially relevant in terms of women with disabilities’ access to safe houses, support services and procedures that provide effective and meaningful protection from violence, abuse and exploitation or in terms of providing health care, in particular reproductive health care.

在残疾妇女获得安全住房、支助服务以及提供有效和有意义的保护，免遭暴力、虐待和剥削的程序或提供保健、特别是生殖保健方面尤其如此。

Situations of risk and humanitarian emergencies (art. 11)

危难情况和人道主义紧急情况 (第十一条)

49.

49.

In situations of armed conflict, occupation of territories, natural disasters and humanitarian emergencies, women with disabilities are at an increased risk of sexual violence and are less likely to have access to recovery and rehabilitation services or access to justice.

在武装冲突、占领领土、自然灾害和人道主义紧急情况下，残疾妇女面临性暴力的风险增加，获得恢复和康复服务或诉诸司法的机会减少。

Women refugees, migrants and asylum seekers with disabilities may also face an increased risk of violence because they are denied the right to access health and justice systems because of their citizenship status.

难民、移民和寻求庇护者中的残疾妇女也可能面临更大的暴力风险，因为她们由于其公民地位而被剥夺了获得保健和诉诸司法系统的权利。

50.

50.

Women with disabilities in situations of risk and humanitarian emergencies are at an increased risk of sexual violence, as outlined in the previous section.

如上一节所述，残疾妇女在危难情况和人道主义紧急情况下面临性暴力的风险增加。

In addition, the lack of sanitation facilities increases discrimination against women with disabilities, who face a number of barriers to accessing humanitarian aid.

此外，缺乏卫生设施加大了对残疾妇女的歧视，她们在获得人道主义援助方面面临着一些障碍。

Although women and children are prioritized in the distribution of humanitarian relief, women with disabilities cannot always obtain information on relief projects, as that information is often not available in accessible formats.

虽然分配人道主义救济时优先考虑妇女和儿童，但残疾妇女并不总能获得关于救济项目的信息，因为这些信息往往不以无障碍格式提供。

When women with disabilities do receive information, they may not be able to physically access distribution points.

当残疾妇女确实收到信息时，也可能无法实际达到分发点。

Even when they do, they may not be able to communicate with staff.

即便到了分发点，她们可能也无法与工作人员沟通。

Likewise, if women with disabilities are subjected to violence, exploitation or abuse, information and communication helplines and hotlines may not be accessible.

同样，残疾妇女在受到暴力、剥削或虐待时，可能无法使用信息和通信求助专线和热线。

Refugee camps often lack child protection mechanisms for children with disabilities.

难民营往往缺乏针对残疾儿童的儿童保护机制。

In addition, accessible sanitation facilities to ensure hygienic menstrual management are often unavailable, which can in turn increase women with disabilities’ exposure to violence.

此外，通常没有便利的卫生设施来确保卫生的经期管理，这反过来会增加残疾妇女受到暴力侵害的可能性。

Single women with disabilities face barriers to accessible evacuation as a result of an emergency or disaster situation, in particular if they are accompanied by their children at the time of evacuation.

单身残疾妇女在紧急或灾害情况下难以获得无障碍疏散，特别是如果疏散时有子女陪同的话。

This disproportionately affects internally displaced women with disabilities who are without an adult family member, friends or caregivers.

这对没有成年家庭成员、朋友或照料者陪同的境内流离失所残疾妇女造成极大影响。

Displaced girls with disabilities face additional barriers in accessing formal and non-formal education, especially in crisis settings.

流离失所的残疾女童在获得正规和非正规教育方面遇到更多障碍，尤其是在危机环境中。

Equal recognition before the law (art. 12)

在法律面前获得平等承认 (第十二条)

51.

51.

Women with disabilities, more often than men with disabilities and more often than women without disabilities, are denied the right to legal capacity.

与残疾男子和非残疾妇女相比，残疾妇女更常被剥夺行使法律行为能力的权利。

Their rights to maintain control over their reproductive health, including on the basis of free and informed consent, to found a family, to choose where and with whom to live, to physical and mental integrity, to own and inherit property, to control their own financial affairs and to have equal access to bank loans, mortgages and other forms of financial credit are often violated through patriarchal systems of substituted decision-making.

她 们的以下权利往往通过替代决策的父权制而遭到侵犯：控制其生殖健康的权利，包括在自由和知情同意的基础上；组建家庭的权利； 选择在哪里生活和与谁一起生活的权利； 身心完整权； 拥有和继承财产的权利； 掌握自己的财务和平等获得银行贷款、抵押贷款和其他形式金融信贷的权利。

Access to justice (art. 13)

获得司法保护 (第十三条)

52.

52.

Women with disabilities face barriers to accessing justice, including with regard to exploitation, violence and abuse, owing to harmful stereotypes, discrimination and lack of procedural and reasonable accommodations, which can lead to their credibility being doubted and their accusations being dismissed.

残疾妇女由于有害的陈规定型观念、歧视及缺乏程序便利和合理便利，在诉诸司法，包括就剥削，暴力和虐待诉诸司法方面面临障碍，这可能导致她们的可信度受到怀疑，指控被驳回。

Negative attitudes in the implementation of procedures may intimidate victims or discourage them from pursuing justice.

执行程序方面的消极态度可能会使受害者感到害怕或妨碍她们追求正义。

Complicated or degrading reporting procedures, the referral of victims to social services rather than the provision of legal remedies, dismissive attitudes by the police or other law enforcement agencies are examples of such attitudes.

复杂或有辱人格的举报程序、将受害者移交社会服务部门而不是提供法律补救、警察或其他执法机构的轻蔑视态度等，都是消极态度的一些例子。

This could lead to impunity and to the invisibility of the issue, which in turn could result in violence lasting for extended periods of time.

这可能会导致有罪不罚和这一问题不为人知，从而使暴力持续很长时间。

Women with disabilities may also fear reporting violence, exploitation or abuse because they are concerned that they may lose the support required from caregivers.

残疾妇女也可能害怕报告暴力、剥削或虐待，因为她们担心会失去照顾者的必要支持。

Liberty and security of person and freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (arts. 14 and 15)

自由和人身安全以及免于酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚 (第十四和第十五条)

53.

53.

Violations relating to deprivation of liberty disproportionately affect women with intellectual or psychosocial disabilities and those in institutional settings.

与剥夺自由有关的侵权行为对有智力或心理社会障碍的妇女和收容机构中的妇女造成的影响尤为严重。

Those deprived of their liberty in places such as psychiatric institutions, on the basis of actual or perceived impairment, are subject to higher levels of violence, as well as to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and are segregated and exposed to the risk of sexual violence and trafficking within care and special education institutions.

在精神病院等地方因实际或所认为的障碍而被剥夺自由的妇女，遭到暴力以及残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚 的程度更高，受到隔离并面临在护理和特殊教育机构内遭到性暴力和贩运的风险。

Violence against women with disabilities in institutions includes:

机构中暴力侵害残疾妇女的行为包括：

involuntary undressing by male staff against the will of the woman concerned;

男性工作人员违背有关妇女的意愿让其非自愿脱衣；

forced administration of psychiatric medication;

强制施用精神病药物；

and overmedication, which can reduce the ability to describe and/or remember sexual violence.

以及用药过量，这可以降低描述和/或记住性暴力的能力。

Perpetrators may act with impunity because they perceive little risk of discovery or punishment given that access to judicial remedies is severely restricted, and women with disabilities subjected to such violence are unlikely to be able to access helplines or other forms of support to report such violations.

犯罪者的行为可能受不到惩罚，因为他们认为被发现或处罚的风险很小，原因在于获得司法补救的机会受到严重限制，遭到这种暴力的残疾妇女不大可能使用求助热线或其他形式的支助来报告此类侵权行为。

Freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and protecting the integrity of the person (arts. 15 and 17)

免于酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚和保护人身完整性 (第十五条和第十七条)

54.

54.

Women with disabilities are more likely to be subjected to forced interventions than are women in general and men with disabilities.

残疾妇女比一般妇女和残疾男子更易受到强迫干预。

Such forced interventions are wrongfully justified by theories of incapacity and therapeutic necessity, are legitimized under national laws and may enjoy wide public support for being in the alleged best interest of the person concerned.

人们错误地利用“没有能力”和“治疗需要”理论为这类强迫干预辩护，国家法律将强迫干预合法化，公众也可能对其广泛支持，认为强迫干预符合当事人的所谓“最大利益”。

Forced interventions violate a number of rights enshrined in the Convention, namely:

强迫干预侵犯了《公约》规定的一些权利，即：

the right to equal recognition before the law;

在法律面前获得平等承认的权利；

the right to freedom from exploitation, violence and abuse;

免遭剥削、暴力和虐待的权利；

the right to found a family;

组建家庭的权利；

the right to the integrity of the person;

人身完整权；

the right to sexual and reproductive health;

性健康和生殖健康权；

and the right to freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

以及免于酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的权利。

Living independently and being included in the community (art. 19)

独立生活和融入社区 (第十九条)

55.

55.

The right of women with disabilities to choose their place of residence may be adversely affected by cultural norms and patriarchal family values that limit autonomy and oblige them to live in a particular living arrangement.

残疾妇女选择居住地的权利可能受到文化规范和父权制家庭观的不良影响，限制她们的自主权并迫使她们遵从特定的生活安排。

Thus, multiple discrimination can prevent the full and equal enjoyment of the right to live independently and to be included in the community.

因此，多重歧视可能会阻碍她们充分和平等地享有独立生活和融入社区的权利。

Age and impairment, separately or jointly, can increase the risk of institutionalization of older persons with disabilities.

老年残疾人因年龄或残疾或这两方面的因素，接受机构照料的可能性增加。

In addition, it has been widely documented that institutionalization may expose persons with disabilities to violence and abuse, with women with disabilities being particularly exposed.

此外，大量的记录表明，机构照料可能会使残疾人遭受暴力和虐待，残疾妇女尤其如此。

Education (art. 24)

教育 (第二十四条)

56.

56.

Harmful gender and disability stereotypes combine to fuel discriminatory attitudes, policies and practices, such as: giving greater value to the education of boys over girls, using educational material perpetuating wrongful gender and disability stereotypes, encouraging the child marriage of girls with disabilities, carrying out gender-based family activities, assigning caregiver roles to women and girls and not providing accessible sanitation facilities at schools to ensure hygienic menstrual management.

性别和残疾方面有害的陈规定 型观念共同加剧了歧视性态度、政策和做法，例如： 采用导致错误的性别和残疾定型观念长期存在的教育材料，使男童接受教育的价值高于女童；鼓励残疾女童结婚； 开展基于性别的家庭活动； 赋予妇女和女童照顾者的角色； 学校不提供无障碍卫生设施，确保经期卫生管理等。

In turn, these result in higher rates of illiteracy, school failure, uneven daily attendance rates, absenteeism and dropping out of school entirely.

凡此种种，造成了文盲率上升、考试不及格、日常出勤率不均、旷课和辍学。

Health and rehabilitation (arts. 25 and 26)

健康和康复 (第二十五和第二十六条)

57.

57.

Women with disabilities face barriers to accessing health and rehabilitation services.

残疾妇女在获得卫生和康复服务方面面临障碍。

Among these barriers are:

这些障碍包括：

a lack of education and information on sexual and reproductive health and rights;

有关性及生殖健康和权利的教育和信息缺乏；

physical barriers to gynaecological, obstetric and oncology services;

获得妇科、产科和肿瘤学服务的物质障碍；

and attitudinal barriers to fertility and hormone treatments.

生育和荷尔蒙治疗的态度障碍。

In addition, physical and psychological rehabilitation services, including counselling for acts of gender-based violence, may not be accessible, inclusive or age- or gender-sensitive.

此外，身心康复服务，包括基于性别的暴力行为咨询，可能不具备可及性、包容性或年龄或性别敏感性。

Employment (art. 27)

就业 (第二十七条)

58.

58.

Besides the general barriers that persons with disabilities face when trying to exercise their right to work, women with disabilities also face unique barriers to their equal participation in the workplace, including sexual harassment and unequal pay and the lack of access to seek redress because of discriminatory attitudes dismissing their claims, as well as physical, information and communications barriers.

除了残疾人在努力行使工作权利时面临的一般障碍外，残疾妇女在平等参与工作场所方面还面临着独特的障碍，包括性骚扰和报酬不平等，由于歧视性态度使其申诉遭到驳回而无法寻求补救，以及物质、信息和通信障碍等。

Social protection (art. 28)

社会保护 (第二十八条)

59.

59.

As a consequence of discrimination, women represent a disproportionate percentage of the world’s poor, which leads to a lack of choice and opportunities, especially in terms of formal employment income.

由于歧视，妇女在全世界穷人中的比例偏高，导致她们缺少选择和机会，特别是在获得正规就业收入方面。

Poverty is both a compounding factor and the result of multiple discrimination.

贫困既是一个加重因素，也是多重歧视的结果。

Older women with disabilities especially face many difficulties in accessing adequate housing, are more likely to be institutionalized and do not have equal access to social protection and poverty reduction programmes.

老年残疾妇女在获得适当住房方面尤其面临许多困难，被送进收容机构的可能性更大，无法平等参与社会保护和减贫方案。

Participation in political and public life (art. 29)

参与政治和公共生活 (第二十九条)

60.

60.

The voices of women and girls with disabilities have historically been silenced, which is why they are disproportionately underrepresented in public decision-making.

残疾妇女和女童的声音一直受到压制，这就是为什么她们在公共决策中的代表性严重不足的原因。

Owing to power imbalances and multiple discrimination, they have had fewer opportunities to establish or join organizations that can represent their needs as women, children and persons with disabilities.

由于权力不平衡和多重歧视，她们很少有机会建立或加入能够代表妇女、儿童和残疾人需求的组织。

V.

五.

National implementation

国家的落实

61.

61.

In its examination of States parties’ reports, the Committee has noted that States parties face a number of consistent challenges to guaranteeing to women with disabilities the full enjoyment of all their rights without discrimination and on an equal basis with others, in compliance with article 6 and other related articles of the Convention.

委员会在审查缔约国报告时指出，各缔约国在按照《公约》第六条和其他相关条款，保障残疾妇女在不受歧视和与他人平等的基础上充分享有一切权利方面面临一系列持续的挑战。

62.

62.

In the light of the normative content and obligations outlined above, States parties should take the steps set out below to ensure full implementation of article 6 and provide adequate resources in that regard.

根据上述规范性内容和义务，缔约国应采取下述步骤，确保充分落实第六条，并在这方面提供充足的资源。

63.

63.

States parties should combat multiple discrimination by, inter alia:

缔约国应特别通过以下方式打击多重歧视：

(a)

(a)

Repealing discriminatory laws, policies and practices that prevent women with disabilities from enjoying all the rights enshrined in the Convention, outlawing gender- and disability-based discrimination and its intersectional forms, criminalizing sexual violence against girls and women with disabilities, prohibiting all forms of forced sterilization, forced abortion and non-consensual birth control, prohibiting all forms of forced gender- and/or disability-related medical treatment and taking all appropriate legislative steps to protect women with disabilities against discrimination;

废除阻碍残疾妇女享有《公约》规定的所有权利的歧视性法律、政策和做法，取 缔基于性别和残疾的歧视及交叉歧视，将针对残疾女童和妇女的性暴力定为刑事犯罪，禁止一切形式的强迫绝育、强迫堕胎和非自愿节育，禁止一切形式的与性别和 /或残疾有关的强迫医疗，并采取一切适当的立法措施，保护残疾妇女免遭歧视；

(b)

(b)

Adopting appropriate laws, policies and actions to ensure that the rights of women with disabilities are included in all policies, especially in policies related to women in general and policies on disability;

采取适当的法律、政策和行动，确保将残疾妇女的权利纳入所有政策，特别是总体上与妇女有关的政策以及残疾政策；

(c)

(c)

Addressing all barriers that prevent or restrict the participation of women with disabilities and ensuring that women with disabilities, as well as the views and opinions of girls with disabilities, through their representative organizations, are included in the design, implementation and monitoring of all programmes that have an impact on their lives; and including women with disabilities in all branches and bodies of the national monitoring system;

消除阻碍或限制残疾妇女参与的所有障碍，并确保通过其代表组织，将残疾妇女和残疾女童的意见和观点纳入对她们的生活有影响的所有方案的设计、实施和监测，并将残疾妇女纳入国家监测系统的所有部门和机构；

(d)

(d)

Collecting and analysing data on the situation of women with disabilities in all areas relevant to them in consultation with organizations of women with disabilities with a view to guiding policy planning for the implementation of article 6 and to eliminating all forms of discrimination, especially multiple and intersectional discrimination, and improving data collection systems for adequate monitoring and evaluation;

与残疾妇女组织协商，收集和分析关于残疾妇女在与之有关的所有领域状况的数据，以便指导制定落实第六条的政策规划，消除一切形式的歧视，特别是多重和交叉歧视，并改进数据收集系统，以进行充分的监测和评价；

(e)

(e)

Ensuring that all international cooperation is disability- and gender-sensitive and inclusive and including data and statistics on women with disabilities in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development, including the Sustainable Development Goals, together with their targets and indicators, as well as other international frameworks.

确保所有国际合作具有残疾和性别问题敏感性及包容性，将有关残疾妇女的数据和统计数字纳入《2030年可持续发展议程》的实施，包括可持续发展目标及其具体目标和指标，以及其他国际框架。

64.

64.

States parties should take all appropriate measures to ensure the development, advancement and empowerment of women with disabilities by, inter alia:

缔约国应采取一切适当措施，确保残疾妇女的发展、地位的提高和能力的增强，特别是通过以下方式：

(a)

(a)

Repealing any law or policy that prevents women with disabilities from effectively and fully participating in political and public life on an equal basis with others, including in respect of the right to form and join organizations and networks of women in general and of women with disabilities in particular;

废除妨碍残疾妇女在与他人平等的基础上有效和充分参与政治和公共生活的任何法律或政策，包括在组建和参加一般妇女和残疾妇女组织和网络的权利方面；

(b)

(b)

Adopting affirmative action measures for the development, advancement and empowerment of women with disabilities, in consultation with organizations of women with disabilities, with the aim of immediately addressing inequalities and ensuring that women with disabilities enjoy equality of opportunity with others.

采取平权行动措施，与残疾妇女组织协商，促进残疾妇女的发展、地位的提高和能力的增强，以便立即解决不平等现象，确保残疾妇女享有与他人平等的机会。

Such measures should be adopted in particular with regard to access to justice, the elimination of violence, respect for home and the family, sexual health and reproductive rights, health, education, employment and social protection.

尤其应当在诉诸司法、消除暴力、尊重家居和家庭、性健康和生殖权利、保健、教育、就业和社会保护方面采取这类措施。

Public and private services and facilities used by women with disabilities should be fully accessible in compliance with article 9 of the Convention and the Committee’s general comment No. 2 (2014) on accessibility, and public and private service providers should be trained and educated on applicable human rights standards and on identifying and combating discriminatory norms and values so that they can provide appropriate attention, support and assistance to women with disabilities;

根据《公约》第九条和委员会关于无障碍问题的第2号一般性意见(2014年)， 为残疾妇女提供的公共和私人服务和设施应当完全无障碍，公共和私人服务提供者应当接受关于可适用的人权标准以及查明和打击歧视性规范和价值观的培训和教 育，以便能够对残疾妇女予以适当的注意、支持和援助；

(c)

(c)

Adopting effective measures to provide women with disabilities access to the support they may require to exercise their legal capacity, in line with the Committee’s general comment No. 1 (2014) on equal recognition before the law, to give their free and informed consent and to take decisions about their own lives;

根据委员会关于在法律面前获得平等承认的第1号一般性意见(2014年)，采取有效措施，向残疾妇女提供机会，获得行使法律行为能力可能需要的支持，以便她们给出自由和知情的同意，并作出有关自己生活的决定；

(d)

(d)

Supporting and promoting the creation of organizations and networks of women with disabilities, and supporting and encouraging women with disabilities to take leadership roles in public decision-making bodies at all levels;

支持和促进建立残疾妇女组织和网络，并支持和鼓励残疾妇女在各级公共决策机构中发挥领导作用；

(e)

(e)

Promoting the carrying out of specific research on the situation of women with disabilities, in particular research on impediments to the development, advancement and empowerment of women with disabilities in all areas related to them;

促进开展关于残疾妇女状况的具体研究，特别是关于在与残疾妇女有关的所有领域促进残疾妇女的发展、地位的提高和能力的增强所面临障碍的研究；

considering women with disabilities in the collection of data relating to persons with disabilities and to women in general;

在收集与残疾人和一般妇女有关的数据时考虑到残疾妇女；

appropriately targeting policies for the development, advancement and empowerment of women with disabilities;

适当制订促进残疾妇女的发展、地位的提高和能力的增强的针对性政策；

involving women with disabilities and their representative organizations in the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of, and training for, data collection;

让残疾妇女及其代表组织参与数据收集的设计、执行、监测和评价以及相关培训；

and establishing consultation mechanisms for the creation of systems capable of effectively identifying and capturing the diverse lived experiences of women with disabilities for improved public policies and practices;

建立协商机制，从而建立能够有效识别和获取残疾妇女多样化生活经验的制度，以改进公共政策和做法；

(f)

(f)

Supporting and promoting international cooperation and assistance in a manner consistent with all national efforts to eliminate the legal, procedural, practical and social barriers to the full development, advancement and empowerment of women with disabilities in their communities, as well as at the national, regional and global levels, and the inclusion of women with disabilities in the design, implementation and monitoring of international cooperation projects and programmes that affect their lives.

以符合所有国家努力的方式支持和促进国际合作与援助，消除社区内以及国家、区域和全球层面残疾妇女充分发展、地位得到提高和能力得到增强所面临的法律、程序、实际和社会障碍，并让残疾妇女参与影响其生活的国际合作项目和方案的设计、执行和监测。

65.

65.

States parties should take into account the recommendations of the relevant United Nations bodies dealing with gender equality and apply them to women and girls with disabilities.

缔约国应考虑联合国处理两性平等问题的有关机构的建议，并将其适用于残疾妇女和女童。

1 World Health Organization (WHO) and World Bank, World Report on Disability (Geneva, 2011).

1 世界卫生组织(世卫组织)和世界银行，《世界残疾报告》(2011年，日内瓦)。

2 See www.un.org/womenwatch/enable.

2 见www.un.org/womenwatch/enable。

3 See Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 25 (2004) on temporary special measures, para. 12.

3 见消除对妇女歧视委员会关于暂行特别措施的第25号一般性建议(2004年)，第12段。

4 Ibid., general recommendation No. 28 (2010) on the core obligations of States parties under article 2 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, para. 18.

4 同上，关于缔约国在《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第二条之下的核心义务的第28号一般性建议，第18段。

5 See, for example, CRPD/C/SLV/CO/1, para. 17, and CRPD/C/UKR/CO/1, para. 9.

5 例如，见CRPD/C/SLV/CO/1第17段和CRPD/C/UKR/CO/1第9段。6

6 See, for example, CRPD/C/AUT/CO/1, para. 17, and CRPD/C/ECU/CO/1, para. 16.

6 例如，见CRPD/C/AUT/CO/1第17段和CRPD/C/ECU/CO/1第16段。

7 See, for example, CRPD/C/BRA/CO/1, para. 16, and CRPD/C/EU/CO/1, para. 20

7 例如，见CRPD/C/BRA/CO/1第16段和CRPD/C/EU/CO/1第20段。

8 See, for example, CRPD/C/MEX/CO/1, para. 34, CRPD/C/AZE/CO/1, para. 18.

8 例如，见CRPD/C/MEX/CO/1第34段、CRPD/C/AZE/CO/1第18段。

9 See, for example, CRPD/C/ARG/CO/1, para. 31.

9 例如，见CRPD/C/ARG/CO/1第31段。

10 See, for example, CRPD/C/BEL/CO/1, para. 30.

10 例如，见CRPD/C/BEL/CO/1第30段。

11 See, for example, CRPD/C/AUS/CO/1, para. 16, and CRPD/C/CHN/CO/1 and Corr.1, paras. 57, 65 and 90.

11 例如，见CRPD/C/AUS/CO/1第16段及CRPD/C/CHN/CO/和 Corr.1第57、第65和第90段。

12 See, for example, CRPD/C/SLV/CO/1, para. 37, and CRPD/C/CZE/CO/1, para. 34.

12 例如，见CRPD/C/SLV/CO/1第37段和CRPD/C/CZE/CO/1第34段。

13 See, for example, CRPD/C/MUS/CO/1, para. 29, and CRPD/C/NZL/CO/1, para. 37.

13 例如，见CRPD/C/MUS/CO/1第29段和CRPD/C/NZL/CO/1第37段。

14 See, for example, CRPD/C/GAB/CO/1, para. 40, and CRPD/C/KEN/CO/1, para. 33.

14 例如，见CRPD/C/GAB/CO/1第40段和CRPD/C/KEN/CO/1第33段。

15 See, for example, CRPD/C/DOM/CO/1, para. 32, and CRPD/C/PRY/CO/1, para.17.

15 例如，见CRPD/C/DOM/CO/1第32段和CRPD/C/PRY/CO/1第17段。

16 See, for example, CRPD/C/HRV/CO/1, para. 23, and CRPD/C/SVK/CO/1, para. 55.

16 例如，见CRPD/C/HRV/CO/1第23段和CRPD/C/SVK/CO/1第55段。

17 See, for example, CRPD/C/QAT/CO/1, para. 13, and CRPD/C/ECU/CO/1, paras. 12 and 16.

17 例如，见CRPD/C/QAT/CO/1第13段和CRPD/C/ECU/CO/1，第12和第 16段。

18 See, for example, CRPD/C/CRI/CO/1, para. 13, and CRPD/C/ECU/CO/1, para. 16.

18 例如，见CRPD/C/CRI/CO/1第13段和CRPD/C/ECU/CO/1第16段。

19 See, for example, CRPD/C/SWE/CO/1, para. 13, and CRPD/C/KOR/CO/1, para. 13.

19 例如，见CRPD/C/SWE/CO/1第13段和CRPD/C/KOR/CO/1第13段。

20 See, for example, CRPD/C/AZE/CO/1, para. 16, and CRPD/C/ESP/CO/1, para. 21.

20 例如，见CRPD/C/AZE/CO/1第16段和CRPD/C/ESP/CO/1第21段。

21 See, for example, CRPD/C/DNK/CO/1, para. 18, and CRPD/C/NZL/CO/1, para. 16.

21 例如，见CRPD/C/DNK/CO/1第18段和CRPD/C/NZL/CO/1第16段。

22 See Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 25, para. 12.

22 见消除对妇女歧视委员会，第25号一般性建议，第12段。

23 See CRPD/C/MUS/CO/1, CRPD/C/BRA/CO/1, CRPD/C/CZE/CO/1, CRPD/C/DNK/CO/1, CRPD/C/AUS/CO/1, CRPD/C/SWE/CO/1 and CRPD/C/DEU/CO/1, among others.

23 见CRPD/C/MUS/CO/1、CRPD/C/BRA/CO/1、CRPD/C/CZE/CO/1、CRPD/C/DNK/CO/1、CRPD/C/AUS/CO/1、CRPD/C/SWE/CO/1和CRPD/C/DEU/CO/1等。

24 See, for example, CEDAW/C/HUN/CO/7-8 and Corr.1, para. 45.

24 例如，见CEDAW/C/HUN/CO/7-8和Corr.1第45段。

25 Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, general comment No. 2 (2014) on accessibility.

25 残疾人权利委员会关于无障碍问题的第2号一般性意见(2014年)。

26 See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 20 (2009) on non-discrimination in economic, social and cultural rights, para. 10.

26 见经济、社会和文化权利委员会关于经济、社会和文化权利方面不歧视的第20号一般性意见 (2009年)，第10段。

27 Ibid.

27 同上。

28 See article 2 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

28 见《残疾人权利公约》第二条。

29 See A/HRC/20/5 and Corr.1, para. 24.

29 见A/HRC/20/和Corr.1第24段。

30 See Human Rights Committee, general comments No. 18 (1989) on non-discrimination, para. 9, and No. 28 (2000) on the equality of rights between men and women, para. 31; Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 20, para. 11;

30 见人权事务委员会，关于不歧视的第18号一般性意见(1989年)第9段和关于男女权利平等的第28号一般性意见(2000年)第31段； 经济、社会和文化权利委员会第20号一般性意见第11段；

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 28, para. 9; and Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, general comment No. 25 (2000) on gender-related dimensions of racial discrimination, paras. 1 and 2.

消除对妇女歧视委员会第28号一般性建议第9段；以及消除种族歧视委员会关于种族歧视的性别相关方面的第25号一般性意见(2000年)第1和第2段。

31 See A/HRC/31/62, para. 70.

31 见A/HRC/31/62第70段。

32 See art. 4 (1) (d) of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

32 见《残疾人权利公约》第四条第一款第(四)项。

33 See joint general recommendation No. 31 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women/general comment No. 18 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2014) on harmful practices, footnote 6.

33 见消除对妇女歧视委员会第31号以及儿童权利委员会有关有害做法的第18号联合一般性建议/意见(2014年)。

34 See art. 4 (1) (c) of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

34 见《残疾人权利公约》第四条第一款第(三)项。

35 See A/67/227, para. 13.

35 见A/67/227第13段。

36 See CRPD/C/HRV/CO/1, para. 9.

36 见CRPD/C/HRV/CO/1第9段。

37 See A/HRC/24/57, para. 74.

37 见A/HRC/24/57第74段。

38 See CRPD/C/MEX/CO/1, para.37.

38 见CRPD/C/MEX/CO/1第37段。

39 See A/67/227, para. 35.

39 见A/67/227第35段。

40 See CRPD/C/BRA/CO/1, para. 14.

40 见CRPD/C/BRA/CO/1第14段。

41 See A/HRC/20/5 and Corr.1, para. 25.

41 见A/HRC/20/5和Corr.1第25段。

42 See, for example, CRC/C/TGO/CO/3-4, para. 8 and 39.

42 例如，见CRC/C/TGO/CO/3-4第8段和第39段。

43 The State of the World’s Children 2013: Children with Disabilities (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.13.XX.1).

43 《2013年世界儿童状况：残疾儿童》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.13.XX.1)。

44 See A/HRC/20/5 and Corr.1, para. 24.

44 见A/HRC/20/5和Corr.1第24段。

45 Ibid.

45 同上。

46 See joint general recommendation No. 31 of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women/general comment No. 18 of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (2014) on harmful practices,, para. 7.

46 见消除对妇女歧视委员会第31号以及儿童权利委员会有关有害做法的第18号联合一般性建议/意见(2014年)，第7段。

47 Ibid., para. 9.

47 同上，第9段。

48 See A/HRC/20/5 and Corr.1,, para. 24.

48 见A/HRC/20/5和Corr.1第24段。

49 Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their review conferences.

49 《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》和《北京行动纲要》及其历次审查会议的成果文件。

50 See A/67/227, para. 36.

50 见A/67/227第36段。

51 See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 22 (2016) on the right to sexual and reproductive health, para. 18.

51 见经济、社会和文化权利委员会关于性健康和生殖健康的第22号一般性意见(2016年)，第18段。

52 See, for example, CRPD/C/MEX/CO/1, para. 50 (b).

52 例如，见CRPD/C/MEX/CO/1第50 (b)段。

53 See Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, general comment No. 2 (2014) on accessibility, para. 40, and, for example, CRPD/C/DOM/CO/1, para. 46.

53 见残疾人权利委员会关于无障碍问题的第2号一般性意见(2014年) ，第40段，以及例如CRPD/C/DOM/CO/1，第46段。

54 See A/HRC/20/5 and Corr.1, para. 37.

54 见A/HRC/20/5和Corr.1第37段。

55 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Population Fund, UNICEF and WHO, “Eliminating forced, coercive and otherwise involuntary sterilization: an interagency statement” (WHO, 2014).

55 联合国人权事务高级专员、联合国促进两性平等和增强妇女权能署、联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署、联合国开发计划署、联合国人口基金、教科文组织和世卫组织，“消除强迫、胁迫和其他形式的非自愿绝育：机构间声明”(世卫组织，2014年)。

56 See Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, general comment No. 1 (2014) on equal recognition before the law, para. 35.

56 见残疾人权利委员会关于在法律面前获得平等承认的第1号一般性意见(2014年)，第35段。

57 Ibid., para. 31. See also art. 12 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and art. 15 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.

57 同上，第31段。另见《残疾人权利公约》第十二条和《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十五条。

58 See See Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, general comment No. 2 (2014) on accessibility.

58 见残疾人权利委员会关于无障碍问题的第2号一般性意见(2014年)。

59 Statement of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on disability inclusion for the World Humanitarian Summit, available from the Committee’s web page (www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/CRPDIndex.aspx).

59 残疾人权利委员会在世界人道主义峰会上所作的关于纳入残疾问题的声明，(www.ohchr.org/EN/ HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/CRPDIndex.aspx)。

60 Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, general comment No. 1 (2014) on equal recognition before the law.

60 残疾人权利委员会关于在法律面前获得平等承认的第1号一般性意见(2014年)。

61 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development 2014: Gender Equality and Sustainable Development (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.14.IV.6).

61 《2014年关于妇女在发展中作用的世界概览：两性平等和可持续发展》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.14.IV.6)。

62 See A/HRC/20/5 and Corr.1, para. 41, and A/67/227, para. 42.

62 见A/HRC/20/5和Corr.1第41段及A/67/227第42段。

63 See A/HRC/20/5 and Corr.1, para. 19.

63 见A/HRC/20/5和Corr.1第19段。

64 Ibid., para. 16.

64 同上，第16段。

65 Ibid., para. 39.

65 同上，第39段。

66 See CRPD/C/UKR/CO/1, para. 11.

66 见CRPD/C/UKR/CO/1第11段。

67 See A/HRC/22/53, para. 64.

67 见A/HRC/22/53第64段。

68 See CRPD/C/SWE/CO/1, para. 37.

68 见CRPD/C/SWE/CO/1第37段。

69 See E/2012/51 and Corr.1.

69 见E/2012/51和Corr.1。

70 See A/HRC/28/37, para. 24.

70 见A/HRC/28/37第24段。

71 See A/HRC/20/5 and Corr.1, para. 40, and A/67/227, para. 67.

71 见A/HRC/20/5和Corr.1第40段和A/67/227第67段。

72 See A/70/297.

72 见A/70/297。

73 See E/CN.6/2016/3.

73 见E/CN.6/2016/3。

See also: European Commission, International Training Centre of the International Labour Organization and UN-Women, Handbook on Costing Gender Equality (New York, 2015), available from www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2015/7/handbook-on-costing-gender-equality;

另 见欧洲联盟委员会、国际劳工组织国际培训中心和联合国妇女署，《性别平等成本计算手册》(2015年，纽约)，可查阅 www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/ 2015/7/handbook-on-costing-gender-equality；

UN-Women, Guidebook on CEDAW General Recommendation no. 30 and the UN Security Council resolutions on women, peace and security (New York, 2015), available from www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2015/8/guidebook-cedawgeneralrecommendation30-womenpeacesecurity;

妇 女署，《关于消除对妇女委员会第30号一般性建议和联合国安全理事会关于妇女、和平和安全的各项决议的指南》(2015年，纽约)，可查阅 www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2015/8/guidebook- cedawgeneralrecommendation30-womenpeacesecurity；

UN-Women, Guidance Note on Gender Mainstreaming in Development Programming (New York, 2014), available from www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2015/02/gender-mainstreaming-issues;

妇女署，《关于性别平等主流化的指导说明》(2014年，纽约)，可查阅www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2015/02/gender-mainstreaming-issues；

UN-Women, Guide for the Evaluation of Programmes and Projects with a Gender, Human Rights and Intercultural Perspective (New York, 2014), available from www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2014/7/guide-for-the-evaluation-of-programmes-and-projects-with-a-gender-perspective;

妇 女署，《从性别、人权和跨文化角度评价方案和项目指南》(2014年，纽约)，可查阅www.unwomen.org/ en/digital-library/publications/2014/7/guide-for-the-evaluation-of- programmes-and-projects-with-a-gender-perspective；

UN-Women, Monitoring Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: Opportunities and Challenges (New York, 2015), available from www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2015/9/indicators-position-paper.

妇 女署，《监测<2030年可持续发展议程>所载性别平等及增强妇女和女童权能：机遇与挑战》(2015年，纽约)，可查阅available from www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/ publications/2015/9/indicators-position-paper。