CRPD/GC/1 1403120E.doc (English)

CRPD/GC/1 1403119C.doc (Chinese)

CRPD_GC_1_1403119E.doc

CRPD_GC_1_1403119C.doc

Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

残疾人权利委员会

Eleventh session

第十一届会议

31 March–11 April 2014

2014年3月31日至4月11日

General comment No. 1 (2014)

第1号一般性意见(2014年)

Article 12: Equal recognition before the law

第十二条：在法律面前获得平等承认

I. Introduction

一. 导言

1. Equality before the law is a basic general principle of human rights protection and is indispensable for the exercise of other human rights.

1. 法律面前人人平等是保护人权的一项基本的一般性原则，也是行使其他人权所必不可少的。

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights specifically guarantee the right to equality before the law.

《世界人权宣言》和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》具体规定了对法律面前平等权利的保障。

Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities further describes the content of this civil right and focuses on the areas in which people with disabilities have traditionally been denied the right.

《残疾人权利公约》第十二条进一步阐述了这项公民权利的内容，并将重点放在长期以来残疾人这项权利遭受剥夺的各个领域。

Article 12 does not set out additional rights for people with disabilities;

第十二条并没有为残疾人提出更多的权利；

it simply describes the specific elements that States parties are required to take into account to ensure the right to equality before the law for people with disabilities, on an equal basis with others.

它只是阐明了各缔约国为确保残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上享有在法律面前的平等权利而应考虑的一些具体要素。

2. Given the importance of this article, the Committee facilitated interactive forums for discussions on legal capacity.

2. 鉴于这一条的重要意义，委员会提供各种便利，促进对法律行为能力讨论的互动论坛。

From the very useful exchange on the provisions of article 12 by experts, States parties, disabled persons’ organizations, non-governmental organizations, treaty monitoring bodies, national human rights institutions and United Nations agencies, the Committee found it imperative to provide further guidance in a general comment.

由于专家、缔约国、残疾人组织、非政府组织、条约监测机构、国家人权机构和联合国机构对第十二条的规定展开了非常有意义的交流，因此委员会认为必须以一般性意见的形式提供进一步的指导。

3. On the basis of the initial reports of various States parties that it has reviewed so far, the Committee observes that there is a general misunderstanding of the exact scope of the obligations of States parties under article 12 of the Convention.

3. 根据迄今已审查的各个缔约国所提交的初次报告，委员会认为，总体而言对缔约国根据《公约》第十二条应承担的义务的确切范围存在误解。

Indeed, there has been a general failure to understand that the human rights-based model of disability implies a shift from the substitute decision-making paradigm to one that is based on supported decision-making.

的确，由于人们总体上未能意识到要对残疾问题采取立足人权的模式就必须进行范式转变，将替代决策范式转变为协助决策范式。

The aim of the present general comment is to explore the general obligations deriving from the various components of article 12.

本一般性意见的宗旨是探讨根据第十二条的各不同组成部分应承担的一般性义务。

4. The present general comment reflects an interpretation of article 12 which is premised on the general principles of the Convention, as outlined in article 3, namely, respect for the inherent dignity, individual autonomy — including the freedom to make one’s own choices —, and independence of persons;

4. 本一般性意见是对第十二条的解释，该条是以第三条所提出的《公约》的一般性原则为基础的，即尊重固有尊严和个人自主，包括自由作出自己的选择，以及个人的自立；

non-discrimination;

不歧视；

full and effective participation and inclusion in society;

充分和切实地参与和融入社会；

respect for difference and acceptance of persons with disabilities as part of human diversity and humanity;

尊重差异，接受残疾人是人的多样性的一部分和人类的一分子；

equality of opportunity;

机会均等；

accessibility;

无障碍；

equality between men and women;

男女平等；

and respect for the evolving capacities of children with disabilities and respect for the right of children with disabilities to preserve their identities.

尊重残疾儿童逐渐发展的能力并尊重残疾儿童保持其身份特性的权利。

5. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities each specify that the right to equal recognition before the law is operative “everywhere”.

5. 《世界人权宣言》、《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》和《残疾人权利公约》均具体规定在法律面前获得平等承认的权利是“普遍的”。

In other words, there are no permissible circumstances under international human rights law in which a person may be deprived of the right to recognition as a person before the law, or in which this right may be limited.

换言之，在国际人权法中不允许在任何情况下剥夺人在法律面前获得人格承认的权利，或对此权利进行限制。

This is reinforced by article 4, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which allows no derogation from this right, even in times of public emergency.

《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第四条第2款对此作出了强调，指出即便是在社会紧急状态情况下，也不允许克减这一权利。

Although an equivalent prohibition on derogation from the right to equal recognition before the law is not specified in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the provision in the International Covenant covers such protection by virtue of article 4, paragraph 4, of the Convention, which establishes that the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities do not derogate from existing international law.

尽管《残疾人权利公约》中并没有作出具体的相同规定，禁止克减在法律面前获得平等承认的权利，但根据《残疾人权利公约》第四条第四款涵盖《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》的这项保护，因为该款规定《残疾人权利公约》的条款不得克减现有国际法的规定。

6. The right to equality before the law is also reflected in other core international and regional human rights treaties.

6. 法律面前人人平等的权利也体现在其他主要的国际和区域人权条约中。

Article 15 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women guarantees women’s equality before the law and requires the recognition of women’s legal capacity on an equal basis with men, including with regard to concluding contracts, administering property and exercising their rights in the justice system.

《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十五条保证妇女在法律面前的平等并要求承认妇女与男子有同等的法律行为能力，包括签订合同和管理财产以及在司法系统中行使权利的法律行为能力。

Article 3 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights provides for the right of every person to be equal before the law and to enjoy equal protection of the law.

《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第3条规定法律面前人人平等和享有法律平等保护的权利。

Article 3 of the American Convention on Human Rights enshrines the right to juridical personality and the right of every person to recognition as a person before the law.

《美洲人权公约》第三条也载有法人地位权和人人在法律面前获得人格承认的权利。

7. States parties must holistically examine all areas of law to ensure that the right of persons with disabilities to legal capacity is not restricted on an unequal basis with others.

7. 各缔约国必须全面审查所有领域的法律，确保残疾人的法律行为能力不遭受与他人不平等的限制。

Historically, persons with disabilities have been denied their right to legal capacity in many areas in a discriminatory manner under substitute decision-making regimes such as guardianship, conservatorship and mental health laws that permit forced treatment.

一向以来由于实施替代决策制，例如监护和允许强制性治疗的精神卫生法等，使残疾人的法律行为能力权在多个方面遭到歧视和剥夺。

These practices must be abolished in order to ensure that full legal capacity is restored to persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others.

必须废除这些做法，确保恢复残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上享有充分的法律行为能力。

8. Article 12 of the Convention affirms that all persons with disabilities have full legal capacity.

8. 《公约》第十二条重申所有残疾人均有充分的法律能力。

Legal capacity has been prejudicially denied to many groups throughout history, including women (particularly upon marriage) and ethnic minorities.

历史上许多群体，包括妇女(尤其是在结婚时)以及少数民族被歧视性地剥夺了法律能力。

However, persons with disabilities remain the group whose legal capacity is most commonly denied in legal systems worldwide.

在全世界的法律制度中，残疾人仍然是法律能力最常被剥夺的群体。

The right to equal recognition before the law implies that legal capacity is a universal attribute inherent in all persons by virtue of their humanity and must be upheld for persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others.

在法律面前得到平等承认的权利意味着法律能力是所有人与生俱来的普遍特性，必须在与他人平等的基础上维护残疾人的这一权利。

Legal capacity is indispensable for the exercise of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights.

法律能力是行使公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利所必不可少的前提。

It acquires a special significance for persons with disabilities when they have to make fundamental decisions regarding their health, education and work.

残疾人在就健康、教育和工作作出重大决定时尤其需要行使这种能力。

The denial of legal capacity to persons with disabilities has, in many cases, led to their being deprived of many fundamental rights, including the right to vote, the right to marry and found a family, reproductive rights, parental rights, the right to give consent for intimate relationships and medical treatment, and the right to liberty.

在许多情况下，剥夺残疾人的法律能力导致许多基本权利被剥夺，包括投票权、结婚和建立家庭权、生殖权、父母抚养权、同意建立亲密关系权、医疗权以及自由权。

9. All persons with disabilities, including those with physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments, can be affected by denial of legal capacity and substitute decision-making.

9. 所有残疾人，包括有心理、精神、智力或感官障碍的人，都会被剥夺法律行为能力和被置于替代决策制之下。

However, persons with cognitive or psychosocial disabilities have been, and still are, disproportionately affected by substitute decision-making regimes and denial of legal capacity.

然而，在认知或心理社会方面存在残疾的人一如既往由于替代决策制和被剥夺法律能力而更为深受其害。

The Committee reaffirms that a person’s status as a person with a disability or the existence of an impairment (including a physical or sensory impairment) must never be grounds for denying legal capacity or any of the rights provided for in article 12.

委员会重申不得以某人残疾或有某种残障(包括身体或感官残障)为由剥夺其法律能力或第十二条所规定的其他任何权利。

All practices that in purpose or effect violate article 12 must be abolished in order to ensure that full legal capacity is restored to persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others.

必须根除宗旨或效果违反第十二条的一切做法，确保在与其他人平等的基础上恢复残疾人应有的充分的法律能力。

10. This general comment focuses primarily on the normative content of article 12 and the State obligations that emerge therefrom.

10. 本一般性意见主要侧重于第十二条的规范内容和其中规定的国家义务。

The Committee will continue to carry out work in this area so as to provide further in-depth guidance on the rights and obligations deriving from article 12 in future concluding observations, general comments and other documents.

委员会将继续开展这方面的工作，以便在今后的结论性意见、一般性意见和其他文件中，就第十二条产生的权利和义务提供进一步的深入指导。

II. Normative content of article 12

二. 第十二条的规范内容

Article 12, paragraph 1

第十二条第一款

11. Article 12, paragraph 1, reaffirms the right of persons with disabilities to be recognized as persons before the law.

11. 第十二条第一款重申残疾人享有在法律面前人格获得承认的权利。

This guarantees that every human being is respected as a person possessing legal personality, which is a prerequisite for the recognition of a person’s legal capacity.

这一条保证每一个人享有法律人格的权利得到尊重，这是承认一个人法律能力的先决条件。

Article 12, paragraph 2

第十二条第二款

12. Article 12, paragraph 2, recognizes that persons with disabilities enjoy legal capacity on an equal basis with others in all areas of life.

12. 第十二条第二款承认残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上在生活的各方面享有法律能力。

Legal capacity includes the capacity to be both a holder of rights and an actor under the law.

法律能力包括依法拥有权利和行使权利的能力。

Legal capacity to be a holder of rights entitles a person to full protection of his or her rights by the legal system.

权利持有者的法律能力使个人得到法律制度对其权利的充分保护。

Legal capacity to act under the law recognizes that person as an agent with the power to engage in transactions and create, modify or end legal relationships.

法律行为者的法律能力确认个人能够进行交易及确立、变更或终止法律关系。

The right to recognition as a legal agent is provided for in article 12, paragraph 5, of the Convention, which outlines the duty of States parties to “take all appropriate and effective measures to ensure the equal right of persons with disabilities to own or inherit property, to control their own financial affairs and to have equal access to bank loans, mortgages and other forms of financial credit, and … ensure that persons with disabilities are not arbitrarily deprived of their property”.

《公约》第十二条第五款承认法定代理人的权利，它规定各国有责任“采取一切适当和有效的措施，确保残疾人享有平等权利拥有或继承财产，掌管自己的财务，有平等机会获得银行贷款、抵押贷款和其他形式的金融信贷，并应当确保残疾人的财产不被任意剥夺”。

13. Legal capacity and mental capacity are distinct concepts.

13. 法律能力与心智能力是完全不同的概念。

Legal capacity is the ability to hold rights and duties (legal standing) and to exercise those rights and duties (legal agency).

法律能力是拥有权利和义务(法律地位)以及行使这些权利和义务(法律权利的行使)的能力。

It is the key to accessing meaningful participation in society.

这一能力是有意义地参与社会生活的关键。

Mental capacity refers to the decision-making skills of a person, which naturally vary from one person to another and may be different for a given person depending on many factors, including environmental and social factors.

心智能力是指一个人的决策技能，因天生禀赋而因人而异，同时由于许多不同因素，包括环境和社会因素也因人而异。

Legal instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (art. 6), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (art. 16) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (art. 15) do not specify the distinction between mental and legal capacity.

《世界人权宣言》(第六条)、《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》(第十六条)和《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》(第十五条)等法律文书没有说明心智能力与法律能力的区别。

Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, however, makes it clear that “unsoundedness of mind” and other discriminatory labels are not legitimate reasons for the denial of legal capacity (both legal standing and legal agency).

但《残疾人权利公约》第十二条明确规定，“心智不全”和其他歧视性标签不是剥夺法律能力(包括法律地位和法律权利的行使)的合法理由。

Under article 12 of the Convention, perceived or actual deficits in mental capacity must not be used as justification for denying legal capacity.

根据《公约》第十二条，感觉上或事实上的心智能力缺陷不得作为剥夺法律能力的理由。

14. Legal capacity is an inherent right accorded to all people, including persons with disabilities.

14. 法律能力是赋予所有人、包括残疾人的一项固有权利。

As noted above, it consists of two strands.

如前所述，它包括两个方面。

The first is legal standing to hold rights and to be recognized as a legal person before the law.

第一个方面是持有权利并且作为法人在法律面前得到承认的法律地位。

This may include, for example, having a birth certificate, seeking medical assistance, registering to be on the electoral role or applying for a passport.

例如，其中包括拥有出生证、寻求医疗援助、登记为选民或申请护照。

The second is legal agency to act on those rights and to have those actions recognized by the law.

第二个方面是就这些权利行事并且行为得到法律承认的法律权利的行使。

It is this component that is frequently denied or diminished for persons with disabilities.

残疾人经常被剥夺或减少的是这个部分。

For example, laws may allow persons with disabilities to own property, but may not always respect the actions taken by them in terms of buying and selling property.

例如，法律可能允许残疾人拥有财产，但不一定始终尊重残疾人在资产买卖中的行为。

Legal capacity means that all people, including persons with disabilities, have legal standing and legal agency simply by virtue of being human.

法律能力意味着所有人，包括残疾人在内，仅凭其为人而拥有法律地位和法律权利的行使。

Therefore, both strands of legal capacity must be recognized for the right to legal capacity to be fulfilled; they cannot be separated.

因此，要实现法律能力，必须承认法律能力的两个方面，它们是不可分的。

The concept of mental capacity is highly controversial in and of itself.

心智能力的概念本身有很大争议。

Mental capacity is not, as is commonly presented, an objective, scientific and naturally occurring phenomenon.

通常认为心智能力不是一个客观、科学和自然发生的现象。

Mental capacity is contingent on social and political contexts, as are the disciplines, professions and practices which play a dominant role in assessing mental capacity.

心智能力依社会和政治环境而定，就如在评估心智能力中起决定性作用的自律、职业和做法一样。

15. In most of the State party reports that the Committee has examined so far, the concepts of mental and legal capacity have been conflated so that where a person is considered to have impaired decision-making skills, often because of a cognitive or psychosocial disability, his or her legal capacity to make a particular decision is consequently removed.

15. 在委员会迄今已审议的大多数缔约国报告中，心智能力和法律能力的概念被混为一谈，当某人由于认知或心理社会残疾而在决策技能方面有缺陷时，作出某一决定的法律能力就随之被剥夺。

This is decided simply on the basis of the diagnosis of an impairment (status approach), or where a person makes a decision that is considered to have negative consequences (outcome approach), or where a person’s decision-making skills are considered to be deficient (functional approach).

作出这类决定所依据的通常只是对缺陷的诊断(现状方法)，或某人所作决定被视为产生不利影响(后果方法)，或某人的决策技能被视为有限(功能方法)。

The functional approach attempts to assess mental capacity and deny legal capacity accordingly.

功能方法试图评估心智能力并相应剥夺法律能力。

It is often based on whether a person can understand the nature and consequences of a decision and/or whether he or she can use or weigh the relevant information.

它经常基于一个人能否理解一项决定的性质和后果，以及/或者此人能否使用或权衡相关信息。

This approach is flawed for two key reasons: (a) it is discriminatorily applied to people with disabilities;

这种方法存在缺陷，原因主要有两个：(a) 它被歧视性地适用于残疾人；

and (b) it presumes to be able to accurately assess the inner-workings of the human mind and, when the person does not pass the assessment, it then denies him or her a core human right — the right to equal recognition before the law.

(b) 它假定能够准确评估人脑的内部活动，并在一个人未能通过评估时剥夺其核心人权――在法律面前获得平等承认的权利。

In all of those approaches, a person’s disability and/or decision-making skills are taken as legitimate grounds for denying his or her legal capacity and lowering his or her status as a person before the law.

所有这些方法将个人的残疾和/或决策技能作为合法理由，剥夺这些人的法律能力并削弱他们在法律面前的人格。

Article 12 does not permit such discriminatory denial of legal capacity, but, rather, requires that support be provided in the exercise of legal capacity.

第十二条不允许这种歧视性的剥夺法律能力的做法，它要求为行使法律能力提供协助。

Article 12, paragraph 3

第十二条第三款

16. Article 12, paragraph 3, recognizes that States parties have an obligation to provide persons with disabilities with access to support in the exercise of their legal capacity.

16. 第十二条第三款确认缔约国有义务便利残疾人获得他们在行使法律能力时所需的协助。

States parties must refrain from denying persons with disabilities their legal capacity and must, rather, provide persons with disabilities access to the support necessary to enable them to make decisions that have legal effect.

缔约国不得剥夺残疾人的法律能力，而是必须为残疾人提供协助，以便使残疾人能够作出具有法律效力的决定。

17. Support in the exercise of legal capacity must respect the rights, will and preferences of persons with disabilities and should never amount to substitute decision-making.

17. 在为行使法律能力提供协助时，必须尊重残疾人的权利、意愿和选择，不得以协助取代决策。

Article 12, paragraph 3, does not specify what form the support should take.

第十二条第三款没有具体说明协助应采取什么形式。

“Support” is a broad term that encompasses both informal and formal support arrangements, of varying types and intensity.

“协助”是一个宽泛的用词，包括不同类型和不同强度的各种非正规和正规的协助安排。

For example, persons with disabilities may choose one or more trusted support persons to assist them in exercising their legal capacity for certain types of decisions, or may call on other forms of support, such as peer support, advocacy (including self-advocacy support), or assistance with communication.

例如残疾人可以选择一个或一个以上他们信得过的协助人员协助他们行使法律能力、作出某些类型的决定，也可以要求提供其他类型的协助，如同龄人协助、辩护(包括自我辩护协助)或沟通方面的援助。

Support to persons with disabilities in the exercise of their legal capacity might include measures relating to universal design and accessibility — for example, requiring private and public actors, such as banks and financial institutions, to provide information in an understandable format or to provide professional sign language interpretation — in order to enable persons with disabilities to perform the legal acts required to open a bank account, conclude contracts or conduct other social transactions.

为残疾人行使法律能力提供协助也可以包括通用设计和无障碍等相关措施，例如要求银行和金融机构等公私营部门行为方提供易懂信息或提供专业手语翻译，有助于使残疾人采取法律行动，在银行开账户、签署合同或进行其他的社会交易。

Support can also constitute the development and recognition of diverse, non-conventional methods of communication, especially for those who use non-verbal forms of communication to express their will and preferences.

提供协助的方式也可以包括发展和承认各种不同和非常规的沟通方式，尤其是让以非口头沟通形式表达意愿和喜好的人使用。

For many persons with disabilities, the ability to plan in advance is an important form of support, whereby they can state their will and preferences which should be followed at a time when they may not be in a position to communicate their wishes to others.

对许多残疾人而言，能够预先计划是一种重要协助方式，让他们表达自己的意愿和选择，在他们无法向别人表达愿望的时候，先前所表达的意愿和选择应当得到遵从。

All persons with disabilities have the right to engage in advance planning and should be given the opportunity to do so on an equal basis with others.

所有残疾人都有权预先进行计划，应在与他人平等的基础上给予他们这种机会。

States parties can provide various forms of advance planning mechanisms to accommodate various preferences, but all the options should be non-discriminatory.

缔约国可提供考虑到各种选择的预先计划机制，但所有方案都不得具有歧视性。

Support should be provided to a person, where desired, to complete an advance planning process.

应在可行时为个人提供完成预先计划所需的协助。

The point at which an advance directive enters into force (and ceases to have effect) should be decided by the person and included in the text of the directive; it should not be based on an assessment that the person lacks mental capacity.

预先指令在何时生效(或停止生效)应由本人决定，并写入指令的正文，而不得取决于对此人缺乏心智能力的评估。

18. The type and intensity of support to be provided will vary significantly from one person to another owing to the diversity of persons with disabilities.

18. 提供协助的类型和强度因残疾人的多样性而有很大差异。

This is in accordance with article 3 (d), which sets out “respect for difference and acceptance of persons with disabilities as part of human diversity and humanity” as a general principle of the Convention.

这符合第三条第(四)款，它规定“尊重差异，接受残疾人是人的多样性的一部分和人类的一分子”是《公约》的一项一般原则。

At all times, including in crisis situations, the individual autonomy and capacity of persons with disabilities to make decisions must be respected.

无论在任何情况下，包括在紧急状态情况下都必须尊重残疾人的个人自主和决策能力。

19. Some persons with disabilities only seek recognition of their right to legal capacity on an equal basis with others, as provided for in article 12, paragraph 2, of the Convention, and may not wish to exercise their right to support, as provided for in article 12,

19. 一些残疾人只要求根据《公约》第十二条第二款,在与其他人平等的基础上享有行使法律能力的权利，并不希望在根据第十二条第三款行使权利时获得协助。

paragraph 3. Article 12, paragraph 4

第十二条第四款

20. Article 12, paragraph 4, outlines the safeguards that must be present in a system of support in the exercise of legal capacity.

20. 第十二条第四款简要提出了在协助行使法律能力的制度中必须作出的保障。

Article 12, paragraph 4, must be read in conjunction with the rest of article 12 and the whole Convention.

第十二条第四款必须与第十二条的其他各款以及整个《公约》一并解读。

It requires States parties to create appropriate and effective safeguards for the exercise of legal capacity.

它要求缔约国为行使法律能力提供适当和有效的保障。

The primary purpose of these safeguards must be to ensure the respect of the person’s rights, will and preferences.

这些保障的首要目的须是确保尊重个人的权利、意愿和选择。

In order to accomplish this, the safeguards must provide protection from abuse on an equal basis with others.

为实现这一目标，必须确保在与他人平等的基础上免遭虐待。

21. Where, after significant efforts have been made, it is not practicable to determine the will and preferences of an individual, the “best interpretation of will and preferences” must replace the “best interests” determinations.

21. 若在作出重大努力后，仍无法确定个人意愿和选择时，必须以“对意愿和选择的最佳解释”来取代“最大利益”决定。

This respects the rights, will and preferences of the individual, in accordance with article 12, paragraph 4.

这是根据第十二条第四款尊重个人的权利、意愿和选择。

The “best interests” principle is not a safeguard which complies with article 12 in relation to adults.

对成人而言，“最大利益”原则并不是符合第十二条的保障措施。

The “will and preferences” paradigm must replace the “best interests” paradigm to ensure that persons with disabilities enjoy the right to legal capacity on an equal basis with others.

“意愿和选择”范式必须取代“最大利益”范式，以确保残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上享有法律能力权。

22. All people risk being subject to “undue influence”, yet this may be exacerbated for those who rely on the support of others to make decisions.

22. 所有人都有可能受到“不当影响”，但对于依赖他人协助作出决定的人来说，这种情况可能更为严重。

Undue influence is characterized as occurring, where the quality of the interaction between the support person and the person being supported includes signs of fear, aggression, threat, deception or manipulation.

当在协助人员与被协助人员之间相互关系中包括恐惧、侵犯、威胁、欺骗或操纵等迹象时，可以认为发生了不当影响的情形。

Safeguards for the exercise of legal capacity must include protection against undue influence; however, the protection must respect the rights, will and preferences of the person, including the right to take risks and make mistakes.

行使法律能力的保障必须包括保护免遭不当影响，但这种保护应尊重个人的权利、意愿和选择，包括冒险和犯错的权利。

Article 12, paragraph 5

第十二条第五款

23. Article 12, paragraph 5, requires States parties to take measures, including legislative, administrative, judicial and other practical measures, to ensure the rights of persons with disabilities with respect to financial and economic affairs, on an equal basis with others.

23. 第十二条第五款要求缔约国采取措施，包括立法、行政、司法和其他具体措施，确保残疾人在与他人平等的基础上掌管财务和处理经济事务。

Access to finance and property has traditionally been denied to persons with disabilities based on the medical model of disability.

残疾人一向被残疾的医学模式剥夺拥有资金和财产的机会。

That approach of denying persons with disabilities legal capacity for financial matters must be replaced with support to exercise legal capacity, in accordance with article 12, paragraph 3.

必须根据第十二条第三款，为行使法律能力提供协助，以此取代剥夺残疾人行使财务方面法律能力的做法。

In the same way as gender may not be used as the basis for discrimination in the areas of finance and property, neither may disability.

正如不能以性别作为在金融和财产方面歧视的理由一样， 也不能以残疾作为歧视的理由。

III. Obligations of States parties

三. 缔约国的义务

24. States parties have an obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the right of all persons with disabilities to equal recognition before the law.

24. 缔约国有义务尊重、保护和落实所有残疾人在法律面前获得平等承认的权利。

In this regard, States parties should refrain from any action that deprives persons with disabilities of the right to equal recognition before the law.

为此缔约国不应采取任何行动剥夺残疾人在法律面前获得平等承认的权利。

States parties should take action to prevent non-State actors and private persons from interfering with the ability of persons with disabilities to realize and enjoy their human rights, including the right to legal capacity.

缔约国应采取行动预防非国家行为者和个人妨碍残疾人实现和享有人权，包括行使法律能力的权利。

One of the aims of support in the exercise of legal capacity is to build the confidence and skills of persons with disabilities so that they can exercise their legal capacity with less support in the future, if they so wish.

为行使法律能力提供协助的目标之一是增强残疾人的信心和能力，以便在未来，如果他们愿意的话，可以不需要太多的协助就能行使法律能力。

States parties have an obligation to provide training for persons receiving support so that they can decide when less support is needed or when they no longer require support in the exercise of their legal capacity.

各缔约国有义务为接受协助的人提供培训，以便使他们决定何时可以减少行使法律能力方面所需的协助,或何时不再需要任何协助。

25. In order to fully recognize “universal legal capacity”, whereby all persons, regardless of disability or decision-making skills, inherently possess legal capacity, States parties must abolish denials of legal capacity that are discriminatory on the basis of disability in purpose or effect.

25. 为了充分承认“人人享有法律能力”，即所有人(无论是否残疾或决策能力大小)与生俱来具有法律能力，各缔约国必须废除以残疾为由、无论是目的还是后果具有歧视性的对法律能力的剥夺。

26. In its concluding observations on States parties’ initial reports, in relation to article 12, the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has repeatedly stated that States parties must “review the laws allowing for guardianship and trusteeship, and take action to develop laws and policies to replace regimes of substitute decision-making by supported decision-making, which respects the person’s autonomy, will and preferences”.

26. 残疾人权利委员会在就各缔约国初次报告作出的关于第十二条的结论性意见中，多次重申有关缔约国必须“审查允许监护权和委托权的法律，并采取行动制定法律和政策，更换替代决定制，采取辅助决定制，以尊重人的自决、意愿和愿望”。

27. Substitute decision-making regimes can take many different forms, including plenary guardianship, judicial interdiction and partial guardianship.

27. 替代决定制有各种不同形式，包括绝对委托权、司法禁令和部分委托权。

However, these regimes have certain common characteristics: they can be defined as systems where (i) legal capacity is removed from a person, even if this is in respect of a single decision;

然而这些体制都有一些共同特征，可以将这些体制界定为：(一) 剥夺某人的法律能力，即便只是针对某一项决定；

(ii) a substitute decision-maker can be appointed by someone other than the person concerned, and this can be done against his or her will;

(二) 由本人以外的另外一个人任命替代决定者，并有可能是违反本人意愿的；

and (iii) any decision made by a substitute decision-maker is based on what is believed to be in the objective “best interests” of the person concerned, as opposed to being based on the person’s own will and preferences.

(三) 替代决定者的任何一项决定的依据本人据称的“最大利益”，而非依据本人的意愿和选择。

28. States parties’ obligation to replace substitute decision-making regimes by supported decision-making requires both the abolition of substitute decision-making regimes and the development of supported decision-making alternatives.

28. 缔约国以辅助决定制取代替代决定制的义务要求废除替代决定制并发展辅助决定的各种选择办法。

The development of supported decision-making systems in parallel with the maintenance of substitute decision-making regimes is not sufficient to comply with article 12 of the Convention.

在发展辅助决定制的同时维持一个平行的替代决定制是不足以遵守《公约》第十二条的。

29. A supported decision-making regime comprises various support options which give primacy to a person’s will and preferences and respect human rights norms.

29. 辅助决定制包括各种不同的辅助选择，优先考虑本人的意愿和选择并遵重人权规范。

It should provide protection for all rights, including those related to autonomy (right to legal capacity, right to equal recognition before the law, right to choose where to live, etc.) and rights related to freedom from abuse and ill-treatment (right to life, right to physical integrity, etc. ).

这种制度应保护所有人权，包括与自主(法律能力权、在法律面前获得平等承认的权利、选择在何地生活的权利等等)以及与免遭虐待相关的权利(生命权、人身安全权等)。

Furthermore, systems of supported decision-making should not over-regulate the lives of persons with disabilities.

此外，辅助决定制度不应过度制约残疾人的生活。

While supported decision-making regimes can take many forms, they should all incorporate certain key provisions to ensure compliance with article 12 of the Convention, including the following:

尽管辅助决定制可采取多种形式，为了确保符合《公约》第十二条，应纳入一些主要的规定，其中包括：

(a) Supported decision-making must be available to all.

(a) 必须向所有人提供辅助决定制。

A person’s level of support needs, especially where these are high, should not be a barrier to obtaining support in decision-making;

个人需要协助的程度(尤其是非常需要时)不应成为在决策方面获得协助的障碍；

(b) All forms of support in the exercise of legal capacity, including more intensive forms of support, must be based on the will and preference of the person, not on what is perceived as being in his or her objective best interests;

(b) 必须根据个人的意愿和选择，而非他人对此人真正的最大利益的看法，提供行使法律能力方面一切形式的协助(包括较高强度的协助)；

(c) A person’s mode of communication must not be a barrier to obtaining support in decision-making, even where this communication is non-conventional, or understood by very few people;

(c) 个人的沟通形式不应作为获得决策方面辅助的障碍，即便这种交流方式不寻常，或只有极为少数的人能够明白；

(d) Legal recognition of the support person(s) formally chosen by a person must be available and accessible, and States have an obligation to facilitate the creation of support, particularly for people who are isolated and may not have access to naturally occurring support in the community.

(d) 必须在法律上承认个人所正式选择的协助人，并便于获得这种承认，国家有义务提供协助便利，尤其是为那些孤独的人及难以利用社区中自然存在的协助的人提供协助。

This must include a mechanism for third parties to verify the identity of a support person as well as a mechanism for third parties to challenge the action of a support person if they believe that the support person is not acting in accordance with the will and preferences of the person concerned;

这必须包括建立一个机制，由第三方核查协助人的身份，同时还要建立另外一种机制，当第三方认为协助人没有根据受协助人本人的意愿和选择采取行动时对协助人的决定提出质疑；

(e) In order to comply with the requirement, set out in article 12, paragraph 3, of the Convention, for States parties to take measures to “provide access” to the support required, States parties must ensure that support is available at nominal or no cost to persons with disabilities and that lack of financial resources is not a barrier to accessing support in the exercise of legal capacity;

(e) 为遵守《公约》第十二条第三款提出的规定，即缔约国必须采取措施为获得所需协助提供“便利”，缔约国必须确保残疾人只需花费很少的钱或无需任何花费就能获得这种协助，而且缺乏财政资源不成为在行使法律能力方面获得协助的障碍；

(f) Support in decision-making must not be used as justification for limiting other fundamental rights of persons with disabilities, especially the right to vote, the right to marry, or establish a civil partnership, and found a family, reproductive rights, parental rights, the right to give consent for intimate relationships and medical treatment, and the right to liberty;

(f) 为决策提供协助不应成为借口，限制残疾人行使其他基本权利，尤其是选举权、结婚或建立民事伴侣关系及建立家庭的权利、生殖权、父母抚养权、同意建立亲密关系权、医疗权以及自由权；

(g) The person must have the right to refuse support and terminate or change the support relationship at any time;

(g) 残疾人必须有权在任何时候拒绝接受协助，以及停止或改变协助关系；

(h) Safeguards must be set up for all processes relating to legal capacity and support in exercising legal capacity.

(h) 必须在法律能力和为行使法律能力提供协助相关的所有进程中建立保障。

The goal of safeguards is to ensure that the person’s will and preferences are respected.

保障的目的在于确保个人的意愿和选择得到尊重；

(i) The provision of support to exercise legal capacity should not hinge on mental capacity assessments;

(i) 为行使法律能力提供协助不得取决于心智能力评估；

new, non-discriminatory indicators of support needs are required in the provision of support to exercise legal capacity.

在为行使法律能力提供协助时，需有制订评价协助需要的新的非歧视性指标。

30. The right to equality before the law has long been recognized as a civil and political right, with roots in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

30. 在法律面前人人平等的权利植根于《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》，一向是获得承认的一项公民权利和政治权利。

Civil and political rights attach at the moment of ratification and States parties are required to take steps to immediately realize those rights.

公民权利和政治权利产生于批准之时，缔约国必须采取措施，立即实现这些权利。

As such, the rights provided for in article 12 apply at the moment of ratification and are subject to immediate realization.

因此，一经批准，第十二条规定的权利就立即适用，并应立即实现。

The State obligation, provided for in article 12, paragraph 3, to provide access to support in the exercise of legal capacity is an obligation for the fulfilment of the civil and political right to equal recognition before the law.

第十二条第三款规定的缔约国为行使法律能力提供协助的义务是为实现在法律面前获得平等承认的公民权利和政治权利的义务。

“Progressive realization” (art. 4, para. 2) does not apply to the provisions of article 12.

“逐步实现”(第四条第二款)不适用于第十二条的规定。

Upon ratifying the Convention, States parties must immediately begin taking steps towards the realization of the rights provided for in article 12.

一旦批准《公约》，缔约国必须立即开始采取措施，实现第十二条规定的权利。

Those steps must be deliberate, well-planned and include consultation with and meaningful participation of people with disabilities and their organizations.

这些措施必须是深思熟虑、精心计划的措施，经与残疾人及其组织协商，并得到它的有意义的参与。

IV. Relationship with other provisions of the Convention

四. 与《公约》其他规定之间的关系

31. Recognition of legal capacity is inextricably linked to the enjoyment of many other human rights provided for in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, including, but not limited to, the right to access justice (art. 13); the right to be free from involuntary detention in a mental health facility and not to be forced to undergo mental health treatment (art. 14); the right to respect for one’s physical and mental integrity (art. 17);

31. 对法律能力的承认与享有《残疾人权利公约》所规定的其他许多人权密不可分，其中包括但不局限于获得司法保护的权利(第十三条)、免遭非自愿被关押在精神病 设施的权利和不被强迫接受精神病治疗的权利(第十四条)、身心完整性获得尊重的权利(第十七条)、迁移自由和国籍权(第十八条)、选择在何处和与何人一起 生活的权利(第十九条)、言论自由的权利(第二十一条)、结婚和建立家庭权(第二十三条)、同意接受医疗的权利(第二十五条)、选举和被选举权(第二十九 条)。

the right to liberty of movement and nationality (art. 18); the right to choose where and with whom to live (art. 19); the right to freedom of expression (art. 21);

个人在法律面前的人格若得不到承认，则要求、行使和实施这些权利以及《公约》规定的其他许多权利的能力将大打折扣。

the right to marry and found a family (art. 23);

第五条：平等和不歧视

the right to consent to medical treatment (art. 25); and the right to vote and stand for election (art. 29).

32. 为实现法律面前人人平等的目标，不得以歧视的方式剥夺法律能力。

Without recognition of the person as a person before the law, the ability to assert, exercise and enforce those rights, and many other rights provided for in the Convention, is significantly compromised.

《公约》第五条保证在法律面前人人平等，同时有权获得法律的平等保护。

Article 5: Equality and non-discrimination

这一条明确禁止基于残疾的歧视。

32. To achieve equal recognition before the law, legal capacity must not be denied discriminatorily. Article 5 of the Convention guarantees equality for all persons under and before the law and the right to equal protection of the law. It expressly prohibits all discrimination on the basis of disability.

《公约》第二条将基于残疾的歧视定义为“基于残疾而作出的任何区别、排斥或限制，其目的或效果是损害或取消在与其他人平等的基础上对一切人权和基本自由的认可、享有或行使”。

Discrimination on the basis of disability is defined in article 2 of the Convention as “any distinction, exclusion or restriction on the basis of disability which has the purpose or effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal basis with others, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms”.

剥夺法律能力，其目的或效果损害了残疾人在法律面前获得平等承认的权利，因此是违反《公约》第五条和第十二条的。

Denial of legal capacity having the purpose or effect of interfering with the right of persons with disabilities to equal recognition before the law is a violation of articles 5 and 12 of the Convention.

在某些情况下，例如在破产或遭到刑事定罪时，国家可对个人的法律能力加以限制。

States have the ability to restrict the legal capacity of a person based on certain circumstances, such as bankruptcy or criminal conviction. However, the right to equal recognition before the law and freedom from discrimination requires that when the State denies legal capacity, it must be on the same basis for all persons.

然而在法律面前获得平等承认和免受歧视的权利要求国家在剥夺法律能力时必须遵循所有人一律平等的原则。

Denial of legal capacity must not be based on a personal trait such as gender, race, or disability, or have the purpose or effect of treating the person differently.

不得根据性别、种族或残疾等个人特征剥夺法律能力，或这种剥夺的目的或效果是对这些人给予不同待遇。

33. Freedom from discrimination in the recognition of legal capacity restores autonomy and respects the human dignity of the person in accordance with the principles enshrined in article 3 (a) of the Convention.

33. 在承认法律能力方面免受歧视是根据《公约》第三条第(一)款所载原则恢复个人的自主和对人类尊严的尊重。

Freedom to make one’s own choices most often requires legal capacity.

作出自己选择的自由通常需要行使法律能力。

Independence and autonomy include the power to have one’s decisions legally respected.

独立和自主包括了个人所作决定得到法律上尊重的权利。

The need for support and reasonable accommodation in making decisions shall not be used to question a person’s legal capacity.

决策需要得到协助和适当的便利绝不能作为质疑个人法律能力的借口。

Respect for difference and acceptance of persons with disabilities as part of human diversity and humanity (art. 3 (d)) is incompatible with granting legal capacity on an assimilationist basis.

尊重差异和接受残疾人是人的多样性的一部分和人类的一分子(第三条第(四)款)意味着不得以同化的方式授予法律能力。

34. Non-discrimination includes the right to reasonable accommodation in the exercise of legal capacity (art. 5, para. 3).

34. 不歧视包括在行使法律能力方面有权获得合理便利(第五条第三款)。

Reasonable accommodation is defined in article 2 of the Convention as “necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to persons with disabilities the enjoyment or exercise on an equal basis with others of all human rights and fundamental freedoms”.

《公约》第二条将合理便利定义为“根据具体需要，在不造成过度或不当负担的情况下，进行必要和适当的修改和调整，以确保残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上，享有或行使一切人权和基本自由”。

The right to reasonable accommodation in the exercise of legal capacity is separate from, and complementary to, the right to support in the exercise of legal capacity.

在行使法律能力方面获得合理便利的权利与有权获得协助以行使法律能力是不同的，但这两点也是相辅相成的。

States parties are required to make any necessary modifications or adjustments to allow persons with disabilities to exercise their legal capacity, unless it is a disproportionate or undue burden.

要求缔约国作出必要的修改或调整，使残疾人行使其法律能力，除非这样做造成过度或不当负担。

Such modifications or adjustments may include, but are not limited to, access to essential buildings such as courts, banks, social benefit offices and voting venues; accessible information regarding decisions which have legal effect; and personal assistance.

这种修改或调整包括但并不局限于无障碍进出如法庭、银行、社会福利机构、选举场所等重要建筑物，同时方便地获得关于具有法律效力的各项决定的信息以及获得个人协助。

The right to support in the exercise of legal capacity shall not be limited by the claim of disproportionate or undue burden.

不得以存在过度或不当负担为由限制在法律能力方面获得协助的权利。

The State has an absolute obligation to provide access to support in the exercise of legal capacity.

各国绝对有义务为行使法律能力提供协助。

Article 6: Women with disabilities

第六条：残疾妇女

35. Article 15 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women provides for women’s legal capacity on an equal basis with men, thereby acknowledging that recognition of legal capacity is integral to equal recognition before the law: “States parties shall accord to women, in civil matters, a legal capacity identical to that of men and the same opportunities to exercise that capacity.

35. 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十五条规定妇女与男子享有同等的法律行为能力，并确认承认法律行为能力是承认法律面前人人平等的不可分割的一部分：“缔约各国应在公民事务上，给予妇女与男子同等的法律行为能力，以及行使这种行为能力的相同机会。

In particular, they shall give women equal rights to conclude contracts and to administer property and shall treat them equally in all stages of procedure in courts and tribunals” (para. 2).

特别应给予妇女签订合同和管理财产的平等权利，并在法院和法庭诉讼的各个阶段给予平等待遇”(第2款)。

This provision applies to all women, including women with disabilities.

这项规定适用于包括残疾妇女在内的所有妇女。

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities recognizes that women with disabilities may be subject to multiple and intersectional forms of discrimination based on gender and disability.

《残疾人权利公约》确认残疾妇女由于性别和残疾的原因可能遭受多重和交叉歧视。

For example, women with disabilities are subjected to high rates of forced sterilization, and are often denied control of their reproductive health and decision-making, the assumption being that they are not capable of consenting to sex.

例如残疾妇女遭受强制节育的比率很高，同时以她们无法同意性行为为由剥夺她们控制生殖卫生和决策的权利。

Certain jurisdictions also have higher rates of imposing substitute decision-makers on women than on men.

某些司法制度强制妇女接受替代决定的情况比强制男子的情况更普遍。

Therefore, it is particularly important to reaffirm that the legal capacity of women with disabilities should be recognized on an equal basis with others.

因此，重申必须承认残疾妇女在与其他人平等的基础上享有法律能力是极其重要的。

Article 7: Children with disabilities

第七条：残疾儿童

36. While article 12 of the Convention protects equality before the law for all persons, regardless of age, article 7 of the Convention recognizes the developing capacities of children and requires that “in all actions concerning children with disabilities, the best interests of the child … be a primary consideration” (para. 2) and that “their views [be] given due weight in accordance with their age and maturity” (para. 3).

36. 《公约》第十二条规定法律面前不分年龄人人平等，而第七条则确认儿童的能力处于发展阶段，要求“在一切关于残疾儿童的行动中，应当以儿童的最佳利益为一项首要考虑”(第二款)以及“残疾儿童的意见应当按照其年龄和成熟程度适当予以考虑”(第三款)。

To comply with article 12, States parties must examine their laws to ensure that the will and preferences of children with disabilities are respected on an equal basis with other children.

根据第十二条，缔约国必须审查各自法律，确保残疾儿童的意愿和选择得到与其他儿童相同的尊重。

Article 9: Accessibility

第九条：无障碍

37. The rights provided for in article 12 are closely tied to State obligations relating to accessibility (art. 9) because the right to equal recognition before the law is necessary to enable persons with disabilities to live independently and participate fully in all aspects of life.

37. 第十二条所规定的权利与无障碍进出方面的国家义务(第九条)密切相关，因为在法律面前获得平等承认的权利是残疾人独立生活并充分参与生活的各个方面所必需的。

Article 9 requires the identification and elimination of barriers to facilities or services open or provided to the public.

第九条要求查明和消除向公众开放和提供的设施或服务方面存在的障碍。

Lack of accessibility to information and communication and inaccessible services may constitute barriers to the realization of legal capacity for some persons with disabilities, in practice.

无法获得信息和通信和无法享有服务可能构成残疾人在实践中实现法律能力的一些障碍。

Therefore, States parties must make all procedures for the exercise of legal capacity, and all information and communication pertaining to it, fully accessible.

因此，缔约国必须使行使法律能力的所有程序和一切相关信息和通信完全无障碍。

States parties must review their laws and practices to ensure that the right to legal capacity and accessibility are being realized.

缔约国必须审查各自的法律和实践，确保实现法律行为能力和无障碍的权利。

Article 13: Access to justice

第十三条：获得司法保护

38. States parties have an obligation to ensure that persons with disabilities have access to justice on an equal basis with others.

38. 各缔约国有义务确保残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上获得司法保护。

The recognition of the right to legal capacity is essential for access to justice in many respects.

承认行使法律能力的权利在许多方面对于获得司法保护是非常重要的。

In order to seek enforcement of their rights and obligations on an equal basis with others, persons with disabilities must be recognized as persons before the law with equal standing in courts and tribunals.

要使残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上享有权利和义务，就必须承认他们的法律人格，在法院和法庭上有平等地位。

States parties must also ensure that persons with disabilities have access to legal representation on an equal basis with others.

缔约国还必须保证残疾人能在与他人平等的基础上获得法律代表权。

This has been identified as a problem in many jurisdictions and must be remedied, including by ensuring that persons who experience interference with their right to legal capacity have the opportunity to challenge such interference — on their own behalf or with legal representation — and to defend their rights in court.

在许多司法管辖区这已成为一个问题，必须加以解决，包括确保那些行使法律行为能力的权利遭到干预的人有机会对这些干预提出质疑(由他们自己或由他人代理这样做)，并在法庭上维护自己的权利。

Persons with disabilities have often been excluded from key roles in the justice system as lawyers, judges, witnesses or members of a jury.

残疾人常常被排斥，无法在司法系统中担任主要角色，如律师、法官、证人或陪审团成员。

39. Police officers, social workers and other first responders must be trained to recognize persons with disabilities as full persons before the law and to give the same weight to complaints and statements from persons with disabilities as they would to non-disabled persons.

39. 必须为警察、社会工作者和其他直接接触残疾人的人提供培训，以承认残疾人在法律面前的人格，并且对残疾人提出的申诉和证词给予与非残疾人相同的考量。

This entails training and awareness-raising in these important professions.

这就需要在这些重要职业中开展培训和提高认识的活动。

Persons with disabilities must also be granted legal capacity to testify on an equal basis with others.

还必须在与其他人平等的基础上给予残疾人作证的法律能力。

Article 12 of the Convention guarantees support in the exercise of legal capacity, including the capacity to testify in judicial, administrative and other legal proceedings.

《公约》第十二条保证为行使法律行为能力提供协助，包括为在司法、行政和其他法律诉讼程序中作证的能力提供协助。

Such support could take various forms, including recognition of diverse communication methods, allowing video testimony in certain situations, procedural accommodation, the provision of professional sign language interpretation and other assistive methods.

这种协助可采取各种不同形式，包括承认不同的交流方式，在某些情况下允许录像作证，程序上的便利，提供专业的手语翻译以及其他协助方式。

The judiciary must also be trained and made aware of their obligation to respect the legal capacity of persons with disabilities, including legal agency and standing.

必须为司法部门的工作人员提供培训，使他们了解他们有义务尊重残疾人的法律行为能力，包括法律行为和法律地位方面。

Articles 14 and 25: Liberty, security and consent

第十四条和第二十五条：自由、安全和同意

40. Respecting the right to legal capacity of persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others includes respecting the right of persons with disabilities to liberty and security of the person.

40. 尊重残疾人在与他人平等的基础上享有行使法律能力的权利，包括尊重残疾人的自由和人身安全权利。

The denial of the legal capacity of persons with disabilities and their detention in institutions against their will, either without their consent or with the consent of a substitute decision-maker, is an ongoing problem.

剥夺残疾人的法律行为能力，并违反他们的意愿，未征得他们的同意或只征得替代决定者的同意就将他们关押在机构中，这是一个经常出现的问题。

This practice constitutes arbitrary deprivation of liberty and violates articles 12 and 14 of the Convention.

这种做法构成任意剥夺自由，违反《公约》第十二条和第十四条。

States parties must refrain from such practices and establish a mechanism to review cases whereby persons with disabilities have been placed in a residential setting without their specific consent.

各缔约国不得采取这种做法，必须建立机制，审查涉及残疾人在未经同意前提下被安置在收容机构的案件。

41. The right to enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health (art. 25) includes the right to health care on the basis of free and informed consent.

41. 享有可达到的最高健康标准的权利(第二十五条)包括在自由和知情同意的基础上获得医疗保健的权利。

States parties have an obligation to require all health and medical professionals (including psychiatric professionals) to obtain the free and informed consent of persons with disabilities prior to any treatment.

各缔约国有义务要求所有卫生和医疗专业人员(包括精神病专业人员)在作出任何治疗之前获得残疾人的自由和知情同意。

In conjunction with the right to legal capacity on an equal basis with others, States parties have an obligation not to permit substitute decision-makers to provide consent on behalf of persons with disabilities.

缔约国一旦承认残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上行使法律能力的权利，就有义务不让替代决定者代替残疾人表示同意。

All health and medical personnel should ensure appropriate consultation that directly engages the person with disabilities.

所有卫生和医疗人员必须确保在有残疾人直接参与的前提下进行适当的协商。

They should also ensure, to the best of their ability, that assistants or support persons do not substitute or have undue influence over the decisions of persons with disabilities.

他们也应尽力确保助手或协助人员不得替代残疾人作出决定或对残疾人作出决定施加不当影响。

Articles 15, 16 and 17: Respect for personal integrity and freedom from torture, violence, exploitation and abuse

第十五、第十六和第十七条：尊重人身完整和免于酷刑、暴力、剥削和虐待

42. As has been stated by the Committee in several concluding observations, forced treatment by psychiatric and other health and medical professionals is a violation of the right to equal recognition before the law and an infringement of the rights to personal integrity (art. 17); freedom from torture (art. 15); and freedom from violence, exploitation and abuse (art. 16).

42. 正如委员会在几项结论性意见中所指出的那样，精神病专业人员和其他医护专业人员施行的强制治疗构成侵犯法律面前获得平等承认的权利以及侵犯人身完整性的权利(第十七条)、免于酷刑(第十五条)和免于暴力、剥削和虐待的权利(第十六条)。

This practice denies the legal capacity of a person to choose medical treatment and is therefore a violation of article 12 of the Convention.

这一做法剥夺了个人选择治疗的法律行为能力，因此是违反《公约》第十二条的。

States parties must, instead, respect the legal capacity of persons with disabilities to make decisions at all times, including in crisis situations;

各缔约国必须尊重残疾人在任何时候，包括在危机情况下作出决定的法律能力；

must ensure that accurate and accessible information is provided about service options and that non-medical approaches are made available;

必须确保提供有关服务选择的正确和可获得的信息，并提供非医疗办法；

and must provide access to independent support.

必须提供获得独立协助的便利。

States parties have an obligation to provide access to support for decisions regarding psychiatric and other medical treatment.

缔约国有义务为提供协助,以便就是否接受精神病和其他医疗作出决定。

Forced treatment is a particular problem for persons with psychosocial, intellectual and other cognitive disabilities.

遭受强迫治疗是有心理社会、智力和其他认知缺陷的人所面临的一个独特的问题。

States parties must abolish policies and legislative provisions that allow or perpetrate forced treatment, as it is an ongoing violation found in mental health laws across the globe, despite empirical evidence indicating its lack of effectiveness and the views of people using mental health systems who have experienced deep pain and trauma as a result of forced treatment.

缔约国必须废除允许或使强制治疗永久化的各种政策和立法规定，这种违反精神病治疗法律的做法仍在全球范围内继续，尽管实践证明它缺乏效力，而且对精神病治疗系统中被强迫治疗并遭受深刻痛苦和创伤者的意见置若罔闻。

The Committee recommends that States parties ensure that decisions relating to a person’s physical or mental integrity can only be taken with the free and informed consent of the person concerned.

委员会建议各缔约国确保在作出与个人身心完整性有关的决定时必须得到当事人的自由和知情同意。

Article 18: Nationality

第十八条：国籍

43. Persons with disabilities have the right to a name and registration of their birth as part of the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law (art. 18, para. 2).

43. 残疾人有权获得姓名和出生登记，这是他们在任何地方在法律面前获得人格承认权利的一部分(第十八条第二款)。

States parties must take the necessary measures to ensure that children with disabilities are registered at birth.

各缔约国必须采取必要措施确保残疾儿童在出生时获得登记。

This right is provided for in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (art. 7);

这是《儿童权利公约》所规定的(第七条)；

however, children with disabilities are disproportionately likely not to be registered as compared with other children.

然而与其他儿童相比，残疾儿童得不到登记的比例过高。

This not only denies them citizenship, but often also denies them access to health care and education, and can even lead to their death.

这不仅剥夺了他们的公民权，还使他们常常无法获得卫生保健和教育，甚至导致死亡。

Since there is no official record of their existence, their death may occur with relative impunity.

由于没有关于他们生存情况的正式记录，造成他们死亡的人也常常得不到追究和处罚。

Article 19: Living independently and being included in the community

第十九条：独立生活和融入社区

44. To fully realize the rights provided for in article 12, it is imperative that persons with disabilities have opportunities to develop and express their will and preferences, in order to exercise their legal capacity on an equal basis with others.

44. 为了充分落实第十二条规定的权利，残疾人应有机会充分发展并表达自己的意愿和选择，从而在与其他人平等的基础上行使法律能力。

This means that persons with disabilities must have the opportunity to live independently in the community and to make choices and to have control over their everyday lives, on an equal basis with others, as provided for in article 19.

这就意味着根据第十九条的规定，残疾人必须有机会在与其他人平等的基础上在社区里独立生活，作出选择和对日常生活当家作主。

45. Interpreting article 12, paragraph 3, in the light of the right to live in the community (art. 19) means that support in the exercise of legal capacity should be provided through a community-based approach.

45. 根据在社区里生活的权利(第十九条)，对第十二条第三款进行解读，意味着为行使法律能力提供协助应采取立足社区的方针。

States parties must recognize that communities are assets and partners in the process of learning what types of support are needed in the exercise of legal capacity, including raising awareness about different support options.

在了解为行使法律能力应提供哪些类型的协助时，各缔约国必须承认社区既是可以利用的财富也是伙伴，也应让人们进一步了解存在的各种不同的协助方式。

States parties must recognize the social networks and naturally occurring community support (including friends, family and schools) of persons with disabilities as key to supported decision-making.

缔约国必须承认社交网络和自然形成的社区支助(包括朋友、家庭和学校)是为残疾人提供协助决策的关键。

This is consistent with the Convention’s emphasis on the full inclusion and participation of persons with disabilities in the community.

这也与《公约》对残疾人充分融入和参与社区生活的强调相一致。

46. The segregation of persons with disabilities in institutions continues to be a pervasive and insidious problem that violates a number of the rights guaranteed under the Convention.

46. 将残疾人隔离安置在机构中的做法仍然是一个普遍和隐蔽的问题，同时也违反了《公约》所保障的一系列权利。

The problem is exacerbated by the widespread denial of legal capacity to persons with disabilities, which allows others to consent to their placement in institutional settings.

由于剥夺残疾人法律行为能力的做法很普遍，允许他人作出将残疾人安置在院所的决定，就使这一问题更加百上加斤。

The directors of institutions are also commonly vested with the legal capacity of the persons residing therein.

通常还委任这些机构的主管负责为机构中居住的人行使法律行为能力。

This places all power and control over the person in the hands of the institution.

这就使这些机构全面掌控了这些个人。

In order to comply with the Convention and respect the human rights of persons with disabilities, deinstitutionalization must be achieved and legal capacity must be restored to all persons with disabilities, who must be able to choose where and with whom to live (art. 19).

为了遵守《公约》的规定并尊重残疾人的人权，必须实现非机构化，同时恢复所有残疾人的法律行为能力，使他们能够选择在何处和与何人一起生活(第十九条)。

A person’s choice of where and with whom to live should not affect his or her right to access support in the exercise of his or her legal capacity.

个人对在何处和与何人一起生活的选择不应影响其在行使法律行为能力方面获得协助的权利。

Article 22: Privacy

第二十二条：隐私

47. Substitute decision-making regimes, in addition to being incompatible with article 12 of the Convention, also potentially violate the right to privacy of persons with disabilities, as substitute decision-makers usually gain access to a wide range of personal and other information regarding the person.

47. 替代决定制除了不符合《公约》第十二条的规定之外，还有可能违反残疾人的隐私权，因为这些替代决策者通常能够获得残疾人大量的个人资料和其他资料。

In establishing supported decision-making systems, States parties must ensure that those providing support in the exercise of legal capacity fully respect the right to privacy of persons with disabilities.

在建立辅助决定制时，各缔约国必须确保在为行使法律行为能力提供协助时充分尊重残疾人的隐私权。

Article 29: Political participation

第二十九条：政治参与

48. Denial or restriction of legal capacity has been used to deny political participation, especially the right to vote, to certain persons with disabilities.

48. 对法律行为能力的剥夺或限制也被用作剥夺某些残疾人的政治参与，尤其是剥夺投票权的手段。

In order to fully realize the equal recognition of legal capacity in all aspects of life, it is important to recognize the legal capacity of persons with disabilities in public and political life (art. 29).

为了充分实现在所有生活领域的法律行为能力获得平等承认，必须承认残疾人在公共和政治生活方面的法律行为能力(第二十九条)。

This means that a person’s decision-making ability cannot be a justification for any exclusion of persons with disabilities from exercising their political rights, including the right to vote, the right to stand for election and the right to serve as a member of a jury.

这就意味着不得以个人的决策能力作为排除残疾人行使政治权利的借口，这些政治权利包括投票权、被选举权和担任陪审团成员的权利。

49. States parties have an obligation to protect and promote the right of persons with disabilities to access the support of their choice in voting by secret ballot, and to participate in all elections and referendums without discrimination.

49. 各缔约国有义务保护和增进残疾人在不受歧视的前提下以秘密投票的方式选举他们愿意支持的人以及参加所有选举和公民投票的权利。

The Committee further recommends that States parties guarantee the right of persons with disabilities to stand for election, to hold office effectively and to perform all public functions at all levels of government, with reasonable accommodation and support, where desired, in the exercise of their legal capacity.

委员会又建议各缔约国确保残疾人参选的权利，以及在各级政府有效担任公职和履行一切公共职务的权利，并在可行的情况下为行使他们的法律行为能力提供合理便利和协助。

V. Implementation at the national level

五. 国家一级的执行工作

50. In the light of the normative content and obligations outlined above, States parties should take the following steps to ensure the full implementation of article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities:

50. 鉴于上文提出的规范内容和义务，各国应采取以下步骤确保全面落实《残疾人权利公约》第十二条的规定：

(a) Recognize persons with disabilities as persons before the law, having legal personality and legal capacity in all aspects of life, on an equal basis with others.

(a) 确认残疾人在与他人平等的基础上在法律面前的人格，在生活所有领域拥有法律人格和法律行为能力。

This requires the abolition of substitute decision-making regimes and mechanisms that deny legal capacity and which discriminate in purpose or effect against persons with disabilities.

这就要求废除替代决定制,以及在目的和效果上歧视残疾人、剥夺他们法律行为能力的机制。

It is recommended that States parties create statutory language protecting the right to legal capacity on an equal basis for all;

建议缔约国制定法律条文，在人人平等的基础上保护所有人行使法律行为能力的权利；

(b) Establish, recognize and provide persons with disabilities with access to a broad range of support in the exercise of their legal capacity.

(b) 建立、确认和为残疾人提供有助于行使他们法律行为能力的一系列范围广泛的协助。

Safeguards for such support must be premised on respect for the rights, will and preferences of persons with disabilities.

要以尊重残疾人的权利、意愿和选择为基础，为提供这些协助作出保障。

The support should meet the criteria set out in paragraph 29 above on the obligations of States parties to comply with article 12, paragraph 3, of the Convention;

这些协助必须符合上文第29段所述为各缔约国遵守《公约》第十二条第三款规定义务提出的标准；

(c) Closely consult with and actively involve persons with disabilities, including children with disabilities, through their representative organizations, in the development and implementation of legislation, policies and other decision-making processes that give effect to article 12.

(c) 通过残疾人各自的代表组织与残疾人、包括残疾儿童密切协商，并让他们积极参与制定和执行旨在落实第十二条的立法、政策和其他决策进程。

51. The Committee encourages States parties to undertake or devote resources to the research and development of best practices respecting the right to equal recognition of the legal capacity of persons with disabilities and support in the exercise of legal capacity.

51. 委员会鼓励各国承诺或划拨资源，在尊重残疾人的法律能力获得平等承认和为行使法律能力获得协助的权利方面开展研究和制定最佳做法。

52. States parties are encouraged to develop effective mechanisms to combat both formal and informal substitute decision-making.

52. 鼓励各缔约国建立有效机制，防止正式和非正式的替代决策。

To this end, the Committee urges States parties to ensure that persons with disabilities have the opportunity to make meaningful choices in their lives and develop their personalities, to support the exercise of their legal capacity.

为此，委员会促请各缔约国确保残疾人有机会在生活中作出有意义的选择和发展个性，从而协助他们行使法律行为能力。

This includes, but is not limited to, opportunities to build social networks;

其中包括但不限于建立社交网络的机会；

opportunities to work and earn a living on an equal basis with others;

在与他人平等的基础上工作和谋生的机会；

multiple choices for place of residence in the community;

对社区居住地点的多种选择；

and inclusion in education at all levels.

以及利用各级教育的机会。

See the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, art. 13 (b).

请参阅《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十三条(b)款。

See the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 2, in conjunction with art. 5.

请参阅《残疾人权利公约》第二条，与第五条一并解读。