CRPD/GC/2 1453864E.doc (English)

CRPD/GC/2 1453864C.doc (Chinese)

CRPD_GC_2_1453864E.doc

CRPD_GC_2_1453864C.doc

Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

残疾人权利委员会

Eleventh session

第十一届会议

31 March–11 April 2014

2014年3月31日至4月11日

General comment No. 2 (2014)

第2号一般性意见(2014)

Article 9: Accessibility

第九条：无障碍

I. Introduction

一. 导言

1. Accessibility is a precondition for persons with disabilities to live independently and participate fully and equally in society.

1. 无障碍是残疾人独立生活以及充分平等地参与社会的前提条件。

Without access to the physical environment, to transportation, to information and communication, including information and communications technologies and systems, and to other facilities and services open or provided to the public, persons with disabilities would not have equal opportunities for participation in their respective societies.

如果不能进入物质环境，利用交通运输，获得信息和通信，包括信息和通信技术和制度，不能进入向公众开放或提供的其他设施和服务，那么，残疾人就不会有平等的机会参与到他们各自的社会中去。

It is no coincidence that accessibility is one of the principles on which the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is based (art. 3 (f)).

无障碍是《残疾人权利公约》作为基础的原则之一(第三条第六款)。

Historically, the persons with disabilities movement has argued that access to the physical environment and public transport for persons with disabilities is a precondition for freedom of movement, as guaranteed under article 13 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 12 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

历史上，残疾人运动证实了残疾人进入物质环境和公共交通的机会，是《世界人权宣言》第十三条和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十二条所保障的行动自由的一个前提条件。

Similarly, access to information and communication is seen as a precondition for freedom of opinion and expression, as guaranteed under article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 19, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

同样，获得信息和通信也被看作是意见和表达自由的一个前提条件，得到《世界人权宣言》第十九条和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十九条第2款的保障。

2. Article 25 (c) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights enshrines the right of every citizen to have access, on general terms of equality, to public service in his or her country.

2. 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二十五条丙款规定每个公民有权在一般的平等条件下参加本国的公务。

The provisions of this article could serve as a basis to incorporate the right of access into the core human rights treaties.

该条的规定可以作为将准入权纳入核心人权条约的基础。

3. The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination guarantees everyone the right of access to any place or service intended for use by the general public, such as transport, hotels, restaurants, cafes, theatres and parks (art. 5 (f)).

3. 《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》保障人人有权进入专用于公众的场所或者获得专用于公众的服务，如交通、旅馆、餐馆、咖啡馆、剧场和公园等等(第五条己款)。

Thus, a precedent has been established in the international human rights legal framework for viewing the right to access as a right per se.

因此，在国际人权法律框架中就审议无障碍权作为一项权利本身建立了一个先例。

Admittedly, for members of different racial or ethnic groups, the barriers to free access to places and services open to the public were the result of prejudicial attitudes and a readiness to use force in preventing access to spaces that were physically accessible.

应该承认，就不同的种族或族裔群体而言，自由地无障碍进入或获得向公众开放的场所和服务所受到的障碍，就是因为歧视性的态度以及随时使用武力阻扰无障碍进入本来在形体上可以进入的场所。

However, persons with disabilities face technical and environmental — in most cases, human-built environmental — barriers such as steps at the entrances of buildings, the absence of lifts in multi-floor buildings and a lack of information in accessible formats.

但是，残疾人也面临着各种技术和环境(大多是人为的)障碍，如大楼进口处的台阶、多层大楼没有电梯、缺乏无障碍格式的信息。

The built environment always relates to social and cultural development as well as customs; therefore the built environment is under the full control of society.

建筑环境总是与社会文化的发展以及习俗有关，因此，建筑环境完全由社会所控制。

Such artificial barriers are often the result of a lack of information and technical know-how rather than a conscious will to prevent persons with disabilities from accessing places or services intended for use by the general public.

造成这种人为的障碍，其原因并非故意阻挠残疾人无障碍进入公众场所或获得公众服务，而大多是由于缺乏信息和技术知识。

In order to introduce policies that allow better accessibility for persons with disabilities, it is necessary to change attitudes towards persons with disabilities in order to fight against stigma and discrimination, through ongoing education efforts, awareness-raising, cultural campaigns and communication.

要实现加强对残疾人无障碍的政策，就必须开展经常性的教育、提高认识、文化宣传和交流等活动，抵制丑化和歧视，改变对残疾人的态度。

4. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination clearly establish the right of access as part of international human rights law.

4. 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》和《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》明确规定无障碍权是国际人权法的一部分。

Accessibility should be viewed as a disability-specific reaffirmation of the social aspect of the right of access.

无障碍性应该被看作是专门针对残疾问题的对社会层面无障碍权的确认。

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities includes accessibility as one of its key underlying principles — a vital precondition for the effective and equal enjoyment of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights by persons with disabilities.

《残疾人权利公约》将无障碍作为其关键的根本性原则之一，是残疾人有效和平等地享有各种公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利的一个至关重要的前提条件。

Accessibility should be viewed not only in the context of equality and non-discrimination, but also as a way of investing in society and as an integral part of the sustainable development agenda.

无障碍性不仅应该在平等和不歧视的背景下予以看待，而且还应该被看作是社会投资的一种方式和可持续发展议程的一个组成部分。

5. While different people and organizations understand differently what information and communications technology (ICT) means, it is generally acknowledged that ICT is an umbrella term that includes any information and communication device or application and its content.

5. 不同的人和不同的组织对信息和通信技术(信通技术)的理解各不相同，但普遍承认信通技术是一个综合性的词，它包含所有的信息和通信装置或者应用软件及其内容。

Such a definition encompasses a wide range of access technologies, such as radio, television, satellite, mobile phones, fixed lines, computers, network hardware and software.

这种定义包括了大量的无障碍技术，如广播、电视、卫星、移动电话、固定电话、电脑、网络硬件和软件。

The importance of ICT lies in its ability to open up a wide range of services, transform existing services and create greater demand for access to information and knowledge, particularly in underserved and excluded populations, such as persons with disabilities.

信通技术的重要性在于它能够开发大量的服务，改变现有服务，扩大对信息和知识的需求，特别是扩大被服务不足和被排斥的人群，如残疾人对信息和知识的需求。

Article 12 of the International Telecommunication Regulations (adopted in Dubai in 2012) enshrines the right for persons with disabilities to access international telecommunication services, taking into account the relevant International Telecommunication Union (ITU) recommendations.

《国际电信规则》(2012年在迪拜通过)第12条考虑到国际电信联盟(电联)的建议，载入了残疾人获得国际电信服务的权利。

The provisions of that article could serve as a basis for reinforcing States parties’ national legislative frameworks.

该条款的规定可用作加强缔约国国内立法框架的基础。

6. In its general comment No. 5 (1994) on persons with disabilities, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights evoked the duty of States to implement the United Nations Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities.

6. 在关于残疾人的第5号一般性意见(1994)中，经济、社会和文化权利委员会援引了缔约国执行《联合国残疾人平等机会标准规则》的职责。

The Standard Rules highlight the significance of the accessibility of the physical environment, transport, information and communication for the equalization of opportunities for persons with disabilities.

《标准规则》强调无障碍进入物质环境、交通、信息和通信对残疾人平等机会的意义。

The concept is developed in rule 5, in which access to the physical environment, and access to information and communication are targeted as areas for priority action for States.

这一概念在规则的第5条得到了扩展，该条将物质环境的无障碍、信息和通信的无障碍等指定为国家优先行动的领域。

The significance of accessibility can be derived also from general comment No. 14 (2000) of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on the right to the highest attainable standard of health (para. 12).

无障碍性的意义也可见之于经济、社会和文化权利委员会关于能达到的最高标准身心健康权的第14号一般性意见(2000)(第12段)。

In its general comment No. 9 (2006) on the rights of children with disabilities, the Committee on the Rights of the Child emphasizes that the physical inaccessibility of public transportation and other facilities, including governmental buildings, shopping areas and recreational facilities, is a major factor in the marginalization and exclusion of children with disabilities and markedly compromises their access to services, including health and education (para. 39).

在 关于残疾儿童权利的第9号一般性意见(2006)中，经济、社会和文化权利委员会强调，公共交通及其他设施，包括政府大楼、购物场所、娱乐设施等不易进入 和使用，是造成残疾儿童被边际化和被排斥的一个主要因素，而且明显使其获得各项服务，包括保健和教育服务的机会大打折扣(第39段)。

The importance of accessibility was reiterated by the Committee on the Rights of the Child in its general comment No. 17 (2013) on the right of the child to rest, leisure, play, recreational activities, cultural life and the arts.

儿童权利委员会在关于儿童休息、休闲、玩耍、娱乐活动、文化生活和艺术的权利的第17号一般意见(2013)中强调了无障碍的重要性。

7. The World Report on Disability Summary, published in 2011 by the World Health Organization and the World Bank within the framework of the largest consultation ever and with the active involvement of hundreds of professionals in the field of disability, stresses that the built environment, transport systems and information and communication are often inaccessible to persons with disabilities (p. 10).

7. 世界卫生组织和世界银行开展了一次迄今为至规模最大的协商，有从事残疾领域工作的数百名专业人员的积极参加，并于2011年根据这次协商出版了《世界残疾问题报告概要》。报告强调，建筑环境、交通系统以及信息和通信往往不能为残疾人所进入或获得(P.10)。

Persons with disabilities are prevented from enjoying some of their basic rights, such as the right to seek employment or the right to health care, owing to a lack of accessible transport.

由于缺乏无障碍交通，残疾人受阻而不能享受他们的某些基本权利，如获得就业的权利或保健权。

The level of implementation of accessibility laws remains low in many countries and persons with disabilities are often denied their right to freedom of expression owing to the inaccessibility of information and communication.

由于信息和通信受阻，许多国家执行无障碍法的程度依然很低，残疾人常常没有表达自由权。

Even in countries where sign language interpretation services exist for deaf persons, the number of qualified interpreters is usually too low to meet the increasing demand for their services, and the fact that the interpreters have to travel individually to clients makes the use of their services too expensive.

即使在对聋人有手势语翻译服务的国家，合格翻译的人数通常很少，满足不了他们对服务日益增长的需求； 译员还必须单独旅行前往客户所在地，因此使用他们的服务的费用太昂贵。

Persons with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities as well as deaf-blind persons face barriers when attempting to access information and communication owing to a lack of easy-to-read formats and augmentative and alternative modes of communication.

由于在通信方面缺乏易读的格式以及辅助和替代模式，因此，患有智障和心理障碍的人以及聋哑人，在获得信息和通信时都遇到障碍。

They also face barriers when attempting to access services due to prejudices and a lack of adequate training of the staff providing those services.

他们在争取获得服务时，由于偏见以及提供这些服务的工作人得不到适当的培训，因此也会遇到障碍。

8. The report, Making Television Accessible, published in 2011 by the International Telecommunication Union in cooperation with the Global Initiative for Inclusive Information and Communication Technologies, highlights that a significant proportion of the one billion people who live with some form of disability are unable to enjoy the audiovisual content of television.

8. 2011年，国际电讯联盟与包容性信息和通信技术全球倡议合作发布了题为“无障碍电视”的报告。 该报告着重表示，在大约十亿各类残疾人当中，有大量的人仍无法享用到电视的视听内容。

This is due to the inaccessibility of content, information and/or devices necessary for them to access those services.

这是因为他们无法无障碍地获取享用这些服务所需的内容、信息和/或设备。

9. Accessibility was recognized by the mainstream ICT community since the first phase of the World Summit on Information Society, held in Geneva in 2003.

9. 自从2003年日内瓦信息社会世界峰会第一阶段会议以来，无障碍原则已得到信通技术主流社群的承认。

Introduced and driven by the disability community, the concept was incorporated in the Declaration of Principles adopted by the Summit, which in paragraph 25 state, “the sharing and strengthening of global knowledge for development can be enhanced by removing barriers to equitable access to information for economic, social, political, health, cultural, educational, and scientific activities and by facilitating access to public domain information, including by universal design and the use of assistive technologies”.

这 一概念得到残疾社群的采纳和推介，因此已被纳入了峰会通过的《原则宣言》。该宣言第25段说，“通过消除在公平获取经济、社会、政治、卫生、文化、教育和 科技活动信息方面存在的障碍，通过促进公用域信息的获取，包括利用通用的设计和使用辅助性技术，可以加强有益于发展的全球知识共享。”

10. The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has considered accessibility as one of the key issues in each of the 10 interactive dialogues it has held with States parties during the consideration of their initial reports, prior to the drafting of the present general comment.

10. 在审议缔约国的初次报告期间，残疾人权利委员会在起草本一般性意见前与它们举行了十次互动对话，每一次都将无障碍问题作为关键问题。

The concluding observations on those reports all contain recommendations concerning accessibility.

关于这些报告的结论性意见都含有关于无障碍的建议。

One common challenge has been the lack of an adequate monitoring mechanism to ensure the practical implementation of accessibility standards and relevant legislation.

一个共同的挑战一直是缺乏保证切实执行无障碍标准和有关立法方面的充足的监测机制。

In some States parties, monitoring was the responsibility of local authorities that lacked the technical knowledge and the human and material resources to ensure effective implementation.

在有些缔约国，监测的工作由地方当局负责，但地方当局缺乏确保有效落实的技术知识以及人力和物力。

Another common challenge has been the lack of training provided to the relevant stakeholders and insufficient involvement of persons with disabilities and their representative organizations in the process of ensuring access to the physical environment, transport, information and communication.

另一个共同的挑战是有关的利益相关方得不到培训，残疾人及其代表组织没有充分参与确保进入或获得物质环境、交通、信息和通信的进程。

11. The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has also addressed the issue of accessibility in its jurisprudence.

11. 残疾人权利委员会还讨论了其司法判例中的无障碍问题。

In the case of Nyusti and Takács v. Hungary (communication No. 1/2010, Views adopted on 16 April 2013), the Committee was of the view that all services open or provided to the public must be accessible in accordance with the provisions of article 9 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

在Nyusti和Takács诉匈牙利案(第1/2010号来文，2013年4月16日通过的意见)中，委员会认为，向公众开放或提供的所有服务都必须根据《残疾人权利公约》第九条的规定是无障碍的。

The State party was called upon to ensure that blind persons had access to automatic teller machines (ATMs).

缔约国被要求确保盲人能够无障碍地使用自动取款机。

The Committee recommended, inter alia, that the State party establish “minimum standards for the accessibility of banking services provided by private financial institutions for persons with visual and other types of impairments;

委员会特别建议缔约国“确定私人金融机构为视障者及其他类型障碍者提供银行服务无障碍性的最低标准；”

… create a legislative framework with concrete, enforceable and time-bound benchmarks for monitoring and assessing the gradual modification and adjustment by private financial institutions of previously inaccessible banking services provided by them into accessible ones;

建立一个具有具体、可实行和实现标准的法律框架，用于监督和评估私营金融机构逐步将其先前提供的障碍性银行服务改装与调整为无障碍性银行服务的情况；

… and ensure that all newly procured ATMs and other banking services are fully accessible for persons with disabilities” (para. 10.2 (a)).

…确保所有新购置的自动提款机及其他银行服务对残疾人完全无障碍”(第10.2(a)段)。

12. Given these precedents and the fact that accessibility is indeed a vital precondition for persons with disabilities to participate fully and equally in society and enjoy effectively all their human rights and fundamental freedoms, the Committee finds it necessary to adopt a general comment on article 9 of the Convention on accessibility, in accordance with its rules of procedure and the established practice of the human rights treaty bodies.

12. 鉴于上述先例，而且无障碍确实是残疾人充分和平等参与社会，有效享有所有人权和基本自由的关键前提条件，因此，委员会认为必须根据议事规则和人权条约机构的惯例，就《公约》关于无障碍的第九条通过一项一般性意见。

II. Normative content

二. 规范性内容

13. Article 9 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities stipulates that, “to enable persons with disabilities to live independently and participate fully in all aspects of life, States parties shall take appropriate measures to ensure to persons with disabilities access, on an equal basis with others, to the physical environment, to transportation, to information and communication, including information and communication technologies and systems, and to other facilities and services open or provided to the public, both in urban and in rural areas”.

13. 《残疾人权利公约》第九条规定，“为了使残疾人能够独立生活和充分参与生活的各个方面，缔约国应当采取适当措施，确保残疾人在与其他人平等的基础上，无障 碍地进出物质环境，使用交通工具，利用信息和通信，包括信息和通信技术和系统，以及享用在城市和农村地区向公众开放或提供的其他设施和服务”。

It is important that accessibility is addressed in all its complexity, encompassing the physical environment, transportation, information and communication, and services.

对无障碍的复杂性必须予以全方位地处理，包括物质环境、交通、信息和通信、以及服务。

The focus is no longer on legal personality and the public or private nature of those who own buildings, transport infrastructure, vehicles, information and communication, and services.

重点已经不再是拥有建筑物、交通基础设施、车辆、信息和通信以及服务的人的法人地位以及公共和私人性质。

As long as goods, products and services are open or provided to the public, they must be accessible to all, regardless of whether they are owned and/or provided by a public authority or a private enterprise. Persons with disabilities should have equal access to all goods, products and services that are open or provided to the public in a manner that ensures their effective and equal access and respects their dignity. This approach stems from the prohibition against discrimination;

只要货物、产品和服务对公众开放或者向公众提供，它们必须能够为所有人利 用，不管它们是由公共当局还是由私人企业用残疾人应该有平等的机会利用向公众开放或提供的所有货物、产品和服务，以确保他们能够有效平等地处理方式的根源 是禁止歧视、剥夺无障碍利用的机会，应该被认为是一种歧视性行为，不管这种行为者是否是公共实体还是私人实体。

denial of access should be considered to constitute a discriminatory act, regardless of whether the perpetrator is a public or private entity. Accessibility should be provided to all persons with disabilities, regardless of the type of impairment, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, legal or social status, gender or age.

所有残疾人都应该享有无障碍的权利，不管他们属于何种残疾类型，也不分种族、肤色、性取向、语言、政治或其它见解、民族或社会渊源、财产、出身或其它地位、法律或社会地位、性别或年龄等等。

Accessibility should especially take into account the gender and age perspectives for persons with disabilities.

无障碍性应该特别考虑残疾人的性别或年龄。

14. Article 9 of the Convention clearly enshrines accessibility as the precondition for persons with disabilities to live independently, participate fully and equally in society, and have unrestricted enjoyment of all their human rights and fundamental freedoms on an equal basis with others.

14. 《公约》第九条明确规定无障碍是残疾人独立生活，充分和平等参与社会的前提条件，他们在与他人平等的基础上不受限制地享有所有人权和基本自由。

Article 9 has roots in existing human rights treaties, such as article 25 (c) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on the right to equal access to public service, and article 5 (f) of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination on the right of access to any place or service intended for public use.

第九条源自一些现行的人权条约，如《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》关于平等获得公共服务的第二十五条丙款，以及《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》关于进出公共场所或获得公共服务的权利的第五条己款等。

When those two core human rights treaties were adopted, the Internet, which has changed the world dramatically, did not exist.

在这两项核心条约通过的年代，给世界带来巨大变化的无联网还不存在。

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is the first human rights treaty of the 21st century to address access to ICTs; and it does not create new rights in that regard for persons with disabilities.

《残疾人权利公约》是二十一世纪论及获得信通技术问题的第一个人权条约，但它并没有在这方面为残疾人创造新的权利。

Furthermore, the notion of equality in international law has also changed over the past decades, with the conceptual shift from formal equality to substantive equality having an impact on the duties of States parties.

此外，国际法中的平等观也在几十年来发生了变化，概念由形式平等转向实质性平等，对缔约国的责任产生了影响。

States’ obligation to provide accessibility is an essential part of the new duty to respect, protect and fulfil equality rights.

国家提供无障碍性的义务是尊重、保护和履行人权这一新责任的一个基本部分。

Accessibility should therefore be considered in the context of the right to access from the specific perspective of disability.

因此，无障碍应该在无障碍权的背景下从残疾的具体角度予以考虑。

The right to access for persons with disabilities is ensured through strict implementation of accessibility standards.

残疾人的无障碍权通过严格执行无障碍标准予以保证。

Barriers to access to existing objects, facilities, goods and services aimed at or open to the public shall be removed gradually in a systematic and, more importantly, continuously monitored manner, with the aim of achieving full accessibility.

针对公众或向公众开放的现有物品、设施、货物和服务，凡在进入或获得方面有障碍的，都应有系统地予以逐渐消除，更重要地是要对这项工作予以不断地监督，以实现全面的无障碍。

15. The strict application of universal design to all new goods, products, facilities, technologies and services should ensure full, equal and unrestricted access for all potential consumers, including persons with disabilities, in a way that takes full account of their inherent dignity and diversity.

15. 将通用设计严格应用于所有新的货物、产品、设施、技术和服务，都应该确保所有潜在的消费者，包括残疾人，以充分考虑他们的固有尊严和多样性的方式，充分、平等和不受限制地予以利用。

It should contribute to the creation of an unrestricted chain of movement for an individual from one space to another, including movement inside particular spaces, with no barriers.

它应该有助于建立一种无限制的行动链，使个人能够无障碍地从一个空间向另一个空间移动，包括在具体的空间内移动。

Persons with disabilities and other users should be able to move in barrier-free streets, enter accessible low-floor vehicles, access information and communication, and enter and move inside universally designed buildings, using technical aids and live assistance where necessary.

残疾人和其他用户应该在无障碍的街道上移动，进入无障碍的第一层车辆，获取信息和通信，进入通用性设计的大楼并在楼内移动，必要时可采用技术辅助器材和现场协助。

The application of universal design does not automatically eliminate the need for technical aids.

通用设计的应用并不自动消除技术辅助器材的必要性。

Its application to a building from the initial design stage helps to make construction much less costly: making a building accessible from the outset might not increase the total cost of construction at all in many cases, or only minimally in some cases.

从初步设计阶段一开始就将通用设计应用于建筑物，有助于大大减少建筑过程中的成本：从一开始就实现建筑物的无障碍性，在许多情况下也许根本不会提高建筑物的总成本，或者在有些情况下只略有提高。

On the other hand, the cost of subsequent adaptations in order to make a building accessible may be considerable in some cases, especially with regard to certain historical buildings.

但是，随后为了实现建筑的无障碍性而进行的修改，其成本有时可能会相当地高，特别是对某些历史性建筑而言。

While the initial application of universal design is more economical, the potential cost of subsequent removal of barriers may not be used as an excuse to avoid the obligation to remove barriers to accessibility gradually.

虽然在一开始就应用通用设计在经济上较合算，但随后拆除一些障碍可能产生的费用不能用来作为不履行逐渐拆除通行障碍的义务的借口。

Accessibility of information and communication, including ICT, should also be achieved from the outset because subsequent adaptations to the Internet and ICT may increase costs.

无障碍获得信息和通信，包括信通技术，也应该从一开始就实现，因为随后对互联网和信通技术的调整会增加成本。

It is therefore more economical to incorporate mandatory ICT accessibility features from the earliest stages of design and production.

因此，从设计和制造的最早阶段就强制性地纳入信通技术无障碍的特点，这比较经济节约。

16. The application of universal design makes society accessible for all human beings, not only persons with disabilities. It is also significant that article 9 explicitly imposes on States parties the duty to ensure accessibility in both urban and rural areas.

16. 通用设计的应用不尽仅能使残疾人，而且也能使所有人都融入社会，还有意义的是，第九条明确规定缔约国有责任确保在城市和乡村地区的无障碍性。

Evidence has shown that accessibility is usually better in bigger cities than in remote, less developed rural areas, although extensive urbanization can sometimes also create additional new barriers that prevent access for persons with disabilities, in particular to the built environment, transport and services, as well as more sophisticated information and communication services in heavily populated, bustling urban areas.

有证据表明，无障碍的情况通常大城市比边远、欠发达的农村地区要好，虽然大规模的城市化有时也可能会增加新的障碍，阻碍残疾人的无障碍通行，特别是在建筑环境、交通和服务方面以及在人口密集而繁忙的城市地区较先进的信息和通信服务方面的无障碍使用。

In both urban and rural areas, access should be available for persons with disabilities to the natural and heritage parts of the physical environment that the public can enter and enjoy.

城乡地区都应该对物质环境中公众可进入和享受的自然和遗产部分为残疾人实行无障碍化。

17. Article 9, paragraph 1, requires States parties to identify and eliminate obstacles and barriers to accessibility to, inter alia:

17. 第九条第一款要求缔约国特别是要查明和消除进出以下设施和获得以下服务等方面的各种障碍：

(a) Buildings, roads, transportation and other indoor and outdoor facilities, including schools, housing, medical facilities and workplaces;

(a) 建筑、道路、交通和其他室内外设施，包括学校、住房、医疗设施和工作场所；

(b) Information, communications and other services, including electronic services and emergency services.

(b) 信息、通信和其他服务，包括电子服务和应急服务。

The other indoor and outdoor facilities, mentioned above, should include law enforcement agencies, tribunals, prisons, social institutions, areas for social interaction and recreation, cultural, religious, political and sports activities, and shopping establishments.

以上提到的其它室内外设施也应执法机构、法庭、监狱、社会机构、社会互动和娱乐区、文化、宗教、政治和体育活动及购物建筑。

Other services should include postal, banking, telecommunication and information services.

其它服务应包括邮政、银行、电讯和信息服务等。

18. Article 9, paragraph 2, stipulates the measures States parties must take in order to develop, promulgate and monitor the implementation of minimum national standards for the accessibility of facilities and services open or provided to the public.

18. 第九条第二款规定缔约国必须采取的措施，以拟定、公布监测落实无障碍使用向公众开放或提供的设施和服务的国家最低标准。

Those standards shall be in accordance with the standards of other States parties in order to ensure interoperability with regard to free movement within the framework of liberty of movement and nationality (art. 18) of persons with disabilities.

这些标准应参照其它缔约国的标准，以确保在残疾人迁徙和选择国籍的自由的框架内能够在自由通行方面(第十八条)互通实施。

States parties are also required to take measures to ensure that private entities that offer facilities and services that are open or provided to the public take into account all aspects of accessibility for persons with disabilities (art. 9, para. 2 (b)).

缔约国还必须采取措施，确保提供向公众开放或提供的其他设施和服务的私营实体在各个方面考虑为残疾人创造无障碍环境(第九条第二款第二项)。

19. Since a lack of accessibility is often the result of insufficient awareness and technical know-how, article 9 requires that States parties provide training to all stakeholders on accessibility for persons with disabilities (para. 2 (c)).

19. 缺乏无障碍环境常常是由于认识不足和技术能力不够，因此第九条要求缔约国就残疾人的无障碍问题向所有利益相关方提供培训(第二款第三项)。

Article 9 does not attempt to enumerate the relevant stakeholders; any exhaustive list should include the authorities that issue building permits, broadcasting boards and ICT licences, engineers, designers, architects, urban planners, transport authorities, service providers, members of the academic community and persons with disabilities and their organizations.

第九条没有罗列所有相关的利益相关方，但任何完整的名单都应该包括颁发建筑许可的机构，广播局和信通技术许可证，工程师、设计师、建筑师、城市规划者、交通管理机构，服务提供者，学术界的成员以及残疾人及其组织。

Training should be provided not only to those designing goods, services and products, but also to those who actually produce them.

培训不仅要向设计货物、服务和产品的人提供，而且还要向实际的生产者提供。

In addition, strengthening the direct involvement of persons with disabilities in product development would improve the understanding of existing needs and the effectiveness of accessibility tests.

此外，加强残疾人直接参与产品开发，会促进对无障碍检验的现有需求和效力的理解。

Ultimately, it is the builders on the construction site who make a building accessible or not.

最终是在建筑现场的建筑者决定是否将建筑变成无障碍。

It is important to put in place training and monitoring systems for all these groups in order to ensure the practical application of accessibility standards.

必须为所有上述群体建立培训和监测制度，以确保实际执行无障碍标准。

20. Movement and orientation in buildings and other places open to the public can be a challenge for some persons with disabilities if there is no adequate signage, accessible information and communication or support services.

20. 向公众开放的建筑物和其他场所中的移动和确定方向，如果没有充分的指示标志、无障碍的信息和通信或者支助性服务，对有些残疾人来说可以是一种很棘手的问题。

Article 9, paragraph 2 (d) and (e), therefore provides that buildings and other places open to the public should have signage in Braille and in easy-to-read and understand forms, and that live assistance and intermediaries, including guides, readers and professional sign-language interpreters should be provided to facilitate accessibility.

因此，第九条第二款第四项和第五项规定向公众开放的建筑物和其他场所应该有盲文标志和易读易懂的标志，应该提供现场协助和中介，包括向导、朗读员和专业手语译员，以利于无障碍通行。

Without such signage, accessible information and communication and support services, orientation and movement in and through buildings may become impossible for many persons with disabilities, especially those experiencing cognitive fatigue.

如果没有这种标志，无障碍的信息和通信以及支助服务，许多残疾人，特别是患有认知疲劳的残疾人就会不可能在建筑物内和通过建筑物时辩认方向和通行。

21. Without access to information and communication, enjoyment of freedom of thought and expression and many other basic rights and freedoms for persons with disabilities may be seriously undermined and restricted.

21. 如果不能无障碍地获得信息和通信，残疾人对思想和表达自由以及其他许多基本权利和自由的享有就会受到严重损害和限制。

Article 9, paragraph 2 (f) to (g), of the Convention therefore provide that States parties should promote live assistance and intermediaries, including guides, readers and professional sign language interpreters (para. 2 (e)), promote other appropriate forms of assistance and support to persons with disabilities to ensure their access to information, and promote access for persons with disabilities to new information and communications technologies and systems, including the Internet, through the application of mandatory accessibility standards.

因此，《公约》第九条第二款第六至第七项规定，缔约国应 推广现场协助和中介，包括向导、朗读员和专业手语译员(第二款第五项)，推动向残疾人提供其他适当形式的援助和支持，确保他们能无障碍地获得信息，并通过 实行强制性无障碍标准推动残疾人无障碍地获得新的信息和通信技术和系统，包括互联网。

Information and communication should be available in easy-to-read formats and augmentative and alternative modes and methods to persons with disabilities who use such formats, modes and methods.

信息和通信应该以易读的格式、辅助和替代的模式和方法提供给使用这种格式、模式和方法的残疾人。

22. New technologies can be used to promote the full and equal participation of persons with disabilities in society, but only if they are designed and produced in a way that ensures their accessibility.

22. 新技术可用于促进残疾人充分平等地参与社会，但只有当这种技术的设计和制作确保对残疾人的无障碍时才能实现。

New investments, research and production should contribute to eliminating inequality, not creating new barriers.

新的投资、研究和生产应该促进不平等的消除，而不是创造新的障碍。

Article 9, paragraph 2 (h), therefore calls on States parties to promote the design, development, production and distribution of accessible information and communications technologies and systems at an early stage, so that these technologies and systems become accessible at minimum cost.

因此，第九条第二款第八项呼吁缔约国促进在早期阶段设计、开发、生产和推行无障碍信息和通信技术和系统，以便能以最低成本使这些技术和系统无障碍。

The use of hearing enhancement systems, including ambient assistive systems to assist hearing aid and induction loop users, and passenger lifts pre-equipped to allow use by persons with disabilities during emergency building evacuations constitute just some of the examples of technological advancements in the service of accessibility.

使用助听系统，包括周围辅助系统，以协助使用助听器和感应圈系统的人； 预先安装载客电梯，以便残疾人在紧急撤出大楼时能为残疾人所用，这些只是无障碍服务的技术发展方面的几个例子。

23. Since accessibility is a precondition for persons with disabilities to live independently, as provided for in article 19 of the Convention, and to participate fully and equally in society, denial of access to the physical environment, transportation, information and communication technologies, and facilities and services open to the public should be viewed in the context of discrimination.

23. 由于无障碍是《公约》第十九条规定的残疾人独立生活，充分和平等地参与社会的一个前提条件，因此，剥夺无障碍地进入或获得向公众开放的物质环境、交通、信息和通信技术以及设施和服务，应该在歧视的范围内予以看待。

Taking “all appropriate measures, including legislation, to modify or abolish existing laws, regulations, customs and practices that constitute discrimination against persons with disabilities” (art. 4, para. 1 (b)) constitutes the main general obligation for all States parties.

采取“一切适当措施，包括立法，以修订和废止构成歧视残疾人的现行立法、法规、习惯和做法”(第四条第一款第二项)，是所有缔约国的主要的一般性义务。

“States parties shall prohibit all discrimination on the basis of disability and guarantee to persons with disabilities equal and effective legal protection against discrimination on all grounds” (art. 5, para. 2).

“缔约国应当禁止一切基于残疾的歧视，保证残疾人获得平等和有效的法律保护，使之不受基于任何原因的歧视(第五条第二款)。

“In order to promote equality and eliminate discrimination, States parties shall take all appropriate steps to ensure that reasonable accommodation is provided” (art. 5, para. 3).

“为促进平等和消除歧视，缔约国应当采取一切适当步骤，确保提供合理便利”(第五条第三款)。

24. A clear distinction should be drawn between the obligation to ensure access to all newly designed, built or produced objects, infrastructure, goods, products and services and the obligation to remove barriers and ensure access to the existing physical environment and existing transportation, information and communication, and services open to the general public.

24. 对以下两种义务应该做明确的区分：第一是确保所有新设计、建造或生产的物品、基础设施、货物、产品和服务的无障碍的义务； 二是确保向公众开放的现有物质环境、现有交通、信息和通信以及服务取消所有障碍，并实现无障碍的义务。

Another of the States parties’ general obligations is to “undertake or promote research and development of universally designed goods, services, equipment and facilities, as defined in article 2 of the Convention, which should require the minimum possible adaptation and the least cost to meet the specific needs of a person with disabilities, to promote their availability and use, and to promote universal design in the development of standards and guidelines” (art. 4, para. 1 (f)).

缔约国的另一项一般性义务是“从事或促进研究和开发本公约第二条所界定的 通用设计的货物、服务、设备和设施，以便仅需尽可能小的调整和最低费用即可满足残疾人的具体需要，促进这些货物、服务、设备和设施的提供和使用，并在拟定 标准和导则方面提倡通用设计”(第四条第一款第六项)。

All new objects, infrastructure, facilities, goods, products and services have to be designed in a way that makes them fully accessible for persons with disabilities, in accordance with the principles of universal design.

所有新的物品、基础结构、设施、货物、产品和服务的设计必须按照通用设计的原则对残疾人实现充分的无障碍化。

States parties are obliged to ensure that persons with disabilities have access to the existing physical environment, transportation, information and communication and services open to the general public.

缔约国必须确保残疾人无障碍地进出或获得向公众开放的现有物质环境、交通、信息和通信以及服务。

However, as this obligation is to be implemented gradually, States parties should establish definite time frames and allocate adequate resources for the removal of existing barriers.

但是，由于这项义务需要逐步履行，因此缔约国应该规定明确的时间框架，为消除现有的障碍拨出适当的资源。

Furthermore, States parties should clearly prescribe the duties of the different authorities (including regional and local authorities) and entities (including private entities) that should be carried out in order to ensure accessibility.

此外，缔约国还应规定各管理当局(包括区域和当地管理当局)和实体(包括私营实体)应该在确保无障碍方面履行的责任。

States parties should also prescribe effective monitoring mechanisms to ensure accessibility and monitor sanctions against anyone who fails to implement accessibility standards.

缔约国还应规定有效的监测机制，以确保无障碍性，监督对不履行无障碍标准的人实行的制裁。

25. Accessibility is related to groups, whereas reasonable accommodation is related to individuals.

25. 无障碍化与群体有关，而合理便利则与个人有关。

This means that the duty to provide accessibility is an ex ante duty.

这意味着提供无障碍的责任是一项事前责任。

States parties therefore have the duty to provide accessibility before receiving an individual request to enter or use a place or service.

因此，缔约国有责任在收到个人在进入或使用某一场所或服务的要求前提供无障碍。

States parties need to set accessibility standards, which must be adopted in consultation with organizations of persons with disabilities, and they need to be specified for service-providers, builders and other relevant stakeholders.

缔约国必须与残疾人组织协商，以通过无障碍标准； 对服务提供者、建筑人员和其他有关的利益相关方都必须具体地规定无障碍标准。

Accessibility standards must be broad and standardized.

无障碍标准的范围必须要广，要标准化。

In the case of individuals who have rare impairments that were not taken into account when the accessibility standards were developed or who do not use the modes, methods or means offered to achieve accessibility (not reading Braille, for example), even the application of accessibility standards may not be sufficient to ensure them access.

有一些个人患有罕见障碍，而在制定无障碍标准时没有予以考虑进去，还有一些个人则不会使用为实现无障碍而提供的模式、方法或手段(不会阅读盲文)，因此，即使实行无障碍标准也可能不足以确保他们能无障碍地利用。

In such cases, reasonable accommodation may apply.

在这种情况下可适用合理便利原则。

In accordance with the Convention, States parties are not allowed to use austerity measures as an excuse to avoid ensuring gradual accessibility for persons with disabilities.

根据《公约》，缔约国不得用紧缩政策作为借口来避免为残疾人逐渐实现无障碍化。

The obligation to implement accessibility is unconditional, i.e. the entity obliged to provide accessibility may not excuse the omission to do so by referring to the burden of providing access for persons with disabilities.

实行无障碍的义务是无条件的，即有义务提供无障碍的实体不得以向残疾人提供无障碍的负担太重为由而不这样做。

The duty of reasonable accommodation, contrarily, exists only if implementation constitutes no undue burden on the entity.

相反，只有实行无障碍对该实体不带来太重的负担时，提供合理便利的职责才存在。

26. The duty to provide reasonable accommodation is an ex nunc duty, which means that it is enforceable from the moment an individual with an impairment needs it in a given situation, for example, workplace or school, in order to enjoy her or his rights on an equal basis in a particular context.

26. 提供合理便利的责任是一种事后责任。 这意味从患有障碍的个人在特定情况下(例如工作地点或学校等)需要这种便利，以便在特定背景下平等享有自己的权利的那一时刻起就应该履行这项责任。

Here, accessibility standards can be an indicator, but may not be taken as prescriptive.

在这里，无障碍标准可以是一个指标，但不一定是规定性的。

Reasonable accommodation can be used as a means of ensuring accessibility for an individual with a disability in a particular situation.

合理便利可用作确保残疾人在某一情况中的无障碍的一种手段。

Reasonable accommodation seeks to achieve individual justice in the sense that non-discrimination or equality is assured, taking the dignity, autonomy and choices of the individual into account.

合理便利争取实现个人的正义，以确保不歧视或平等，同时考虑个人的尊严、自主和选择。

Thus, a person with a rare impairment might ask for accommodation that falls outside the scope of any accessibility standard.

因此，患有不常见障碍的人可以要求提供无障碍标准范围以外的便利。

III. Obligations of States parties

三. 缔约国的义务

27. Even though ensuring access to the physical environment, transportation, information and communication, and services open to the public is often a precondition for the effective enjoyment of various civil and political rights by persons with disabilities, States parties can ensure that access is achieved through gradual implementation when necessary as well as through the use of international cooperation.

27. 即使确保向公众开放的物质环境、交通、信息和通信以及服务等的无障碍常常是残疾人有效享有各种公民和政治权利的前提条件，缔约国也可以通过在必要时逐渐落实以及通过开展国际合作来实现无障碍。

An analysis of the situation to identify the obstacles and barriers that need to be removed can be carried out in an efficient manner and within a short- to mid-term framework.

对情况作分析，查明需要取消的障碍，可以有效地在中短期的时间框架内完成。

Barriers should be removed in a continuous and systematic way, gradually yet steadily.

障碍的取消应该是持续、系统、逐渐而稳定地进行的。

28. States parties are obliged to adopt, promulgate and monitor national accessibility standards.

28. 缔约国有义务通过、颁布和监督国家无障碍标准。

If no relevant legislation is in place, adopting a suitable legal framework is the first step.

如果还没有制定有关的立法，第一步就应该通过一项适当的法律框架。

States parties should undertake a comprehensive review of the laws on accessibility in order to identify, monitor and address gaps in legislation and implementation. Disability laws often fail to include ICT in their definition of accessibility, and disability rights laws concerned with non-discriminatory access in areas such as procurement, employment and education often fail to include access to ICT and the many goods and services central to modern society that are offered through ICT.

关于残疾问题的法律常常没有把信通技术包括在残疾的定义中，关于 采购、就业和教育等等领域无歧视进入的残疾人权利法也常常没有包括信通技术的获得以及信通技术提供的对现代社会至关重要的许多货物和服务。 缔约国应全面审查关于残疾问题的法律框架，以查明、监测和解决立法和执行方面的差距。

It is important that the review and adoption of these laws and regulations are carried out in close consultation with persons with disabilities and their representative organizations (art. 4, para. 3), as well as all other relevant stakeholders, including members of the academic community and expert associations of architects, urban planners, engineers and designers.

这些法律和规章的审查和通过必须与残疾人及其代表组织(第四条第三款)，以及其他有关的利益相关方，包括学术界成员、建筑专家协会、城市规划者、工程师和设计师等进行密切协商。

Legislation should incorporate and be based on the principle of universal design, as required by the Convention (art. 4, para. 1 (f)).

按照《公约》的要求，立法中应该纳入通用设计原则，并以此为基础(第四条第一款第六项)。

It should provide for the mandatory application of accessibility standards and for sanctions, including fines, for those who fail to apply them.

它应该规定强制性实施无障碍标准，并对不实施这些标准的人规定制裁，包括罚款。

29. It is helpful to mainstream accessibility standards that prescribe various areas that have to be accessible, such as the physical environment in laws on construction and planning, transportation in laws on public aerial, railway, road and water transport, information and communication, and services open to the public.

29. 将规定必须实现无障碍的各种领域的无障碍标准纳入法律的主流，是大有裨益的，例如：将物质环境纳入关于建筑和规划的法律的主流，将交通纳入关于向公众开放的公共航空、铁路、公路和水运、信息和通信以及服务的法律的主流。

However, accessibility should be encompassed in general and specific laws on equal opportunities, equality and participation in the context of the prohibition of disability-based discrimination.

但是，无障碍应该在禁止基于残疾的歧视的范围内被包括关于平等机会、平等和参与的一般性和具体法律中。

Denial of access should be clearly defined as a prohibited act of discrimination.

应该明确规定拒绝实现无障碍是受到禁止的歧视行为。

Persons with disabilities who have been denied access to the physical environment, transportation, information and communication, or services open to the public should have effective legal remedies at their disposal.

任何残疾人，凡是被剥夺无障碍进出或获得向公众开放的物质环境、交通、信息和通信或服务，均应可以获得有效的法律补救。

When defining accessibility standards, States parties have to take into account the diversity of persons with disabilities and ensure that accessibility is provided to persons of any gender and of all ages and types of disability.

在确定无障碍标准时，缔约国必须考虑残疾人的多样性，确保向男女残疾人、各年龄的残疾人、各种残疾的残疾人提供无障碍环境。

Part of the task of encompassing the diversity of persons with disabilities in the provision of accessibility is recognizing that some persons with disabilities need human or animal assistance in order to enjoy full accessibility (such as personal assistance, sign language interpretation, tactile sign language interpretation or guide dogs).

将残疾人的多样性纳入提供无障碍环境的任务的一部分，是承认有些残疾人需要人或动物的协助，以充分享有无障碍环境(如个人协助、手势语翻译、触摸式手语翻译或导盲狗)。

It must be stipulated, for example, that banning guide dogs from entering a particular building or open space would constitute a prohibited act of disability-based discrimination.

例如，必须规定，禁止导盲狗进入某一建筑物或开放空间，构成被禁止的基于残疾的歧视行为。

30. It is necessary to establish minimum standards for the accessibility of different services provided by public and private enterprises for persons with different types of impairments.

30. 在公共和私人企业为患有不同类型障碍的人提供各种服务的无障碍方面，必须规定最低标准。

Reference tools such as the ITU-T recommendation Telecommunications Accessibility Checklist for standardization activities (2006) and the Telecommunications accessibility guidelines for older persons and persons with disabilities (ITU-T recommendation F.790) should be mainstreamed whenever a new ICT-related standard is developed.

不管在什么时候，只要制订与信通技术有关的新标准，就应该将ITU-T 建议书、《标准化活动电信无障碍核对单》(2006)以及“老年人和残疾人电信无障碍指南”(ITU-T建议书F.790)等等的参考工具纳入主流。

That would allow the generalization of universal design in the development of standards.

这将能够在拟定标准时普遍采用通用设计。

States parties should establish a legislative framework with specific, enforceable, time-bound benchmarks for monitoring and assessing the gradual modification and adjustment by private entities of their previously inaccessible services into accessible ones.

缔约国应制定一个法律框架，规定监测和评估私人实体将以前非无障碍服务逐渐修改和调整成无障碍服务的具体、可实施、有时间规定的基准。

States parties should also ensure that all newly procured goods and services are fully accessible for persons with disabilities.

缔约国还应确保所有新采购的货物和服务对残疾人是完全无障碍的。

Minimum standards must be developed in close consultation with persons with disabilities and their representative organizations, in accordance with article 4, paragraph 3, of the Convention.

必须根据《公约》第四条第三款，与残疾人密切协商制定最低标准。

The standards can also be developed in collaboration with other States parties and international organizations and agencies through international cooperation, in accordance with article 32 of the Convention.

还可以根据《第三十二条》，通过国际合作，与其他缔约国、国际组织和机构一起拟定各种标准。

States parties are encouraged to join ITU study groups in the radiocommunication, standardization and development sectors of the Union, which actively work at mainstreaming accessibility in the development of international telecommunications and ICT standards and at raising industry’s and governments’ awareness of the need to increase access to ICT for persons with disabilities. Such cooperation can be useful in developing and promoting international standards that contribute to the interoperability of goods and services.

这 种合作可能有利于拟定和促进有助于货物和服务相互操作性的国际标准。 鼓励缔约国参加国际电联广播通信、标准化和开发部门的各研究小组。 这些小组在积极努力地将无障碍纳入国际电信和信通技术标准的制订以及提高企业和政府对加强残疾人获得信通技术的必要性的认识的主流中。

In the field of communication-related services, States parties must ensure at least a minimum quality of services, especially for the relatively new types of services, such as personal assistance, sign language interpretation and tactile signing, aiming at their standardization.

在涉及到通信的服务领域，缔约国必须至少确保最低服务质量，特别是较新的服务种类，如个人协助、手语翻译和触摸式签字等等，以实现这种服务的标准化。

31. When reviewing their accessibility legislation, States parties must consider and, where necessary, amend their laws to prohibit discrimination on the basis of disability.

31. 缔约国在审查自己的无障碍化立法时，必须审议，并在必要时修正它们的法律，以禁止基于残疾的歧视。

As a minimum, the following situations in which lack of accessibility has prevented a person with disabilities from accessing a service or facility open to the public should be considered as prohibited acts of disability-based discrimination:

至少应该是将以下情况认作基于残疾的歧视的违禁行为，因为在这种情况下，缺乏无障碍性，阻碍了残疾人获得向公众开放的服务和设施：

(a) Where the service or facility was established after relevant accessibility standards were introduced;

(a) 在有关的无障碍标准实行后建立的服务或设施；

(b) Where access could have been granted to the facility or service (when it came into existence) through reasonable accommodation.

(b) 一些设施或服务在建立的时候本可以通过合理便利给提供无障碍便利的。

32. As part of their review of accessibility legislation, States parties must also consider their laws on public procurement to ensure that their public procurement procedures incorporate accessibility requirements.

32. 作为审查无障碍化立法的一部分，缔约国还必须审议它们关于公共采购的法律，以确保在它们的公共采购程序中纳入无障碍要求。

It is unacceptable to use public funds to create or perpetuate the inequality that inevitably results from inaccessible services and facilities.

用公共资金来造成或使新的不平等永久化，最终造成非无障碍的服务和设施，这是不可接受的。

Public procurements should be used to implement affirmative action in line with the provisions of article 5, paragraph 4, of the Convention in order to ensure accessibility and de facto equality for persons with disabilities.

公共采购应该用于根据《公约》第五条第四款的规定采取肯定性行动，以确保对残疾人的无障碍化和事实上的平等。

33. States parties should adopt action plans and strategies to identify existing barriers to accessibility, set time frames with specific deadlines and provide both the human and material resources necessary to remove the barriers. Once adopted, such action plans and strategies should be strictly implemented.

33. 缔约国应通过各种计划和战略，以查明无障碍方面的现有障碍，制定含有具体截止期的时间框架，提供消除障碍所必须的人力和物力。

States parties should also strengthen their monitoring mechanisms in order to ensure accessibility and they should continue providing sufficient funds to remove barriers to accessibility and train monitoring staff.

缔约国还应加强监测机制，以确保无障碍，它们应继续提供充足的资金，以消除无障碍方面的障碍，并培训监测人员。

As accessibility standards are often implemented locally, continuous capacity-building of the local authorities responsible for monitoring implementation of the standards is of paramount importance.

由于无障碍标准常常是在当地执行的，因此，负责监测标准执行情况的地方当局的持续性能力建设是至关重要的。

States parties are under an obligation to develop an effective monitoring framework and set up efficient monitoring bodies with adequate capacity and appropriate mandates to make sure that plans, strategies and standardization are implemented and enforced.

缔约国有义务制定有效的监测框架，建立高效率的监测机构，并配有充足的能力和适当的授权，以保证实施和执行各种计划、战略和标准化。

IV. Relationship with other articles of the Convention

四. 与《公约》其他条款的关系

34. The duty of States parties to ensure access to the physical environment, transportation, information and communication, and services open to the public for persons with disabilities should be seen from the perspective of equality and non-discrimination.

34. 缔约国在确保向公众开放的物质环境、交通、信息和通信以及服务对残疾人无障碍方面的责任，应该从平等和不歧视的角度来看。

Denial of access to the physical environment, transportation, information and communication, and services open to the public constitutes an act of disability-based discrimination that is prohibited by article 5 of the Convention.

对向公众开放的物质环境、交通、信息和通信以及服务拒不被告无障碍，构成基于残疾的歧视行为，是《公约》第五条所禁止的。

Ensuring accessibility pro futuro should be viewed in the context of implementing the general obligation to develop universally designed goods, services, equipment and facilities (art. 4, para. 1 (f)).

确保将来的无障碍，应该在履行开发通用设计的货物、服务、设备和设施的一般性义务的背景下予以看待(第四条第一款第六项)。

35. Awareness-raising is one of the preconditions for the effective implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

35. 提高认识，是有效执行《残疾人权利国际公约》的前提条件之一。

Since accessibility is often viewed narrowly, as accessibility to the built environment (which is significant, but only one aspect of access for persons with disabilities), States parties should strive systematically and continuously to raise awareness about accessibility among all relevant stakeholders.

由于无障碍常常被狭义地看作无障碍出入建筑环境(这很重要，但只是残疾人无障碍的一个方面)，因此缔约国应系统持续地努力提高所有有关利益方对无障碍的认识。

The all-encompassing nature of accessibility should be addressed, providing for access to the physical environment, transportation, information and communication, and services.

无障碍包罗万象的性质应该予以处理，并规定进入或获得物质环境、交通、信息和通信以及服务的无障碍。

Awareness-raising should also stress that the duty to observe accessibility standards applies equally to the public and to the private sector.

提高认识活动还应该强调，遵守无障碍标准的责任同样也适用于公众和私营部门。

It should promote the application of universal design and the idea that designing and building in an accessible way from the earliest stages is cost-effective and economical.

提高认识活动应促进通用设计的应用并推广这样一个理念，即：在最初阶段以无障碍的方式进行设计和建造，既成本效益好，又经济节约。

Awareness-raising should be carried out in cooperation with persons with disabilities, their representative organizations and technical experts.

提高认识活动应与残疾人、他们的代表组织和技术专家合作进行。

Special attention should be paid to capacity-building for the application and monitoring of the implementation of accessibility standards.

在无障碍标准的采用和执行情况监测方面应特别注意能力建设。

The media should not only take into account the accessibility of their own programmes and services for persons with disabilities, but should also take an active role in promoting accessibility and contributing to awareness-raising.

媒体不仅应该考虑它们自身的节目和服务对残疾人的无障碍性，而且还应积极参加推广无障碍和促进提高认识。

36. Ensuring full access to the physical environment, transportation, information and communication, and services open to the public is indeed a vital precondition for the effective enjoyment of many rights covered by the Convention.

36. 确保对公众开放的物质环境、交通、信息和通信以及服务实现充分的无障碍，确实是有效享有《公约》所述许多权利的关键前提条件。

In situations of risk, natural disasters and armed conflict, the emergency services must be accessible to persons with disabilities, or their lives cannot be saved or their well-being protected (art. 11). Accessibility must be incorporated as a priority in post-disaster reconstruction efforts.

在风险、自然灾害和武装冲突的情况下，应急服务也必须能够为残疾人所无障碍获得，否则他们的生命就不能获得拯救，他们的福祉得不到保护(第十一条)。

Therefore, disaster risk reduction must be accessible and disability-inclusive.

在灾难后重建努力中必须将无障碍作为一个优先事项。

37. There can be no effective access to justice if the buildings in which law-enforcement agencies and the judiciary are located are not physically accessible, or if the services, information and communication they provide are not accessible to persons with disabilities (art. 13).

37. 如果执法机构和司法机构所在的建筑物没有实行无障碍，如果它们提供的服务、信息和通信没有对残疾人实行无障碍，那么就不可能有效地获得公正(第十三条)。

Safe houses, support services and procedures must all be accessible in order to provide effective and meaningful protection from violence, abuse and exploitation to persons with disabilities, especially women and children (art. 16).

庇护所、支助服务和程序都必须是无障碍的，以便有效和有意义地提供保护，避免暴力侵害、虐待和剥削残疾人，特别是妇女和儿童(第十六条)。

Accessible environment, transportation, information and communication, and services are a precondition for the inclusion of persons with disabilities in their respective local communities and for them to have an independent life (art. 19).

无障碍环境、交通、信息和通信以及服务，是使残疾人融入各自的地方社区以及他们独立生活的一个前提条件(第十九条)。

38. Articles 9 and 21 intersect on the issue of information and communication.

38. 第九第二十一条在信息和通信问题上相互交叉。

Article 21 provides that States parties “shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that persons with disabilities can exercise the right to freedom of expression and opinion, including the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas on an equal basis with others and through all forms of communication of their choice”.

第二十一条规定，缔约国“应当采取一切适当措施，确保残疾人能够行使自由表达意见的权利，包括在与其他人平等的基础上，通过自行选择…的一切交流形式，寻求、接受、传递信息和思想的自由”。

It goes on to describe in detail how the accessibility of information and communication can be ensured in practice.

它接着详细描述了如何在实践中确保无障碍获得信息和通信的各种方法。

It requires that States parties “provide information intended for the general public to persons with disabilities in accessible formats and technologies appropriate to different kinds of disabilities” (art. 21 (a)).

它要求缔约国“以无障碍模式和适合不同类别残疾的技术，及时向残疾人提供公共信息”(第二十一条第一款)。

Furthermore, it provides for “facilitating the use of sign languages, Braille, augmentative and alternative communication, and all other accessible means, modes and formats of communication of their choice by persons with disabilities in official interactions” (art. 21 (b)).

它还规定“在正式事务中…便利使用手语、盲文、辅助和替代性交流方式及残疾人选用的其他一切无障碍交流手段、方式和模式”(第二十一条第二款)。

Private entities that provide services to the general public, including through the Internet, are urged to provide information and services in accessible and usable formats for persons with disabilities (art. 21 (c)) and the mass media, including providers of information through the Internet, are encouraged to make their services accessible to persons with disabilities (art. 21 (d)).

敦促向公众提供服务，包括通过互联网提供服务的私营实体，以无障碍和残疾人可以使用的模式提供信息和服务(第二十一条第三款)。 鼓励包括互联网信息提供商在内的大众媒体向残疾人提供无障碍服务(第二十一条第四款)。

Article 21 also requires States parties to recognize and promote the use of sign languages, in accordance with articles 24, 27, 29 and 30 of the Convention.

第二十一条还要求缔约国根据《公约》第二十四、第二十七、第二十九和第三十条承认和促进使用手语。

39. Without accessible transport to schools, accessible school buildings, and accessible information and communication, persons with disabilities would not have the opportunity to exercise their right to education (art. 24 of the Convention).

39. 如果没有到学校的无障碍交通，学校建筑物没有实现无障碍，信息和通信也不采取无障碍手段，那么，残疾人就没有机会行使受教育的权利(《公约》第二十四条)。

Thus schools have to be accessible, as is explicitly indicated in article 9, paragraph 1 (a), of the Convention.

因此，学校必须按照《公约》第九条第一款第一项明确表示的那样实现无障碍。

However, it is the entire process of inclusive education that must be accessible, not just buildings, but all information and communication, including ambient or FM assistive systems, support services and reasonable accommodation in schools.

但是，必须要实现无障碍的，是包容性教育的整个过程，不只是建筑物，还有学校的所有信息和通信，包括周围环境或FM辅助系统、支助服务和合理便利等。

In order to foster accessibility, education as well as the content of school curricula should promote and be conducted in sign language, Braille, alternative script, and augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication and orientation (art. 24, para. 3 (a)), with special attention to the appropriate languages and modes and means of communication used by blind, deaf and deaf-blind students.

为了推动无障碍化，教育以及学校课程的内容都应推广手语、盲文、替代文字、以及通信和定向的辅助和替代性模式、手段和格式，并以此为教学手段(第二十四条第三款第一项)，同时还要特别注意盲人、聋人以及聋哑学生所用通信的适当语言、模式和手段。

Modes and means of teaching should be accessible and should be conducted in accessible environments.

教育模式和手段应实现无障碍，应该在无障碍环境中进行。

The whole environment of students with disabilities must be designed in a way that fosters inclusion and guarantees their equality in the entire process of their education.

残疾学生的总体环境的设计必须有助于他们融入教育的整个过程，并保障他们的平等。

Full implementation of article 24 of the Convention should be considered in conjunction with the other core human rights instruments as well as the provisions of the Convention against Discrimination in Education of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

全面执行《公约》第二十四条的情况应该与其他核心人权文书以及《联合国教育、科学和文化组织禁止教育中的歧视公约》的规定一起予以审议。

40. Health care and social protection would remain unattainable for persons with disabilities without access to the premises where those services are provided.

40. 如果不能进入提供保健和社会保障服务的场所，残疾人就一直会得不到这种服务。

Even if the buildings where the health-care and social protection services are provided are themselves accessible, without accessible transportation, persons with disabilities are unable to travel to the places where the services are being provided.

即使提供保健和社会保障服务的建筑物本身是无障碍的，但如果没有无障碍交通，残疾人仍然无法前往提供这种服务的地方。

All information and communication pertaining to the provision of health care should be accessible through sign language, Braille, accessible electronic formats, alternative script, and augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication.

提供保健方面的所有信息和通信都应该通过手语、盲文、无障碍电子格式、替代文字、以及通信的辅助和替代模式、手段和格式等予以实现无障碍化。

It is especially important to take into account the gender dimension of accessibility when providing health care, particularly reproductive health care for women and girls with disabilities, including gynaecological and obstetric services.

在提供保健，特别是对残疾妇女和女孩提供生殖保健，包括妇产科服务时，特别重要的是必须考虑无障碍的性别问题。

41. Persons with disabilities cannot effectively enjoy their work and employment rights, as described in article 27 of the Convention, if the workplace itself is not accessible.

41. 如果工作地点本身不是无障碍的，那么残疾人就不能有效地享有《公约》第二十七条所述的工作和就业权。

Workplaces therefore have to be accessible, as is explicitly indicated in article 9, paragraph 1 (a).

因此，工作地点必须如第九条第一款第一项所明确表示的那样实现无障碍。

A refusal to adapt the workplace constitutes a prohibited act of disability-based discrimination.

拒绝对工作地点作调整，构成基于残疾的歧视的违禁行为。

Besides the physical accessibility of the workplace, persons with disabilities need accessible transport and support services to get to their workplaces.

除了工作地点物质上的无障碍以外，残疾人还需要无障碍的交通和支助性服务，以到达他们的工作地点。

All information pertaining to work, advertisements of job offers, selection processes and communication at the workplace that is part of the work process must be accessible through sign language, Braille, accessible electronic formats, alternative script, and augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication.

属于工作进程一部分的工作、就业招聘广告、选择过程以及工作地点的通信等所有信息都必须通过手语、盲文、无障碍电子格式、替代文字、辅助和替代性交流模式、手段和格式等实现无障碍化。

All trade union and labour rights must also be accessible, as must training opportunities and job qualifications.

所有的工会和劳工权利也都必须无障碍，培训机会和获得就业资格也必须实现无障碍。

For example, foreign language or computer courses for employees and trainees must be conducted in an accessible environment in accessible forms, modes, means and formats.

例如，对都必须在无障碍的环境中以无障碍的形式、模式、手段和格式进行。

42. Article 28 of the Convention addresses an adequate standard of living and social protection for persons with disabilities.

42. 《公约》第二十八条处理残疾人的适足生活水准和社会保护问题。

States parties should take the necessary measures to ensure that both mainstream and disability-specific social protection measures and services are provided in an accessible manner, in accessible buildings, and that all information and communication pertaining to them is accessible through sign language, Braille, accessible electronic formats, alternative script, and augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication.

缔约国应采取必要措施，确保主流的社会保护措施和服务以及专门针对残疾问题的社会保护措施和服务都以无障碍的方式在障碍化大楼内予以提供，确保涉及到残疾人的所有信息和通信都通过手语、盲文、无障碍电子格式、替代文字、辅助和替代性交流模式、手段和格式等实现无障碍化。

Social housing programmes should offer housing that is, inter alia, accessible for persons with disabilities and the elderly.

社会住房方案应提供残疾人和老年人能无障碍进出的住房。

43. Article 29 of the Convention guarantees persons with disabilities the right to participate in political and public life, and to take part in running public affairs.

43. 《公约》第二十九条保障残疾人有权参与政治和公共生活，参加公共事务的管理。

Persons with disabilities would be unable to exercise those rights equally and effectively if States parties failed to ensure that voting procedures, facilities and materials were appropriate, accessible and easy to understand and use.

如果缔约国不确保投标程序、设施和材料的适当、无障碍以及易于理解和使用，残疾人就不能平等有效地行使这些权利。

It is also important that political meetings and materials used and produced by political parties or individual candidates participating in public elections are accessible. If not, persons with disabilities are deprived of their right to participate in the political process in an equal manner.

政治会议以及参加公共选举的政党或个人候选人使用和制作的材料，否则，残疾人平等参与政治进程的权利就会被剥夺。

Persons with disabilities who are elected to public office must have equal opportunities to carry out their mandate in a fully accessible manner.

当选公职的残疾人必须有平等的机会以充分无障碍的方式履行授权。

44. Everyone has the right to enjoy the arts, take part in sports and go to hotels, restaurants and bars.

44. 人人有权享受艺术，参加体育活动，住旅馆，去餐馆和酒吧。

However, wheelchair users cannot go to a concert if there are only stairs in the concert hall.

但是，如果音乐厅只有楼梯，轮椅使用者就不能上音乐会。

Blind persons cannot enjoy a painting if there is no description of it they can hear in the gallery.

如果画廊里没有盲人可以听到的描述，他们就不能享受绘画作品。

Hard of hearing persons cannot enjoy a film if there are no subtitles.

如果没有电影字幕，听力障碍者人就不能享受一部电影。

Deaf persons cannot enjoy a theatrical play if there is no sign language interpretation.

如果没有手语翻译，聋人就不能享受一部戏剧。

Persons with intellectual disabilities cannot enjoy a book if there is no easy-to-read version or a version in augmentative and alternative modes.

如果没有易读版本或以辅助和替代模式出版的版本，智力残疾人就不能享受书本的内容。

Article 30 of the Convention requires that States parties recognize the right of persons with disabilities to take part in cultural life on an equal basis with others.

《公约》第三十条要求缔约国承认残疾人与他人平等的基础上参加文化生活的权利。

States parties are required to take all appropriate measures to ensure that persons with disabilities:

缔约国应当采取一切适当措施，确保残疾人：

(a) Enjoy access to cultural materials in accessible formats;

(a) 获得以无障碍模式提供的文化材料；

(b) Enjoy access to television programmes, films, theatre and other cultural activities, in accessible formats;

(b) 获得以无障碍模式提供的电视节目、电影、戏剧和其他文化活动；

(c) Enjoy access to places for cultural performances or services, such as theatres, museums, cinemas, libraries and tourism services, and, as far as possible, enjoy access to monuments and sites of national cultural importance.

(c) 进出文化表演或文化服务场所，例如剧院、博物馆、电影院、图书馆、旅游服务场所，并尽可能地可以进出在本国文化中具有重要意义的纪念物和纪念地。

The provision of access to cultural and historical monuments that are part of national heritage may indeed be a challenge in some circumstances.

在有些情况下，允许进入属于国家遗产一部分的文化和历史足迹，确实是一个挑战。

However, States parties are obliged to strive to provide access to these sites.

但是，缔约国有义务努力使这些场所实现无障碍。

Many monuments and sites of national cultural importance have been made accessible in a way that preserves their cultural and historical identity and uniqueness.

已经有许多在本国文化中具有重要的古迹和遗址实现了无障碍化，同时也保持了它们的文化和历史特性及独特性。

45. “States parties shall take appropriate measures to enable persons with disabilities to have the opportunity to develop and utilize their creative, artistic and intellectual potential” (art. 30, para. 2).

45. “缔约国应当采取适当措施，使残疾人能够有机会为自身利益并为充实社会，发展和利用自己的创造、和智力潜力”(第三十条第二款)。

“States parties shall take all appropriate steps, in accordance with international law, to ensure that laws protecting intellectual property rights do not constitute an unreasonable or discriminatory barrier to access by persons with disabilities to cultural materials” (art. 30, para. 3).

“缔约国应采取一切适当步骤，依照国际法的规定，确保保护知识产权的法律不构成不合理或歧视性障碍，阻碍残疾人获得文化材料”(第三十条第三款)。

The Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for Persons Who Are Blind, Visually Impaired, or Otherwise Print Disabled of the World Intellectual Property Organization, adopted in June 2013, should ensure access to cultural material without unreasonable or discriminatory barriers for persons with disabilities, including people with disabilities living abroad or as a member of a minority in another country and who speak or use the same language or means of communication, especially those facing challenges accessing classic print materials.

2013年 6月通过的《世界知识产权组织关于方便盲人、视障者或印刷品阅读障碍者获得出版作品的马拉喀什条约》应该确保残疾人，包括居住在国外或在别国作为少数群体 成员，并说或使用同一种交际语言或手段的残疾人，特别是在阅读经典印刷材料方面有困难的残疾人，都能在没有不合理或歧视性的障碍下获得文化材料。

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities provides that persons with disabilities are entitled, on an equal basis with others, to recognition and support of their specific cultural and linguistic identity.

《残疾人权利公约》规定，残疾人有权在与他人平等的基础上获得对他们的具体文化和语言认同的承认和支持。

Article 30, paragraph 4, stresses the recognition of and support for sign languages and deaf culture.

第三十条第四款强调对手语和聋人文化的承认和支持。

46. Article 30, paragraph 5, of the Convention provides that, in order to enable persons with disabilities to participate on an equal basis with others in recreational, leisure and sporting activities, States parties shall take appropriate measures:

46. 《公约》第三十条第五款规定，为了使残疾人能够平等地参与娱乐、休闲和体育活动，缔约国应采取适当措施：

(a) To encourage and promote the participation, to the fullest extent possible, of persons with disabilities in mainstream sporting activities at all levels;

(a) 鼓励和促进残疾人尽可能充分地参加各级主流体育活动；

(b) To ensure that persons with disabilities have an opportunity to organize, develop and participate in disability-specific sporting and recreational activities and, to this end, encourage the provision, on an equal basis with others, of appropriate instruction, training and resources;

(b) 确保残疾人有机会组织、发展和参加残疾人专项体育、娱乐活动，并为此鼓励在与其他人平等的基础上提供适当指导、训练和资源；

(c) To ensure that persons with disabilities have access to sporting, recreational and tourism venues;

(c) 确保残疾人可以使用体育、娱乐和旅游场所；

(d) To ensure that children with disabilities have equal access with other children to participation in play, recreation and leisure and sporting activities, including those activities in the school system;

(d) 确保残疾儿童享有与其他儿童一样的平等机会参加游戏、娱乐和休闲以及体育活动，包括在学校系统参加这类活动；

(e) To ensure that persons with disabilities have access to services from those involved in the organization of recreational, tourism, leisure and sporting activities.

(e) 确保残疾人可以获得娱乐、旅游、休闲和体育活动的组织人提供的服务。

47. International cooperation, as described in article 32 of the Convention, should be a significant tool in the promotion of accessibility and universal design.

47. 《公约》第三十二条所述的国际合作应该是促进无障碍和通用设计的一个重要工具。

The Committee recommends that international development agencies recognize the significance of supporting projects aimed at improving ICT and other access infrastructure.

委员会建议国际发展机构承认支持关于改善信通技术和其他无障碍基础设施的重要性。

All new investments made within the framework of international cooperation should be used to encourage the removal of existing barriers and prevent the creation of new barriers.

在国际合作的框架内所作的所有新投资都应该用于鼓励消除现有的障碍，防止创造新的障碍。

It is unacceptable to use public funds to perpetuate new inequalities.

用公共资金来使新的不平等永久化，这是不可接受的。

All new objects, infrastructure, facilities, goods, products and services must be fully accessible for all persons with disabilities.

所有新的物品、基础结构、设施、货物、产品和服务都必须对所有残疾人实现充分的无障碍。

International cooperation should be used not merely to invest in accessible goods, products and services, but also to foster the exchange of know-how and information on good practice in achieving accessibility in ways that will make tangible changes that can improve the lives of millions of persons with disabilities worldwide.

国际合作不应该只用于对无障碍货物、产品和服务的投资，还应该用于促进实现无障碍方面良好做法的技能和信息的交流，以便能够作出实际的改变，改善全世界数百万残疾人的生活。

International cooperation on standardization is also important, as is the fact that organizations of persons with disabilities must be supported so that they can participate in national and international processes to develop, implement and monitor accessibility standards.

关于标准化的国际合作也非常重要，同时也必须支持残疾人组织，使它们能够参加拟订、执行和监测无障碍标准的国家和国际进程。

Accessibility must be an integral part of any sustainable development effort, especially in the context of the post-2015 development agenda.

无障碍必须是任何可持续发展努力的一个组成部分，特别是在2015年后发展议程方面。

48. The monitoring of accessibility is a crucial aspect of the national and international monitoring of the implementation of the Convention.

48. 对无障碍化的监测是国家和国际监测《公约》落实情况的一个关键方面。

Article 33 of the Convention requires States parties to designate focal points within their governments for matters relating to the implementation of the Convention, as well as to establish national frameworks to monitor implementation which include one or more independent mechanisms.

《公约》第三十三条要求缔约国在它们的政府内指定落实《公约》方面的联络点，并建立监测落实情况的国家框架，这个框架内应包括一个以上的独立机制。

Civil society should also be involved and should participate fully in the monitoring process.

民间社会也应参与，并充分参加监测进程。

It is crucial that the bodies established further to article 33 are duly consulted when measures for the proper implementation of article 9 are considered.

在考虑适当落实第九条时，必须与根据第三十三条建立的机构进行适当的协商。

Those bodies should be provided with meaningful opportunities to, inter alia, take part in the drafting of national accessibility standards, comment on existing and draft legislation, submit proposals for draft legislation and policy regulation, and participate fully in awareness-raising and educational campaigns.

应该向这些机构提供有意义的机会，以参加国家无障碍标准的起草，对现行立法和立法草案提出意见，就立法草案和政策法规提出建议，并充分参加提高认识和教育运动。

The processes of national and international monitoring of the implementation of the Convention should be performed in an accessible manner that promotes and ensures the effective participation of persons with disabilities and their representative organizations.

对《公约》执行情况的国家和国际监测进程应该在无障碍的情况下进行，以促进并确保残疾人及其代表组织的有效参与。

Article 49 of the Convention requires that the text of the Convention be made available in accessible formats.

《公约》第四十九条要求《公约》的全文以无障碍的格式提供。

This is an innovation in an international human rights treaty and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities should be seen as setting a precedent in that respect for all future treaties.

这是国际人权条约的一个创新，《残疾人权利公约》应该被看作是为今后所有条约在这方面确立了一个先例。

General Assembly resolution 48/96, annex.

大会第 48/96号决议，附件。

See “Declaration of Principles: Building the Information Society: a global challenge in the new Millennium”, adopted by the World Summit on the Information Society at its first phase, held in Geneva in 2003 (WSIS-03/GENEVA/DOC/4-E), para. 25.

请见“原则宣言：建设信息社会：新千年的全球性挑战”，2003年日内瓦信息社会世界高峰会议第一阶段会议通过(WSIS-03/GENEVA/DOC/4-E)，第25段。