CRPD/C/GC/6 1806662E.docx (ENGLISH)

CRPD/C/GC/6 1806662C.docx (CHINESE)

United Nations

联 合 国

CRPD/C/GC/6

CRPD/C/GC/6

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

残疾人权利公约

Distr.: General

Distr.: General

26 April 2018

26 April 2018

Original: English

Original: English

Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

残疾人权利委员会

General comment No. 6 (2018) on equality and non-discrimination

关于平等和不歧视的第6号一般性意见(2018年)

I.

一.

Introduction

导言

1.

1.

The aim of the present general comment is to clarify the obligations of States parties regarding non-discrimination and equality as enshrined in article 5 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

本一般性意见的目的是澄清《残疾人权利公约》第五条所载的缔约国有关不歧视和平等的义务。

2.

2.

The Committee is concerned that the laws and policies of States parties still approach disability through charity and/or medical models, despite the incompatibility of those models with the Convention.

委员会感到关切的是，缔约国的法律和政策仍然通过慈善模式和(或)医疗模式处理残疾问题，尽管这些模式与《公约》不相容。

The persistent use of such paradigms fails to acknowledge persons with disabilities as full subjects of rights and as rights holders.

持续使用这类范式未能将残疾人当作权利的完整主体和权利持有者。

In addition, the Committee notes that the efforts by States parties to overcome attitudinal barriers to disability have been insufficient. Examples include enduring and humiliating stereotypes, and stigma of and prejudices against persons with disabilities as being a burden on society.

此外，委员会指出，缔约国在克服对残疾问题的态度障碍方面努力不足，比如长期存在羞辱性的陈规定型观念，以及将残疾人的视作社会负担的成见和偏见。

In response, it is critical that persons with disabilities, through their representative organizations, play a central role in the development of legal and policy reforms.

对此，残疾人必须通过其代表组织在制定法律和政策改革方面发挥中心作用。

3.

3.

The broadening of anti-discrimination laws and human rights frameworks has led to extended protection of the rights of persons with disabilities in many States parties.

反歧视法和人权框架的扩大造就了许多缔约国对残疾人权利的延伸保护。

Nevertheless, laws and regulatory frameworks often remain imperfect and incomplete or ineffective, or reflect an inadequate understanding of the human rights model of disability.

尽管如此，法律和监管框架常常仍不完善、不完整或效果不佳，或反映出对残疾的人权模式的认识不足。

Many national laws and policies perpetuate the exclusion and isolation of and discrimination and violence against persons with disabilities.

许多国家法律和政策使得对残疾人的排斥、孤立、歧视和暴力挥之不去。

They often lack a recognition of multiple and intersectional discrimination or discrimination by association;

这类法律和政策往往缺乏对多重和交叉歧视或连带歧视的认识；

fail to acknowledge that the denial of reasonable accommodation constitutes discrimination;

不承认拒绝提供合理便利即构成歧视；

and lack effective mechanisms of legal redress and reparation.

缺乏有效的法律补救和赔偿机制。

Such laws and policies are commonly not regarded as disability-based discrimination because they are justified as being for the protection or care of the persons with a disability, or in their best interest.

这类法律和政策通常不被视为基于残疾的歧视，因为这样做的理由是为了保护或照顾残疾人或符合他们的最大利益。

II.

二.

Equality for and non-discrimination against persons with disabilities in international law

国际法中关于残疾人的平等和不歧视的规定

4.

4.

Equality and non-discrimination are among the most fundamental principles and rights of international human rights law. Because they are interconnected with human dignity, they are the cornerstones of all human rights.

平等和不歧视是国际人权法最基本的原则和权利之一，因为与人的尊严相互关联，所以是所有人权的基石。

In its articles 1 and 2, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaims that everyone is equal in dignity and rights, and condemns discrimination on a non-exhaustive number of grounds.

《世界人权宣言》第一条和第二条宣布人人在尊严和权利上一律平等，并且谴责基于一些理由的歧视(非完全清单)。

5.

5.

Equality and non-discrimination are at the core of all human rights treaties.

平等和不歧视是所有人权条约的核心。

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights prohibit discrimination on an open list of grounds, from which article 5 of the Convention originated.

《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会及文化权利国际公约》列举了禁止作为歧视的理由的开放性清单，《公约》第五条即起源于此。

All of the thematic United Nations human rights conventions aim to establish equality and eliminate discrimination, and contain provisions on equality and non-discrimination.

联合国所有专题性人权公约 都以建立平等和消除歧视为目标，并载有关于平等和不歧视的条款。

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has taken into account the experiences offered by the other conventions, and its equality and non-discrimination principles represent the evolution of the United Nations tradition and approach.

《残疾人权利公约》考虑到了其他公约提供的经验，其平等和不歧视原则代表了联合国传统和做法的演变。

6.

6.

The term “dignity” appears in the Convention more often than in any other United Nations human rights convention.

“尊严”一词在《公约》中比在其他任何联合国人权公约中更频繁地出现。

It is included in the preamble, in which States parties recall the Charter of the United Nations and the principles proclaimed therein, which recognize the inherent dignity and worth and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family as the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world.

它被载入了序言，其中缔约国回顾《联合国宪章》以及其中宣告的各项原则确认了人类大家庭所有成员的固有尊严和价值以及平等和不可剥夺的权利，是世界自由、正义与和平的基础。

7.

7.

Equality and non-discrimination are at the heart of the Convention and evoked consistently throughout its substantive articles with the repeated use of the wording “on an equal basis with others”, which links all substantive rights of the Convention to the non-discrimination principle.

平等和不歧视是《公约》的核心，并在其实质性条款中一再提到，如反复使用“在与其他人平等的基础上”的措词，将《公约》的所有实质性权利与不歧视原则联系起来。

Dignity, integrity and equality of the person have been denied to those with actual or perceived impairments.

一直以来，有实际残障或表象残障的人被剥夺了尊严、人格完整和平等。

Discrimination has occurred and continues to occur, including in brutal forms such as non-consensual and/or forced systematic sterilizations and medical or hormone-based interventions (e.g. lobotomy or the Ashley treatment), forced drugging and forced electroshocks, confinement, systematic murder labelled “euthanasia”, forced and coerced abortion, denied access to health care, and mutilation and trafficking in body parts, particularly of persons with albinism.

歧视过去已经发生，现在继续发生，其中包括以下残酷的形式，如非自愿和(或)强制系统性 绝育和医疗干预或荷尔蒙干预(例如脑叶切除手术或阿什莉疗法)、强制喂药和强制电击、关禁闭、称为“安乐死”的蓄意谋杀、强迫和胁迫堕胎、拒绝医疗保健以 及残割和贩运身体部位，特别是白化病患者的身体部位。

III.

三.

The human rights model of disability and inclusive equality

残疾的人权模式与包容性平等

8.

8.

Individual or medical models of disability prevent the application of the equality principle to persons with disabilities.

残疾的个人模式或医学模式阻止了平等原则对残疾人的应用。

Under the medical model of disability, persons with disabilities are not recognized as rights holders but are instead “reduced” to their impairments.

在残疾的医学模式下，残疾人不被承认是权利持有者，而是被“降到”到残障地位。

Under these models, discriminatory or differential treatment against and the exclusion of persons with disabilities is seen as the norm and is legitimized by a medically driven incapacity approach to disability.

在这种模式下，对残疾人的歧视性待遇或差别待遇和排斥被视为常态，并通过医疗驱动的“丧失能力即残疾”的方法使其合法化。

Individual or medical models were used to determine the earliest international laws and policies relating to disability, even after the first attempts to apply the concept of equality to the context of disability.

即使在首次尝试将平等概念应用于残疾情形之后，个人模式或医学模式还是被用来确定最早的与残疾有关的国际法律和政策。

The Declaration on the Rights of Mentally Retarded Persons (1971) and the Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons (1975) were the first human rights instruments that contained equality and non-discrimination provisions for persons with disabilities.

《智力迟钝者权利宣言》(1971年)和《残疾人权利宣言》(1975年)是第一批载有对残疾人平等和不歧视条款的人权文书。

While these early soft-law human rights instruments paved the way for an equality approach to disability, they were still based on the medical model of disability, as impairment was seen as a legitimate ground for restricting or denying rights.

虽然这些早期的软性法律人权文书为对待残疾的平等方法铺平了道路，但它们仍是以残疾的医学模式为基础的，因为残障被视为限制或剥夺权利的合法理由。

They also include language that is now considered inappropriate or obsolete.

这些文书还载有现在认为不合适或过时的语言。

A further step was taken in 1993 with the adoption of the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities, which proclaimed “equality of opportunities” a fundamental concept of disability policy and law.

1993年采取了进一步措施，通过了《残疾人机会均等标准规则》，其中宣布“机会平等”是残疾政策和法律的一个基本概念。

9.

9.

The human rights model of disability recognizes that disability is a social construct and impairments must not be taken as a legitimate ground for the denial or restriction of human rights.

残疾的人权模式确认，残疾是一种社会建构，不得将残障视为剥夺或限制人权的合法理由。

It acknowledges that disability is one of several layers of identity.

这一模式承认残疾是身份的几个层次之一。

Hence, disability laws and policies must take the diversity of persons with disabilities into account.

因此，关于残疾的法律和政策必须考虑到残疾人的多样性。

It also recognizes that human rights are interdependent, interrelated and indivisible.

这一模式还确认，人权是相互依存、相互关联和不可分割的。

10.

10.

Equalization of opportunities, as a general principle of the Convention under article 3, marks a significant development from a formal model of equality to a substantive model of equality.

作为《公约》第三条规定的一般原则，机会均等标志着从正式的平等模式到实质的平等模式的重大发展。

Formal equality seeks to combat direct discrimination by treating persons in a similar situation similarly.

正式的平等寻求通过类似情况类似对待来防止直接歧视。

It may help to combat negative stereotyping and prejudices, but it cannot offer solutions for the “dilemma of difference”, as it does not consider and embrace differences among human beings. Substantive equality, by contrast, also seeks to address structural and indirect discrimination and takes into account power relations.

它可能有助于打击消极的刻板印象和偏见，但它不能为“差异困境”提供解决方案，因为它没有考虑和接受人与人之间的差异。 相反，实质的平等还力图解决结构性歧视和间接歧视的问题，并考虑到权力关系。

It acknowledges that the “dilemma of difference” entails both ignoring and acknowledging differences among human beings in order to achieve equality.

它承认，为了实现平等，应对“差异困境”，既要忽略人与人之间的差异，又要承认这种差异。

11.

11.

Inclusive equality is a new model of equality developed throughout the Convention.

包容性平等是整个《公约》制定的新的平等模式。

It embraces a substantive model of equality and extends and elaborates on the content of equality in:

它接受实质的平等模式，并在以下方面对平等的内容进行了扩展和阐述：

(a)

(a)

a fair redistributive dimension to address socioeconomic disadvantages;

公平的再分配维度，以解决社会经济不利条件；

(b)

(b)

a recognition dimension to combat stigma, stereotyping, prejudice and violence and to recognize the dignity of human beings and their intersectionality;

认识维度，以打击成见、刻板印象、偏见和暴力，承认人的尊严及人的相互交织；

(c)

(c)

a participative dimension to reaffirm the social nature of people as members of social groups and the full recognition of humanity through inclusion in society;

参与维度，以重申作为社会群体成员的人的社会性，并通过融入社会充分承认人性；

and (d)

(d)

an accommodating dimension to make space for difference as a matter of human dignity.

调节维度，作为人的尊严的问题，为差异留出空间。

The Convention is based on inclusive equality.

《公约》的基础是包容性平等。

IV.

四.

Legal character of non-discrimination and equality

不歧视和平等的法律性质

12.

12.

Equality and non-discrimination are principles and rights.

平等和不歧视既是原则，也是权利。

The Convention refers to them in article 3 as principles and in article 5 as rights.

《公约》在第三条中将其作为原则，在第五条中将其称为权利。

They are also an interpretative tool for all the other principles and rights enshrined in the Convention.

它们也是《公约》所载的其他所有原则和权利的解释性工具。

The principles/rights of equality and non-discrimination are a cornerstone of the international protection guaranteed by the Convention.

平等和不歧视的原则/权利是《公约》所保障的国际保护的基石。

Promoting equality and tackling discrimination are cross-cutting obligations of immediate realization. They are not subject to progressive realization.

促进平等和应对歧视是必须立即落实的两项交叉义务，不受逐步落实的限制。

13.

13.

Article 5 of the Convention, like article 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, provides in itself an autonomous right independent from other provisions.

《公约》第五条与《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二十六条一样，本身就规定了一项独立于其他条款之外的独立权利。

It prohibits de jure or de facto discrimination in any field regulated and protected by public authority.

它禁止任何受到公共当局监管和保护的领域的法律或事实上的歧视。

Read together with article 4 (1) (e), it is also evident that it extends to the private sector.

结合第四条第一款第(五)项的规定，显然这一条款也延伸到私营部门。

V.

五.

Normative content

规范性内容

A.

A.

Article 5 (1) on being equal before and under the law

第五条第一款关于法律面前和法律之下人人平等的规定

14.

14.

Several international human rights treaties include the term “equal before the law”, which describes the entitlement of persons to equal treatment by and in the application of the law, as a field.

若干国际人权条约包括“法律面前人人平等”一语，即人人有权享有法律领域的平等待遇。

In order that this right may be fully realized, the judiciary and law enforcement officers must not, in the administration of justice, discriminate against persons with disabilities.

为了充分实现这一权利，司法和执法人员不得在司法方面歧视残疾人。

“Equality under the law” is unique to the Convention.

“法律之下人人平等”是《公约》所独有的。

It refers to the possibility to engage in legal relationships.

它指的是参与法律关系的可能性。

While equality before the law refers to the right to be protected by the law, equality under the law refers to the right to use the law for personal benefit.

法律面前的平等是指受法律保护的权利，而法律之下的平等是指利用法律为个人利益服务的权利。

Persons with disabilities have the right to be effectively protected and to positively engage.

残疾人有权得到有效保护并有权积极参与。

The law itself shall guarantee the substantive equality of all those within a given jurisdiction.

法律本身应保障某一管辖范围内所有人的实质平等。

Thus, the recognition that all persons with disabilities are equal under the law means that there should be no laws that allow for specific denial, restriction or limitation of the rights of persons with disabilities, and that disability should be mainstreamed in all legislation and policies.

因此，承认所有残疾人在法律之下人人平等，便意味着不应该有任何法律允许对残疾人的权利作特定的剥夺、限制或制约，并且应将残疾问题纳入所有立法和政策的主流。

15.

15.

This interpretation of the terms “being equal before the law” and “being equal under the law” is in line with articles 4 (1) (b) and (c) of the Convention, according to which States parties must ensure that public authorities and institutions act in conformity with the Convention;

对“在法律面前平等”和“在法律之下平等”的这种解释符合《公约》第四条第一款第(二)项和第(三)项的规定，根据这两项规定，缔约国必须确保公共当局和机构遵循《公约》的规定行事；

that existing laws, regulations, customs and practices that constitute discrimination against persons with disabilities are modified or abolished;

修订或废止构成歧视残疾人的现行法律、法规、习惯和做法；

and that the protection and promotion of the rights of persons with disabilities is taken into account in all policies and programmes.

并在所有政策和方案中考虑保护和促进残疾人的权利。

B.

B.

Article 5 (1) on equal protection and equal benefit of the law

第五条第一款关于法律给予的平等保护和平等权益的规定

16.

16.

“Equal protection of the law” and “equal benefit of the law” include related but distinct concepts of equality and non-discrimination.

“法律给予的平等保护”和“法律给予的平等权益”包括平等和不歧视这两个相关但又不同的概念。

The phrase “equal protection of the law” is well known in international human rights treaty law and is used to demand that national legislatures refrain from maintaining or establishing discrimination against persons with disabilities when enacting laws and policies.

“法律给予的平等保护”在国际人权条约法中是众所周知的，用于要求国家立法机构在制定法律和政策时不要维持或设定对残疾人的歧视。

Reading article 5 in conjunction with articles 1, 3 and 4 of the Convention, it is clear that, in order to facilitate the enjoyment by persons with disabilities on an equal basis of the rights guaranteed under legislation, States parties must take positive actions.

结合《公约》第一条、第三条和第四条的规定来看第五条，显然为了促进残疾人平等享有法律所保障的权利，缔约国必须采取积极行动。

Accessibility, reasonable accommodation and individual supports are often required.

通常需要提供无障碍服务、合理便利和个别协助。

To ensure equal opportunity for all persons with disabilities, the term “equal benefit of the law” is used, meaning that States parties must eliminate barriers to gaining access to all of the protections of the law and the benefits of equal access to the law and justice to assert rights.

为了确保所有残疾人享有平等机会，采用了“法律给予的平等权益”的说法，这意味着缔约国必须消除获得一切法律保护以及平等享有法律的好处以伸张权利方面的障碍。

C.

C.

Article 5 (2) on the prohibition of discrimination and equal and effective legal protection

第五条第二款关于禁止歧视以及提供平等和有效的法律保护的规定

17.

17.

Article 5 (2) contains the legal requirements for achieving equality rights for persons with disabilities and persons associated with them.

第五条第二款载有实现残疾人和相关人员的平等权利的法律要求。

The obligations to prohibit all discrimination on the basis of disability includes persons with disabilities and their associates, e.g. parents of children with disabilities.

禁止一切基于残疾的歧视的义务涵盖残疾人及相关人员，如残疾儿童的父母。

The obligation to guarantee to persons with disabilities equal and effective legal protection against discrimination on all grounds is far-reaching and imposes positive duties of protection on States parties.

保障残疾人享有平等和有效的法律保护以免因任何理由受到歧视的义务影响深远，为缔约国规定了保护的积极义务。

Disability-based discrimination is defined in article 2 as “any distinction, exclusion or restriction on the basis of disability which has the purpose or effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal basis with others, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.

第二条将基于残疾的歧视定义为“基于残疾而作出的任何区别、排斥或限制，其目的或效果是在政治、经济、社会、文化、公民或任何其他领域，损害或取消在与其他人平等的基础上，对一切人权和基本自由的认可、享有或行使。

It includes all forms of discrimination, including denial of reasonable accommodation.”

基于残疾的歧视包括一切形式的歧视，包括拒绝提供合理便利。”

That definition is based on legal definitions of discrimination in international human rights treaties, such as article 1 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and article 1 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.

该定义的依据是国际人权条约对歧视的法律定义，如《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第一条和《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第一条。

It goes beyond those definitions in two aspects: first, it includes “denial of reasonable accommodation” as a form of disability-based discrimination;

它在两个方面超越了这些定义：首先，它将“拒绝提供合理便利”作为基于残疾的歧视的一种形式；

second, the phrase “on an equal basis with others” is a new component.

其次，“在与其他人平等的基础上”这一短语是新加的内容。

In its articles 1 and 3, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women contains a similar but more limited phrase: “on a basis of equality of men and women”.

《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第一条和第三条载有一个类似但范围更为有限的短语：“在男女平等的基础上”。

The phrase “on an equal basis with others” is not only limited to the definition of disability-based discrimination but also permeates the whole Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

“在与其他人平等的基础上”这一短语不仅限于基于残疾的歧视的定义，而且还贯穿整个《残疾人权利公约》。

On the one hand, it means that persons with disabilities will not be granted more or fewer rights or benefits than the general population.

一方面，这意味着残疾人不会获得比普通人群更多或更少的权利或权益。

On the other hand, it requires that States parties take concrete specific measures to achieve de facto equality for persons with disabilities to ensure that they can in fact enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedoms.

另一方面，它要求缔约国采取具体措施，实现残疾人事实上的平等，以确保他们实际上可以享有所有人权和基本自由。

18.

18.

The duty to prohibit “all discrimination” includes all forms of discrimination.

禁止“一切歧视”的义务包括禁止一切形式的歧视。

International human rights practice identifies four main forms of discrimination, which can occur individually or simultaneously:

国际人权实践确定了可以单独或同时发生的四种主要形式的歧视：

(a)

(a)

“Direct discrimination” occurs when, in a similar situation, persons with disabilities are treated less favourably than other persons because of a different personal status in a similar situation for a reason related to a prohibited ground.

“直接歧视”，即在同样情况下，由于个人身份不同，因为一种禁止的理由，残疾人所受待遇不如其他人。

Direct discrimination includes detrimental acts or omissions based on prohibited grounds where there is no comparable similar situation.

直接歧视包括在没有可比较的类似情况下基于禁止的理由所采取的有害行为或不作为。

The motive or intention of the discriminating party is not relevant to a determination of whether discrimination has occurred.

歧视方的动机或意图与确定歧视是否发生无关。

For example, a State school that refuses to admit a child with disabilities in order not to change the scholastic programmes does so just because of his or her disability and is an example of direct discrimination;

例如，一所国立学校为了不改变学校课程而拒绝接纳残疾儿童，这样做仅仅是因为该儿童的残疾状况，这便是一个直接歧视的例子；

(b)

(b)

“Indirect discrimination” means that laws, policies or practices appear neutral at face value but have a disproportionate negative impact on a person with a disability.

“间接歧视” 指的是，表面上看起来是中性的法律、政策或做法，但对残疾人有过度的负面影响。

It occurs when an opportunity that appears accessible in reality excludes certain persons owing to the fact that their status does not allow them to benefit from the opportunity itself.

它出现在看起来有机会但其实某些人的身份不允许他们从中受益的情况。

For example, if a school does not provide books in Easy-Read format, it would indirectly discriminate against persons with intellectual disabilities, who, although technically allowed to attend the school, would in fact need to attend another.

例如，如果一所学校不提供易读格式的书籍，便会间接歧视智障人士，他们虽然名义上可以上这所学校，但实际上却要去另一所学校。

Similarly, if a candidate with restricted mobility had a job interview on a second floor office in a building without an elevator, although allowed to sit the interview, the situation puts him/her in an unequal position;

同样，如果行动不便的候选人须在没有电梯的建筑物的二楼办公室进行面试，虽然被允许参加面试，却处于不平等的地位；

(c)

(c)

“Denial of reasonable accommodation”, according to article 2 of the Convention, constitutes discrimination if the necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments (that do not impose a “disproportionate or undue burden”) are denied and are needed to ensure the equal enjoyment or exercise of a human right or fundamental freedom. Not accepting an accompanying person or refusing to otherwise accommodate a person with a disability are examples of denial of reasonable accommodation;

根据《公约》第二条的规定，如果拒绝进行必要和适当的修改和调整(不造成“过度或不当负担”)，而为确保平等享有或行使人权或基本自由又需要这种修改和调整，“拒绝提供合理便利”便构成歧视。 不接受陪同人员或拒绝以其他方式接纳残疾人便是拒绝提供合理便利的例子；

(d)

(d)

“Harassment” is a form of discrimination when unwanted conduct related to disability or other prohibited grounds takes place with the purpose or effect of violating the dignity of a person and of creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment.

“骚扰”是一种形式的歧视，指的是与残疾或其他禁止的理由有关的不受欢迎的行为，其目的或作用是侵犯人的尊严并制造恐吓、敌对、有辱人格、羞辱性或冒犯性的环境。

It can happen through actions or words that have the effect of perpetuating the difference and oppression of persons with disabilities.

骚扰可以通过行动或言语来实现，其结果是使残疾人的差异和对他们的压迫永久存在下去。

Particular attention should be paid to persons with disabilities living in segregated places, such as residential institutions, special schools or psychiatric hospitals, where this type of discrimination is more likely to occur and is by nature invisible, and so not likely to be punished.

应特别关注生活在隔离地点，如在寄宿机构、特殊学校或精神病医院的残疾人，那里更可能发生这类歧视，并且由于属于隐形性质，因此不可能受到惩罚。

“Bullying” and its online form, cyberbullying and cyberhate, also constitute particularly violent and harmful forms of hate crimes.

“欺凌”及其网上形式网络欺凌和网络仇恨也构成仇恨犯罪的特别暴力和有害的形式。

Other examples include (disability-based) violence in all its appearances, such as rape, abuse and exploitation, hate-crime and beatings.

其他例子包括各种表现的(基于残疾的)暴力行为，如强奸、虐待和剥削、仇恨犯罪及殴打。

19.

19.

Discrimination can be based on a single characteristic, such as disability or gender, or on multiple and/or intersecting characteristics.

歧视可以基于单一特征，如残疾或性别，也可以基于多重和(或)交叉特征。

“Intersectional discrimination” occurs when a person with a disability or associated to disability suffers discrimination of any form on the basis of disability, combined with, colour, sex, language, religion, ethnic, gender or other status.

当残疾人或与残疾相关的人员因残疾加上肤色、性别、语言、宗教、族裔、性别或其他身份而遭受任何形式的歧视时，就发生了“交叉歧视”。

Intersectional discrimination can appear as direct or indirect discrimination, denial of reasonable accommodation or harassment.

交叉歧视可以表现为直接或间接歧视、拒绝提供合理便利或骚扰。

For example, while the denial of access to general health-related information due to inaccessible format affects all persons on the basis of disability, the denial to a blind woman of access to family planning services restricts her rights based on the intersection of her gender and disability.

例如，由于格式障碍而无法获得与一般卫生有关的信息，受影响的是所有残疾人； 但盲人妇女无法获得计划生育服务，则是因为她的性别和残疾两个交叉原因而权利受到限制。

In many cases, it is difficult to separate these grounds.

在许多情况下，很难区分这些理由。

States parties must address multiple and intersectional discrimination against persons with disabilities.

缔约国必须处理对残疾人的多重和交叉歧视。

“Multiple discrimination” according to the Committee is a situation where a person can experience discrimination on two or several grounds, in the sense that discrimination is compounded or aggravated.

委员会认为，“多重歧视”是指一个人受到基于两个或更多理由的歧视，导致歧视加深或加重的情况。

Intersectional discrimination refers to a situation where several grounds operate and interact with each other at the same time in such a way that they are inseparable and thereby expose relevant individuals to unique types of disadvantage and discrimination.

“交叉歧视”是指多个理由同时以不可分割的方式相互作用，从而使相关个人遭受独特类型的不利和歧视的情况。

20.

20.

Discrimination “on the basis of disability” can be against persons who have a disability at present, who have had a disability in the past, who have a disposition to a disability that lies in the future, who are presumed to have a disability, as well as those who are associated with a person with a disability.

“基于残疾的歧视”可以是针对目前有残疾的人、过去有残疾的残疾人、将来可能有残疾的人以及被推定为有残疾的人的歧视，也可以是针对与残疾人相关的人的歧视。

The latter is known as “discrimination by association”.

后者被称为“连带歧视”。

The reason for the wide scope of article 5 is to eradicate and combat all discriminatory situations and/or discriminatory conducts that are linked to disability.

第五条涵盖的范围广是为了消除和打击与残疾有关的一切歧视性情况和(或)歧视性行为。

21.

21.

Protection against “discrimination on all grounds” means that all possible grounds of discrimination and their intersections must be taken into account.

防止“基于一切理由的歧视”意味着必须考虑到所有可能的歧视理由及其交叉情况。

Possible grounds include but are not limited to: disability; health status; genetic or other predisposition towards illness; race; colour; descent; sex; pregnancy and maternity/paternity; civil; family or career status; gender expression; sex; language; religion; political or other opinion; national, ethnic, indigenous or social origin; migrant, refugee or asylum status; belonging to a national minority;economic or property status; birth; and age, or a combination of any of those grounds or characteristics associated with any of those grounds.

可能的理由包括但不限于：残疾、健康状况、遗传或其他疾病倾 向、种族、肤色、血统、性别、怀孕和生产情况、婚姻状况、家庭状况或职业状况、社会性别表达、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他观点、民族、族裔、土著或社会 出身、移民、难民或庇护状况、是否属于少数民族、经济或财产状况、出生及年龄，或与其中任何理由相关的任何理由或特征的组合。

22.

22.

“Equal and effective legal protection against discrimination” means that States parties have positive obligations to protect persons with disabilities from discrimination, with an obligation to enact specific and comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation.

“平等和有效的法律保护使其不受歧视”是指缔约国有义务保护残疾人免受歧视，并有义务制定具体和全面的反歧视法。

The explicit legal prohibition of disability-based and other discrimination against persons with disabilities in legislation should be accompanied by the provision of appropriate and effective legal remedies and sanctions in relation to intersectional discrimination in civil, administrative and criminal proceedings.

在法律中明文规定禁止针对残疾人基于残疾的歧视和其他歧视的同时，应在民事、行政和刑事诉讼中对交叉歧视规定适当和有效的法律补救和制裁。

Where the discrimination is of a systemic nature, the mere granting of compensation to an individual may not have any real effect in terms of changing the approach.

在系统性歧视的情况下，仅仅给予个人补偿可能不会对改变做法产生任何实际影响。

In those cases, States parties should also implement “forward-looking, non-pecuniary remedies” in their legislation, meaning that further effective protection against discrimination carried out by private parties and organizations is provided by the State party.

在这种情况下，缔约国还应在立法中采用“前瞻性、非金钱补救办法”，这意味着缔约国应提供更多的有效保护，防止私人和私营组织实行歧视。

D.

D.

Article 5 (3) on reasonable accommodation

第五条第三款关于合理便利的规定

23.

23.

Reasonable accommodation is an intrinsic part of the immediately applicable duty of non-discrimination in the context of disability.

合理便利是与残疾有关的立即适用的不歧视义务的内在组成部分。

Examples of reasonable accommodations include making existing facilities and information accessible to the individual with a disability;

合理便利的例子有： 使现有设施和信息对残疾人无障碍；

modifying equipment;

改装设备；

reorganizing activities;

重新组织活动；

rescheduling work;

重新安排工作时间；

adjusting curricula learning materials and teaching strategies;

调整课程学习材料和教学策略；

adjusting medical procedures;

调整医疗程序；

or enabling access to support personnel without disproportionate or undue burden.

或者在不造成过度或不当负担的情况下方便提供支助人员。

24.

24.

Reasonable accommodation duties are different from accessibility duties.

提供合理便利的义务不同于无障碍义务。

Both aim to guarantee accessibility, but the duty to provide accessibility through universal design or assistive technologies is an ex ante duty, whereas the duty to provide reasonable accommodation is an ex nunc duty:

两者的目的都是确保无障碍，但通过通用设计或辅助技术提供无障碍服务的义务是一种事前义务，而提供合理便利的义务则是一种事后义务：

(a)

(a)

As an ex ante duty, accessibility must be built into systems and processes without regard to the need of a particular person with a disability, for example, to have access to a building, a service or a product, on an equal basis with others.

作为事前义务，必须在各种系统和流程中溶入无障碍元素，而不是考虑某个特定残疾人的需要，例如，在与其他人平等的基础上出入建筑物、取得服务或产品的需要。

States parties must set accessibility standards that are developed and adopted in consultation with organizations of persons with disabilities, consistent with article 4 (3) of the Convention.

依照《公约》第四条第三款的规定，缔约国必须制定与残疾人组织协商制定和通过的无障碍标准。

The duty of accessibility is a proactive, systemic duty;

无障碍义务是一项主动的、系统性的义务；

(b)

(b)

As an ex nunc duty, reasonable accommodation must be provided from the moment that a person with a disability requires access to non-accessible situations or environments, or wants to exercise his or her rights.

作为一项从即时起执行的义务，从残疾人需要进入有障碍环境或想要行使其权利的那一刻起就必须提供合理便利。

Reasonable accommodation is often but not necessarily requested by the person who requires access, or by relevant representatives of a person or a group of people.

合理便利的要求通常但不一定由需要进入的人提出，也不一定由个人或群体的相关代表提出。

Reasonable accommodation must be negotiated with the applicant(s).

合理便利必须与申请人协商提供。

In certain circumstances, the reasonable accommodation provided becomes a collective or public good. In other cases, the reasonable accommodations provided only benefit the applicant(s).

在某些情况下，提供的合理便利成了一种公益物。 在其他情况下，提供的合理便利只对申请人有益。

The duty to provide reasonable accommodation is an individualized reactive duty that is applicable from the moment a request for accommodation is received.

提供合理便利的义务是从收到提供便利的请求的那一刻起适用的一项个性化的被动义务。

Reasonable accommodation requires the duty bearer to enter into dialogue with the individual with a disability.

合理便利要求义务承担方与残疾人进行对话。

It is important to note that the duty to provide reasonable accommodation is not limited to situations in which the person with a disability has asked for an accommodation or in which it could be proved that the alleged duty bearer was actually aware that the person in question had a disability.

必须指出，提供合理便利的义务不限于残疾人要求提供便利或可以证明据称的义务承担方实际上知道该人有残疾的情况。

It should also apply in situations where a potential duty bearer should have realized that the person in question had a disability that might require accommodations to address barriers to exercising rights.

它也应适用于潜在义务承担方应当意识到有关人员有残疾，可能需要提供便利以克服行使权利方面的障碍的情况。

25.

25.

The duty to provide reasonable accommodation in accordance with articles 2 and 5 of the Convention can be broken down into two constituent parts.

按照《公约》第二条和第五条提供合理便利的义务可以分解为两个组成部分。

The first part imposes a positive legal obligation to provide a reasonable accommodation which is a modification or adjustment that is necessary and appropriate where it is required in a particular case to ensure that a person with a disability can enjoy or exercise her or his rights.

第一部分规定了提供合理便利这一积极的法律义务，这是一种必要和适当的修改或调整，在特定情况下需要以此确保残疾人可以享有或行使自己的权利。

The second part of this duty ensures that those required accommodations do not impose a disproportionate or undue burden on the duty bearer.

这项义务的第二部分确保所需的便利不会对义务承担方造成过度或不当的负担。

(a)

(a)

“Reasonable accommodation” is a single term, and “reasonable” should not be misunderstood as an exception clause;

“合理便利”是一个单一的术语，“合理”不应该被误解为例外条款；

the concept of “reasonableness” should not act as a distinct qualifier or modifier to the duty.

不应把“合理”的概念当作对义务的明确限定或修饰。

It is not a means by which the costs of accommodation or the availability of resources can be assessed — this occurs at a later stage, when the “disproportionate or undue burden” assessment is undertaken.

这不是评估便利的费用或资源来源的手段――这种评估发生在后一阶段，即在进行“过度或不当负担”评估时。

Rather, the reasonableness of an accommodation is a reference to its relevance, appropriateness and effectiveness for the person with a disability.

相反，便利的合理性是指其对残疾人的相关性、切合性和有效性。

An accommodation is reasonable, therefore, if it achieves the purpose (or purposes) for which it is being made, and is tailored to meet the requirements of the person with a disability;

因此，如果一项便利达到了它的目的，并且能够满足残疾人的要求，它便是合理的；

(b)

(b)

“Disproportionate or undue burden” should be understood as a single concept that sets the limit of the duty to provide reasonable accommodation.

“过度或不当负担”应理解为一个单一的概念，它规定了提供合理便利的义务的界限。

Both terms should be considered synonyms insofar as they refer to the same idea: that the request for reasonable accommodation needs to be bound by a possible excessive or unjustifiable burden on the accommodating party;

这两个用语在提到同样的概念时应该被视为同义词：提供合理便利的要求必须受到不对提供便利方可能造成过份或不合理负担的约束；

(c)

(c)

“Reasonable accommodation” should also not be confused with “specific measures”, including “affirmative action measures”.

“合理便利”也不应与“具体措施”，包括“平权措施”相混淆。

While both concepts aim at achieving de facto equality, reasonable accommodation is a non-discrimination duty, whereas specific measures imply a preferential treatment of persons with disabilities over others to address historic and/or systematic/systemic exclusion from the benefits of exercising rights.

尽管这两个概念的目的都是实现事实上的平等，但合理便利并不是一项不歧视义务，而具体措施则意味着给残疾人比其他人更优惠的待遇，以解决残疾人在历史上和(或)系统性地被得不到行使权利的好处的情况。

Examples of specific measures include temporary measures for countering the low numbers of women with disabilities employed in the private sector and support programmes to increase the number of students with disabilities in tertiary education.

具体措施的例子有： 采取临时措施，以扭转私营部门雇用的残疾妇女人数较少的情况，以及支持增加高等教育中残疾学生人数的方案。

Similarly, reasonable accommodation should not be confused with the provision of support, such as personal assistants, under the right to live independently and be included in the community, or support to exercise legal capacity;

同样，不应将合理便利与独立生活和融入社区权利下提供私人助理等协助相混淆，也不应与提供行使法律权利能力方面的协助相混淆；

(d)

(d)

“Procedural accommodations” in the context of access to justice should not be confused with reasonable accommodation;

在获得司法保护的“程序便利”不应与合理便利相混淆；

while the latter is limited by the concept of disproportionality, procedural accommodations are not.

后者受到过度概念的限制，程序便利则不然。

26.

26.

Key elements that guide the implementation of the duty to provide reasonable accommodation include:

指导提供合理便利的义务的实施工作的关键要素有：

(a)

(a)

Identifying and removing barriers that have an impact on the enjoyment of human rights for persons with disabilities, in dialogue with the person with a disability concerned;

与相关的残疾人进行对话，查明并消除影响残疾人享有人权方面的障碍；

(b)

(b)

Assessing whether an accommodation is feasible (legally or in practice) — an accommodation that is legally or materially impossible is unfeasible;

评估某项便利(在法律上或实践中)是否可行――在法律上或实质上不可能提供的便利是不可行的；

(c)

(c)

Assessing whether the accommodation is relevant (i.e., necessary and appropriate) or effective in ensuring the realization of the right in question;

评估该项便利对于确保实现有关权利是否相关(即必要和适当)或是否有效；

(d)

(d)

Assessing whether the modification imposes a disproportionate or undue burden on the duty bearer;

评估修改是否对义务承担方造成过度或不当负担；

the determination of whether a reasonable accommodation is disproportionate or unduly burdensome requires an assessment of the proportional relationship between the means employed and its aim, which is the enjoyment of the right concerned;

要确定合理便利是否过度或过于沉重，便需要评估所采用的手段与其目标――即享有相关权利――之间的比例关系；

(e)

(e)

Ensuring that the reasonable accommodation is suitable to achieve the essential objective of the promotion of equality and the elimination of discrimination against persons with disabilities.

确保合理便利适合实现促进平等和消除对残疾人的歧视的基本目标。

A case-by-case approach based on consultations with the relevant body charged with reasonable accommodation and the person concerned is therefore required.

因此，需要在与负责提供合理便利的有关机构和有关人员协商的基础上，采取具体情况具体分析的方式。

Potential factors to be considered include financial costs, resources available (including public subsidies), the size of the accommodating party (in its entirety), the effect of the modification on the institution or the enterprise, third-party benefits, negative impacts on other persons and reasonable health and safety requirements.

需要考虑的潜在因素有： 财务成本、可用资源(包括公共补贴)、提供便利方的规模(全部规模)、修改对机构或企业的影响、第三方利益、对其他人的负面影响以及合理健康和安全方面的要求。

Regarding the State party as a whole and the private sector entities, overall assets rather than just the resources of a unit or department within an organizational structure must be considered;

对整个缔约国和私营部门实体而言，必须考虑到整体资产，而不仅仅是组织结构内一个单位或部门的资源；

(f)

(f)

Ensuring that the persons with a disability more broadly do not bear the costs;

确保残疾人在更多情况下不承担费用；

(g)

(g)

Ensuring that the burden of proof rests with the duty bearer who claims that his or her burden would be disproportionate or undue.

确保声称负担过度或不当的义务承担方负有举证责任。

27.

27.

Any justification of the denial of reasonable accommodation must be based on objective criteria and analysed and communicated in a timely fashion to the person with a disability concerned.

拒绝提供合理便利的任何理由都必须以客观标准为基础，经过分析并及时通知相关的残疾人。

The justification test in reasonable accommodation is related to the length of the relationship between the duty bearer and the rights holder.

不提供合理便利的理由测试视义务承担方与权利持有者之间关系的长度而定。

E.

E.

Article 5 (4) on specific measures

第五条第四款关于具体措施的规定

28.

28.

Specific measures not to be regarded as discrimination are positive or affirmative measures that aim to accelerate or achieve de facto equality of persons with disabilities.

不得被视为歧视的具体措施是指为加速或实现残疾人事实上的平等而采取的积极措施或扶持措施。

Such measures are mentioned in other international human rights treaties, such as article 4 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women or article 1 (4) of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and entail adopting or maintaining certain advantages in favour of an underrepresented or marginalized group.

其他国际人权条约也提到了这种措施，如《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第四条和《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第一条第四款，这类措施涉及提供或保持某些有利于弱势群体或边缘群体的优惠。

They are usually temporary in nature, although in some instances permanent specific measures are required, depending on context and circumstances, including by virtue of a particular impairment or the structural barriers of society.

它们通常属于临时性质，尽管在某些情况下需要采取永久性具体措施，这取决于具体情况，包括特定残障或社会的结构性障碍。

Examples of specific measures include outreach and support programmes, allocation and/or reallocation of resources, targeted recruitment, hiring and promotion, quota systems, advancement and empowerment measures, as well as respite care and technological aids.

具体措施的例子有：外联和支助方案、资源的分配和(或)再分配、有针对性的招聘、雇用和晋升、配额制度、提升地位和赋权措施以及临时护理和技术辅助。

29.

29.

Specific measures adopted by States parties under article 5 (4) of the Convention must be consistent with all its principles and provisions.

缔约国根据《公约》第五条第四款采取的具体措施必须符合《公约》的所有原则和规定。

In particular, they must not result in perpetuation of isolation, segregation, stereotyping, stigmatization or otherwise discrimination against persons with disabilities.

具体而言，这种措施不得导致对残疾人的长期孤立、隔离、成见、侮辱或其他歧视。

Thus, States parties must consult closely with and actively involve representative organizations of persons with disabilities when they adopt specific measures.

因此，缔约国在采取具体措施时必须与残疾人代表组织密切协商并让它们积极参与。

VI.

六.

General obligations of States parties under the Convention relating to non-discrimination and equality

缔约国在《公约》下有关不歧视和平等的一般义务

30.

30.

States parties have an obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the right of all persons with disabilities to non-discrimination and equality.

缔约国有义务尊重、保护和履行所有残疾人不歧视和平等的权利。

In that regard, States parties must refrain from any action that discriminates against persons with disabilities. In particular, States parties shall modify or abolish existing laws, regulations, customs and practices that constitute such discrimination.

在这方面，缔约国必须避免采取任何歧视残疾人的行动。 具体而言，缔约国应修改或废除构成此类歧视的现行法律、条例、习俗和做法。

The Committee has often given examples in that regard including:

委员会经常举出这方面的例子，如：

guardianship laws and other rules infringing upon the right to legal capacity;

监护法和侵犯法定权利的其他规则 ；

mental health laws that legitimize forced institutionalization and forced treatment, which are discriminatory and must be abolished;

使强制送入精神病院和强制治疗合法化的精神卫生法，这种做法是歧视性的，必须予以废除 ；

non-consensual sterilization of women and girls with disabilities;

未经同意对妇女和残疾女孩的绝育；

inaccessible housing and institutionalization policy;

有障碍的住房与收容政策 ；

segregated education laws and policies;

有关隔离教育的法律和政策 ；

and election laws that disenfranchise persons with disabilities.

以及剥夺残疾人权利的选举法 。

31.

31.

The effective enjoyment of the rights to equality and non-discrimination calls for the adoption of enforcement measures, such as:

要切实享有平等和不歧视的权利，就必须采取强制执行措施，例如：

(a)

(a)

Measures to raise the awareness of all people about the rights of persons with disabilities under the Convention, the meaning of discrimination and the existing judicial remedies;

根据《公约》提高所有人对残疾人权利、歧视的含义和现有司法补救办法的认识；

(b)

(b)

Measures to ensure rights contained in the Convention are actionable in domestic courts and provide access to justice for all persons who have experienced discrimination;

确保《公约》所载权利的措施可在国内法院作为诉讼依据，并为所有遭受歧视的人提供伸张正义的机会；

(c)

(c)

Protection from retaliation, such as adverse treatment or adverse consequences in reaction to a complaint or to proceedings aimed at enforcing compliance with equality provisions;

防止报复，例如针对投诉或旨在强制执行平等条款的诉讼做出不利反应或带来不利后果；

(d)

(d)

The legal right to bring a lawsuit to court and to pursue claims through associations, organizations or other legal entities that have a legitimate interest in the realization of the right to equality;

保障向法院提起诉讼并通过在实现平等权利方面有正当利益的协会、组织或其他法律实体提起诉讼的法定权利；

(e)

(e)

Specific rules relating to evidence and proof to ensure that stereotyped attitudes about the capacity of persons with disabilities do not result in victims of discrimination being inhibited in obtaining redress;

制定有关证据的具体规则，以确保关于残疾人能力的陈规俗念不会导致歧视受害者不敢获得补救；

(f)

(f)

Effective, proportionate and dissuasive sanctions for breach of the right to equality and adequate remedies;

对侵犯平等和适当补救权的行为采取有效、相称和有劝阻作用的制裁；

(g)

(g)

Sufficient and accessible provision of legal aid to ensure access to justice for the claimant in discrimination litigation.

提供充足和无障碍的法律援助，以确保投诉人在歧视诉讼中可获得法律保护。

32.

32.

States parties must identify areas or subgroups of persons with disabilities — including those who face intersectional discrimination — that require specific measures to accelerate or achieve inclusive equality.

缔约国必须确定需要采取具体措施以加速或实现包容性平等的领域或残疾人亚人群，包括面临交叉歧视的人群。

States parties are under an obligation to adopt specific measures for such groups.

缔约国有义务为这些人群采取具体措施。

33.

33.

Regarding the consultation obligations of States parties, article 4 (3) and article 33 (3) of the Convention emphasize the important role that organizations of persons with disabilities must play in the implementation and monitoring of the Convention.

关于缔约国的协商义务，《公约》第四条第三款和第三十三条第三款强调，残疾人组织必须在执行和监测《公约》方面发挥重要作用。

States parties must ensure that they consult closely and actively involve such organizations, which represent the vast diversity in society, including children, autistic persons, persons with a genetic or neurological condition, persons with rare and chronic diseases, persons with albinism, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or intersex persons, indigenous peoples, rural communities, older persons, women, victims of armed conflicts and persons with an ethnic minority or migrant background.

缔约国必须确保与残疾人组织密切协商并让它们积极参与，因为这些 组织代表了社会的方方面面，包括儿童、自闭症患者、遗传或神经系统疾病患者、罕见和慢性疾病患者、白化病患者、男女同性恋、双性恋、变性人或双性人、土著 人民、农村社区、老年人、妇女、武装冲突受害者以及有少数民族或移民背景的人。

Only then can it be expected that all discrimination, including multiple and intersectional discrimination, will be tackled.

只有这样，所有歧视，包括多重歧视和交叉歧视，才能都得到解决。

34.

34.

States parties have information obligations in relation to article 5 of the Convention in that they must collect and analyse appropriate data and research information in order to identify inequalities, discriminatory practices and patterns of disadvantage, and analyse the effectiveness of measures promoting equality.

缔约国负有与《公约》第五条有关的信息义务，即它们必须收集和分析适当的数据和研究资料，以查明不平等情况、歧视性做法和劣势模式，并分析促进平等措施的成效。

The Committee has observed that, in many States parties, there is a lack of updated data on disability discrimination and that often, in cases where the national law and regulations allow it, no differentiation is made according to impairment, gender, sex, gender identity, ethnicity, religion, age or other layers of identity.

委员会注意到，许多缔约国缺乏关于残疾歧视的最新数据，并且，在国家法律和条例允许的情况下，往往不按残障、社会性别、自然性别、性别认同、族裔、宗教、年龄或其他身份特征进行区分。

Such data and its analysis are of paramount importance for developing effective anti-discrimination and equality measures.

这种数据及数据分析对于制定有效的反歧视和措施平等措施至关重要。

35.

35.

States parties should also conduct appropriate research on disability discrimination and equality rights for persons with disabilities.

缔约国还应对残疾人的残疾歧视和平等权利进行适当研究。

Research agendas must embed persons with disabilities in research processes from the agenda-setting stage to ensure their meaningful participation in research.

研究议程必须在议程设置阶段将残疾人纳入研究过程，以确保他们有意义地参与研究。

Inclusive and participatory research processes should ensure a safe space for participants and centre around the lived experiences and requirements of persons with disabilities.

包容性和参与式研究过程应确保参与者有一个安全的空间，并围绕残疾人的生活经历和要求。

VII.

七.

Relationship with other specific articles of the Convention

与《公约》其他具体条款的关系

A.

A.

Article 6 on women with disabilities

第六条关于残疾妇女的规定

36.

36.

Women and girls with disabilities are among those groups of persons with disabilities who most often experience multiple and intersectional discrimination.

残疾妇女和女童属于最经常遭受多重歧视和交叉歧视的残疾人群体 。

Article 6 is a cross-cutting article and must be taken into account in relation to all provisions of the Convention.

第六条是一项交叉性条款，必须与《公约》所有规定一起考虑 。

While only article 6 mentions the term “multiple discrimination”, multiple and intersectional discrimination may occur in any combination of two or more grounds.

虽然只有第六条提到“多重歧视”，但多重和交叉歧视可能以两种或两种以上歧视理由的任何组合出现。

Article 6 is a binding equality and non-discrimination article that prohibits discrimination against women and girls with disabilities and obliges States parties to promote equality of both opportunity and outcomes.

第六条是一项有约束力的平等和不歧视条款，禁止歧视残疾妇女和女童，并责成缔约国促进机会平等和结果平等。

Moreover, article 6, like article 7, must be regarded as illustrative, rather than exhaustive, setting out obligations in respect of the two prominent examples of multiple and intersectional discrimination.

此外，第六条与第七条一样，必须被视为规定了关于多重和交叉歧视的两个突出例子的义务，但这只是这种歧视的例证，而不是全部。

B.

B.

Article 7 on children with disabilities

第七条关于残疾儿童的规定

37.

37.

Children with disabilities often experience multiple, and intersectional discrimination.

残疾儿童经常遭遇多重歧视和交叉歧视。

States parties must prohibit all forms of discrimination on the basis of disability that are specific to children; provide effective and accessible remedies; and raise awareness among the public and professionals to prevent and eliminate discrimination.

缔约国必须禁止一切形式的基于儿童所特有的残疾的歧视，提供有效和无障碍的补救措施，提高公众和专业人员对防止和消除歧视的认识。

In many States parties, for instance, children can lawfully be assaulted under the guise of “discipline” or “safety” (e.g. restraint).

例如，在许多缔约国，可以在“管教”或“安全”(例如约束)的幌子下合法殴打儿童。

This physical punishment often disproportionately affects children with disabilities.

这种体罚往往过度地影响残疾儿童。

States parties must prohibit all forms of corporal punishment and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment of children, in all settings, and ensure appropriate measures are taken to enforce this ban.

缔约国必须禁止在任何情况下对儿童一切形式的体罚及残忍、不人道和有辱人格的待遇，并确保采取适当措施执行这一禁令。

38.

38.

The concept of the “best interests of the child” contained in article 3 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child should be applied to children with disabilities with careful consideration of their circumstances.

《儿童权利公约》第3条所载“儿童的最大利益”的概念应在认真考虑到残疾儿童的处境的情况下适用于残疾儿童。

States parties should promote the mainstreaming of disability in general laws and policies on childhood and adolescence.

缔约国应促进将残疾问题纳入关于儿童和青少年的一般法律和政策。

The concept of best interest, however, should not be used to prevent children, especially girls with disabilities, from exercising their right to bodily integrity.

但是，最大利益的概念不应用于防止儿童，特别是残疾女童行使身体完整权。

It should be used to ensure that children with disabilities are informed, consulted and have a say in every decision-making process related to their situation.

它应该用来确保残疾儿童在与他们的情况有关的每一个决策过程中均能了解情况、被征求意见并有发言权。

In particular, States parties should address violence and institutionalization of children with disabilities, who are denied the right to grow up in their families as a matter of discrimination.

具体而言，缔约国应该解决针对残疾儿童的暴力和机构收容问题，他们因歧视而被剥夺了在自己家中长大的权利。

States parties should implement deinstitutionalization strategies that help children to live with their families or in alternative family care in the community.

缔约国应执行废除机构收容的战略，帮助儿童与家人一起生活，或者在社区中接受替代性家庭照料。

States parties should also adopt support measures to enable all children with disabilities to exercise their right to be heard, in all procedures that affect them, including in parliament, committees and bodies of political decision-making.

缔约国还应采取支助措施，使所有残疾儿童都能在影响他们的所有程序中，包括在议会、委员会和政治决策机构中行使发言权。

C.

C.

Article 8 on awareness-raising

第八条关于提高认识的规定

39.

39.

Discrimination cannot be combated without awareness-raising among all sectors of government and society. Thus, any non-discrimination and equality measure must be accompanied by adequate awareness-raising measures and measures to change or abolish compounded pejorative disability stereotypes and negative attitudes.

如果政府和社会各部门没有提高认识，就不能打击歧视。 因此，在采取不歧视和平等措施的同时，还必须采取充分的提高认识措施和改变或消灭贬损残疾人的多重偏见和负面情绪的措施。

In addition, violence, harmful practices and prejudices must be tackled by awareness-raising campaigns.

此外，必须通过提高认识运动来应对暴力、有害做法和偏见。

States parties should undertake measures to encourage, inter alia, the media to portray persons with disabilities in a manner consistent with the purpose of the Convention and to modify harmful views of persons with disabilities, such as those that portray them unrealistically as being dangerous to themselves and others, or sufferers and dependent objects of care without autonomy who are unproductive economic and social burdens to society.

缔约国应采取措施，除其他外，鼓励媒体以符合《公约》宗旨的方式描述残疾人，并改变对残疾人的有害看法，如不切实际地将残疾人视为对自己和其他人有害，或将其视为没有自主权的受害者和依赖他人的照顾对象，对社会造成无益的经济和社会负担。

D.

D.

Article 9 on accessibility

第九条关于无障碍的规定

40.

40.

Accessibility is a precondition and a means to achieve de facto equality for all persons with disabilities.

无障碍是实现所有残疾人事实上的平等的先决条件和手段。

For persons with disabilities to effectively participate in the community, States parties must address accessibility of the built environment, public transport, as well as information and communication services, which must be available and usable for all persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others.

为了使残疾人切实参与社区活动，缔约国必须解决建筑环境、公共交通以及信息和通信服务无障碍的问题，这些服务必须在与其他人平等的基础上为所有残疾人提供和使用。

Accessibility in the context of communication services includes the provision of social and communication support.

通信服务范围内的无障碍包括提供社交和沟通支持。

41.

41.

As noted above, accessibility and reasonable accommodations are two distinct concepts of equality laws and policies:

如上所述，无障碍和合理便利是平等法律和政策的两个不同概念：

(a)

(a)

Accessibility duties relate to groups and must be implemented gradually but unconditionally;

无障碍义务涉及群体，必须逐步但无条件地执行；

(b)

(b)

Reasonable accommodation duties, on the other hand, are individualized, apply immediately to all rights and may be limited by disproportionality.

而提供合理便利的义务是个体化的，立即适用于所有权利，但可能受到不得过度的限制。

42.

42.

Because the gradual realization of accessibility in the built environment, public transportation and information and communication services may take time, reasonable accommodation may be used as a means to provide access to an individual in the meantime, as it is an immediate duty. The Committee calls upon States parties to be guided by its general comment No. 2 (2014) on accessibility.

由于在建筑环境、公共交通以及信息和通信服务中逐步实现无障碍可能需要时间，因此，与此同时，合理便利可以作为一种手段向个人提供服务，因为这是一项须立即履行的义务。 委员会呼吁缔约国遵循关于无障碍问题的第2号一般性意见(2014年)。

E.

E.

Article 11 on situations of risk and humanitarian emergencies

第十一条关于危难情况和人道主义紧急情况的规定

43.

43.

Non-discrimination must be ensured in situations of risk and humanitarian emergencies, based also on obligations in international humanitarian law, including humanitarian disarmament law, to address the increased risk inherent in such situations, of discrimination against persons with disabilities.

必须根据包括人道主义裁军法在内的国际人道主义法义务，确保在危难情况和人道主义紧急情况下不歧视，以解决这种情况下对残疾人歧视的固有风险的增加。

44.

44.

Internationally displaced persons with disabilities and/or refugees with disabilities often lack equal access to basic necessities, such as water, sanitation, food and shelter. For example, accessible hygiene facilities like latrines and showers often do not exist or are insufficient.

患有残疾的国际流离失所者和(或)残疾难民往往无法平等获得基本必需品，如水、卫生设施、食物和住所。 例如，通常不存在无障碍的厕所和淋浴等卫生设施或这种设施不足。

45.

45.

Women and girls with disabilities in situations of risk and humanitarian emergencies are at a particularly increased risk of violence, including sexual violence, exploitation or abuse and are less likely to be able to have access to recovery and rehabilitation services or access to justice.

处于危难情况和人道主义紧急情况的残疾妇女和女童特别容易遭受暴力，包括性暴力、性剥削或性虐待，也不太可能获得恢复和康复服务或得到法律保护 。

46.

46.

States parties are therefore required to ensure the principle of non-discrimination in all programmes and actions.

因此，缔约国必须确保在所有方案和行动中坚持不歧视原则。

This means to include on an equal basis persons with disabilities in national emergency protocols, to fully recognize persons with disabilities in evacuation scenarios, to provide for accessible information and communication helplines and hotlines, to ensure that humanitarian aid relief is distributed in an accessible, non-discriminatory way to persons with disabilities in humanitarian emergencies, and to ensure that water, sanitation and hygiene facilities in emergency shelters and refugee camps are available and accessible for persons with disabilities.

这意味着在平等的基础上将残疾人列入国家应急方案，在撤离情景下充分认识残疾人，提供无障碍的信息和通信求助热线，在人道主义紧急情况下确保人道主义援助的救济分配对残疾人无障碍、无歧视，并确保紧急庇护所和难民营中的水和卫生设施可供残疾人无障碍使用。

After emergencies, accessible reconstruction is decisive for the equality of persons with disabilities in society.

紧急情况发生后，无障碍重建对于残疾人在社会中的平等具有决定性意义。

To ensure these elements, States parties must closely engage with persons with disabilities through their representative organizations, in the design and implementation, monitoring and evaluation of legislation and policies related to all the stages of emergencies.

为了确保这些要素，缔约国必须密切接触残疾人，通过其代表组织来设计和实施、监测、评估与紧急情况各个阶段有关的法律和政策。

F.

F.

Article 12 on equal recognition before the law

第十二条关于在法律面前获得平等承认的规定

47.

47.

The right to legal capacity is a threshold right, that is, it is required for the enjoyment of almost all other rights in the Convention, including the right to equality and non-discrimination.

享有法律权利能力的权利是一项基础权利，也就是说，这是享有《公约》其他几乎所有权利，包括平等和不歧视权利所必需的。

Articles 5 and 12 are fundamentally connected, because equality before the law must include the enjoyment of legal capacity by all persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others.

第五条和第十二条具有根本的联系，因为法律面前的平等必须包括所有残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上享有法律权利能力。

Discrimination through denial of legal capacity may be present in different ways, including status-based, functional and outcome-based systems.

通过剥夺法律权利能力进行的歧视可以表现为不同的方法，包括现状方法、功能方法和后果方法。

Denial of decision-making on the basis of disability through any of these systems is discriminatory.

通过任何这类方法基于残疾剥夺决定权均是歧视性的。

48.

48.

A key difference between the reasonable accommodation obligation under article 5 of the Convention and the support that must be provided for persons with disabilities exercising their legal capacity under article 12 (3) is that there is no limit on the obligation under article 12 (3).

《公约》第五条规定的合理便利义务与根据第十二条第三款为残疾人行使其法律权利能力必须提供的协助两者之间的一个主要区别是，对第十二条第三款规定的义务没有设定限制。

The fact that support to exercise capacity may impose a disproportionate or undue burden does not limit the requirement to provide it.

协助行使法律权利能力可能造成过度或不当负担这一事实并不对提供这种协助的要求构成限制。

49.

49.

To ensure consistency between articles 5 and 12 of the Convention, States parties should:

为确保《公约》第五条与第十二条一致，缔约国应：

(a)

(a)

Reform existing legislation to prohibit discriminatory denial of legal capacity, premised on status-based, functional or outcome-based models.

改革现行法律，禁止在现状模式、功能模式和后果模式下歧视性地剥夺法律权利能力。

Where appropriate, replace those with models of supported decision-making, taking into account universal adult legal capacity without any form of discrimination;

在适当时，将这种模式改为辅助决定模式，同时考虑到人人享有的成人法律权利能力，不得有任何形式的歧视；

(b)

(b)

Provide resources to systems of supported decision-making to assist persons with disabilities to navigate existing legal systems.

为辅助决定制度提供资源，以帮助残疾人驾驭现有的法律制度。

Legislating and resourcing such services should be consistent with the key provisions identified in paragraph 29 of general comment No. 1 (2014) on equal recognition before the law.

为此类服务进行立法和提供资源应符合关于在法律面前获得平等承认的第1号一般意见(2014年)第29段的主要规定。

This includes basing any systems of support on giving effect to the rights, will and preferences of those receiving support rather than what is perceived as being in their best interests.

这包括为实现获得协助的人的权利、意愿和偏好，而非他人对此人的最大利益的看法，建立协助系统。

The best interpretation of will and preferences should replace best-interest concept in all matters related to adults where it is not practicable to determine the person’s will and preferences;

在确定个人的意愿和偏好无法做到的情况下，对意愿和偏好的最好解释应取代在与成年人有关的所有事项中的最大利益概念；

(c)

(c)

States parties should provide protection against discrimination by establishing an accessible, locally available, low-threshold network of high-quality free legal counselling or legal aid, which must respect the will and preferences of these persons and protect their procedural rights (right to legal capacity) at the same level as for other types of legal representation.

缔约国应通过建立一个设在当地的无障碍、低门槛、高质量的免费法律咨询或法律援助网络来防止歧视，这种网络必须尊重这些人的意愿和偏好，并保护他们的程序权利(享有法律权利能力的权利)，使其与其他类型的法律代理权利处于同一水平。

States parties must consistently ensure that instruments for protection are not based on removing legal capacity or otherwise hindering the access of persons with disabilities to justice.

缔约国必须始终确保保护文书的出发点不是取消法律权利能力或以其他方式妨碍残疾人获得法律保护。

50.

50.

Training and education should be provided for relevant agencies, such as legal decision makers, service providers or other stakeholders.

应为相关机构，如法律决策者、服务提供者或其他利益攸关方提供培训和教育。

States parties are obliged to ensure the equal enjoyment of all goods and services offered in society, including the goods and services listed in article 12 (5), which provides examples of goods that persons with disabilities are particularly precluded from, such as property or services connected to financial affairs, e.g. mortgages.

缔约国有义务确保残疾人平等享有社会提供的所有物品和服务，包括第十二条第五款所列的物品和服务，其中列举了残疾人被特别排除在外的物品，如财产或与财务相关的服务，例如抵押贷款。

Article 25 (e) mentions another service which is usually not open to persons with disabilities, namely, that of life insurance and (private) health insurance.

第二十五条第(五)项提到另一项通常不对残疾人开放的服务，即人寿保险和(私营)医疗保险。

States parties should take an active, comprehensive approach to ensure equal enjoyment of goods and services in the private sector.

缔约国应采取积极全面的办法，确保平等享有私营部门的货物和服务。

That includes a strengthening of the anti-discrimination legislation as it applies to the private sector.

这包括加强适用于私营部门的反歧视法。

Cooperation with trade unions and other actors should be utilized to find partners willing to bring about change.

应该利用与工会和其他行动方的合作，寻找愿意实现变革的合作伙伴。

G.

G.

Article 13 on access to justice

第十三条关于获得司法保护的规定

51.

51.

The rights and obligations with respect to equality and non-discrimination outlined in article 5 raise particular considerations with respect to article 13, which, among others, call for the provision of procedural and age-appropriate accommodations.

第五条所述关于平等和不歧视的权利和义务牵涉到对第十三条的特别考虑，因为其中特别要求提供程序便利和适龄措施。

These accommodations are distinguishable from reasonable accommodation in that procedural accommodations are not limited by disproportionality.

这些便利有别于合理便利，因为程序便利不受不得过度的限制。

An illustration of a procedural accommodation is the recognition of diverse communication methods of persons with disabilities standing in courts and tribunals.

程序便利的一个例子是承认残疾人在法院和法庭的多种沟通方式。

Age-appropriate accommodations may consist of disseminating information about available mechanisms to bring complaints forward and access to justice using age-appropriate and plain language.

适龄措施可包括使用适龄的普通用语传播关于提出投诉和获得司法保护的现有机制的信息。

1.

1.

Article 13 (1)

第十三条第一款

52.

52.

In order to ensure effective access to justice, processes must allow participation and be transparent.

为了确保有效的司法保护，司法程序必须允许当事人参与并且透明。

Actions that enable participation include:

为参与提供的便利行动包括：

(a)

(a)

Delivery of information in an understandable and accessible manner;

以可理解和无障碍的方式传递信息；

(b)

(b)

Recognition and accommodation of diverse forms of communication;

承认和接受多种沟通方式；

(c)

(c)

Physical accessibility throughout all stages of the process;

在诉讼过程的所有阶段保证通行无障碍；

(d)

(d)

Financial assistance in the case of legal aid, where applicable, and subject to statutory tests of means and merits.

在适当情况下帮助提供法律援助方面的经费，但须经过经济状况审核和案件审核等法定审核。

53.

53.

Suitable measures that can protect persons who are unable to defend themselves against discrimination, even when provided with support, or whose options are greatly limited by fear of the negative consequences of such attempts, are actions in public interest (actio popularis).

采取适当措施，保护即使有人提供协助也无法抵御歧视的人，或者是由于害怕这样做的不良后果而选择非常有限的人，这属于为民起诉。

54.

54.

Furthermore, in order to provide transparency, a State party action must ensure that all relevant information is accessible and available and that there is adequate recording and reporting of all relevant claims, cases and court orders.

此外，为了提供透明度，缔约国的行动必须确保所有相关信息均可无障碍查阅，并且对所有相关投诉、案件和法院命令作充分的记录和报告。

2.

2.

Article 13 (2)

第十三条第二款

55.

55.

In order to encourage appropriate respect for and fulfilment of rights and obligations, it is necessary to train law enforcement officers, raise awareness among rights holders and build the capacity of duty bearers.

为了鼓励适当尊重和履行各项权利和义务，有必要对执法人员进行培训，提高权利持有者的认识并建设义务承担方的能力。

Appropriate training should include:

适当培训的内容应包括：

(a)

(a)

The complexities of intersectionality and the fact that persons should not be identified purely on the basis of impairment.

交叉关系的复杂性以及对人不应仅仅以残障来定性。

Awareness-raising on intersectionality issues should be relevant to particular forms of discrimination and oppression;

提高对交叉关系的认识应该针对特定形式的歧视和压迫；

(b)

(b)

The diversity among persons with disabilities and their individual requirements in order to gain effective access to all aspects of the justice system on an equal basis with others;

残疾人和他们的个人需求的多样性，以便残疾人能够在与其他人平等的基础上切实利用司法系统的各个方面；

(c)

(c)

The individual autonomy of persons with disabilities and the importance of legal capacity for all;

残疾人的个人自主权和人人享有法律权利能力的重要性；

(d)

(d)

The centrality of effective and meaningful communications to successful inclusion;

有效和有意义的交流对成功融入的核心作用；

(e)

(e)

Measures adopted to ensure the effective training of personnel, including lawyers, magistrates, judges, prison staff, sign-language interpreters and the police and penitentiary system, on the rights of persons with disabilities.

为确保对律师、治安法官、法官、监狱工作人员、手语传译员、警察和监狱系统等人员进行残疾人权利方面的有效培训而采取的措施。

H.

H.

Article 14 on liberty and security of the person, article 15 on freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, article 16 on freedom from exploitation, violence and abuse, and article 17 on protecting the integrity of the person

第十四条关于自由和人身安全的规定、第十五条关于免于酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的规定、第十六条关于免于剥削、暴力和凌虐的规定和第十七条关于保护人身完整性的规定

56.

56.

Persons with disabilities can be disproportionately affected by violence, abuse and other cruel and degrading punishment, which can take the form of restraint or segregation as well as violent assault.

残疾人可能受到暴力、虐待及其他残忍和有辱人格的惩罚的过度影响，这种惩罚可以采取约束或隔离以及暴力攻击的形式。

The Committee is particularly concerned about the following acts committed against persons with disabilities, including children on the grounds of impairment, which by definition are discriminatory:

委员会感到特别关切的是，以下针对残疾人的行为，包括以残障为由针对儿童的行为，顾名思义具有歧视性：

separation of children with disabilities from their families and forced placement in institutions;

将残疾儿童与家人分开，强行送进收容机构；

deprivation of liberty;

剥夺自由；

torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;

施行酷刑或残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚；

violence;

施行暴力；

and the forced treatment of persons with disabilities inside and outside of mental health facilities.

以及在精神病院内外对残疾人进行强制治疗。

States parties must take all appropriate measures, to provide protection from and prevent all forms of exploitation, violence and abuse against persons with disabilities.

缔约国必须采取一切适当措施，防止对残疾人的一切形式的剥削、暴力和虐待。

Forced corrective disability treatments should be prohibited.

应禁止强制校正性残疾治疗。

I.

I.

Article 19 on living independently and being included in the community

第十九条关于独立生活和融入社区的规定

57.

57.

Article 19 of the Convention reaffirms non-discrimination and recognition of the equal right of persons with disabilities to live with full inclusion and participation independently in the community.

《公约》第十九条重申，不歧视，承认残疾人享有在社区中独立生活、充分融入和参与社区的平等权利。

In order to realize the right to live independently and be included in the community, States parties must take effective and appropriate measures to facilitate the full enjoyment of the right and the full inclusion and participation of persons with disabilities in the community.

为了实现独立生活、融入社区的权利，缔约国必须采取有效和适当的措施，帮助残疾人充分享有权利并充分融入和参与社区。

This involves implementing deinstitutionalization strategies and, in accordance with the Committee’s general comment No. 5 (2017) on living independently and being included in the community, allocating resources for independent living support services, accessible and affordable housing, support services for family carers and access to inclusive education.

这涉及实施废除机构收容的战略，并根据委员会关于独立生活和融入社区的第5号一般性意见(2017年)，调拨资源，用以为独立生活提供支助服务，提供无障碍和负担得起的住房，为家庭护理人员提供支助服务，并提供接受包容性教育的机会。

58.

58.

Article 19 of the Convention recognizes the right not to be obliged to live in a particular living arrangement on account of one’s disability.

《公约》第十九条承认，残疾人有权不因其残疾而被迫在特定的居住安排中生活。

Institutionalization is discriminatory as it demonstrates a failure to create support and services in the community for persons with disabilities, who are forced to relinquish their participation in community life to receive treatment.

送往收容机构的做法具有歧视性，因为这表明社区不能为残疾人提供协助和服务，残疾人为接受治疗而被迫放弃参与社区生活。

The institutionalization of persons with disabilities as a condition to receive public sector mental health services constitutes differential treatment on the basis of disability and, as such, is discriminatory.

将残疾人进入收容机构作为接受公共部门精神卫生服务的条件属于基于残疾的差别待遇，因此具有歧视性。

59.

59.

Eligibility criteria and procedures for gaining access to support services must be defined in a non-discriminatory way and must focus on the requirements of the person rather than the impairment, following a human rights-based approach.

获得支助服务的资格标准和程序必须以非歧视性的方式加以界定，并且必须立足于人权，侧重于人的要求而不是残障。

The development of support services should be person-centred, age- and gender-sensitive and culturally appropriate.

支助服务的开展应该以人为本、顾及年龄和性别特征并在文化上适当。

60.

60.

States parties should prohibit and prevent third parties from imposing practical or procedural barriers to living independently and being included in the community, for example by ensuring that services are in line with independent and community living and that persons with disabilities are not denied the possibility to rent or disadvantaged in the housing market.

缔约国应禁止和防止第三方对独立生活和融入社区施加实际或程序上的障碍，如确保所提供的服务适合独立和社区生活，确保残疾人不会被剥夺租房的机会或在住房市场处于不利地位。

J.

J.

Article 23 on respect for home and the family

第二十三条关于尊重家居和家庭的规定

61.

61.

Persons with disabilities often face discrimination in the exercise of their right to marry or their parental and family rights owing to discriminatory laws and policies, and administrative measures.

由于歧视性法律和政策以及行政措施，残疾人在行使结婚权或其做父母的权利和家庭权利方面经常面临歧视。

Parents with disabilities are frequently seen as inadequate or unable to take care of their children.

残疾父母经常被视为不称职或无法照顾子女。

Separation of a child from his or her parents based on the disability of the child or parents or both is discrimination and in violation of article 23.

基于儿童或父母或双方的残疾将儿童与父母分开的做法属于歧视，违反第二十三条的规定。

62.

62.

The placement of children in institutions on the basis of their impairment is also a form of discrimination prohibited by article 23 (5) of the Convention.

因残障而将儿童安置在收容机构的做法，也是《公约》第二十三条第五款所禁止的一种歧视形式。

States must ensure that parents with disabilities and parents of children with disabilities have the necessary support in the community to care for their children.

各国必须确保残疾父母和残疾儿童的父母在社区中有必要的支助来照顾子女。

K.

K.

Article 24 on education

第二十四条关于教育的规定

63.

63.

The failure of some States parties to provide students with disabilities — including students with visible and invisible disabilities and those who experience multiple forms of discrimination or intersectional discrimination — with equal access to mainstream school with inclusive and quality education is discriminatory, contrary to the objectives of the Convention and in direct contravention of articles 5 and 24.

一些缔约国未能向残疾(包括有形和无形残疾)学生以及遭受多种形式歧视或交叉歧视的学生进入提供包容性优质教育的主流学校的平等机会，这是歧视性的，有违于《公约》的目标，直接违反第五条和第二十四条。

Article 5 (1) interacts with article 24 and requires States parties to remove all types of discriminatory barriers, including legal and social barriers, to inclusive education.

第五条第一款与第二十四条相互作用，要求各缔约国消除接受包容性教育方面的各种歧视性障碍，包括法律和社会障碍。

64.

64.

Segregated models of education, which exclude students with disabilities from mainstream and inclusive education on the basis of disability, contravene articles 5 (2) and 24 (1)(a) of the Convention.

因残疾而将残疾学生排除在主流教育和包容性教育之外的隔离教育模式违反了《公约》第五条第二款和第二十四条第一款第(一)项。

Article 5 (3) requires States parties to take all appropriate steps to ensure that reasonable accommodation is provided.

第五条第三款要求缔约国采取一切适当步骤，确保提供合理便利。

That right is strengthened for persons with disabilities in article 24 (2) (b), which requires States parties to ensure an inclusive education for persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others in the communities in which they live.

第二十四条第二款第(二)项强化了残疾人的这项权利，其中要求缔约国确保残疾人在自己生活的社区内，在与其他人平等的基础上获得包容性教育。

That goal can be achieved by providing reasonable accommodation of an individual’s requirement, in accordance with article 24 (2)(c), and developing new and inclusive settings according to universal design.

按照第二十四条第二款第(三)项的规定，提供合理便利以满足个人的需要，并根据通用设计制定新的包容性环境，便可以实现这一目标。

Standardized assessment systems, including entry examination that directly or indirectly exclude students with disabilities are discriminatory and in contravention of articles 5 and 24.

标准化的评估制度，包括直接或间接将残疾学生排除在外的入学考试是歧视性的，违反第五条和第二十四条。

States parties’ obligations extend beyond the school.

缔约国的义务超出了学校的范围。

States parties must ensure school transportation is provided to all students with disabilities where transportation options are limited due to social or economic barriers.

在因社会或经济障碍而交通选择有限的情况下，缔约国必须确保为所有残疾学生提供学校交通。

65.

65.

To ensure equality and non-discrimination for deaf children in educational settings, they must be provided with sign language learning environments with deaf peers and deaf adult role models.

为确保教育机构中的聋哑儿童的平等和不歧视，必须向他们提供有聋哑同伴和聋哑成人榜样的手语学习环境。

The lack of proficiency in sign language skills of teachers of deaf children and inaccessible school environments exclude deaf children and are thus considered discriminatory.

聋哑儿教师缺乏熟练的手语技能和学校环境的障碍将聋哑儿童排除在学校之外，因此被认为是歧视性的。

The Committee calls upon States parties to be guided by its general comment No. 4 (2016) on the right to inclusive education, when carrying out measures to fulfil their obligations under articles 5 and 24.

委员会呼吁各缔约国在执行措施履行第五条和第二十四条规定的义务时，遵循委员会关于包容性教育权的第4号一般性意见(2016年)。

L.

L.

Article 25 on health

第二十五条关于健康的规定

66.

66.

Under articles 5 and 25 of the Convention, States parties must prohibit and prevent discriminatory denial of health services to persons with disabilities and to provide gender-sensitive health services, including sexual and reproductive health rights.

根据《公约》第五条和第二十五条，缔约国必须禁止和防止拒绝向残疾人提供卫生服务的歧视性做法，并提供顾及性别特征的卫生服务，包括性健康和生殖健康权利。

States parties must also address forms of discrimination that violate the right of persons with disabilities, that impede their right to health through violations of the right to receive health care on the basis of free and informed consent, or that make facilities or information inaccessible.

缔约国还必须处理侵犯残疾人权利、通过侵犯在自由知情同意的基础上获得医疗保健的权利妨碍残疾人的健康权、或设置设施或信息障碍 的各种形式的歧视。

M.

M.

Article 27 on work and employment

第二十七条关于工作和就业的规定

67.

67.

To achieve de facto equality in terms of the Convention, States parties must ensure that there is no discrimination on the grounds of disability in connection to work and employment.

为了实现《公约》规定的事实上的平等，缔约国必须确保在工作和就业方面不存在因残疾而造成的歧视。

In order to ensure reasonable accommodation as laid out in article 5 (3) and to achieve or accelerate de facto equality in the work environment as laid out in article 5 (4), States parties should:

为了确保第五条第三款规定的合理便利，实现或加速实现第五条第四款规定的工作环境中事实上的平等，缔约国应：

(a)

(a)

Facilitate the transition away from segregated work environments for persons with disabilities and support their engagement in the open labour market, and in the meantime also ensure the immediate applicability of labour rights to those settings;

帮助从残疾人脱离隔离的工作环境，支持他们参与开放的劳动力市场，同时也确保劳动权立即适用于这些环境；

(b)

(b)

Promote the right to supported employment, including to work assistance, job coaching and vocational qualification programmes;

促进获得辅助就业的权利，包括进入工作救助、工作辅导和职业资格计划的权利；

protect the rights of workers with disabilities;

保护残疾工人的权利；

and ensure the right to freely chosen employment;

并确保自由选择就业的权利；

(c)

(c)

Ensure that persons with disabilities are paid no less than the minimum wage and do not lose the benefit of disability allowances when they start work;

确保残疾人的工资不低于最低工资，并且在开始工作时不会丧失残疾津贴的福利；

(d)

(d)

Expressly recognize the denial of reasonable accommodation as discrimination and prohibit multiple and intersectional discrimination, and harassment;

明确承认拒绝提供合理便利属于歧视，禁止多重和交叉歧视及骚扰；

(e)

(e)

Ensure proper transition into and out of employment for persons with disabilities in a non-discriminatory manner.

确保以不歧视的方式让残疾人在进出就业时作适当过渡。

States parties are obliged to ensure equal and effective access to benefits and entitlements, such as retirement or unemployment benefits. Such entitlements must not be infringed upon by exclusion from employment, thereby further exacerbating the situation of exclusion;

缔约国有义务确保残疾人平等和有效地获得福利和应享权利，如退休金或失业金。 这种权利不得因被排除在就业之外而受到侵犯，从而进一步加剧排斥的情况；

(f)

(f)

Promote work in inclusive and accessible, safe and healthy working environments in the public and private sectors;

促进公共和私营部门在包容和无障碍、安全和健康的工作环境中开展工作；

(g)

(g)

Ensure that persons with disabilities enjoy equal opportunities regarding career advancement opportunities through regular assessment meetings with their managers and by defining the objectives to be achieved, as a part of a comprehensive strategy;

作为综合战略的一部分，确保残疾人通过与其管理人员定期见面进行评估并确定要实现的目标，在职业晋升机会方面享有平等机会；

(h)

(h)

Ensure access to training, retraining and education, including vocational training and capacity-building for employees with disabilities, and provide training on the employment of persons with disabilities and reasonable accommodation for employers, representative organizations of employees and employers, unions and competent authorities;

确保残疾雇员获得培训、再培训和教育的机会，包括职业培训和能力建设，并为雇主、雇员和雇主代表组织、工会和主管当局提供残疾人就业和合理便利方面的培训；

(i)

(i)

Work towards universally applicable occupational health and safety measures for persons with disabilities, including occupational safety and health regulations that are non-discriminatory and inclusive of persons with disabilities;

努力采取普遍适用的残疾人职业健康和安全措施，包括非歧视性和包容残疾人的职业安全和健康条例；

(j)

(j)

Recognize the right of persons with disabilities to have access to trade and labor unions.

承认残疾人有权参加工会。

N.

N.

Article 28 on adequate standard of living and social protection

第二十八条关于适足的生活水平和社会保护的规定

68.

68.

As stated in paragraph 59 of the Committee’s general comment No. 3, poverty is both a compounding factor and the result of multiple discrimination.

如委员会第3号一般性意见第59段所述，贫困既是一个加重因素，也是多重歧视的结果。

Failure to implement the right of persons with disabilities to an adequate standard of living for themselves and their families is contrary to the objectives of the Convention.

不履行残疾人为自己及其家人提供适当生活水准的权利违反了《公约》的目标。

This failure is particularly worrying with regard to persons with disabilities living in extreme poverty or destitution.

对于生活在极端贫困或赤贫中的残疾人来说，这种做法尤其令人担忧。

To reach an adequate standard of living comparable to others, persons with disabilities typically have additional expenses.

为了达到与其他人相当的适当生活水准，残疾人通常会有额外的开支。

This represents a particular disadvantage for children or older women with disabilities who live in extreme poverty and destitution.

这对生活在极端贫困和赤贫中的残疾儿童或残疾老年妇女来说尤其不利。

States parties should take effective measures to enable persons with disabilities to cover the additional expenses linked to disability.

缔约国应采取有效措施，使残疾人能够支付与残疾有关的额外开支。

States parties are required to take immediate steps to provide persons with disabilities living in extreme poverty and destitution with a core minimum in terms of adequate food, clothing and housing.

缔约国必须立即采取步骤，满足生活在极端贫困和赤贫中的残疾人对适足的食物、衣着和住房方面等核心最低要求。

69.

69.

With regard to social protection, States parties are further required to implement a basic protection floor.

关于社会保护，还需要缔约国实施基本的最低保护标准。

O.

O.

Article 29 on participation in political and public life

第二十九条关于参与政治和公共生活的规定

70.

70.

Exclusion from electoral processes and other forms of participation in political life are frequent examples of disability-based discrimination.

将残疾人排除在选举进程和参与政治生活的其他形式之外是残疾歧视的常见例子。

They are often closely linked to denial or restriction of legal capacity.

这种歧视往往与剥夺或限制法律权利能力密切相关。

States parties should aim to:

缔约国应努力：

(a)

(a)

Reform laws, policies and regulations that systematically exclude persons with disabilities from voting and/or standing as candidates in elections;

改革系统地排除残疾人参加投票和(或)作为候选人参选的法律、政策和规章；

(b)

(b)

Ensure that the electoral process is accessible to all persons with disabilities, including before, during and after elections;

确保选举进程对所有残疾人都无障碍，包括在选举之前、选举期间和选举之后；

(c)

(c)

Provide reasonable accommodation to individual persons with disabilities and support measures based on the individual requirements of persons with disabilities to participate in political and public life;

为个别残疾人提供合理便利，并根据残疾人的个体需求为其参与政治和公共生活提供辅助措施；

(d)

(d)

Support and engage with representative organizations of persons with disabilities in political participation process at the national, regional and international levels, including by consulting with such organizations in matters that concern persons with disabilities directly;

支持并动员残疾人代表组织投入国家、地区和国际层面的政治参与进程，包括就与残疾人直接相关的事务与残疾人代表组织进行磋商；

(e)

(e)

Create information systems and legislation that allow for the continuous political participation of persons with disabilities, including between elections.

建立信息系统和法律，让残疾人持续参政，包括在选举期外参政。

P.

P.

Article 31 on statistics and data collection

第三十一条关于统计和数据收集的规定

71.

71.

Data collection and analysis are essential measures to monitor anti-discrimination policies and laws.

数据收集和分析是监测反歧视政策和法律的必要措施。

States parties should collect and analyse data, which must be disaggregated on the basis of disability and of intersectional categories.

缔约国应收集和分析数据，然后根据残疾和交叉类别进行分列。

Data collected should provide information on all forms of discrimination. The data collected should be broad and cover statistics, narratives and other forms of data, such as indicators to assess the implementation and monitor the progress and effectiveness of new or ongoing initiatives and policies.

所收集的数据应提供有关各种形式歧视的信息，并应该涉及面广，包括统计数字、书面说明和其他形式的数据，如评估实施情况的指标，并监测新的或正在开展的举措和政策的进展情况和效果。

Disability-inclusive indicators must be developed and used in a manner consistent with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

必须制定和使用符合《2030年可持续发展议程》的包容残疾人的指标。

The design, collection and analysis of data should be participatory, i.e., undertaken in close and meaningful consultation with representative organizations of persons with disabilities, including children. People living in closed places, such as institutions or psychiatric hospitals, are often overlooked by research and studies collecting data, and should be systematically included in such studies.

数据的设计、收集和分析应具有参与性，即应与包括儿童在内的残疾人代表组织进行密切而有意义的磋商。 生活在封闭场所，如收容机构或精神病院的人，常常被收集数据的研究所忽略，应该将他们系统地纳入这类研究。

Q.

Q.

Article 32 on international cooperation

第三十二条关于国际合作的规定

72.

72.

All international cooperation efforts, including the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, must be inclusive of and accessible to persons with disabilities and be guided by the Convention.

包括《2030年可持续发展议程》在内的所有国际合作努力必须包容残疾人，对他们无障碍，并以《公约》为指导。

States parties must develop monitoring frameworks with human rights indicators, and specific benchmarks and targets for each indicator, consistent with Goal 10 of the Sustainable Development Goals.

缔约国必须根据可持续发展目标10制定带人权指标的监测框架，以及每个指标的具体基准和目标。

All international cooperation must aim to advance non-discrimination legislation and policies that seek full inclusion in line with the Convention and the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda and other related international human rights frameworks.

一切国际合作都必须致力于推动根据《公约》和《2030年可持续发展议程》以及其他相关国际人权框架寻求充分包容残疾人的非歧视立法和政策。

VIII.

八.

Implementation at the national level

国际层面的实施工作

73.

73.

In the light of the normative content and obligations outlined above, States parties should take the following steps to ensure the full implementation of article 5 of the Convention:

鉴于上述规范性内容和义务，缔约国应采取以下步骤确保充分实施《公约》第五条：

(a)

(a)

Carry out studies on harmonizing national legislation and practices with the Convention, repeal discriminatory laws and regulations that are inconsistent with the Convention and change or abolish customs and practices that are discriminatory against persons with disabilities;

开展关于将国家法律和实践与《公约》统一方面的研究，废除与《公约》不一致的歧视性法律和条例，改变或废除歧视残疾人的习俗和做法；

(b)

(b)

Develop anti-discrimination laws where they do not exist and enact disability-inclusive anti-discrimination laws that have a broad personal and material scope and provide effective legal remedies.

在不存在反歧视法的地方制定反歧视法，制定对人对事所涉范围广并提供有效法律补救措施的包容残疾人的反歧视法。

Such laws can only be effective if they are based on a definition of disability that includes those who have long-term physical, including psychosocial, intellectual or sensory impairments, and should include past, present, future and presumed disabilities, as well as persons associated with persons with disabilities.

只有基于对包括心理、智力或感觉残障在内的长期身体残障的残疾定义，这种法律才会有效，而且还应包括过去、现在、将来和假定的残疾以及与残疾相关的人。

Persons victimized by disability-based discrimination seeking legal redress should not be burdened by proving that they are “disabled enough” in order to benefit from the protection of the law.

受到基于残疾的歧视而寻求法律补救的受害者不应承担举证责任，证明其“足够残疾”，才能受到法律保护。

Anti-discrimination law that is disability-inclusive seeks to outlaw and prevent a discriminatory act rather than target a defined protected group.

包容残疾人的反残疾歧视法的目的是取缔和防止歧视行为，而不是针对一个明确的受保护群体。

In that regard, a broad impairment-related definition of disability is in line with the Convention;

在这方面，广泛的与残障有关的残疾定义符合《公约》；

(c)

(c)

Ensure that non-discrimination legislation extends to the private and public spheres, covers areas including education, employment, goods and services, and tackles disability-specific discrimination, such as segregated education, institutionalization, denial or restriction of legal capacity, forced mental health treatment, denial of the provision of sign language instructions and professional sign language interpretation, and denial of Braille or other alternative and augmentative modes, means and formats of communication;

确保将不歧视法律扩大到私营和公共领域，涵盖教育、就业、产品和服务等领域，并解决针对残疾的特定歧视问题，如隔离教育、机构收容、剥夺或限制法律权利能力、强迫接受精神病治疗、拒绝提供手语说明和专业手语翻译、否认盲文或其他替代性和辅助性交流模式；

(d)

(d)

Promote the full inclusion of mainstream employment and vocational training services, including those that promote entrepreneurship and support the establishment of cooperatives and other forms of social economy;

提倡将残疾人充分纳入主流就业和职业培训服务，包括推动创业和支持建立合作社及其他社会经济形式的服务；

(e)

(e)

Ensure that the protection from discrimination for persons with disabilities has the same standard as for other social groups;

确保对残疾人不受歧视方面的保护与对其他社会群体的标准一致；

(f)

(f)

Develop and carry out knowledge and capacity-building programmes, including training within public authorities and the informal economy, to ensure compliance with the Convention.

制定和实施知识和能力建设计划，包括在公共机构和非正规经济部门开展培训，以确保遵守《公约》。

Awareness and capacity-building should be developed and implemented with the meaningful participation of persons with disabilities and organizations representing the diverse range of persons with disabilities, and are crucial components for establishing a culture of tolerance and diversity, which is the bedrock for anti-discrimination law and policy;

应当在残疾人和代表各类残疾人组织的切实参与下制定和开展提高认识和能力建设工作，这是建立宽容和多样性文化的关键组成部分，而这种文化是反歧视法律和政策的基石；

(g)

(g)

Monitor the number of discrimination claims on the basis of disability as a proportion of the total number of claims of discrimination, disaggregated by sex, age, barriers identified and the sector in which the alleged discrimination occurred, and provide information about cases that are settled out of court, in court and adjudicated, and the number of judgments that lead to compensation or sanctions;

监测基于残疾的歧视的投诉数量占歧视投诉总数的比例，按性别、年龄、确定的障碍和据称发生歧视的部门进行分类，并提供关于庭外和解、庭内解决和裁决的案件的信息以及导致赔偿或制裁的判决数量；

(h)

(h)

Establish accessible and effective redress mechanisms and ensure access to justice, on an equal basis with others, for victims of discrimination based on disability.

建立无障碍和有效的补救机制，确保残疾歧视的受害者能够在与其他人平等的基础上获得司法保护。

This encompasses access by all persons with disabilities to effective judicial and/or administrative procedures, including effective and accessible complaint mechanisms, and to appropriate and — where applicable and subject to statutory test of means and merits — affordable quality legal aid.

这包括所有残疾人都有权诉诸有效的司法和(或)行政程序，包括有效和无障碍的投诉机制，并有权在适当情况下获得负担得起的优质法律援助，但须经过经济状况审核和案件审核等法定审核。

States parties should intervene in an effective and timely manner in the event of actions or omissions of public and private actors that violate the right to equality and non-discrimination of individual persons with disabilities and groups of persons with disabilities, both in relation to civil and political rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights.

如果公共和私营行为体的行为或不作为侵犯残疾人个人或群体享有的平等和不受歧视的权利，不论是公民权利和政治权利还是经济、社会及文化权利，则缔约国应当以有效和及时的方式进行干预。

The recognition of judicial remedies of a collective nature or class actions can significantly contribute to effectively guaranteeing access to justice in situations that affect groups of persons with disabilities;

承认集体性质的司法救济或集体诉讼可以大大有助于在影响残疾人群体的情形中切实保障获得法律保护的机会；

(i)

(i)

Include in national anti-discrimination law the protection of individuals from adverse treatment or adverse consequences as a reaction to complaints or to proceedings aimed at enforcing compliance with equality provisions.

在国家反歧视法中纳入个人不因投诉或旨在强制执行平等条款的诉讼而遭受不利待遇或不利后果的规定。

Anti-discrimination legislation should also ensure that victims of discrimination are not unduly inhibited in obtaining redress or re-victimized.

反歧视法还应确保歧视受害者在获得补救或再次受害时不会受到不适当的限制。

In particular, procedural rules should shift the burden of proof in civil procedures from the claimant to the respondent in cases where there are facts from which it may be presumed that there has been discrimination;

具体而言，如果有事实可以推定存在歧视，则程序规则应将民事程序中的举证责任从原告转向被告；

(j)

(j)

Develop in close consultation with organizations of persons with disabilities, national human rights institutions and other relevant stakeholders, such as equality bodies, an equality policy and strategy that is inclusive and accessible to all persons with disabilities;

与残疾人组织、国家人权机构和其他相关利益攸关方(如平等机构)密切磋商，制定对所有残疾人包容和无障碍的平等政策和战略；

(k)

(k)

Increase knowledge in all parts of society, including among State officials of all branches of government and within the private sector, about the scope, content and practical consequences of the rights to non-discrimination and equality of all persons with disabilities;

增加社会各方面，包括所有政府部门的国家官员以及私营部门对所有残疾人的不歧视和平等权利的范围、内容和实际后果的了解；

(l)

(l)

Adopt appropriate measures to monitor inclusive equality regularly and comprehensively.

采取适当措施，定期全面监测包容性平等情况。

This includes collecting and analysing disaggregated data on the situation of persons with disabilities;

这包括收集和分析残疾人状况的分类数据；

(m)

(m)

Ensure that national monitoring mechanisms under article 33 of the Convention are independent, involve representative organizations of persons with disabilities effectively and are adequately resourced to address discrimination against persons with disabilities;

确保《公约》第三十三条下的国家监测机制是独立的，让残疾人代表组织切实参与其中，并有足够的资源处理对残疾人的歧视；

(n)

(n)

Provide specific protections against and exercise due diligence to prevent and redress incidents of violence, exploitation and abuse and violations of bodily integrity experienced uniquely or disproportionately by persons with disabilities;

提供具体保护并履行应尽义务，以防止和纠正暴力、剥削和虐待事件以及唯独或尤其是残疾人遭受的侵犯身体完整性的行为；

(o)

(o)

Adopt specific measures with a view to achieving inclusive equality, in particular for persons with disabilities who experience intersectional discrimination, such as women, girls, children, older persons, and indigenous persons with disabilities;

采取具体措施，实现包容性平等，特别是对遭受交叉歧视的残疾人，如妇女、女童、儿童、老年人和土著残疾人；

(p)

(p)

States parties that receive a high number of asylum seekers, refugees or migrants should put in place formal, legally defined procedures to ensure accessibility for persons with disabilities, including women and children with disabilities and persons with psychosocial and intellectual disabilities, in reception facilities and other settings.

接收大量寻求庇护者、难民或移民的缔约国应制定具有法律约束力的正式程序，以确保接待设施和其他设置对残疾人，包括残疾妇女和残疾儿童以及心理和智力残障人士无障碍。

States parties must ensure that psychosocial and legal counselling, support and rehabilitation is provided for persons with disabilities and that protection services are disability-, age- and gender-sensitive and culturally appropriate.

缔约国必须确保为残疾人提供心理和法律咨询、支助和康复服务，并确保保护服务顾及残疾、年龄和性别特征且在文化上适当。

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the Convention on the Rights of the Child; the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.

《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》、《儿童权利公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》以及《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》。

2

3

See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights general comment No. 20 (2009) on non-discrimination in economic, social and cultural rights, para. 10.

见经济、社会及文化权利委员会关于经济、社会及文化权利方面不歧视的第20号一般性意见(2009年)，第10段。

3

4

Ibid.

同上。

4

5

See Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities general comment No. 3 (2016) on women and girls with disabilities, paras. 4 (c) and 16.

见残疾人权利委员会关于残疾妇女和女童的第3号一般性意见(2016年)，第4 (c)段和第16段。

5

6

See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights general comment No. 5 (1994) on persons with disabilities, para. 15.

见经济、社会及文化权利委员会关于残疾人的第5号一般性意见(1994年)，第15段。

6

7

See Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities general comment No. 1 (2014) on equal recognition before the law.

见残疾人权利委员会关于在法律面前获得平等承认的第1号一般性意见(2014年)。

7

8

See Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, guidelines on article 14, paras. 6 and 14.

见残疾人权利委员会关于第十四条的准则，第6和第14段。

Available from the Committee’s web page (www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/ Pages/CRPDIndex.aspx).

可查阅委员会的网页(www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/CRPDIndex.aspx)。

8

9

See, for example, general comment No. 5 (2017) on living independently and being included in the community, para. 46.

例如，见关于独立生活和融入社区的第5号一般性意见(2017年)，第46段。

9

10

See general comment No. 4 (2016) on the right to inclusive education, para. 24.

见关于包容性教育的第4号一般性意见(2016年)，第24段。

10

11

See Bujdosó et al v. Hungary (CRPD/C/10/D/4/2011).

见《Bujdosó等人诉匈牙利》(CRPD/C/10/D/4/2011)。

11

12

See Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women general recommendation No. 28 (2010) on the core obligations of States parties under article 2 of the Convention, para. 31.

见消除对妇女歧视委员会关于缔约国在《公约》第二条之下的核心义务的第28号一般性建议(2010年)，第31段。

12

13

See Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities general comment No. 3, para. 12.

见残疾人权利委员会第3号一般性意见，第12段。

13

14

See general comment No. 3, paras. 49–50.

见第3号一般性意见，第49至第50段。

14

15

See general comment No. 1, para. 15.

见第1号一般性意见，第15段。

15

16

See general comment No. 1, para. 41.

见第1号一般性意见，第41段。

16

17

See general comment No. 2, para. 40.

见第2号一般性意见，第40段。

17

18

See the International Labour Organization Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111), and Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Convention, 1983 (No. 159).

见国际劳工组织1958年《(就业和职业)歧视公约》(第111号公约)和1983年《(残疾人)职业康复和就业公约》(第159号公约)。

18

19

See Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights general comment No. 3 (1990) on the nature of States parties’ obligations, para. 10.

见经济、社会及文化权利委员会关于缔约国义务的性质的第3号一般性意见(1990年)，第10段。