United Nations

联 合 国

CRPD/C/GC/5

CRPD/C/GC/5

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

残疾人权利公约

Distr.: General

Distr.: General

27 October 2017

27 October 2017

Chinese

Original: English

Original: English

Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

残疾人权利委员会

General comment No. 5 (2017) on living independently and being included in the community

关于独立生活和融入社区的第5号一般性意见(2017年)

一

I.

.

Introduction

导言

1.

1.

Persons with disabilities have historically been denied their personal and individual choice and control across all areas of their lives.

过去，残疾人在生活的各个方面都无法自行选择和掌控。

Many have been presumed to be unable to live independently in their self-chosen communities.

许多人被认为无法在自己选择的社区里独立生活。

Support is either unavailable or tied to particular living arrangements, and community infrastructure is not universally designed.

有关的支助，要么根本没有，要么与特定的生活安排绑定在一起，而社区基础设施也不是通用设计。

Resources are invested in institutions instead of in developing possibilities for persons with disabilities to live independently in the community.

资源都投入到收容机构了，而没有用于为残疾人在社区独立生活创造机会。

This has led to abandonment, dependence on family, institutionalization, isolation and segregation.

这导致了残疾人遭到遗弃、依赖家庭、被机构收容、受到隔绝和隔离。

2.

2.

Article 19 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities recognizes the equal right of all persons with disabilities to live independently and be included in the community, with the freedom to choose and control their lives.

《残疾人权利公约》第十九条确认所有残疾人享有独立生活和融入社区的平等权利，可自由选择和掌控自己的生活。

The foundation of the article is the core human rights principle that all human beings are born equal in dignity and rights and all life is of equal worth.

这一条款的基础是核心人权原则，即在尊严和权利上，人人生而平等，而且所有生命价值平等。

3.

3.

Article 19 emphasizes that persons with disabilities are subjects of rights and are rights holders.

第十九条强调，残疾人是权利主体，是权利持有人。

The general principles of the Convention (art. 3), particularly respect for the individual’s inherent dignity, autonomy and independence (art. 3 (a)) and the full and effective participation and inclusion in society (art. 3 (c)), are the foundation of the right to live independently and be included in the community.

《公约》的一般原则(第三条)是独立生活和融入社会的权利的基础，特别是尊重个人固有尊严、自主和独立的原则(第三条第(一)项)以及充分和切实地参与和融入社会的原则(第三条第(三)项)。

Other principles enshrined in the Convention are also essential to interpret and apply article 19.

《公约》所载的其他原则对于解释和适用第十九条也至关重要。

4.

4.

Independent living and inclusive life in the community are ideas that historically stemmed from persons with disabilities asserting control over the way they want to live by creating empowering forms of support such as personal assistance and requesting that community facilities be in line with universal design principles.

从渊源上来说，独立生活和融入社区的思想源自残疾人，他们宣称要通过创造增强能力的支助形式，如个人协助，并要求社区设施符合通用设计原则，从而掌控自己想要的生活方式。

5.

5.

In the preamble to the Convention, States parties recognize that many persons with disabilities live in poverty and stress the need to address the impact of poverty.

缔约国在《公约》序言中承认许多残疾人生活贫困，并强调亟需消除贫困的影响。

The cost of social exclusion is high as it perpetuates dependency and thus interference with individual freedoms.

社会排斥的代价高昂，因为排斥使得依赖永远存在，而对个人自由的干预禁而不绝。

Social exclusion also engenders stigma, segregation and discrimination, which can lead to violence, exploitation and abuse in addition to negative stereotypes that feed into a cycle of marginalization of persons with disabilities.

社会排斥还会造成羞辱、隔离和歧视，这不仅可能导致暴力、剥削和虐待，而且还会产生负面定见，从而形成残疾人边缘化的恶性循环。

Policies and concrete plans of action for social inclusion of persons with disabilities, including through the promotion of their right to independent living (art. 19), represent a cost-effective mechanism to ensure the enjoyment of rights, sustainable development and a reduction in poverty.

通过促进残疾人独立生活的权利(第十九条)等方式，促进残疾人融入社会的政策和具体行动计划是确保残疾人享有权利、可持续发展和减少贫穷的一种颇具成本效益的机制。

6.

6.

The present general comment aims at assisting States parties in their implementation of article 19 and fulfilling their obligations under the Convention. It concerns primarily the obligation to ensure every individual’s enjoyment of the right to live independently and be included in the community, but it is also related to other provisions of the Convention.

本一般性意见旨在协助缔约国执行第十九条和履行《公约》义务，主要涉及确保人人享有独立生活和融入社区的权利的义务，同时也涉及《公约》的其他条款。

Article 19 is one of the widest ranging and most intersectional articles of the Convention and has to be considered as integral to the full implementation of the Convention.

第十九条是《公约》涵盖范围最广、部门跨度最大的条款之一，因而是全面执行《公约》必不可少的一部分。

7.

7.

Article 19 entails civil and political as well as economic, social and cultural rights and is an example of the interrelation, interdependence and indivisibility of all human rights.

第十九条蕴含了公民权利、政治权利、经济、社会及文化权利，是所有人权相互关联、相互依存和不可分割的典型例子。

The right to live independently and be included in the community can only be realized if all economic, civil, social and cultural rights enshrined in this norm are fulfilled.

只有实现了这一规范赋予的所有经济权利、公民权利、社会及文化权利，才能实现独立生活和融入社区的权利。

International human rights law imposes obligations which are of immediate effect and others which may be realized progressively.

国际人权法既规定了立即生效的义务，也确立了其他一些可逐步实现的义务。

Full realization also requires structural changes that may need to be taken in stages, whether civil and political or social, economic and cultural rights are at stake.

要充分实现这些义务还需要进行结构性改革，这样的改革可能需要分阶段进行，无论涉及的是公民权利和政治权利，还是社会、经济及文化权利。

8.

8.

Article 19 reflects the diversity of cultural approaches to human living and ensures that its content is not biased towards certain cultural norms and values.

第十九条反映了人类生活文化取向的多样性，并确保了其内容不偏向某些文化规范和价值观。

Living independently and being included in the community is a basic concept of human living around the globe and is applied to the context of disability.

独立生活并融入社区是全球人类生活的基本概念，也适用于残疾人。

It means exercising freedom of choice and control over decisions affecting one’s life with the maximum level of self-determination and interdependence within society.

这意味着自由选择和掌控影响自身生活之决定，也意味着社会内部最大限度的自决和相互依存。

This right must be effectively realized in different economic, social, cultural and political contexts.

这一权利须在不同的经济、社会、文化和政治环境中有效实现。

The right to live independently and be included in the community refers to all persons with disabilities, irrespective of race; colour; descent; sex; pregnancy and maternity; civil, family or carer situation; gender identity; sexual orientation; language; religion; political or other opinion; national, ethnic, indigenous or social origin; migrant, asylum-seeking or refugee status; belonging to a national minority, economic or property status; health status; genetic or other predisposition towards illness; birth and age, or any other, status.

独立生活和融入社区的权利适用于所有残疾人，无论种族、肤色、血统、性别、怀孕和生育状况、 婚姻、家庭或看护状况、性别认同、性取向、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍、族裔、土著或社会出身、移民、寻求庇护或难民身份、是否属于少数民族、经济 或财产状况、健康状况、遗传或其他疾病倾向、出生和年龄等其他任何状况。

9.

9.

The right contained in article 19 is deeply rooted within international human rights law.

第十九条所载权利深深植根于国际人权法。

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights stresses in article 29 (1) the interdependence of an individual’s personal development and the social aspect of being a part of the community: “Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.”

《世界人权宣言》第二十九条第(一)款强调了个人的个性发展与人作为社会一员的社会性之间的相互依存关系：“人人对社会负有义务，因为只有在社会中他的个性才可能得到自由和充分的发展。”

Article 19 has its roots in civil and political as well as economic, social and cultural rights: the right to liberty of movement and freedom to choose one’s residence (article 12 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) and the right to an adequate standard of living, including adequate clothing, food and housing (article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights), and to basic communication rights form the basis for the right to live independently and be included in the community.

第 十九条既源于公民权利和政治权利，也源于经济、社会及文化权利――自由迁徙和自由选择住所的权利(《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十二条)、获得适足的 生活水准包括适足的衣着、食物和住房的权利(《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》第十一条)以及基本的通信权利。这些权利构成了独立生活和融入社区的权利的 基础。

Liberty of movement, an adequate standard of living as well as the ability to understand and have one’s preferences, choices and decisions understood form indispensable conditions for human dignity and the free development of a person.

迁徙自由、适足的生活水准以及理解和让人理解自己的偏好、选择和决定的能力，构成了人的尊严和一个人自由发展必不可少的条件。

10.

10.

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women emphasizes the equality of women and men and condemns discrimination against women in all its forms (art. 1).

《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》强调男女平等，并谴责对妇女一切形式的歧视(第一条)。

The Convention reaffirms the equality between women and men concerning legal matters, including legal capacity and opportunities to exercise that capacity (art. 15 (2)). It also requests States parties to recognize the same rights with regard to the law relating to the movement of persons and the freedom to choose their residence and domicile (art. 15 (4)).

《公约》重申妇女与男子在法律面前一律平等，包括法律行为能力以及行使这种行为能力的相同机会(第十五条第2款)，还要求缔约各国承认在人身移动和自由择居法律方面的相同权利(第十五条第4款)。

11.

11.

Article 9 (1) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child requires States parties to “ensure that a child shall not be separated from his or her parents against their will, except when competent authorities subject to judicial review determine, in accordance with applicable law and procedures, that such separation is necessary for the best interest of the child”.

《儿童权利公约》第9条第1款要求缔约国“应确保不违背儿童父母的意愿使儿童与父母分离，除非主管当局按照适用的法律和程序，经法院审查，判定这样的分离符合儿童的最大利益而确有必要”。

States parties to this Convention “shall render appropriate assistance to parents and legal guardians in the performance of their child-rearing responsibilities”, as guaranteed by article 18 (2).

《公约》第18条第2款规定，缔约国“应在父母和法定监护人履行其抚养儿童的责任方面给予适当协助”。

In addition, article 20 (1) establishes that “[a] child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or her family environment, or in whose own best interests cannot be allowed to remain in that environment, shall be entitled to special protection and assistance provided by the State”, and article 20 (2) that “States parties shall in accordance with their national laws ensure alternative care for such a child”.

此外，第20条第1款规定，“暂时或永久脱离家庭环境的儿童，或为其最大利益不得在这种环境中继续生活的儿童，应有权得到国家的特别保护和协助”，同时，第20条第2款规定，“缔约国应按照本国法律确保此类儿童得到其他方式的照顾”。

Alternative care provided on the grounds of disability would be discriminatory.

以残疾为由提供其他方式的照顾则具有歧视性。

12.

12.

Article 23 (1) further establishes that all children with disabilities should enjoy a life in dignity in conditions which ensure self-reliance and facilitate active participation in the community.

第23条第1款进一步规定，所有残疾儿童都应该能在确保其自立、有利于其积极参与社会生活的条件下享有有尊严的生活。

The Committee on the Rights of the Child has expressed its concern at the high number of children with disabilities placed in institutions and urged States parties, through deinstitutionalization programmes, to support their ability to live in their family, extended family or foster care.

儿童权利委员会对被安置在收容机构的残疾儿童数量极高表示关切，并促请各缔约国通过脱离机构方案，支持儿童在家庭、大家庭或寄养家庭中生活的能力。

13.

13.

Equality and non-discrimination are fundamental principles of international human rights law and enshrined in all core human rights instruments.

平等和不歧视是国际人权法的基本原则，载入了所有核心人权文书。

In its general comment No. 5 (1994) on persons with disabilities, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights highlights that “segregation and isolation achieved through the imposition of social barriers” count as discrimination. It also stresses in relation to article 11 that the right to an adequate standard of living not only includes having equal access to adequate food, accessible housing and other basic material requirements, but also the availability of support services and assistive devices and technologies fully respecting the human rights of persons with disabilities.

经 济、社会及文化权利委员会在其关于残疾人的第5号一般性意见(1994年)中着重指出，“通过设置社会障碍而进行隔离和隔绝”的做法即为歧视，并针对第十 一条强调，达到适足生活水平的权利不仅包括平等获取充足的食物、无障碍的住房和其他基本物质，而且还包括提供充分尊重残疾人人权的支助服务和辅助器材与技 术。

14.

14.

Article 19 and the content of the present general comment must also guide and support the implementation of the New Urban Agenda adopted by the United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III) as an integral part of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals.

第十九条和本一般性意见的内容还须指导和支持联合国住房和城市可持续发展大会(人居三大会)作为《2030年可持续发展议程》一部分通过的《新城市议程》及可持续发展目标的执行工作。

The New Urban Agenda advocates a vision of cities and human settlements where all persons can enjoy equal rights and opportunities by promoting inclusive, just, safe, healthy, accessible, affordable, resilient and sustainable cities and human settlements.

《新城市议程》倡导的城市和人类住区的愿景是，人人享有平等权利和机会，促进兼容并包、公正、安全、健康、便利、负担得起、有韧性和可持续的城市和人类住区。

In connection with article 19 of the Convention, Sustainable Development Goal target 10.2, empowerment and promotion of social, economic and political inclusion for all, and target 11.1, ensuring access to adequate, safe and affordable housing and affordable services for all, are of special importance.

对《公约》第十九条而言，可持续发展目标具体目标10.2 (增强所有人的权能，促进他们融入社会、经济和政治生活)和具体目标11.1 (确保人人获得适当、安全、负担得起的住房和负担得起的服务)尤为重要。

15.

15.

The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has noted advancements in implementing article 19 in the last decade.

残疾人权利委员会注意到过去十年执行第十九条方面取得的进展。

However, the Committee observes a gap between the goals and spirit of article 19 and the scope of its implementation. Some of the remaining barriers are the following:

但委员会也注意到，第十九条的目标和精神与其执行范围之间存在差距，其中尚存的一些障碍如下：

(a)

(a)

Denial of legal capacity, either through formal laws and practices or de facto by substitute decision-making about living arrangements;

剥夺法律行为能力，要么通过正式法律和实践剥夺，要么通过在生活安排方面事实上代替做出决定来剥夺；

(b)

(b)

Inadequacy of social support and protection schemes for ensuring living independently within the community;

确保在社区独立生活的社会支助和保障计划不足；

(c)

(c)

Inadequacy of legal frameworks and budget allocations aimed at providing personal assistance and individualized support;

旨在提供个人协助和个性化支助的法律框架和预算拨款不足；

(d)

(d)

Physical and regulatory institutionalization, including of children and forced treatment in all its forms;

由机构收容和管理，包括对儿童的收容和管理以及各种形式的强制治疗；

(e)

(e)

Lack of deinstitutionalization strategies and plans and continued investments in institutional care settings;

缺乏脱离机构的战略和计划，并继续投资于看护机构；

(f)

(f)

Negative attitudes, stigma and stereotypes preventing persons with disabilities from being included in the community and accessing available assistance;

阻止残疾人融入社区和获得援助的负面态度、羞辱和定见；

(g)

(g)

Misconceptions about the right to living independently within the community;

对在社区独立生活权利的误解；

(h)

(h)

Lack of available, acceptable, affordable, accessible and adaptable services and facilities, such as transport, health care, schools, public spaces, housing, theatres, cinemas, goods and services and public buildings;

缺乏可用、可接受、负担得起、便利且适合的服务和设施，如交通、卫生、学校、公共空间、住房、剧院、电影院、商品和服务及公共建筑；

(i)

(i)

Lack of adequate monitoring mechanisms for ensuring the appropriate implementation of article 19, including the participation of representative organizations of persons with disabilities;

缺乏确保适当执行第十九条的充分监督机制，包括残疾人代表组织的参与；

(j)

(j)

Insufficient mainstreaming of disability in general budget allocations;

一般预算拨款对残疾问题不够重视；

(k)

(k)

Inappropriate decentralization, resulting in disparities between local authorities and unequal chances of living independently within the community in a State party.

权力下放不当，导致各地方当局之间存在差异，因而缔约国内各地在社区独立生活的机会不平等。

II.

二.

Normative content of article 19

第十九条的规范性内容

A.

A.

Definitions

定义

16.

16.

In the present general comment the following definitions apply:

本一般性意见采用如下定义：

(a)

(a)

Independent living.

独立生活。

Independent living/living independently means that individuals with disabilities are provided with all necessary means to enable them to exercise choice and control over their lives and make all decisions concerning their lives.

独立生活意味着，向残疾人提供一切必要手段，以便他们能够选择和掌控自己的生活，并做出有关自己生活的一切决定。

Personal autonomy and self-determination are fundamental to independent living, including access to transport, information, communication and personal assistance, place of residence, daily routine, habits, decent employment, personal relationships, clothing, nutrition, hygiene and health care, religious activities, cultural activities and sexual and reproductive rights.

个人自主和自决是独立生活之根本，其内容包括：可获得交通、信息、通讯和个人协助，有居住场所、日常生活、习惯、体面的就业、个人关系、服装、营养及卫生保健，可参加宗教活动和文化活动，享有性权利和生殖权利。

These activities are linked to the development of a person’s identity and personality: where we live and with whom, what we eat, whether we like to sleep in or go to bed late at night, be inside or outdoors, have a tablecloth and candles on the table, have pets or listen to music.

这些活动关系到一个人的身份认同和人格发展：我们住在何处，与何人同住，我们何以为食，我们是否喜欢睡懒觉或晚睡，愿意在户内还是户外，是否愿意使用桌布或在桌上摆放蜡烛，是否愿意养宠物或听音乐。

Such actions and decisions constitute who we are.

而这样的行动和决定便构成了我们的人格。

Independent living is an essential part of the individual’s autonomy and freedom and does not necessarily mean living alone. It should also not be interpreted solely as the ability to carry out daily activities by oneself.

独立生活是个人自主和自由的重要组成部分，但并不一定意味着独自生活，也不应仅仅被解释为独自开展日常活动的能力。

Rather, it should be regarded as the freedom to choose and control, in line with the respect for inherent dignity and individual autonomy as enshrined in article 3 (a) of the Convention.

相反，根据《公约》第三条第(一)项规定的尊重固有尊严和个人自主的原则，独立生活应被视为自由选择和掌控生活。

Independence as a form of personal autonomy means that the person with disability is not deprived of the opportunity of choice and control regarding personal lifestyle and daily activities;

独立是个人自主的一种形式，意味着不得剥夺残疾人选择和掌控个人生活方式和日常活动的机会；

(b)

(b)

Being included in the community.

融入社区。

The right to be included in the community relates to the principle of full and effective inclusion and participation in society as enshrined in, among others, article 3 (c) of the Convention. It includes living a full social life and having access to all services offered to the public and to support services offered to persons with disabilities to enable them to be fully included and participate in all spheres of social life.

融入社区的权利涉及《公约》第三条第(三)项所载充分和切实地融入和参与社会的原则，其内容包括：享有充分的社会生活，并能获得向公众提供的所有服务以及为残疾人提供的使之能充分融入并参与社会生活各个领域的支助服务。

These services can relate, among others, to housing, transport, shopping, education, employment, recreational activities and all other facilities and services offered to the public, including social media.

这种服务可能包括：住房、交通、购物、教育、就业、娱乐活动以及向公众提供的所有其他设施和服务，包括社交媒体等。

The right also includes having access to all measures and events of political and cultural life in the community, among others, public meetings, sports events, cultural and religious festivals and any other activity in which the person with disability wishes to participate;

这项权利还包括：能够参与社区政治和文化生活的所有措施和活动，尤其是公众集会、体育活动、文化和宗教节日以及残疾人希望参加的其他活动；

(c)

(c)

Independent living arrangements.

独立生活安排。

Both independent living and being included in the community refer to life settings outside residential institutions of all kinds. It is not “just” about living in a particular building or setting; it is, first and foremost, about not losing personal choice and autonomy as a result of the imposition of certain life and living arrangements.

独立生活和融入社区均指各种收容机构以外的生活环境，而不“仅仅”是生活在某一特定建筑或环境之内，首先是不会因被强加了某种生活和生活安排而丧失个人选择和自主。

Neither large-scale institutions with more than a hundred residents nor smaller group homes with five to eight individuals, nor even individual homes can be called independent living arrangements if they have other defining elements of institutions or institutionalization.

如果含有收容机构或机构收容的其他界定要素，无论是住户过百的大型收容机构，还是五到八人的较小合住居处，甚至个人住所，均不能称为独立生活安排。

Although institutionalized settings can differ in size, name and set-up, there are certain defining elements, such as obligatory sharing of assistants with others and no or limited influence over whom one has to accept assistance from;

虽然各收容机构可能在规模、名称和配置上有所不同，但仍有一些界定要素，如有义务与他人共用协助人员，以及无法影响协助提供者的选择或影响力有限；

isolation and segregation from independent life within the community;

与社区内的独立生活隔绝和隔离；

lack of control over day-to-day decisions;

对日常决定缺乏控制权；

lack of choice over whom to live with;

无法选择与何人同住；

rigidity of routine irrespective of personal will and preferences;

日常安排僵硬死板，不顾个人意愿和偏好；

identical activities in the same place for a group of persons under a certain authority;

某一当局管理下同一地方人群的活动雷同；

a paternalistic approach in service provision;

服务的提供具有家长式作风；

supervision of living arrangements;

生活安排受到监督；

and usually also a disproportion in the number of persons with disabilities living in the same environment.

而且在同一环境中生活的残疾人人数通常也不成比例。

Institutional settings may offer persons with disabilities a certain degree of choice and control;

收容机构可为残疾人提供一定程度的选择和控制权；

however, these choices are limited to specific areas of life and do not change the segregating character of institutions.

然而，这些选择仅限于生活的特定方面，并不能改变收容机构的隔离性质。

Policies of deinstitutionalization therefore require implementation of structural reforms which go beyond the closure of institutional settings.

因此，脱离机构政策要求实施结构性改革，而不仅仅是关停机构。

Large or small group homes are especially dangerous for children, for whom there is no substitute for the need to grow up with a family.

大小儿童之家对儿童尤其危险，因为儿童需要在家庭中成长，这是无法替代的。

“Family-like” institutions are still institutions and are no substitute for care by a family;

“像家庭一样的”收容机构仍然是机构，不能替代家庭的呵护；

(d)

(d)

Personal assistance.

个人协助。

Personal assistance refers to person-directed/“user”-led human support available to a person with disability and is a tool for independent living.

个人协助指为残疾人提供的面向个人(“用户”导向)的人员支助，是独立生活的一种工具。

Although modes of personal assistance may vary, there are certain elements which distinguish it from other types of personal assistance, namely:

虽然个人协助模式可能不尽相同，但也有一些特定要素将一种个人协助与其他类型的个人协助区分开来，即：

(i)

(1)

Funding for personal assistance must be provided on the basis of personalized criteria and take into account human rights standards for decent employment.

个人协助的资金必须按个性化标准提供，并考虑到体面就业的人权标准。

The funding is to be controlled by and allocated to the person with disability with the purpose of paying for any assistance required.

资金分配给残疾人并由其支配，用于支付所需的任何协助服务。

It is based on an individual needs assessment and upon the individual life circumstances.

个人协助基于个人需求评估和个人生活环境。

Individualized services must not result in a reduced budget and/or higher personal payment;

个性化服务既不得减少预算，也不得增加个人支付；

(ii)

(2)

The service must be controlled by the person with disability, meaning that he or she can either contract the service from a variety of providers or act as an employer.

服务必须由残疾人掌控，这意味着他或她可以要么把服务承包给各种提供者，要么雇人提供服务。

Persons with disabilities have the option to custom design their own service, i.e., design the service and decide by whom, how, when, where and in what way the service is delivered and to instruct and direct service providers;

残疾人可以选择定制自己的服务，即设计服务并决定由谁提供服务、提供途径、提供时间、地点和方式，并对服务提供者下达指令和指导；

(iii)

(3)

Personal assistance is a one-to-one relationship.

个人协助是一对一的关系。

Personal assistants must be recruited, trained and supervised by the person granted personal assistance.

个人协助人员须由享有个人协助的人招募、培训和监督。

Personal assistants should not be “shared” without the full and free consent of the person granted personal assistance.

未经享有个人协助的人完全、自由同意，不得“共用”个人协助人员。

Sharing of personal assistants will potentially limit and hinder the self-determined and spontaneous participation in the community;

个人协助人员的共用可能会限制和阻碍自决、自发地参与社会；

(iv)

(4)

Self-management of service delivery.

服务的自我管理。

Persons with disabilities who require personal assistance can freely choose their degree of personal control over service delivery according to their life circumstances and preferences.

需要个人协助的残疾人可以根据自己的生活环境和偏好，自由选择亲自掌控服务的程度。

Even if the responsibilities of “the employer” are contracted out, the person with disability always remains at the centre of the decisions concerning the assistance, the one to whom any inquiries must be directed and whose individual preferences must be respected.

即使“雇主”责任由他人承包了，但有关协助的决定仍然要以残疾人为中心，有任何问题均须询问他们本人，而且必须尊重他们的个人偏好。

The control of personal assistance can be exercised through supported decision-making.

可以通过辅助决策来行使对个人协助的控制权。

17.

17.

Providers of support service often wrongly describe their service using the terms “independent” or “community living” as well as “personal assistance”, though in practice such services do not fulfil the requirements posed by article 19.

支助服务提供者经常并不恰当地用“独立”或“社区生活”及“个人协助”来描述其服务，但在实践中，这样的服务并未达到第十九条提出的要求。

Mandatory “package solutions” which, among other things, link the availability of one particular service to another, expect two or more persons to live together or can only be provided within special living arrangements are not in line with article 19.

强制性的“一揽子解决方案”除其他外，倾向于将一项特定服务的提供与另一项服务挂钩，人为安排两个或多个人共同生活，或者只在特殊生活安排下提供服务——这样的解决方案并不符合第十九条。

The concept of personal assistance wherein the person with disabilities does not have full self-determination and self-control are to be considered not compliant with article 19.

残疾人并无充分自决和自我掌控权的个人协助概念不符合第十九条。

Persons with complex communication requirements, including those who use informal means of communication (i.e., communication via non-representational means, including facial expression, body position and vocalization) must be provided with appropriate supports enabling them to develop and convey their directions, decisions, choices and/or preferences and have them acknowledged and respected.

必须为具有复杂沟通要求的人提供适当协助，使之能够形成并传达自己的指示、决定、选择和(或)偏好并使之得到认可和尊重，包括那些使用非正式沟通方式的人(即通过非表述方式进行交流，包括面部表情、身体姿势和嘶喊等)。

B.

B.

Article 19, chapeau

第十九条引语

18.

18.

Article 19 reaffirms non-discrimination and recognition of the equal right of persons with disabilities to live independently in the community.

第十九条重申不歧视原则，并承认残疾人在社区独立生活的平等权利。

In order for the right to live independently, with choices equal to others, and be included in the community to be realized, States parties must take effective and appropriate measures to facilitate the full enjoyment of the right and the full inclusion and participation of persons with disabilities in the community.

为了实现在享有与其他人同等选择的情况下独立生活并融入社区的权利，缔约国必须采取有效而适当的措施，方便残疾人充分享有这项权利并全面融入和参与社区。

19.

19.

The article covers two concepts, which are only clearly mentioned in its heading: the right to independent living and the right to be included in the community.

此条涉及其标题中明确提及的两个概念： 独立生活的权利和融入社区的权利。

Whereas the right to independent living refers to an individual dimension, as a right to emancipate oneself without being denied access and opportunities, the right to be included in the community entails a social dimension, i.e., the positive right to develop inclusive environments.

独立生活的权利指向个体，是解放自己而不被剥夺手段和机会的权利； 而融入社区的权利则指向社会，即发展包容性环境的积极权利。

The right as enshrined in article 19 covers both concepts.

第十九条所载权利包括了这两个概念。

20.

20.

Article 19 explicitly refers to all persons with disabilities.

第十九条明确指向所有残疾人。

Neither the full or partial deprivation of any “degree” of legal capacity nor the level of support required may be invoked to deny or limit the right to independence and independent living in the community to persons with disabilities.

不得通过完全或部分剥夺任何“级别”法律能力，也不得以所需辅助水平为依据，剥夺或限制残疾人行使独立和在社区独立生活的权利。

21.

21.

When persons with disabilities are assessed as requiring a high level of personal service, States parties often consider institutions as the only solution, especially when personal services are considered to be “too costly” or the person with disabilities is considered to be “unable” to live outside an institutional setting.

当残疾人被评估为需要高水平个人服务时，特别是当个人服务“过于昂贵”或残疾人被认为“无法”在收容机构以外生活时，缔约国通常认为收容机构是唯一的解决办法。

Persons with intellectual disabilities, especially those with complex communication requirements, among others, are often assessed as being unable to live outside institutional settings.

智障残疾人，特别是那些有复杂沟通要求的残疾人，通常被认为无法在收容机构以外生活。

Such reasoning is contrary to article 19, which extends the right to live independently and be included in the community to all persons with disabilities, regardless of their level of intellectual capacity, self-functioning or support requirements.

这种推理与第十九条不符。第十九条赋予所有残疾人独立生活和融入社区的权利，不论其智力水平、自身机能或辅助要求如何。

22.

22.

All persons with disabilities should be free to choose to be active and belong to cultures of their own choice, and they must have the same degree of choice and control over their lives as other members of the community.

所有残疾人都应能够自由选择积极参与和归属于自己选择的文化，必须享有与社区其他成员同等的生活选择和掌控权。

Independent living is not compatible with the promotion of a “predefined” individual lifestyle.

独立生活与“预定的”个人生活方式的推广格格不入。

Young persons with disabilities should not be forced to live in settings designed for elderly persons with disabilities and vice versa.

年轻的残疾人不应被迫生活在为老年残疾人设计的环境中，反之亦然。

23.

23.

Persons with disabilities of all genders are rights holders and enjoy equal protection under article 19.

所有性别的残疾人都是权利持有人，享有第十九条下的同等保障。

All appropriate measures should be taken to ensure the full development, advancement and empowerment of women.

应采取一切适当措施，确保充分发展、增强和提升妇女的权能。

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex persons with disabilities must enjoy equal protection under article 19 and therefore respect for their personal relationships.

残疾男女同性恋者、双性恋者、变性人、性别奇异者和双性人均须享有第十九条下的同等保障，因而享有对其个人关系的尊重。

Furthermore, the right to live independently and be included in the community encompasses the protection of persons with disabilities belonging to any age group, ethnic group, scheduled caste or linguistic and/or religious minority, as well as migrant, asylum seeking and refugee persons.

此外，独立生活和融入社区的权利涵盖对任何年龄组、族裔群体、在册种姓或语言和(或)宗教少数群体的残疾人以及移民、寻求庇护者和难民的保护。

C.

C.

Article 19 (a)

第十九条第(一)项

24.

24.

To choose and decide how, where and with whom to live is the central idea of the right to live independently and be included in the community.

独立生活和融入社区权利的核心思想是选择和决定如何、在何处、与何人一起生活。

Individual choice, therefore, is not limited to the place of residence but includes all aspects of a person’s living arrangements: the daily schedule and routine as well as the way of life and lifestyle of a person, covering the private and public spheres, every day and in the long term.

因此，个人选择并不仅限于居所，而是包括一个人每天和长期生活安排的方方面面，即一个人的日常时间安排和作息及生活方式，涉及私人和公共两个方面。

25.

25.

Often, persons with disabilities cannot exercise choice because there is a lack of options to choose from.

通常情况下，残疾人无法进行选择，因为缺少可供选择的选项。

This is the case, for instance, where informal support by the family is the only option, where support is unavailable outside of institutions, where housing is inaccessible or support is not provided in the community, and where support is provided only within specified forms of residence such as group homes or institutions.

例如，在非正式家庭协助是唯一选择的情况下，在收容机构以外并无协助的情况下，在住房存在障碍或社区不提供协助的情况下，以及在协助仅限在特定居住形式(如合住或机构收容) 范围内提供的情况下，残疾人无法进行选择。

26.

26.

Further, persons with disabilities might not be allowed to exercise their individual choice owing to the lack of accessible information regarding the range of choices available and/or to legal restrictions deriving from guardianship laws and similar legal norms or decisions which do not allow persons with disabilities to exercise their legal capacity.

此外，残疾人可能无法进行个人选择的原因还在于，没有机会获得有关可选择范围的信息，以及(或)监护法和类似法律规范或决定构成的法律限制，不允许残疾人行使其法律能力。

Even if no formal laws are in place, other persons, such as families, caregivers or local authorities, sometimes exercise control and restrict an individual’s choices by acting as substitute decision makers.

即使无正式法律，其他人，如家人、照料者或地方当局等，有时也会作为替代决策者掌控和限制残疾人的选择。

27.

27.

Legal personality and legal agency are the bases for the realization of independent living within the community for persons with disabilities.

法律人格和法律权利的行使是残疾人实现在社区独立生活的基础。

Article 19 is, therefore, linked to the recognition and exercise of legal personality and legal capacity as enshrined in article 12 of the Convention and further explained in the Committee’s general comment No. 1 (2014) on equal recognition before the law.

因此，第十九条涉及《公约》第十二条所载的承认和行使法律人格和法律能力的规定，委员会关于在法律面前获得平等承认的第1号一般性意见(2014年)也对这一条作了进一步解释。

Further, it is linked to the absolute prohibition of detention on the basis of disability as enshrined in article 14 and elaborated in the respective guidelines.

此外，这一条还涉及第十四条所载、相关准则 详细阐述的绝对禁止以残疾为由的拘留的规定。

D.

D.

Article 19 (b)

第十九条第(二)项

28.

28.

Individualized support services must be considered a right rather than a form of medical, social or charity care.

必须将个性化支助服务视为一种权利，而不是一种医疗、社会或慈善关怀形式。

For many persons with disabilities, access to a range of individualized support services is a precondition for independent living within the community.

对许多残疾人来说，获得一系列个性化支助服务是在社区独立生活的先决条件。

Persons with disabilities have the right to choose services and service providers according to their individual requirements and personal preferences, and individualized support should be flexible enough to adapt to the requirements of the “users” and not the other way around.

残疾人有权根据个人需求和个人偏好选择服务和服务提供者，个性化支助应该保持灵活，足以适应“用户”需求，而不是相反。

This places an obligation on States parties to ensure that there are sufficient numbers of qualified specialists able to identify practical solutions to the barriers to living independently within the community in accordance with the requirements and preferences of the individual.

因此，缔约国有义务确保有足够多的合格专家，以根据个人需求和偏好、针对在社区独立生活的障碍制订切实可行的解决办法。

29.

29.

Subparagraph (b) specifies various individualized services which fall within the category of support services. They are not restricted to services inside the home, but must also be able to be extended to the spheres of employment, education and political and cultural participation;

第(二)项明确说明了属于支助服务类别的各种个性化服务，它们不仅限于居家服务，而且还应涵盖以下领域： 就业、教育、政治和文化参与；

empowering parenthood and the ability to reach family relatives and others;

增强育儿能力以及与亲友联系的能力；

participation in political and cultural life;

参与政治和文化生活；

one’s leisure interests and activities;

个人休闲兴趣活动；

and travel as well as recreation.

以及旅行和娱乐等。

30.

30.

While individualized support services may vary in name, type or kind according to the cultural, economic and geographic specifics of the State party, all support services must be designed to support living within the community, preventing isolation and segregation from others, and must in actuality be suitable for this purpose.

虽然个性化支助服务可能因缔约国的文化、经济和地理方面的具体情况而在名称、类型或类别上有所差异，但所有支助服务的设计都必须以支持社区生活、防止与他人隔绝或隔离为目标，而且必须切实符合既定用途。

It is important that the aim of these support services be the realization of full inclusion within the community.

重要的是，这些支助服务的目标是实现全面融入社区。

Therefore, any institutional form of support services which segregates and limits personal autonomy is not permitted by article 19 (b).

因此，任何隔离和限制个人自主的机构支助服务均不为第十九条第(二)项所允许。

31.

31.

It is also relevant to keep in mind that all support services have to be designed and delivered in a mode which supports the overall purpose of the norm: full, individualized, self-chosen and effective inclusion and participation, and living independently.

此外，还需铭记，所有支助服务的设计和提供模式均须支持准则的总体目标：即充分的、个性化的、自我选择的有效融入和参与，以及独立生活。

E.

E.

Article 19 (c)

第十九条第(三)项

32.

32.

Services and facilities mentioned in this section of the article are non-disability- specific support services and facilities for the general population in the community.

本条这一部分所述服务和设施是指在社区为公众提供的非残疾人专用的支助服务和设施，

They cover a wide range of services, such as housing, public libraries, hospitals, schools, transport, shops, markets, museums, the Internet, social media and similar facilities and services.

其中涵盖广泛系列的服务，如住房、公共图书馆、医院、学校、交通、商店、市场、博物馆、互联网、社交媒体以及类似的设施和服务。

These must be available, universally accessible, acceptable and adaptable for all persons with disabilities within the community.

这些服务必须向社区内所有残疾人提供，让他们都可以普遍无障碍使用，都可接受和适应。

33.

33.

Accessibility of community facilities, goods and services, as well as the exercise of the right to inclusive, accessible employment, education and health care are essential conditions for the inclusion and participation of persons with disabilities in the community.

社区设施、商品和服务的无障碍设计以及包容性无障碍就业、教育和卫生权利的行使是残疾人融入和参与社区的必要条件。

Various deinstitutionalization programmes have shown that the closure of institutions, regardless of their size and the relocation of inhabitants in the community, in itself is not enough.

各种脱离机构方案表明，不管收容机构的规模大小，也不顾住在里面的人员在社区内的重新安置情况，而仅仅一刀切地关停收容机构，这本身是不够的。

Such reforms must be accompanied by comprehensive service and community development programmes, including awareness programmes.

这样的改革必须有综合服务和社区发展方案，包括提高认识方案配套。

Structural reforms designed to improve overall accessibility within the community may reduce the demand for disability-specific services.

旨在改善社区内整体无障碍水平的结构性改革可能会减少对残疾人专用服务的需求。

34.

34.

In terms of material scope, article 19 covers access to safe and adequate housing, individual services and community facilities and services.

就物质方面而言，第十九条涵盖获得安全适足的住房、个人服务、社区设施和服务等方面。

Access to housing means having the option to live in the community on an equal basis with others.

获得住房意味着有机会在社区与他人平等地生活。

Article 19 is not properly implemented if housing is only provided in specifically designed areas and arranged in a way that persons with disabilities have to live in the same building, complex or neighbourhood.

如果只在特定区域内提供住房，并且安排残疾人居住在同一幢楼、同一楼群或同一居民区内，则算不得适当执行第十九条。

Accessible housing providing accommodation to persons with disabilities, whether they live alone or as a part of a family, must be available in sufficient number, within all areas of the community, to provide the right of persons with disabilities to choose and the possibility to do so.

为独居或与家庭合住的残疾人提供住所的无障碍住房必须数量充足，遍布社区各处，以便为残疾人提供选择的权利和可能性。

To this end, barrier-free new residential construction and the barrier-free retrofitting of existing residential structures are required.

为此，需要建造新的无障碍住宅或将现有住宅改造成无障碍住宅。

In addition, housing must be affordable to persons with disabilities.

此外，住房必须让残疾人负担得起。

35.

35.

Support services must be available within safe physical and geographical reach to all persons with disabilities living in urban or rural areas.

必须在城市或农村地区所有残疾人体力所及的安全地理范围内提供支助服务。

They have to be affordable, taking into account persons living on low incomes.

服务须价格低廉，考虑到低收入人群。

They also need to be acceptable, which means that they must respect standard levels of quality and be gender, age and culturally sensitive.

服务还要可以接受，这意味着服务须遵循质量标准，并考虑到性别、年龄和文化因素。

36.

36.

Individualized support services which do not allow for personal choice and self-control are not providing for living independently within the community.

不允许个人选择和自我掌控的个性化支助服务不算是为在社区独立生活提供的服务。

Support services provided as combined residential and support service (delivered as a combined “package”) are often offered to persons with disabilities on the premise of cost efficiency.

在成本效率的前提下，为残疾人提供的支助服务往往将住所与支助服务绑定在一起(“一揽子”绑定提供)。

However, while this premise itself can be rebutted in terms of economics, aspects of cost efficiency must not override the core of the human right at stake.

然而，这一前提本身是可从经济学上加以反驳的，同时成本效率问题也不得凌驾于利害攸关的人权核心之上。

Persons with disabilities should not be required by rule to share personal assistance and assistants;

不应用规则要求残疾人共用个人协助服务和协助人员；

this should only be done with their full and free consent.

这须经他们充分、自由地同意方可实施。

The possibility to choose is one of the three key elements of the right to live independently within the community.

选择的可能性是在社区独立生活权利的三大要素之一。

37.

37.

The right to equal support services corresponds with the duty to ensure the participation and involvement of persons with disabilities in processes related to facilities and services in the community, ensuring that they are responsive to specific requirements, are gender and age sensitive, and that they are available to allow for the spontaneous participation of persons with disabilities within the community.

与享有同等支助服务的权利相对应的责任是，确保残疾人参与和介入社区设施和服务的相关过程，确保这些过程考虑到特殊需求，并考虑到性别和年龄因素，可让社区内的残疾人自发参与。

For children, the core of the right to live independently and be included in the community entails a right to grow up in a family.

对儿童而言，独立生活和参与社区的权利的核心是在家庭中成长的权利。

F.

F.

Core elements

核心要素

38.

38.

The Committee finds it important to identify core elements of article 19 in order to ensure that the realization of a standardized minimum support level sufficient to allow the exercise of the right to live independently and be included in the community is carried out by every State party.

委员会认为，为了确保每一个缔约国达到足以让残疾人行使独立生活和融入社区的权利的标准化最低支助水平，有必要确定第十九条的核心要素。

States parties should ensure that the core elements of article 19 are always respected, particularly in times of financial or economic crisis.

缔约国应确保始终遵守第十九条的核心要素，特别是在金融或经济危机期间。

These core elements are:

这些核心要素是：

(a)

(a)

To ensure the right to legal capacity, in line with the Committee’s general comment No. 1, to decide where, with whom and how to live for all persons with disabilities, irrespective of impairment;

根据委员会第1号一般性意见，确保所有残疾人有决定在何处、与何人一起以及如何生活的法律能力的权利，而不管有何残障；

(b)

(b)

To ensure non-discrimination in accessing housing, including the elements of both income and accessibility, and adopting mandatory building regulations that permit new and renovated housing to become accessible;

在获得住房方面(涵盖收入和无障碍因素)，以及在通过强制性建筑条例以保障新住房和翻新住房无障碍方面，均确保不歧视；

(c)

(c)

To develop a concrete action plan for independent living for persons with disabilities within the community, including taking steps towards facilitating formal supports for independent living within the community so that informal support by, for example, families is not the only option;

制订残疾人在社区独立生活的具体行动计划，包括采取步骤，为在社区独立生活提供正式支助，以免让诸如家庭等非正式支助成为唯一的选择；

(d)

(d)

To develop, implement, monitor and sanction non-compliance with legislation, plans and guidance on accessibility requirements for basic mainstream services to achieve societal equality, including participation by persons with disabilities within social media, and secure adequate competence in information and communications technologies to ensure that such technologies are developed, including on the basis of universal design, and protected;

制订、执行和监测关于基本主流服务无障碍要求的法律、计划和指南，并对不遵守的行为予以制裁，以实现社会平等，包括让残疾人参与社交媒体，并保证他们具备充分的信息和通信技术能力，确保按通用设计开发和保护此类技术；

(e)

(e)

To develop a concrete action plan and take steps towards developing and implementing basic, personalized, non-shared and rights-based disability-specific support services and other forms of services;

制订具体行动计划并采取步骤，发展并实施基本的、个性化的、非共享的、基于权利的残疾人专用支助服务和其他形式的服务；

(f)

(f)

To ensure non-retrogression in achieving the content of article 19 unless any such measures have been duly justified and are in accordance with international law;

确保在落实第十九条内容时不出现倒退，除非任何此类措施有正当理由且符合国际法；

(g)

(g)

To collect consistent quantitative and qualitative data on people with disabilities, including those still living in institutions;

收集有关残疾人，包括仍住在收容机构的残疾人的统一量化数据和定性数据；

(h)

(h)

To use any available funding, including regional funding and funding for development cooperation, to develop inclusive and accessible independent living services.

利用任何可用资金，包括区域资金和发展合作资金，开发包容性的无障碍独立生活服务。

III.

三.

Obligations of States parties

缔约国的义务

39.

39.

The obligations of States parties must reflect the nature of human rights as either absolute and immediately applicable (civil and political rights) or progressively applicable (economic, social and cultural rights).

缔约国的义务必须反映人权的性质――要么具有绝对性，可立即适用(公民权利和政治权利)，要么可逐步适用(经济、社会及文化权利)。

Article 19 (a), the right to choose one’s residence and where, how and with whom to live, is immediately applicable as it is a civil and political right.

第十九条第(一)项所规定的权利，即选择居所以及选择在何处、如何及与何人一起生活的权利，是一项公民权利和政治权利，可立即适用。

Article 19 (b), the right to access individualized, assessed support services, is an economic, social and cultural right.

第十九条第(二)项规定的获得个性化的、经评估的支助服务的权利，则是一项经济、社会及文化权利。

Article 19 (c), the right to access service facilities, is an economic, social and cultural right, as many mainstream services, such as accessible information and communications technologies, websites, social media, cinemas, public parks, theatres and sports facilities, serve both social and cultural purposes.

第十九条第(三)项规定的获得服务设施的权利，也是一项经济、社会及文化权利，因为许多主流服务都服务于社会和文化目的，如无障碍信息和通讯技术、网站、社交媒体、电影院、公园、剧院和体育设施等。

Progressive realization entails the immediate obligation to design and adopt concrete strategies, plans of action and resources to develop support services as well as making existing, as well as new, general services inclusive for persons with disabilities.

逐步实现的义务也有需立即执行的内容，即制订和通过具体战略和行动计划，并提供资源，以发展支助服务，同时要求使现有的以及新的一般服务也面向残疾人。

40.

40.

The obligation to respect does not only have a negative aspect; its positive aspect requires States parties to take all necessary measures to ensure that no rights enshrined in article 19 are violated by the State or by private entities.

尊重义务不仅有消极的一面，还有积极的一面：即要求缔约国采取一切必要措施，确保第十九条所赋予的权利不受国家或私营实体的侵犯。

41.

41.

In order to achieve the progressive realization of economic, social and cultural rights, States parties must take steps to the maximum of their available resources.

为了逐步实现经济、社会及文化权利，缔约国须在其现有资源所允许的最大限度内采取步骤。

These steps must be taken immediately or within a reasonably short period of time.

这些步骤必须立即或在较短的合理时间之内采取。

Such steps should be deliberate, concrete, targeted and use all appropriate means.

此类步骤应当周密、具体、有针对性并采用一切适当手段。

The systematic realization of the right to independent living in the community requires structural changes.

系统实现在社区独立生活的权利需要有结构性改革。

In particular, this applies to deinstitutionalization in all its forms.

具体而言，这适用于一切脱离机构的形式。

42.

42.

States parties have the immediate obligation to enter into strategic planning, with adequate time frames and resourcing, in close and respectful consultation with representative organizations of persons with disabilities, to replace any institutionalized settings with independent living support services.

缔约国有义务与残疾人代表组织相互尊重地密切协商后，立即在适当的时限内用充足的资源实施战略规划，以独立生活支助服务取代一切收容机构。

The margin of appreciation of States parties is related to the programmatic implementation, but not to the question of replacement.

缔约国在方案执行方面有一定考量余地，但在替代问题上没有余地。

States parties should develop transitional plans in direct consultation with persons with disabilities, through their representative organizations, in order to ensure full inclusion of persons with disabilities in the community.

为了确保残疾人充分融入社区，缔约国应通过残疾人代表组织与残疾人直接协商，制订过渡性计划。

43.

43.

When a State party seeks to introduce retrogressive measures with respect to article 19, for example, in response to an economic or financial crisis, the State is obliged to demonstrate that such measures are temporary, necessary and non-discriminatory and that they respect its core obligations.

例如，当一缔约国为应对经济或金融危机而寻求就第十九条采取倒退性措施时，该国必须证明此类措施属有临时、必要和非歧视性质，并尊重其核心义务。

44.

44.

The duty of progressive realization also entails a presumption against retrogressive measures in the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.

逐步实现的义务还包括推定不在享有经济、社会及文化权利方面采取倒退性措施。

Such measures deprive people with disabilities of the full enjoyment of the right to live independently and be included in the community.

这类措施会剥夺残疾人充分享有独立生活和融入社区的权利。

As a matter of consequence, retrogressive measures constitute a violation of article 19.

因此，采取倒退性措施便是违反第十九条。

45.

45.

States parties are prohibited from taking retrogressive measures with respect to the minimum core obligations of the right to live independently within the community as listed in the present general comment.

禁止缔约国就本一般性意见所列的在社区独立生活的权利的最低限度核心义务采取倒退性措施。

46.

46.

States parties are under an immediate obligation to eliminate discrimination against individuals or groups of persons with disabilities and to guarantee their equal right to living independently and participation in the community.

缔约国有义务立即消除对残疾人个人或群体的歧视，并保证他们享有独立生活和参与社会的平等权利。

This requires States parties to repeal or reform policies, laws and practices that prevent persons with disabilities from, for example, choosing their place of residence, securing affordable and accessible housing, renting accommodation or accessing such general mainstream facilities and services as their independence would require.

这要求缔约国废除或改革诸如阻止残疾人选择其居所、获得负担得起的无障碍住房、租房或使用独立所需的通用主流设施和服务的政策、法律和惯例。

The duty to provide reasonable accommodation (art. 5 (3)) is also not subject to progressive realization.

提供合理便利的义务(第五条第三款)也不属于逐步实现的义务。

A.

A.

Obligation to respect

尊重义务

47.

47.

The obligation to respect requires States parties to refrain from directly or indirectly interfering with or in any way limiting the individual exercise of the right to live independently and be included in the community.

尊重义务要求各缔约国不得直接或间接地干涉或以任何方式限制个人行使独立生活和融入社区的权利。

States parties should not limit or deny anyone’s access to living independently in the community, including through laws which directly or indirectly restrict the options of persons with disabilities to choose their place of residence or where, how and with whom to live, or their autonomy.

缔约国不应限制或剥夺任何人在社区独立生活的机会，包括通过法律限制或剥夺。这样的法律往往直接或间接地限制残疾人选择居所或选择在何处、如何和与何人一起生活，或限制其自主。

States parties should reform laws that impede the exercise of the rights enshrined in article 19.

缔约国应改革妨碍行使第十九条所载权利的法律。

48.

48.

The obligation also requires States parties to repeal and refrain from enacting laws, policies and structures that maintain and create barriers in access to support services as well as to general facilities and services.

该义务还要求缔约国废除在获得支助服务及通用设施和服务方面维持和设置障碍的法律、政策和机构，更不得制订这样的法律和政策或设立这样的机构，

It also entails the obligation to release all individuals who are confined against their will in mental health services or other disability-specific forms of deprivation of liberty.

其中还包括以下义务：释放所有并非出于自己意愿而身陷心理健康服务或专门针对残疾人的其他剥夺自由措施的个人，

It further includes the prohibition of all forms of guardianship and the obligation to replace substituted decision-making regimes with supported decision-making alternatives.

禁止一切形式的监护，以辅助决策办法取代替代决策制度。

49.

49.

To respect the rights of persons with disabilities under article 19 means that States parties need to phase out institutionalization.

尊重第十九条规定的残疾人权利，就意味着缔约国需要逐步淘汰收容机构。

No new institutions may be built by States parties, nor may old institutions be renovated beyond the most urgent measures necessary to safeguard residents’ physical safety.

缔约国不得建立新的此类机构，而且除为保障住户人身安全而不得不采取的最紧急措施之外，也不得重新装修旧的收容机构。

Institutions should not be extended, new residents should not enter when others leave and “satellite” living arrangements that branch out from institutions, i.e., those that have the appearance of individual living (apartments or single homes) but revolve around institutions, should not be established.

不应扩建收容机构，有住户离开时不应再让新住户入住，也不应该从收容机构拓展出任何“卫星式”生活安排，即围绕收容机构的表面上的个人住所(公寓或独立房屋)。

B.

B.

Obligation to protect

保护义务

50.

50.

The obligation to protect requires States parties to take measures to prevent family members and third parties from directly or indirectly interfering with the enjoyment of the right to live independently within the community.

保护义务要求缔约国采取措施，防止家人和第三方直接或间接地干预在社区独立生活的权利。

The duty to protect requires States parties to put in place and implement laws and policies prohibiting conduct by family members and third parties, service providers, landowners or providers of general services which undermines the full enjoyment of the right to be included and live independently within the community.

保护义务要求缔约国制订并执行法律和政策，禁止家人、第三方、服务提供者、土地所有者或一般服务提供者破坏充分享有在社区独立生活的权利的行为。

51.

51.

States parties should ensure that public or private funds are not spent on maintaining, renovating, establishing building or creating any form of institution or institutionalization.

缔约国应确保不得用公共或私人资金维护、整修、新建或建造任何形式的收容机构或进行机构收容。

Furthermore, States parties must ensure that private institutions are not established under the guise of “community living”.

此外，缔约国必须确保不得以“社区生活”为幌子建立私营收容机构。

52.

52.

Support should always be based on individual requirements, not on the interests of the service provider.

支助应始终基于个人需求，而不是出于服务提供者的利益。

States parties should establish mechanisms for monitoring service providers, adopt measures which protect persons with disabilities from being hidden in the family or isolated in institutions and children from being abandoned or institutionalized on the grounds of disability, and establish appropriate mechanisms to detect situations of violence against persons with disabilities by third parties.

缔约国应当建立服务提供者监测机制，采取措施保护残疾人免被藏匿在家中或被隔绝在收容机构，保护儿童免于因残疾而遭遗弃或被送进收容机构，并建立检测第三方对残疾人施暴状况的适当机制。

States parties should also prohibit directors and/or managers of residential institutions from becoming guardians of residents.

缔约国还应禁止收容机构管理人员成为住户的监护人。

53.

53.

The duty to protect also includes the prohibition of discriminatory practices such as the exclusion of individuals or groups from the provision of certain services.

保护义务还包括禁止歧视性做法，如将某些个人或团体排除在某些服务提供范围之外。

States parties should prohibit and prevent third parties from imposing practical or procedural barriers to living independently and being included in the community, for example by ensuring that services provided are in line with living independently in the community and that persons with disabilities are not denied the possibility to rent or are not disadvantaged in the housing market.

缔约国应禁止并防止第三方为独立生活和融入社区设置实际或程序障碍，例如确保根据在社区独立生活状况提供服务，并确保残疾人不会被剥夺租房机会，或不在住房市场上处于弱势。

General community services open to the public such as libraries, swimming pools, public parks/spaces, shops, post offices and cinemas must be accessible and responsive to the requirements of persons with disabilities, as enshrined in the Committee’s general comment No. 2 (2014) on accessibility.

如委员会关于无障碍的第2号一般性意见(2014年)规定，向公众开放的一般社区服务，如图书馆、游泳池、公园/公共空间、商店、邮局和电影院等，须无障碍且考虑到残疾人的需求。

C.

C.

Obligation to fulfil

履约义务

54.

54.

The obligation to fulfil requires States to promote, facilitate and provide appropriate legislative, administrative, budgetary, judicial, programmatic, promotional and other measures to ensure the full realization of the right to live independently and be included in the community as enshrined in the Convention.

履约义务要求各国推动、促进和提供适当的立法、行政、预算、司法、方案、宣传和其他措施，以确保充分实现《公约》赋予的独立生活和融入社区的权利。

The obligation to fulfil also requires States parties to take measures to eradicate practical barriers to the full realization of the right to live independently and be included in the community, such as inaccessible housing, limited access to disability support services, inaccessible facilities, goods and services in the community and prejudices against persons with disabilities.

履约义务还要求缔约国采取措施，消除全面实现独立生活和融入社区的权利的实际障碍，如住房出入不便，使用残疾支助服务存在限制，社区设施、商品和服务使用不便，以及对残疾人持有偏见等。

55.

55.

States parties should empower family members to support the family members with disabilities to realize their right to live independently and be included in the community.

缔约国应提升家庭成员的能力，以支持残疾家庭成员实现独立生活和融入社区的权利。

56.

56.

While implementing legislation, policies and programmes, States parties must closely consult and actively involve a diverse range of persons with disabilities through their representative organizations in all aspects concerning living independently in the community, in particular, when developing support services and investing resources in support services within the community.

在执行法律、政策和方案时，缔约国必须通过残疾人代表组织，与各种各样的残疾人密切协商，让他们积极参与在社区独立生活的各个环节，特别是在开发支助服务和投资社区内支助服务时。

57.

57.

States parties must adopt a strategy and a concrete plan of action for deinstitutionalization.

It should include the duty to implement structural reforms, to improve accessibility for persons with disabilities within the community and to raise awareness among all persons in society about inclusion of persons with disabilities within the community.

缔约国必须通过脱离机构的战略和具体行动计划，包括有义务实施结构性改革，改善社区内对残疾人无障碍的状况，并提高社会上所有人对残疾人融入社区的认识。

58.

58.

Deinstitutionalization also requires a systemic transformation, which includes the closure of institutions and the elimination of institutionalizing regulations as part of a comprehensive strategy, along with the establishment of a range of individualized support services, including individualized plans for transition with budgets and time frames as well as inclusive support services.

脱离机构还需要系统性的改革，包括关停收容机构和消除综合战略中的机构收容规章部分，同时发展一系列个性化支助服务，包括有预算和时间框架的个性化过渡计划以及包容性支助服务。

Therefore, a coordinated, cross-government approach which ensures reforms, budgets and appropriate changes of attitude at all levels and sectors of government, including local authorities, is required.

因此，需要一种协调一致的、跨政府部门的方法来确保包括地方当局在内的各级和各政府部门的改革、预算和适当态度转变。

59.

59.

Programmes and entitlements to support living independently in the community must cover disability-related costs.

支持在社区独立生活的方案和福利必须涵盖与残疾有关的费用。

Furthermore, ensuring the availability of a sufficient number of accessible and affordable housing units is crucial for deinstitutionalization, including housing for families.

此外，脱离机构的关键是确保有足够数量的负担得起的无障碍住房单元，包括家庭住房。

It is also important that access to housing not be made conditional upon requirements that reduce the autonomy and independence of persons with disabilities.

同样重要的是，获得住房不能以削弱残疾人的自主和独立的要求为条件。

Buildings and spaces open to the public and all forms of transport must be designed in a way that accommodates the requirements of all persons with disabilities.

向公众开放的建筑物和空间以及一切形式的交通均须按满足所有残疾人要求的方式设计。

States parties must take deliberate and immediate steps to reallocate funding towards realizing the right of persons with disabilities to living independently in the community.

缔约国必须立即采取审慎步骤，重新分配资金，以实现残疾人在社区独立生活的权利。

60.

60.

Disability support services must be available, accessible, affordable, acceptable and adaptable to all persons with disabilities and be sensitive to different living conditions, such as individual or family income, and individual circumstances, such as sex, age, national or ethnic origin and linguistic, religious, sexual and/or gender identity.

残疾支助服务必须向所有残疾人提供，让他们都可以无障碍使用，都可接受和适应，并考虑到不同生活条件，如个人或家庭收入，以及个人情况，如性别、年龄、国籍或族裔、语言、宗教、性别认同和(或)性别身份。

The human rights model of disability does not allow the exclusion of persons with disabilities for any reason, including the kind and amount of support services required.

基于残疾的人权模式不允许因任何原因，包括因所需支助服务种类和数量而排斥残疾人。

Support services, including personal assistance, should not be shared with others unless it is based on a decision based on free and informed consent.

支助服务(包括个人协助)不应与他人共享，除非依据经自由、知情同意的决定。

61.

61.

States parties shall incorporate the following elements into the eligibility criteria for access to assistance: the assessment should be based on a human rights approach to disability;

缔约国应将下列因素纳入获得援助的资格标准：评估应根据立足于人权处理残疾问题的方针，

focus on the requirements of the person that exist because of barriers within society rather than the impairment;

关注社会障碍而非残障引起的对残疾人的要求，

take into account, and follow, a person’s will and preferences;

考虑并尊重个人意愿和偏好，

and ensure the full involvement of persons with disabilities in the decision-making process.

确保让残疾人充分参与决策进程。

62.

62.

Cash transfers such as disability allowances represent one of the forms in which States parties provide support for persons with disabilities in line with articles 19 and 28 of the Convention.

残疾津贴等现金转移是缔约国根据《公约》第十九条和第二十八条为残疾人提供支助的一种形式。

Such cash transfers often acknowledge disability-related expenses and facilitate the full inclusion of persons with disabilities in the community.

这种现金转移往往用于报销与残疾有关的费用，有助于残疾人充分融入社区。

Cash transfers also tackle situations of poverty and extreme poverty that persons with disabilities may face.

现金转移也可解决残疾人可能面临的贫困和极度贫困状况。

States parties must not add to the hardship faced by persons with disabilities by reducing their income in times of economic or financial crisis or through austerity measures that are inconsistent with human rights standards set out in paragraph 38 above.

缔约国不得通过在经济或金融危机期间减少残疾人收入，或通过有违上文第38段所确立的人权标准的紧缩措施，让加残疾人的生活雪上加霜。

63.

63.

Support for persons with disabilities should be assessed using a personalized approach and tailored to the specific activities and actual barriers to inclusion in the community that persons with disabilities face.

应采用一种个性化的方法评估对残疾人的支助，并根据具体活动和残疾人融入社区所面临的实际障碍量身定制支助服务。

The assessment should acknowledge that persons with disabilities require access to participate in activities that varies over time.

评估应承认残疾人需有机会参加随时间推移而变化的活动。

States parties should ensure that personalization of support, including cash transfers/personal budgets, take into account and address the challenges that persons with disabilities face when living in rural and/or urban areas.

缔约国应确保将支助服务个性化，包括现金转移/个人预算，同时考虑并解决生活在农村和(或)城市地区的残疾人所面临的挑战。

64.

64.

States parties should provide and disseminate timely, up-to-date and accurate information essential for informed decision-making on choices of independent living and support services in the community.

缔约国应提供和传播及时的、准确的最新资料，以便就独立生活和社区支助服务的选择做出知情决策。

This should be in accessible formats, including Braille, sign language, tactile and Easy Read formats and alternative and augmentative modes of communication.

这类资料的格式应该可供无障碍查阅，包括盲文、手语、触觉形式和“依时读”形式以及替代和增强型交流方式。

65.

65.

States should ensure that personnel working or about to work in disability-related services, including service personnel, decision makers and civil servants monitoring services for persons with disabilities, are adequately trained on independent living within the community, in theory and practice.

各国应确保从事或即将从事残疾相关服务工作的人员，包括服务人员、决策人员和监测残疾人服务的公务员，得到有关在社区独立生活的适当理论和实践培训。

States should also establish criteria, in line with article 19, concerning entities applying for permission to deliver social support for persons with disabilities to live in the community and assess how they perform their duties.

各国还应根据第十九条就申请残疾人社区生活的社会支助服务许可的实体制订标准，并评估其履行职责的情况。

States parties should also ensure that international cooperation in accordance with article 32 of the Convention and the investments and projects undertaken thereby do not contribute to the perpetuation of barriers to independent living within the community but rather eradicate barriers and support the implementation of the right to live independently and be included in the community.

缔约国还应确保依照公约第三十二条的国际合作以及据此开展的投资和项目不会使妨碍在社区独立生活的障碍延续下去，而是会消除障碍，支持实现独立生活和融入社区的权利。

After situations of disaster, it is important not to rebuild barriers, as an element of implementing article 11 of the Convention.

在灾难发生后，重要的是不再重设障碍，这是执行《公约》第十一条的一个要素。

66.

66.

States parties must ensure access to justice and provide legal aid and appropriate legal advice, remedies and support, including through reasonable and procedural accommodation, for persons with disabilities who seek to enforce their right to living independently in the community.

缔约国必须确保为那些追求行使在社区独立生活的权利的残疾人提供司法保护，向其提供法律援助和适当法律咨询、补救和支持，包括提供合理的、程序上的便利。

67.

67.

States parties should provide adequate support services to family carers so they can in turn support their child or relative to live independently in the community.

缔约国应向家庭护理人员提供适当的支助服务，以便他们反过来能够支持其子女或亲属在社区独立生活。

This support should include respite care services, childcare services and other supportive parenting services.

这种支持应该包括临时护理服务、儿童保育服务和其他辅助育儿服务。

Financial support is also crucial for family carers, who often live in situations of extreme poverty without the possibility of accessing the labour market.

对家庭护理人员来说，财政支助也至关重要，因为他们往往生活极度贫困，没有机会进入劳动力市场。

States parties should also provide social support to families and foster the development of counselling services, circles of support and other adequate support options.

缔约国还应向家庭提供社会支助，促进发展咨询服务、成套支助和其他适当的支助办法。

68.

68.

States parties must regularly conduct surveys and other forms of analysis providing data on the physical, communication, environmental, infrastructural and attitudinal barriers experienced by persons with disabilities and the requirements for implementing living independently in the community.

缔约国必须定期开展调查和其他形式的分析，提供关于残疾人所面临的物质、通讯、环境、基础设施和态度障碍的数据，以及对落实在社区独立生活的要求方面的数据。

IV.

四.

Relationship with other provisions of the Convention

与《公约》其他条款之间的关系

69.

69.

The right to live independently and be included in the community is interrelated with the enjoyment of other human rights provided for in the Convention.

独立生活和融入社区的权利与享有《公约》规定的其他人权息息相关。

At the same time, it is more than the sum of those rights as it affirms that all rights should be exercised and enjoyed in the community where a person chooses to live and in which alone the free and full development of one’s personality can be fulfilled.

与此同时，这项权利不仅仅是那些权利的简单相加，而是申明，所有权利都应在一个人选择生活的社区里行使和享有，而且其个性单在这个社区里即可得到自由、充分的发展。

70.

70.

Consultations with and the active involvement of persons with disabilities, through their representative organizations (art. 4 (3)), is critical for the adoption of all plans and strategies as well as for follow-up and monitoring when implementing the right to independent living in the community.

通过残疾人代表组织与残疾人密切协商，让他们积极参与(第四条第三款)，不仅对通过所有计划和战略至关重要，而且对落实在社区独立生活权利时的后续工作和监测也至关重要。

Decision makers at all levels must actively involve and consult the full range of persons with disabilities including organizations of women with disabilities, older persons with disabilities, children with disabilities, persons with psychosocial disabilities and persons with intellectual disabilities.

各级决策者必须让所有类型残疾人，包括残疾妇女、残疾老人、残疾儿童、社会心理障碍人士和智力障碍人士组织积极参与并与之协商。

71.

71.

Non-discrimination (art. 5), in terms of living independently and being included in the community, is important in regard to accessing and receiving support services.

就独立生活和融入社区而言，不歧视原则(第五条)在获取和接收支助服务方面非常重要。

States parties should define eligibility criteria and procedures for accessing support services in a non-discriminatory way, objectively and focused on the requirements of the person rather than on the impairment, following a human rights-compliant approach.

缔约国应按照一种符合人权的方法，以非歧视性方式客观地界定获得支助服务的资格标准和程序，侧重于人的需求而非残障情况。

The establishment of specific services for persons with disabilities in the particular circumstances of the persons with disabilities and in accordance with their requirements, such as services for children, students, employees and older persons with disabilities, should not be considered as a discriminatory violation of the Convention, but rather as a just and legally available affirmative action.

根据残疾人的要求，针对其特殊情况开设对残疾人的特殊服务，如残疾儿童服务、残疾学生服务、残疾员工服务和残疾老人服务，不应被视为对《公约》的歧视性违反，而是一种法律上可行的、公正的扶持行动。

Persons with disabilities who face discrimination in relation to article 19 must have effective and affordable legal remedies at their disposal.

面临第十九条相关歧视的残疾人必须有负担得起的有效法律救济。

72.

72.

Often, women and girls with disabilities (art. 6) are more excluded and isolated,

残疾妇女和女童(第六条)往往遭到更多的排斥和隔绝。

and face more restrictions regarding their place of residence as well as their living arrangements owing to paternalistic stereotyping and patriarchal social patterns that discriminate against women in society.

由于家长式的定见和社会上歧视女性的家长制社会模式，她们在居所及生活安排方面面临更多的限制。

Women and girls with disabilities also experience gender-based, multiple and intersectional discrimination, greater risk of institutionalization and violence, including sexual violence, abuse and harassment.

残疾妇女和女童还面临着基于性别的多重、跨领域歧视，具有遭受机构收容和暴力，包括遭受性暴力、性虐待和性骚扰的更大风险。

States parties must provide affordable, or free, legal remedy and support services for victims of violence and abuse.

缔约国必须为暴力和虐待受害者提供负担得起的或免费的法律救济和支助服务。

Women with disabilities who face domestic violence are frequently more economically, physically or emotionally dependent on their abusers, who often act as caregivers,

面临家庭暴力的残疾妇女往往在经济上、身体上或情感上更多地依赖施虐者，而施虐者通常就是照料者。

a situation that prevents women with disabilities from leaving abusive relationships and leads to further social isolation.

这种情况使残疾妇女难以摆脱受虐关系，并导致进一步的社会隔绝。

Therefore, when implementing the right to live independently and be included in the community, particular attention should be paid to gender equality, the elimination of gender-based discrimination and patriarchal social patterns.

因此，在落实独立生活和融入社区权利时，应特别注意性别平等，消除基于性别的歧视和家长制社会模式。

73.

73.

Cultural norms and values may adversely restrict the choices and control of women and girls with disabilities over their living arrangements, limit their autonomy, oblige them to live in particular living arrangements, require them to suppress their own requirements and instead serve those of others and take certain roles within the family.

文化规范和价值观会对残疾妇女和女童选择和掌控自己的生活安排构成不利限制，限制了她们的自主，迫使她们按特定生活安排生活，要求她们压抑自己的需求而服务于他人的需求，并在家庭中担任特定角色。

States parties should take measures to tackle discrimination and barriers against women in accessing social services and support, as well as ensure that various policies, programmes and strategies concerning access to social services and support take due consideration of the equality between women and men.

缔约国应采取措施，解决妇女在获得社会服务和支助方面面临的歧视和障碍，并确保有关获得社会服务和支助的各项政策、方案和战略充分考虑到男女平等。

74.

74.

States parties should also ensure that measures aimed at development, empowerment and advancement of women and girls with disabilities (art. 6 (2)) address gender-based inequalities in accessing support and social protection.

缔约国还应确保旨在促进残疾妇女和女童发展、提高其地位和增强其能力的措施(第六条第二款)解决在获取支助和社会保障方面的性别不平等。

States parties should adopt adequate measures to encourage work-life balance (resources, time, services) that support women with disabilities in (re-)entering the open labour market and ensure equal rights and responsibilities between women and men for the exercise of parental responsibilities.

缔约国应采取适当措施，鼓励工作与生活的平衡(资源、时间、服务)，支持残疾妇女进入(或重新进入)开放的劳动力市场，并确保妇女和男子在履行育儿责任方面的平等权利和责任。

It is also the responsibility of States parties to ensure that shelters for victims of gender-based violence are fully accessible to women and girls with disabilities.

缔约国还有责任确保面向性别暴力受害者的庇护所也向残疾妇女和女童全面开放。

75.

75.

The existence of adequate and age-sensitive support services for girls and boys with disabilities is of vital importance for the equal enjoyment of their human rights (art. 7).

为残疾女童和男童提供适当的分年龄支助服务，这对于他们平等享有人权极为重要(第七条)。

Respecting the evolving capacities of children with disabilities and supporting them in having a say in choices that have an impact on them is critical.

至关重要的是尊重残疾儿童的发展能力，并支持他们在影响自身的选择上拥有发言权。

It is also important to provide support, information and guidance to families (art. 23) to prevent institutionalization of children with disabilities and to have inclusive policies on adoption to ensure equal opportunities to children with disabilities.

同样重要的还有，为家庭提供支助、信息和指导(第二十三条)，以防止残疾儿童进入收容机构，并采取包容性领养政策，确保残疾儿童获得平等机会。

76.

76.

When it comes to social interactions and relationships with peers, teenagers may prefer personal assistance or professional sign language interpreters to informal support provided by relatives.

在涉及与同龄人的社会交往和关系时，青少年可能更喜欢个人协助或专业手语翻译，而不是亲属的非正式支持。

States parties should establish innovative forms of support and accessible services for children and adolescents with disabilities through personal contact or through their organizations.

缔约国应通过私人联系或通过残疾人组织，为残疾儿童和青少年提供创新型支助和无障碍服务。

Children with disabilities may require support to practise sports or activities in the community with other children their age.

残疾儿童在社区中与同龄儿童一起开展体育运动或活动时，可能需要协助。

Adolescents with disabilities should be enabled to spend time and take part in leisure activities with their peers.

应让残疾青少年能够与同龄人呆在一起并参加休闲活动。

States parties must provide assistive devices and technologies that can facilitate the inclusion of adolescents with disabilities in their peer networks.

缔约国必须提供辅助手段和技术，促进残疾青少年融入到同龄人圈子中。

Further, services that facilitate the transition of young people to adulthood, including support with moving out of the family home, starting employment and continuing into higher education, are crucial in supporting independent living.

此外，促进青少年向成年期过渡的服务，包括帮助离家单独居住、开始就业及继续接受高等教育，在支持独立生活方面至关重要。

77.

77.

Awareness-raising (art. 8) is essential to create open, enabling and inclusive communities, as article 19 is ultimately about transforming communities.

提高认识(第八条)对于建立开放、支持和包容的社区至关重要，而第十九条的最终目的就是改造社区。

Stereotypes, ableism and misconceptions that prevent persons with disabilities from living independently must be eradicated and a positive image of them and their contributions to society must be promoted.

必须根除那些妨碍残疾人独立生活的定见、体能歧视和错误观念，宣传他们的正面形象和对社会的贡献。

Awareness-raising should be provided for authorities, civil servants, professionals, the media, the general public and persons with disabilities and their families.

应提高权力机关、公务员、专业人士、媒体、公众和残疾人及其家人的认识。

All awareness-raising activities should be carried out in close cooperation with persons with disabilities through their representative organizations.

所有提高认识的活动都应通过残疾人代表组织在残疾人的密切合作下开展。

78.

78.

The rights provided for in article 19 are tied to the obligations of the States parties relating to accessibility (art. 9) because the general accessibility of the whole built environment, transport, information, and communication and related facilities and services open to the public in a community is a precondition for living independently in the community.

第十九条所规定的权利与缔约国在无障碍方面的义务(第九条)有关，因为一个社区面向公众开放的整个建筑环境、交通、信息、通讯及相关设施和服务的普遍无障碍是在社区独立生活的先决条件。

Article 9 requires the identification and elimination of barriers in buildings open to the public, such as the revision of building and urban planning codes, the inclusion of standards of universal design in a variety of sectors and the establishment of accessibility standards for housing.

第九条要求查明和消除对公众开放的建筑物中的障碍，如修订建筑和城市规划规范，将通用设计标准纳入各个部门，并制订住房的无障碍标准。

79.

79.

States parties must take into account in advance the obligation to provide support services to persons with disabilities in all disaster risk management activities (art. 11) and make sure that they are not left behind or forgotten.

缔约国必须在所有灾害风险管理活动中预先考虑到为残疾人提供支助服务的义务(第十一条)，确保他们不被抛弃或遗忘。

It is also important that barriers are not rebuilt after situations of armed conflict, humanitarian emergencies or the occurrence of a natural disaster.

同样重要的是，在武装冲突、人道主义紧急情况或自然灾害后，不得重新设置障碍。

Reconstruction processes must ensure full accessibility for the independent life in the community of persons with disabilities.

重建过程必须确保残疾人可以在社区完全无障碍地独立生活。

80.

80.

Equal recognition before the law (art. 12) ensures that all persons with disabilities have the right to exercise their full legal capacity and therefore have the equal right to exercise choice and control over their own lives by choosing where, with whom and how they want to live and to receive support in accordance with their will and preferences.

在法律面前获得平等承认(第十二条)的规定确保所有残疾人有权行使完全的法律能力，并因此享有选择和掌控自己生活的平等权利，选择自己希望在何处、与何人一起及如何生活，同时享有按照自己的意愿和偏好接受支助的平等权利。

To fully realize the transition to supported decision-making and implement the rights enshrined in article 12, it is imperative that persons with disabilities have the opportunity to develop and express their wishes and preferences in order to exercise their legal capacity on an equal basis with others.

为了充分实现向辅助决策过渡并落实第十二条所载的权利，残疾人必须有机会形成和表达自己的愿望和偏好，从而与他人平等地行使法律能力。

To achieve this, they have to be a part of the community.

为此，他们必须成为社区的一员。

Furthermore, support in the exercise of legal capacity should be provided using a community-based approach which respects the wishes and preferences of individuals with disabilities.

此外，还应以尊重残疾人愿望和偏好的社区办法，支持行使法律能力。

81.

81.

Access to justice as enshrined in article 13 is fundamental to ensure full enjoyment of the right to live independently in the community.

第十三条关于获得司法保护的规定是确保充分享有在社区独立生活的权利的基础。

States parties must ensure that all persons with disabilities have legal capacity and standing in courts.

缔约国必须确保所有残疾人具有法律能力和在法庭的地位。

States parties must furthermore ensure that all decisions concerning living independently in the community can be appealed.

缔约国必须进一步确保所有关于在社区独立生活的决定都可以上诉。

Support to enable living independently in the community shall be enforceable as a right and an entitlement.

对在社区独立生活的支持应当是一项可强制执行的权利和福利。

To ensure equal and effective access to justice, substantial rights to legal aid, support and procedural and age-appropriate accommodations are essential.

为了确保平等和有效地获得司法保护，必须享有获得法律援助、支助、程序便利和适龄措施的实质性权利。

82.

82.

Involuntary institutionalization on the grounds of impairment or associated circumstances such as presumed “dangerousness” or other factors as elaborated by the Committee in its guidelines on article 14 is often caused or increased by a lack of disability- specific support services.

缺乏残疾人专用支助服务往往会导致或增加以残障或假定“危险”或委员会关于第十四条的指导方针所述其他因素等相关情况为由的非自愿机构收容。

Implementing article 19 thus will ultimately prevent violation of article 14.

因此，执行第十九条将最终防止违反第十四条。

83.

83.

It is of paramount significance to ensure that support services leave no space for potential abuse or exploitation of persons with disabilities or any violence against them (art. 16).

至关重要的是，要确保支助服务不会让潜在的凌虐或剥削残疾人行为或对他们的任何暴力行为有机可乘(第十六条)。

Disability-, gender- and age-sensitive monitoring, legal remedies and relief must be available for all persons with disabilities who use services prescribed in article 19 and who may face abuse, violence and exploitation.

必须对所有使用第十九条所规定服务且可能面临凌虐、暴力和剥削的残疾人进行监测，而监测应考虑到残疾、性别和年龄因素，同时提供这方面的法律救济和补救。

Since institutions tend to isolate those who reside within them from the rest of the community, institutionalized women and girls with disabilities are further susceptible to gender-based violence, including forced sterilization, sexual and physical abuse, emotional abuse and further isolation.

由于收容机构往往会将其住户与社会隔绝，因而机构收容的残疾妇女和女童更容易受到性别暴力，包括强迫绝育、性虐待和身体虐待、精神虐待和进一步隔绝。

They also face increased barriers to reporting such violence.

她们若要举报此类暴力，还要面临更多障碍。

It is imperative that States include these issues in their monitoring of institutions and ensure access to redress for women with disabilities who are exposed to gender-based violence in institutions.

各国必须将这些问题列入对收容机构的监测范围，并确保在收容机构遭受性别暴力的残疾妇女能够获得赔偿。

84.

84.

Without support for personal mobility (art. 20), barriers to living independently in the community continue to exist for many persons with disabilities.

对许多残疾人而言，如果没有对个人行动能力的支持(第二十条)，在社区独立生活的障碍则会继续存在。

The provision of affordable and available quality mobility aids, devices, assistive technologies and forms of live assistance and intermediaries, as enshrined in article 20, is a precondition for the full inclusion and participation of persons with disabilities in their respective communities.

按照第二十条的规定，提供可负担得起的优质助行器具、用品、辅助技术以及各种形式的现场协助和中介，是残疾人全面融入和参与各自社区的先决条件。

85.

85.

Persons with disabilities have the right to access all public information in accessible formats and to seek, receive and express information and ideas on an equal basis with others (art. 21).

残疾人有权以无障碍模式获得一切公共信息，与他人平等地寻求、接收和表达信息和思想(第二十一条)，

Communication can be provided in forms and formats of their choice, including Braille, sign language, tactile and Easy Read formats and alternative modes, means and formats of communication.

能以他们选择的形式和模式进行交流，包括盲文、手语、触觉形式和“依时读”形式以及替代性交流模式、手段和形式。

It is important that communication and information flow in both directions and that services and facilities are accessible for individuals who use different ways of communicating.

重要的是，沟通和信息交流应双向进行，而且要为使用不同交流方式的个人提供无障碍服务和设施。

It is of particular importance that information about support services and social protection schemes, including disability-related mechanisms, is accessible and available from a diversity of sources in order to enable persons with disabilities to make fully informed decisions and choices about where, with whom and how to live and what kind of service is best suited to them.

特别重要的是，为了让残疾人能够完全知情地决定和选择自己在何处、与何人一起及如何生活以及哪种服务最适合自己，应通过多种渠道无障碍提供关于支助服务和社会保障计划的信息，包括关于残疾相关机制的信息。

It is also of critical importance that mechanisms to provide feedback and complaints are communication accessible.

同样重要的是，提供反馈和投诉的机制应保持无障碍通信。

86.

86.

States parties should ensure that in the provision of support services under article 19, the privacy, family, home, correspondence and honour of persons with disabilities are protected from any unlawful interference (art. 22).

缔约国应确保在根据第十九条提供支助服务时，保护残疾人的隐私、家庭、家居、通信和荣誉免受任何非法干预(第二十二条)。

In any case of unlawful interference, disability-, gender- and age-sensitive monitoring, legal remedies and relief must be available for all persons with disabilities using support services.

如果发生任何非法干预案件，应对所有使用支助服务的残疾人进行监测，而监测应考虑到残疾、性别和年龄因素，同时提供这方面的法律救济和补救。

87.

87.

The right to living independently in the community is intimately linked with the right to family for children and parents with disabilities (art. 23).

对残疾儿童和父母而言，在社区独立生活的权利与家庭权利密切相关(第二十三条)。

The absence of community-based support and services may create financial pressures and constraints for the family of persons with disabilities; the rights enshrined in article 23 are essential to prevent children from being taken away from their families and being institutionalized, as well as to support families in community living.

缺乏社区支助和服务可能会给残疾人家庭造成经济压力和制约； 第二十三条赋予的权利对于防止儿童被迫与家庭分离和被机构收容以及支持家庭在社区生活至关重要。

These rights are equally important to ensure that children are not taken away from their parents because of the latter’s disability.

这些权利对于确保儿童不会因为残疾而被迫与父母分离同样重要。

States parties should provide information, guidance and support to families in upholding their children’ rights and promote inclusion and participation in the community.

缔约国应为向家庭提供信息、指导和支持以维护其儿童的权利，并促进融入和参与社区。

88.

88.

Living independently and being included in the community is inherently linked to inclusive education (art. 24) and requires recognition of the right of persons with disabilities to live independently and enjoy inclusion and participation in the community.

独立生活和融入社区与包容性教育(第二十四条)有着内在联系，要求承认残疾人独立生活并享有融入和参与社区的权利。

Inclusion of persons with disabilities in the mainstream education system generates further inclusion of persons with disabilities in the community.

如果将残疾人纳入主流教育体系，自然就会使残疾人进一步融入社区。

Deinstitutionalization also entails the introduction of inclusive education.

脱离机构也要求引入包容性教育。

States parties should note the role that exercising the right to inclusive education will play in building the strengths, skills and competencies necessary for all persons with disabilities to enjoy, benefit from and contribute to their communities.

缔约国应注意到行使接受包容性教育的权利所可以发挥的作用，即加强所有残疾人享有社区生活、受益于社区并为社区做贡献所必需的体力、技能和能力。

89.

89.

General health facilities and services (art. 25) must be available, accessible, adaptable and acceptable for persons with disabilities in their communities, including the support required by some persons with disabilities (for example those with complex communication requirements, psychosocial disabilities or intellectual disabilities and/or deaf persons) during hospitalizations, surgeries and medical consultations.

一般卫生设施和服务(第二十五条)必须向社区的所有残疾人提供，让他们都可以无障碍使用，都可适应并接受，包括提供一些残疾人(例如那些有复杂沟通要求的人、社会心理或智力障碍人士或失聪者)在住院、外科手术和医疗咨询期间所需的支助。

The provision of nurses, physiotherapists, psychiatrists or psychologists, in hospitals as well as at home, is a part of health care and should not be seen as the fulfilment of a States party’s obligation under article 19, but rather under article 25.

在医院和住家提供护士、理疗师、精神科医生或心理医生服务，是卫生保健的一部分，履行的不是第十九条规定的缔约国义务，而是第二十五条规定的义务。

90.

90.

Independent living in the community, habilitation and rehabilitation (art. 26) are interdependent.

在社区独立生活、适应训练和康复(第二十六条)相互依存。

For some persons with disabilities, participation in rehabilitation services is not possible if they do not receive sufficient individualized support.

对一些残疾人来说，如果得不到足够的个性化支助，就不可能参加康复服务。

At the same time, the purpose of rehabilitation is to enable persons with disabilities to fully and effectively participate in the community.

与此同时，康复的目的是让残疾人能够充分、有效地参与社区。

The habilitation and rehabilitation of a person with disability must always take place with his/her free and informed consent.

残疾人的适应训练和康复必须始终在征得本人自由知情同意的情况下进行。

Habilitation and rehabilitation are predominantly relevant in relation to education, employment, health and social matters.

适应训练和康复在教育、就业、健康和社会事物方面尤为重要。

91.

91.

The existence of individualized support services, including personal assistance, often is a precondition for effective enjoyment of the right to work and employment (art. 27).

个性化支助服务包括个人协助的存在，往往是有效享有工作和就业权利的先决条件(第二十七条)。

Furthermore, persons with disabilities should also become employers, managers or trainers in disability-specific support services.

此外，残疾人也可以成为残疾人专用支助服务领域的雇主、管理人员或培训人员。

Implementing article 19 will thus help to phase out sheltered employment.

因此，执行第十九条将有助于逐步淘汰保护性就业。

92.

92.

To ensure that persons with disabilities enjoy an adequate standard of living (art. 28), States parties should provide, inter alia, access to support services that enable them to live independently.

为了确保残疾人享有适足的生活水平(第二十八条)，缔约国除其他外应特别提供使残疾人能独立生活的支助服务。

Therefore, there is an obligation on the part of States parties to ensure access to appropriate and affordable services, devices and other assistance for impairment-related requirements, especially for those persons with disabilities who live in poverty.

因此，缔约国有义务确保获得满足残障相关要求的负担得起的适当服务、设备和其他协助，特别是对那些生活贫困的残疾人而言。

Furthermore, access to public and subsidized housing programmes in the community is required.

此外，他们还必须有权参加社区的公共和补贴住房方案。

It is considered contrary to the Convention for persons with disabilities to pay for disability-related expenses by themselves.

让残疾人自行支付残疾相关费用的做法违反《公约》。

93.

93.

In order to influence and take part in decisions impacting the development of their community, all persons with disabilities should enjoy and exercise their rights to participation in political and public life (art. 29) personally or through their organizations.

为了影响和参与涉及社区发展的决定，所有残疾人都应享有并行使亲自或通过其组织参与政治和公共生活的权利(第二十九条)。

Appropriate support can provide valuable assistance to persons with disabilities in exercising their right to vote, to take part in political life and to conduct public affairs.

适当的支助可以为残疾人行使投票权、参与政治生活权和从事公共事务权提供宝贵帮助。

It is important to ensure that assistants or other support staff do not restrict or abuse the choices that persons with disabilities make in exercising their voting rights.

重要的是，要确保协助人员或其他辅助人员不得限制或滥用残疾人行使投票权时所作出的选择。

94.

94.

Cultural life, recreation, leisure and sport (art. 30) are important dimensions of life in the community in which inclusion can be pursued and achieved, for example by ensuring that events, activities and facilities are accessible to persons with disabilities and are inclusive.

文化生活、娱乐、休闲和体育活动(第三十条)是社区生活的重要方面，可以以此追求和实现融入社区，例如，可通过确保项目、活动和设施具有包容性，让残疾人可以无障碍地参与和使用。

Personal assistants, guides, readers and professional sign language and tactile interpreters, among others, contribute to an inclusive life in the community in accordance with the will and preferences of persons with disabilities.

除其他外，个人协助人员、向导、朗读者、专业手语和触觉翻译应根据残疾人的意愿和偏好，促进社区内的包容性生活。

It is important that the use of support of any kind is considered part of disability-related expenses as such support services help foster inclusion in the community and independent living.

重要的是，使用任何类型的支助服务都被认为是残疾相关费用的一部分，因为这类支助服务本身有助于促进融入社区和独立生活。

Assistants necessary for participating in cultural and leisure activities should not be required to pay entrance fees.

不应要求协助残疾人参与文化和休闲活动的人员支付入场费。

There should also be no restrictions on when, where and for what kinds of activities assistance can be used, nationally and internationally.

国际国内都不应限制采用协助服务的时间、地点及活动种类。

95.

95.

Data and information must be disaggregated systematically (art. 31) by disability across all sectors, including with respect to housing, living arrangements and social protection schemes as well as access to independent living and support and services.

所有部门的数据和信息，包括住房、生活安排、社会保障计划以及获得独立生活、支助和服务方面的数据和信息，须按残疾类型系统分类(第三十一条)。

The information should allow for regular analyses of how deinstitutionalization and transition to support services in the community have progressed.

这些信息应可用于定期分析脱离机构以及向社区辅助服务过渡的进展状况。

It is important that indicators reflect the particular circumstances in every State party.

重要的是，指标要反映每个缔约国的国情。

96.

96.

International cooperation (art. 32) must be conducted in a way which ensures that foreign aid is invested in support services in local communities that respect the will and preferences of persons with disabilities and foster their right to choose where, with whom and under what living arrangements they will live, in line with article 19.

开展国际合作(第三十二条)的方式须确保外国援助投资于当地社区的支助服务，而服务要尊重残疾人的意愿和偏好，根据第十九条促进他们选择在何处、与何人一起及在何种生活安排下生活的权利。

Investing money obtained within the framework of international cooperation in development of new institutions or places of confinement or institutional models of care is not acceptable, as it leads to the segregation and isolation of persons with disabilities.

不得将在国际合作框架内获得的资金投资于发展新的收容机构、禁闭式场所或看护机构模式，因为这会导致对残疾人的隔离和隔绝。

V.

五.

Implementation at the national level

国家一级的执行工作

97.

97.

The Committee notes that States parties may face challenges at the national level when implementing the right to living independently and being included in the community.

委员会注意到，缔约国在落实独立生活和融入社区的权利时，可能会在国家一级面临挑战。

However, in line with the normative content and obligations outlined above, States parties should take the following steps to ensure the full implementation of article 19 of the Convention:

然而，为了确保充分执行《公约》第十九条的规定，缔约国应按照上文所述的规范性内容和义务采取以下步骤：

(a)

(a)

Repeal all laws that prevent any person with disabilities, regardless of the type of impairment, to choose where and with whom and how to live, including the right not to be confined on the basis of any kind of disability;

废除所有妨碍残疾人选择在何处、与何人一起及如何生活的法律，而不管残障类型，包括不因任何残疾而遭到禁闭的权利；

(b)

(b)

Enact and enforce laws, standards and other measures with the purpose of making local communities and the environment, as well as information and communication, accessible to all persons with disabilities;

制定和执行旨在使当地社区、环境及信息和通讯能由所有残疾人无障碍使用的法律、标准和其他措施；

(c)

(c)

Ensure that social protection programmes meet the requirements of the diverse range of persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others;

确保社会保障方案能与他人同等地满足各种类型残疾人的需求；

(d)

(d)

Insert the principle of universal design for both physical and virtual space in policies, law, standards and other measures, including monitoring the realization/implementation of obligations;

在政策、法律、标准和其他措施中增加实体空间和虚拟空间通用设计原则，包括监测义务的实现/履行情况；

review building codes to ensure that they comply with the principles of universal design and legislative guidelines on construction, as outlined in the Committee’s general comment No. 2;

审查建筑规范，以确保其符合委员会的第2号一般性意见所述通用设计原则和建筑立法准则；

(e)

(e)

Provide all persons with disabilities with substantive and procedural rights to live independently within the community;

向所有残疾人提供在社区独立生活的实质性和程序性权利；

(f)

(f)

Inform persons with disabilities about their right to live independently and be included in the community in ways they can understand and provide empowerment trainings with the aim of supporting persons with disabilities to learn how to enforce their rights;

让残疾人了解他们有权按自己认知的方式独立生活并融入社区，同时提供增强能力的培训，以支持残疾人学习如何行使自己的权利；

(g)

(g)

Adopt clear and targeted strategies for deinstitutionalization, with specific time frames and adequate budgets, in order to eliminate all forms of isolation, segregation and institutionalization of persons with disabilities;

采取明确而有针对性的脱离机构战略，确定具体时间框架和足够的预算，以便消除对残疾人一切形式的隔绝、隔离和机构收容；

special attention should be paid to persons with psychosocial and/or intellectual disabilities and children with disabilities currently in institutions;

应特别关注目前身处收容机构的社会心理和(或)智力障碍人士及残疾儿童；

(h)

(h)

Create awareness programmes that tackle negative attitudes and stereotypes about persons with disabilities and secure community transformation in an effort to develop individualized and accessible mainstream services;

设立提高认识方案，处理对残疾人的负面态度和定见，并确保社区转型，以发展个性化的无障碍主流服务；

(i)

(i)

Ensure the participation of persons with disabilities, personally and through their representative organizations, in transforming support services and communities and in the design and implementation of deinstitutionalization strategies;

确保残疾人亲自和通过其代表组织参与改造支助服务和社区以及制订和执行脱离机构战略的工作；

(j)

(j)

Design comprehensive policies and legislative guidelines and allocate financial resources for the construction of affordable and accessible housing units, the built environment, public spaces and transport, along with an adequate time frame for their implementation and sanctions which are effective, deterrent and proportionate for violations by public or private authorities;

为建设负担得起的无障碍住房单元、建筑环境、公共场所和交通制订综合性政策和立法准则并分配财政资源，同时确定适当的实施时间框架以及对公共或私营部门违反行为的有效、相称且具有威慑力的制裁措施；

(k)

(k)

Allocate resources to the development of appropriate and sufficient person-directed/“user”-led and self-managed support services for all persons with disabilities, such as personal assistance, guides, readers and professionally trained sign language or other interpreters;

分配资源，为所有残疾人开发适当、充足的面向个人(“用户”导向)的自我管理支助服务，如个人协助、向导、朗读者和专业训练的手语或其他翻译人员；

(l)

(l)

Design tendering processes for providing support services for persons with disabilities living independently in the community that take into account the normative content of article 19;

在针对为残疾人在社区独立生活提供支助服务制订招标程序时，应考虑到第十九条的规范性内容；

(m)

(m)

Establish mechanisms to monitor existing institutions and residential services, deinstitutionalization strategies and the implementation of living independently within the community, bearing in mind the role of the independent monitoring frameworks;

考虑到独立监测框架的作用，建立多种机制，以监测现有收容机构和住宅服务、脱离机构战略以及在社区独立生活的落实情况；

(n)

(n)

Carry out the monitoring and implementation envisaged under article 19 in full consultation with and with the participation of persons with disabilities, through their representative organizations.

通过残疾人代表组织与残疾人充分协商，并在残疾人参与下，开展第十九条所设想的监测和执行工作。

1

1

See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights , general comment No. 3 (1990) on the nature of States parties’ obligations 3, paras. 1-2.

见经济、社会及文化权利委员会，关于缔约国义务的性质的第3号一般性意见(1990年)，第1-2段。

2

2

See Universal Declaration of Human Rights, art. 22; Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 27 (1997) on freedom of movement, para. 1;

见《世界人权宣言》第二十二条； 人权事务委员会，关于迁徙自由的第27号一般性意见(1997年)，

Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 4 (1991) on adequate housing, para. 7.

第1段；经济、社会及文化权利委员会，关于适足住房权的第4号一般性意见(1991年)，第7段。

3

3

See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 9 (2006) on the rights of children with disabilities, para. 47.

见儿童权利委员会，关于残疾儿童权利的第9号一般性意见(2006年)，第47段。

4

4

Guidelines on the right to liberty and security of persons with disabilities (A/72/55, annex).

《残疾人的自由和安全权准则》(A/72/55，附件)。

5

5

See article 2 (1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and article 4 (2) of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

见《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》第二条第一款及《残疾人权利公约》第四条第二款。

6

6

See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 3, para. 2.

见经济、社会及文化权利委员会，第3号一般性意见，第2段。

7

7

Letter dated 16 May 2012 addressed by the Chairperson of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to States parties to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, available from http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx? symbolno=INT%2fCESCR%2fSUS%2f6395&Lang=en.

2012 年5月16日经济、社会及文化权利委员会主席给《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》缔约国的信函，可查阅 http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx? symbolno=INT%2fCESCR%2fSUS%2f6395&Lang=en。

8

8

See Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, general comment No. 3 (2016) on women and girls with disabilities.

残疾人权利委员会，关于残疾妇女和女童的第3号一般性意见(2016年)。

9

9

Ibid., paras. 8, 18, 29 and 55.

同上，第8、18、29和55段。

10

10

See Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 21 (1994) on equality in marriage and family relations.

消除对妇女歧视委员会，关于婚姻和家庭关系中的平等的第21号一般性建议(1994年)。

11

11

Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, general comment No. 4 (2016) on the right to inclusive education.

残疾人权利委员会，关于包容性教育权的第4号一般性意见(2016年)。