CCPR/C/GC/37 2012048E.docx (ENGLISH)	CCPR/C/GC/37 2012048C.docx (CHINESE)
United Nations	联 合 国
CCPR/C/GC/37	CCPR/C/GC/37
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights	公民及政治权利 国际公约
Distr.: General	Distr.: General
17 September 2020	17 September 2020
Original: English	Chinese
	Original: English
Human Rights Committee	人权事务委员会
General comment No. 37 (2020) on the right of peaceful assembly (article 21)	关于和平集会权(第二十一条)的第37号一般性意见(2020年)
I	一
.	.
Introduction	导言
1.	1.
The fundamental human right of peaceful assembly enables individuals to express themselves collectively and to participate in shaping their societies.	和平集会这项基本人权让个人得以集体表达自身并参与塑造其社会。
The right of peaceful assembly is important in its own right, as it protects the ability of people to exercise individual autonomy in solidarity with others.	和平集会权本身即具有重要的意义，因为它保护了人们与他人团结一致行使个人自主权的能力。
Together with other related rights, it also constitutes the very foundation of a system of participatory governance based on democracy, human rights, the rule of law and pluralism.	这项权利还与其他相关权利一起，构成基于民主、人权、法治和多元主义的参与式治理制度的基础。
Peaceful assemblies can play a critical role in allowing participants to advance ideas and aspirational goals in the public domain and to establish the extent of support for or opposition to those ideas and goals.	和平集会可以发挥关键作用，让参与者能够在公共领域提出观点和远大目标，并确定这些观点和目标受到何种程度的支持或反对。
Where they are used to air grievances, peaceful assemblies may create opportunities for the inclusive, participatory and peaceful resolution of differences.	和平集会被用于表达不满时，或许能够为以包容、参与及和平的方式解决分歧创造机会。
2.	2.
The right of peaceful assembly is, moreover, a valuable tool that can and has been used to recognize and realize a wide range of other rights, including economic, social and cultural rights.	此外，和平集会权是宝贵的工具，可以并且已被用于承认和实现广泛的其他权利，包括经济、社会及文化权利。
It is of particular importance to marginalized individuals and groups.	它对边缘化的个人和群体尤为重要。
Failure to respect and ensure the right of peaceful assembly is typically a marker of repression.	不尊重和不确保和平集会权通常标志着镇压。
3.	3.
The first sentence of article 21 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights provides that: “The right of peaceful assembly shall be recognized.”	《公民及政治权利国际公约》第二十一条第一句规定：“和平集会之权利，应予确认。”
The right is articulated in similar terms in other international and regional instruments, and its content has been elaborated upon by monitoring bodies, for example in their views, concluding observations, resolutions, interpretive guidelines and judicial decisions.	这项权利在其他国际和区域文书中得到了类似的表述， 其内容也得到了多个监督机构的详细阐述，例如在这些机构的意见、结论性意见、决议、解释性准则和司法决定中得到阐述。
In addition to being bound by international law to recognize the right of peaceful assembly, the vast majority of States also recognize the right in their national constitutions.	绝大多数国家除了受国际法约束承认和平集会权之外，也在本国宪法中承认了这一权利。
4.	4.
The right of peaceful assembly protects the non-violent gathering by persons for specific purposes, principally expressive ones.	和平集会权保护人们为特定目的，主要是为表达之目的而进行的非暴力集会。
It constitutes an individual right that is exercised collectively.	它是一项集体行使的个人权利。
Inherent to the right is thus an associative element.	因此，结社要素是这项权利的固有组成部分。
5.	5.
Everyone has the right of peaceful assembly: citizens and non-citizens alike.	人人享有和平集会权：公民和非公民一样享有。
It may be exercised by, for example, foreign nationals, migrants (documented or undocumented), asylum seekers, refugees and stateless persons.	例如，这项权利可以由外国人、 移民(有证件或无证件)、 寻求庇护者、难民 和无国籍人行使。
6.	6.
Article 21 of the Covenant protects peaceful assemblies wherever they take place:	《公约》第二十一条保护和平集会，无论集会发生在什么地点：
outdoors, indoors and online;	户外、室内和线上；
in public and private spaces;	公共和私人空间；
or a combination thereof.	或者上述地点的组合。
Such assemblies may take many forms, including demonstrations, protests, meetings, processions, rallies, sit-ins, candlelit vigils and flash mobs.	这种集会可有多种形式，包括示威、抗议、会议、游行、集会、静坐、烛光守夜和快闪。
They are protected under article 21 whether they are stationary, such as pickets, or mobile, such as processions or marches.	这种集会无论是像纠察抗议这样停留在一地，还是像游行或列队行进这样的移动集会，都受到第二十一条的保护。
7.	7.
In many cases, peaceful assemblies do not pursue controversial goals and cause little or no disruption.	许多情况下，和平集会不追求有争议的目标，造成的干扰极小或者不造成干扰。
The aim might indeed be, for example, to commemorate a national day or celebrate the outcome of a sporting event.	例如，集会目标完全可以是为了庆祝国庆节或庆祝某体育赛事的结果。
However, peaceful assemblies can sometimes be used to pursue contentious ideas or goals.	然而，和平集会有时也可被用于实现有争议的理念或目标。
Their scale or nature can cause disruption, for example of vehicular or pedestrian movement or economic activity.	其规模或性质可能造成干扰，例如干扰车辆或行人的行进，或者干扰经济活动。
These consequences, whether intended or unintended, do not call into question the protection such assemblies enjoy.	不论这些后果是有意还是无意为之，都不会使这种集会享有的保护受到质疑。
To the extent that an event may create such disruptions or risks, these must be managed within the framework of the Covenant.	若某一活动可能造成此种干扰或风险，则必须在《公约》框架内管理这些干扰或风险。
8.	8.
The recognition of the right of peaceful assembly imposes a corresponding obligation on States parties to respect and ensure its exercise without discrimination.	承认和平集会权，即意味着缔约国负有相应的义务，不歧视地尊重这项权利并确保其行使。
This requires States to allow such assemblies to take place without unwarranted interference and to facilitate the exercise of the right and to protect the participants.	这要求国家允许这种集会在不受无端干预的情况下进行，为这项权利的行使提供便利，并保护参与者。
The second sentence of article 21 provides grounds for potential restrictions, but any such restrictions must be narrowly drawn.	第二十一条第二句规定了可能施加限制的理由，但任何此类限制都必须有严格界定。
There are, in effect, limits on the restrictions that may be imposed.	实际上，可能施加的限制是有界限的。
9.	9.
The full protection of the right of peaceful assembly is possible only when other, often overlapping, rights are also protected, notably freedom of expression, freedom of association and political participation.	只有其他通常有重叠内容的权利也受到保护时，特别是表达自由、结社自由和政治参与也受到保护时，和平集会权才可能受到充分保护。
Protection of the right of peaceful assembly is often also dependent on the realization of a broader range of civil and political rights, and economic, social and cultural rights.	保护和平集会权往往还有赖于实现更广泛的公民及政治权利以及经济、社会和文化权利。
Where individuals’ conduct places them outside the scope of the protection of article 21, for example because they are behaving violently, they retain their other rights under the Covenant, subject to the applicable limitations and restrictions.	个人因自己的行为而不受第二十一条保护的，例如因为行事暴力而不受第二十一条保护的，仍享有《公约》规定的其他权利，同时受制于适用的限制和约束。
10.	10.
The way in which assemblies are conducted and their context changes over time.	集会的方式及其背景随时代而变化。
This may in turn affect how they are approached by the authorities.	这反过来可能会影响当局的处理方式。
For example, given that emerging communications technologies offer the opportunity to assemble either wholly or partly online and often play an integral role in organizing, participating in and monitoring physical gatherings, interference with such communications can impede assemblies.	例如，新兴的通信技术提供了完全或部分在线集会的机会，并且往往在组织、参加和监督现场集会方面发挥不可或缺的作用，因此对此类通信的干预可能阻碍集会。
While surveillance technologies can be used to detect threats of violence and thus to protect the public, they can also infringe on the right to privacy and other rights of participants and bystanders and have a chilling effect.	监控技术可用于发现暴力威胁从而保护公众，但也可能侵犯参与者和旁观者的隐私权和其他权利，并产生寒蝉效应。
Moreover, there is increased private ownership and other forms of control of publicly accessible spaces and communication platforms.	此外，私人所有权以及对公众可进入的空间和交流平台的其他形式的管控也有所增加。
Considerations such as these need to inform a contemporary understanding of the legal framework that article 21 requires.	对第二十一条所要求的法律框架进行当代理解时需要参考这些考虑因素。
II	二
.	.
Scope of the right of peaceful assembly	和平集会权的范围
11.	11.
Establishing whether or not someone’s participation in an assembly is protected under article 21 entails a two-stage process.	确定某人参加集会是否受到第二十一条保护的过程分两个阶段。
It must first be established whether or not the conduct of the person in question falls within the scope of the protection offered by the right, in that it amounts to participation in a “peaceful assembly” (as described in the present section).	第一阶段，必须确定当事人的行为是否构成参加“和平集会”从而在该权利提供的保护范围之内(如本节所述)。
If so, the State must respect and ensure the rights of the participants (as described in section III below).	如果是，则国家必须尊重并确保参与者的权利(如下文第三节所述)。
Second, it must be established whether or not any restrictions applied to the exercise of the right are legitimate in that context (as described in section IV below).	第二阶段，必须确定当时的情况下对行使该权利适用的任何限制是否正当(如下文第四节所述)。
12.	12.
Participating in an “assembly” entails organizing or taking part in a gathering of persons for a purpose such as expressing oneself, conveying a position on a particular issue or exchanging ideas.	参加“集会”意味着为表达自己、传达在某一特定问题上的立场、或交流观点之类的目的组织或加入一群人的聚集。
The gathering can also be intended to assert or affirm group solidarity or identity.	聚集也可以是为了确认或申明群体团结或认同。
Assemblies may, in addition to having such aims, serve other goals, such as an entertainment, cultural, religious or commercial objective, and still be protected under article 21.	集会除了有此类目的之外，还可服务于其他目的，例如娱乐、文化、宗教或商业目的，并仍受到第二十一条的保护。
13.	13.
While the notion of an assembly implies that there will be more than one participant in the gathering, a single protester enjoys comparable protections under the Covenant, for example under article 19.	集会的概念意味着加入聚集的人不止一个， 但是单人抗议者根据《公约》，例如第十九条，享有类似保护。
Although the exercise of the right of peaceful assembly is normally understood to pertain to the physical gathering of persons, article 21 protection also extends to remote participation in, and organization of, assemblies, for example online.	虽然通常的理解是，行使和平集会权指人们现场聚集在一处，但第二十一条的保护也涵盖远程参与和组织集会，例如在线集会。
14.	14.
Peaceful assemblies are often organized in advance, allowing time for the organizers to notify the authorities to make the necessary preparations.	和平集会通常是预先组织的，让组织者有时间通知当局做必要的准备。
However, spontaneous assemblies, which are typically direct responses to current events, whether coordinated or not, are equally protected under article 21.	但自发集会，无论是否经过协调，通常是对时事的直接回应，同样受到第二十一条的保护。
Counterdemonstrations occur when one assembly takes place to express opposition to another.	当举行集会是为了表达对另一个集会的反对时，就是反示威活动。
Both assemblies can fall within the scope of the protection of article 21.	两个集会都可属于第二十一条的保护范围。
15.	15.
A “peaceful” assembly stands in contradistinction to one characterized by widespread and serious violence.	与“和平”集会对比区分的是以普遍和严重的暴力为特征的集会。
The terms “peaceful” and “non-violent” are thus used interchangeably in this context.	因此，这一背景下，“和平”和“非暴力”两个词语可互换使用。
The right of peaceful assembly may, by definition, not be exercised using violence.	根据定义，和平集会权不能以暴力行使。
“Violence” in the context of article 21 typically entails the use by participants of physical force against others that is likely to result in injury or death, or serious damage to property.	第二十一条背景下的“暴力”通常指参与者对他人使用可能造成伤亡或严重财产损失的武力。
Mere pushing and shoving or disruption of vehicular or pedestrian movement or daily activities do not amount to “violence”.	仅是推搡或扰乱车辆行人移动或日常活动并不构成“暴力”。
16.	16.
If the conduct of participants in an assembly is peaceful, the fact that certain domestic legal requirements pertaining to an assembly have not been met by its organizers or participants does not, on its own, place the participants outside the scope of the protection of article 21.	如果集会参与者的行为是和平的，组织者或参与者没有遵守某些与集会相关的国内法律要求这一事实本身并不会将参与者置于第二十一条的保护范围之外。
Collective civil disobedience or direct action campaigns can be covered by article 21, provided that they are non-violent.	集体公民抗命或直接行动的运动，如果是非暴力的，也在第二十一条涵盖范围之内。
17.	17.
There is not always a clear dividing line between assemblies that are peaceful and those that are not, but there is a presumption in favour of considering assemblies to be peaceful.	和平集会与非和平集会之间并不总是界线分明，但是存在推定，倾向于认为集会是和平的。
Moreover, isolated acts of violence by some participants should not be attributed to others, to the organizers or to the assembly as such.	此外，不应将某些参与者孤立的暴力行为归咎于其他人、组织者或集会本身。
Thus, some participants in an assembly may be covered by article 21, while others in the same assembly are not.	因此，第二十一条可能涵盖集会的某些参与者，却不涵盖同一集会的其他参与者。
18.	18.
The question of whether or not an assembly is peaceful must be answered with reference to violence that originates from the participants.	回答某一集会是否和平的问题时，必须考察来自参与者的暴力。
Violence against participants in a peaceful assembly by the authorities, or by agents provocateurs acting on their behalf, does not render the assembly non-peaceful.	当局或代表当局行事的密探对和平集会参与者的暴力行为并不会使集会成为非和平集会。
The same applies to violence by members of the public aimed at the assembly, or by participants in counterdemonstrations.	公众成员或者反示威活动的参与者针对集会的暴力行为也是如此。
19.	19.
The conduct of specific participants in an assembly may be deemed violent if authorities can present credible evidence that, before or during the event, those participants are inciting others to use violence, and such actions are likely to cause violence;	集会的特定参与者的行为可被视为暴力行为，条件是当局能够提出可信证据证明： 在集会之前或期间，这些参与者煽动他人使用暴力，并且这种行为可能导致暴力；
that the participants have violent intentions and plan to act on them;	参与者有暴力意图并计划付诸行动；
or that violence on their part is imminent.	或者他们马上就要使用暴力。
Isolated instances of such conduct will not suffice to taint an entire assembly as non-peaceful, but where it is manifestly widespread within the assembly, participation in the gathering as such is no longer protected under article 21.	此类行为如果是孤立的，则不足以令整个集会变为非和平集会，但如果集会中显然普遍存在此类行为，则参加这样的聚集就不再受第二十一条的保护。
20.	20.
The carrying by participants of objects that are or could be viewed as weapons or of protective equipment such as gas masks or helmets is not necessarily sufficient to deem those participants’ conduct violent.	参与者携带被视为或可被视为武器的物品或防毒面具和头盔等防护设备，不一定足以认定这些参与者的行为是暴力的。
That has to be determined on a case-by-case basis, dependent on, among other considerations, domestic regulation on the carrying of weapons (especially firearms), local cultural practices, whether there is evidence of violent intent, and the risk of violence presented by the presence of such objects.	这种情况必须逐案断定，除其他考虑因素外，取决于国内对携带武器(尤其是枪支)的管制、当地文化习俗、是否有暴力意图的证据，以及此类物品的存在带来的暴力风险。
III	三
.	.
Obligation of States parties regarding the right of peaceful assembly	和平集会权方面缔约国的义务
21.	21.
The Covenant imposes the obligation on States parties “to respect and to ensure” all the rights in the Covenant (art. 2 (1));	《公约》规定，缔约国有义务“尊重并确保”《公约》中的所有权利(第二条第一款)；
to take legal and other measures to achieve this purpose (art. 2 (2));	采取法律和其他措施，以实现这一目的(第二条第二款)；
and to pursue accountability, and provide effective remedies for violations of Covenant rights (art. 2 (3)).	追究责任，发生侵犯《公约》权利的行为时提供有效救济(第二条第三款)。
The obligation of States parties regarding the right of peaceful assembly thus comprises these various elements, although the right may in some cases be restricted according to the criteria listed in article 21.	因此，缔约国在和平集会权方面的义务包括这些不同的内容，尽管某些情况下，根据第二十一条所列标准，这项权利可能受到限制。
22.	22.
States must leave it to the participants to determine freely the purpose or any expressive content of an assembly.	各国必须让参与者自由决定集会的目的或任何表达的内容。
The approach of the authorities to peaceful assemblies and any restrictions imposed must thus in principle be content neutral, and must not be based on the identity of the participants or their relationship with the authorities.	因此，当局对待和平集会的方法和施加的任何限制原则上必须内容中立， 不能以参与者的身份或他们与当局的关系为依据。
Moreover, while the time, place and manner of assemblies may under some circumstances be the subject of legitimate restrictions under article 21, given the typically expressive nature of assemblies, participants must as far as possible be enabled to conduct assemblies within sight and sound of their target audience.	此外，虽然某些情况下集会的时间、地点和方式可能受到第二十一条规定的正当限制，但鉴于集会的一般具有表达的性质，必须尽可能让参与者能够在其目标受众的视听范围内举行集会。
23.	23.
The obligation to respect and ensure peaceful assemblies imposes negative and positive duties on States before, during and after assemblies.	根据尊重并确保和平集会的义务，各国在集会之前、期间和之后负有消极和积极义务。
The negative duty entails that there be no unwarranted interference with peaceful assemblies.	消极义务意味着不得无端干预和平集会。
States are obliged, for example, not to prohibit, restrict, block, disperse or disrupt peaceful assemblies without compelling justification, nor to sanction participants or organizers without legitimate cause.	例如，各国有义务不在没有令人信服的理由的情况下禁止、限制、封锁、驱散或干扰和平集会，以及不在没有正当原因的情况下惩处参与者或组织者。
24.	24.
Moreover, States parties have certain positive duties to facilitate peaceful assemblies and to make it possible for participants to achieve their objectives.	此外，缔约国在便利和平集会和让参与者有可能实现其目标方面负有某些积极义务。
States must thus promote an enabling environment for the exercise of the right of peaceful assembly without discrimination, and put in place a legal and institutional framework within which the right can be exercised effectively.	因此，各国必须促进有利于不受歧视地行使和平集会权的环境，并建立法律和体制框架，让这一权利可在该框架内得到有效行使。
Specific measures may sometimes be required on the part of the authorities.	当局有时可能需要采取具体措施。
For example, they may need to block off streets, redirect traffic or provide security.	例如，他们可能需要封锁街道、引导交通绕行或提供安保。
Where needed, States must also protect participants against possible abuse by non-State actors, such as interference or violence by other members of the public, counterdemonstrators and private security providers.	必要时，国家还必须保护参与者免受非国家行为体可能实施的侵害，如其他公众成员、 反示威者和私人安保提供方的干预或暴力。
25.	25.
States must ensure that laws and their interpretation and application do not result in discrimination in the enjoyment of the right of peaceful assembly, for example on the basis of race, colour, ethnicity, age, sex, language, property, religion or belief, political or other opinion, national or social origin, birth, minority, indigenous or other status, disability, sexual orientation or gender identity, or other status.	国家必须确保法律及其解读和适用不导致享有和平集会权方面的歧视，例如基于种族、肤色、族裔、年龄、性别、语言、财产、宗教或信仰、政治或其他见解、民族或社会出身、出生、少数群体、土著或其他身份、残疾、性取向或性别认同或其他身份的歧视。
Particular efforts must be made to ensure the equal and effective facilitation and protection of the right of peaceful assembly of individuals who are members of groups that are or have been subjected to discrimination, or that may face particular challenges in participating in assemblies.	必须作出特别努力，以确保平等和有效地便利并保护身为遭受或曾经遭受歧视或在参加集会方面可能面临特殊挑战的群体成员的个人的和平集会权。
Moreover, States have a duty to protect participants from all forms of discriminatory abuse and attacks.	此外，各国有义务保护参与者免受一切形式的歧视性侵犯和攻击。
26.	26.
The right of peaceful assembly does not exempt participants from challenges by other members of society.	和平集会权并不能令参与者免受社会其他成员的质疑。
States must respect and ensure counterdemonstrations as assemblies in their own right, while preventing undue disruption of the assemblies to which they are opposed.	国家必须将反示威活动作为独立的集会予以尊重和保障，同时防止它们所反对的集会受到不当干扰。
States must in principle take a content-neutral approach to counterdemonstrations, which must be allowed to take place, as far as possible, within sight and sound of the assemblies against which they are directed.	各国原则上必须采取内容中立的方法对待反示威活动，必须尽可能允许反示威活动在其所针对的集会的视听范围内举行。
27.	27.
The possibility that a peaceful assembly may provoke adverse or even violent reactions from some members of the public is not sufficient grounds to prohibit or restrict the assembly.	和平集会引起部分公众的不良乃至暴力反应的可能性，不是禁止或限制集会的充分依据。
States are obliged to take all reasonable measures that do not impose disproportionate burdens upon them to protect all participants and to allow such assemblies to take place in an uninterrupted manner (see also para. 52 below).	国家有义务采取一切不给其造成过重负担的合理措施，保护所有参与者并允许这种集会不受干扰地举行(另见下文第52段)。
28.	28.
A functioning and transparent legal and decision-making system lies at the core of the duty to respect and ensure peaceful assemblies.	运作良好且透明的法律和决策系统是尊重并确保和平集会的义务的核心所在。
Domestic law must recognize the right of peaceful assembly, clearly set out the duties and responsibilities of all public officials involved, be aligned with the relevant international standards and be publicly accessible.	国内法必须承认和平集会权，明确规定所有相关公职人员的职责和责任，与相关国际标准保持一致，并且可以为公众所知晓。
States must ensure public awareness about the law and relevant regulations, including any procedures to be followed by those wishing to exercise the right, who the responsible authorities are, the rules applicable to those officials, and the remedies available for alleged violations of rights.	国家必须确保公众了解法律和相关条例，包括希望行使这一权利的人应遵循的任何程序、谁是主责机关、适用于这些官员的规则以及对所称侵犯权利行为的补救。
29.	29.
States parties must ensure independent and transparent oversight of all bodies involved with peaceful assemblies, including through timely access to effective remedies, including judicial remedies, or to national human rights institutions, with a view to upholding the right before, during and after an assembly.	缔约国必须确保对所有与和平集会有关的机构进行独立透明的监督，包括确保人们能及时获得司法补救等有效补救或求助于国家人权机构，以期在集会之前、期间和之后维护这一权利。
30.	30.
The role of journalists, human rights defenders, election monitors and others involved in monitoring or reporting on assemblies is of particular importance for the full enjoyment of the right of peaceful assembly.	记者、人权捍卫者、选举监督员和其他参与监督或报道集会的人员对和平集会权的充分享有具有特别重要的作用。
Those persons are entitled to protection under the Covenant.	这些人员有权根据《公约》受到保护。
They may not be prohibited from, or unduly limited in, exercising these functions, including with respect to monitoring the actions of law enforcement officials.	不得禁止或不当限制他们行使这些职能，包括在监督执法人员的行动方面。
They must not face reprisals or other harassment, and their equipment must not be confiscated or damaged.	他们不应受到报复或其他骚扰，他们的设备也不应被没收或损坏。
Even if an assembly is declared unlawful or is dispersed, that does not terminate the right to monitor.	即使某一集会被宣布为非法或被驱散，监督的权利也不会终止。
It is a good practice for independent national human rights institutions and non-governmental organizations to monitor assemblies.	由独立的国家人权机构和非政府组织对集会进行监督，是一种良好做法。
31.	31.
States parties hold the primary responsibility for the realization of the right of peaceful assembly.	缔约国对实现和平集会权负有首要责任。
However, business enterprises have a responsibility to respect human rights, including the right of peaceful assembly of, for example, communities affected by their activities and of their employees.	然而，工商企业有责任尊重人权，包括和平集会权，例如受其活动影响的社区及其员工的和平集会权。
Private entities and broader society may be expected to accept some level of disruption as a result of the exercise of the right.	私营实体和更广泛的社会可能需要接受这项权利之行使造成的一定程度的干扰。
32.	32.
Given that peaceful assemblies often have expressive functions, and that political speech enjoys particular protection as a form of expression, it follows that assemblies with a political message should enjoy a heightened level of accommodation and protection.	鉴于和平集会往往具有表达功能，而政治言论作为一种表达形式受到特别保护，因此，传递政治信息的集会应该享有更高水平的便利和保护。
33.	33.
Article 21 and its related rights do not only protect participants while and where an assembly is ongoing.	第二十一条及与之相关的权利不仅在集会进行期间和集会地点保护参与者。
Associated activities conducted by an individual or by a group, outside the immediate context of the gathering but which are integral to making the exercise meaningful, are also covered.	个人或群体在集会的直接背景之外进行、但是对有意义地行使权利而言不可或缺的相关活动也受到保护。
The obligations of States parties thus extend to actions such as participants’ or organizers’ mobilization of resources;	因此，缔约国的义务涵盖参与者或组织者的多种行动，例如： 调集资源；
planning;	规划；
dissemination of information about an upcoming event;	传播有关即将举行的活动的信息；
preparation for and travelling to the event;	筹备和前往活动现场；
communication between participants leading up to and during the assembly;	参与者在集会前和集会期间的相互沟通；
broadcasting of or from the assembly;	播报集会或在集会上进行播报；
and leaving the assembly afterwards.	集会结束后离开。
These activities may, like participation in the assembly itself, be subject to restrictions, but these must be narrowly drawn.	与参与集会本身一样，这些活动可能受到限制，但这些限制必须有严格限定。
Moreover, no one should be harassed or face other reprisals as a result of their presence at or affiliation with a peaceful assembly.	此外，任何人都不应当因为出现在和平集会上或与集会相关联而受到骚扰或面临其他报复。
34.	34.
Many associated activities happen online or otherwise rely upon digital services.	许多相关活动都是在线上进行或以其他方式依赖于数字服务。
Such activities are also protected under article 21.	此类活动也受第二十一条保护。
States parties must not, for example, block or hinder Internet connectivity in relation to peaceful assemblies.	例如，缔约国不得封锁或阻碍与和平集会有关的互联网连接。
The same applies to geotargeted or technology-specific interference with connectivity or access to content.	同样，不得对互联网连接或内容访问进行针对地理目标或针对特定技术的干预。
States should ensure that the activities of Internet service providers and intermediaries do not unduly restrict assemblies or the privacy of assembly participants.	各国应确保互联网服务提供商和中介的活动不会不当限制集会或集会参与者的隐私。
Any restrictions on the operation of information dissemination systems must conform with the tests for restrictions on freedom of expression.	凡是对信息发布系统运行的限制，必须遵守关于对表达自由的限制的检验。
35.	35.
While all organs of State carry the obligation to respect and ensure the right of peaceful assembly, decisions on assemblies are often taken at the local level.	虽然所有国家机关都有尊重和确保和平集会权的义务，但关于集会的决定往往是在地方层面作出的。
States must therefore ensure adequate training and resources for officials involved in these decisions at all levels of government.	因此，国家必须确保为各级政府参与这些决策的官员提供适足的培训和资源。
IV.	四.
Restrictions on the right of peaceful assembly	对和平集会权的限制
36.	36.
While the right of peaceful assembly may in certain cases be limited, the onus is on the authorities to justify any restrictions.	虽然和平集会权在某些情况下可能受到限制，但对于任何限制，当局都有责任证明其正当性。
Authorities must be able to show that any restrictions meet the requirement of legality, and are also both necessary for and proportionate to at least one of the permissible grounds for restrictions enumerated in article 21, as discussed below.	当局必须能够证明，任何限制都符合合法性要求，同时对第二十一条所列举的至少一个可允许的限制理由而言是必要和相称的，如下文所述。
Where this onus is not met, article 21 is violated.	如果不履行这一责任，就违反了第二十一条。
The imposition of any restrictions should be guided by the objective of facilitating the right, rather than seeking unnecessary and disproportionate limitations on it.	施加任何限制都应遵循便利权利这一目标，而不是寻求对权利施加不必要和不相称的限制。
Restrictions must not be discriminatory, impair the essence of the right, or be aimed at discouraging participation in assemblies or causing a chilling effect.	限制不应带有歧视性，不得损害权利的实质，不得旨在阻止参加集会或造成寒蝉效应。
37.	37.
The prohibition of a specific assembly can be considered only as a measure of last resort.	禁止某个特定集会只能被视为最后手段。
Where the imposition of restrictions on an assembly is deemed necessary, the authorities should first seek to apply the least intrusive measures.	如果认为有必要对集会施加限制，当局应首先力求采取侵入性最小的措施。
States should also consider allowing an assembly to take place and deciding afterwards whether measures should be taken regarding possible transgressions during the event, rather than imposing prior restraints in an attempt to eliminate all risks.	国家还应考虑先允许举行集会，之后再决定是否应就活动期间可能发生的违规行为采取措施，而不是事先施加限制以图消除所有风险。
38.	38.
Any restrictions on participation in peaceful assemblies should be based on a differentiated or individualized assessment of the conduct of the participants and the assembly concerned.	对参加和平集会的任何限制，都应基于对参与者行为和所涉集会的有区别的或个别的评估。
Blanket restrictions on peaceful assemblies are presumptively disproportionate.	按推定，对和平集会的一概限制，为不相称限制。
39.	39.
The second sentence of article 21 provides that no restrictions may be placed on the exercise of the right of peaceful assembly other than those imposed in conformity with the law.	《公约》第二十一条规定，除依法施加的限制外，不得限制和平集会权的行使。
This poses the formal requirement of legality, akin to the requirement that limitations must be “provided by law” in other articles of the Covenant.	这提出了合法性的正式要求，类似于《公约》其他条款中关于限制必须“经法律规定”的要求。
Restrictions must thus be imposed through law or administrative decisions based on law.	因此，限制必须通过法律或依法作出的行政决定施加。
The laws in question must be sufficiently precise to allow members of society to decide how to regulate their conduct and may not confer unfettered or sweeping discretion on those charged with their enforcement.	有关法律必须足够精确，让社会的成员能够决定如何规范自身行为，并且不应赋予负责执行这些法律的人不受约束或全面的自由裁量权。
40.	40.
Article 21 provides that any restrictions must be “necessary in a democratic society”.	第二十一条规定，任何限制都必须“为民主社会所必要”。
Restrictions must therefore be necessary and proportionate in the context of a society based on democracy, the rule of law, political pluralism and human rights, as opposed to being merely reasonable or expedient.	因此，在一个以民主、法治、政治多元化和人权为基础的社会中，限制必须是必要和相称的，而不仅是合理的或权宜之计。
Such restrictions must be appropriate responses to a pressing social need, relating to one of the permissible grounds listed in article 21.	此类限制必须是对某一迫切社会需求的适当回应，涉及第二十一条所列的允许理由之一。
They must also be the least intrusive among the measures that might serve the relevant protective function.	此类限制还必须是可能发挥相关保护作用的各项措施中侵入性最小的。
Moreover, they must be proportionate, which requires a value assessment, weighing the nature and detrimental impact of the interference on the exercise of the right against the resultant benefit to one of the grounds for interfering.	此外，它们必须是相称的，这需要进行价值评估，权衡以下二者孰轻孰重，一是干预的性质及其对行使权利的有害影响，二是干预给某一干预理由带来的益处。
If the detriment outweighs the benefit, the restriction is disproportionate and thus not permissible.	如果损害大于益处，则限制不相称，因而不能允许。
41.	41.
The last part of the second sentence of article 21 sets out the legitimate grounds on which the right of peaceful assembly may be restricted.	第二十一条第二句的最后一部分阐述了可据以限制和平集会权的正当理由。
This is an exhaustive list, consisting of the following grounds:	这个穷尽式清单包括以下理由：
the interests of national security;	为了维护国家安全；
public safety;	公共安全；
public order (ordre public);	公共秩序；
the protection of public health or morals;	保护公共卫生或风化；
or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.	或保护他人的权利和自由。
42.	42.
The “interests of national security” may serve as a ground for restrictions if such restrictions are necessary to preserve the State’s capacity to protect the existence of the nation, its territorial integrity or political independence against a credible threat or use of force.	“为了维护国家安全”可以作为限制的理由，条件是这种限制是必需的，有了这种限制方能保持国家能力，以维护国家存在、领土完整或政治独立，抵御可信的武力威胁或使用武力的情况。
This threshold will only exceptionally be met by assemblies that are “peaceful”.	只有在例外情况下，“和平”的集会才会达到这一门槛。
Moreover, where the very reason that national security has deteriorated is the suppression of human rights, this cannot be used to justify further restrictions, including on the right of peaceful assembly.	此外，如果导致国家安全恶化的正是对人权的压制，则不能以此为由施加进一步限制，包括限制和平集会权。
43.	43.
For the protection of “public safety” to be invoked as a ground for restrictions on the right of peaceful assembly, it must be established that the assembly creates a real and significant risk to the safety of persons (to life or security of person) or a similar risk of serious damage to property.	若要援引保护“公共安全”作为限制和平集会权的理由， 必须确定集会给人的安全(生命或人身安全)带来真实的重大风险，或者会造成严重损害财产的类似风险。
44.	44.
“Public order” refers to the sum of the rules that ensure the proper functioning of society, or the set of fundamental principles on which society is founded, which also entails respect for human rights, including the right of peaceful assembly.	“公共秩序”指确保社会正常运转的规则的总和，或社会所立足的一套基本原则的总和，它也要求尊重人权，包括和平集会权。
States parties should not rely on a vague definition of “public order” to justify overbroad restrictions on the right of peaceful assembly.	缔约国不应以“公共秩序”的模糊定义为依据，对和平集会权进行过于宽泛的限制。
Peaceful assemblies can in some cases be inherently or deliberately disruptive and require a significant degree of toleration.	某些情况下，和平集会可能本身或有意带有干扰性，需要相当程度的容忍。
“Public order” and “law and order” are not synonyms, and the prohibition of “public disorder” in domestic law should not be used unduly to restrict peaceful assemblies.	“公共秩序”与“法律和秩序”并非同义词，不应不当使用国内法中禁止“扰乱公共秩序”的规定来限制和平集会。
45.	45.
The protection of “public health” may exceptionally permit restrictions to be imposed, for example where there is an outbreak of an infectious disease and gatherings are dangerous.	例外情况下，可以为保护“公共卫生”而施加限制，例如在传染病爆发，集会存在危险的情况下。
This may in extreme cases also be applicable where the sanitary situation during an assembly presents a substantial health risk to the general public or to the participants themselves.	这一点也可适用于集会期间的卫生状况给广大公众或参与者自身带来重大健康风险的极端情况。
46.	46.
Restrictions on peaceful assemblies should only exceptionally be imposed for the protection of “morals”.	为保护“风化”而对和平集会施加限制只应是特例。
If used at all, this ground should not be used to protect understandings of morality deriving exclusively from a single social, philosophical or religious tradition, and any such restrictions must be understood in the light of the universality of human rights, pluralism and the principle of non-discrimination.	即便使用这一理由，也不应将之用于保护完全源于单一社会、哲学或宗教传统的对风化的认识， 凡此类限制，必须根据人权的普世性、多元主义和不歧视原则加以认识。
Restrictions based on this ground may not, for instance, be imposed because of opposition to expressions of sexual orientation or gender identity.	例如，不应由于反对性取向或性别认同之表达而施加基于这一理由的限制。
47.	47.
Restrictions imposed for the protection of “the rights and freedoms of others” may relate to the protections under the Covenant or other human rights of people not participating in the assembly.	为保护“他人的权利和自由”而施加的限制可能关乎《公约》之下的保护或未参加集会者的其他人权。
At the same time, assemblies are a legitimate use of public and other spaces, and since they may entail by their very nature a certain level of disruption to ordinary life, such disruptions must be accommodated, unless they impose a disproportionate burden, in which case the authorities must be able to provide detailed justification for any restrictions.	同时，集会是对公共和其他空间的正当使用，并且由于其本身的性质而可能对日常生活造成一定程度的干扰，这种干扰必须得到容纳，除非它们造成了不相称的负担，如果是这种情况，当局必须能够提供施加任何限制的详细理由。
48.	48.
In addition to the general framework for restrictions provided for in article 21, as discussed above, additional considerations are relevant to restrictions on the right of peaceful assembly.	如上文所述，除了第二十一条规定的限制的一般框架外，关于限制和平集会权，还有更多相关考虑。
Central to the realization of the right is the requirement that any restrictions, in principle, be content neutral, and thus not be related to the message conveyed by the assembly.	实现这一权利的核心在于，任何限制原则上都应是内容中立的，因此应与集会传达的信息无关。
A contrary approach defeats the very purpose of peaceful assemblies as a potential tool of political and social participation that allows people to advance ideas and establish the extent of the support that they enjoy.	与此相反的做法有悖和平集会的目的，即作为政治和社会参与的潜在工具，让人们能够提出观点并确定观点享有何种程度的支持。
49.	49.
The rules applicable to freedom of expression should be followed when dealing with any expressive elements of assemblies.	处理集会的任何表达因素时，应当遵循表达自由所适用的规则。
Restrictions on peaceful assemblies must thus not be used, explicitly or implicitly, to stifle expression of political opposition to a government, challenges to authority, including calls for democratic changes of government, the constitution or the political system, or the pursuit of self-determination.	因此，不得以明示或默示的方式，用限制和平集会来压制： 反对政府的政治表达； 对当权者的挑战，包括呼吁对政府、宪法或政治制度进行民主变革；
	或对自决权的追求。
They should not be used to prohibit insults to the honour and reputation of officials or State organs.	不应当用限制和平集会来禁止侮辱官员或国家机关的荣誉和声誉。
50.	50.
In accordance with article 20 of the Covenant, peaceful assemblies may not be used for propaganda for war (art. 20 (1)), or for advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence (art. 20 (2)).	《公约》第二十条规定，和平集会不得用于鼓吹战争的宣传(第二十条第一款)，或鼓吹民族、种族或宗教仇恨之主张而构成煽动歧视、敌意或暴力(第二十条第二款)。
As far as possible, action should be taken in such cases against the individual perpetrators, rather than against the assembly as a whole.	这种情况下，应尽可能对个体违规者而不是对整个集会采取行动。
Participation in assemblies whose dominant message falls within the scope of article 20 must be addressed in conformity with the requirements for restrictions set out in articles 19 and 21.	对于传达的主要信息属第二十条范围之内的集会，处理参与集会的问题时必须遵循第十九条和第二十一条规定的限制要求。
51.	51.
Generally, the use of flags, uniforms, signs and banners is to be regarded as a legitimate form of expression that should not be restricted, even if such symbols are reminders of a painful past.	一般来说，旗帜、制服、标识和横幅的使用应视为一种正当的表达形式，不应受到限制，即便这些标志令人忆起痛苦的过往。
In exceptional cases, where such symbols are directly and predominantly associated with incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence, appropriate restrictions should apply.	特殊情况下，如果此类标志与煽动歧视、敌意或暴力直接和高度相关，则应适用适当的限制。
52.	52.
The fact that an assembly provokes or may provoke a hostile reaction from members of the public against participants, as a general rule, does not justify restriction;	集会引起或可能引起公众成员对参与者的敌视反应这一事实通常不成为限制的理由；
the assembly must be allowed to go ahead, and its participants must be protected (see para. 18 above).	必须允许集会继续进行，集会的参与者必须受到保护(见上文第18段)。
However, in the exceptional case where the State is manifestly unable to protect the participants from a severe threat to their safety, restrictions on participation in the assembly may be imposed.	但是，在国家显然无法保护参与者的安全免受严重威胁的特殊情况下，可以对参加集会施加限制。
Any such restrictions must be able to withstand strict scrutiny.	凡此类限制必须经得起严格审查。
An unspecified risk of violence, or the mere possibility that the authorities will not have the capacity to prevent or neutralize the violence emanating from those opposed to the assembly, is not enough;	未具体说明的暴力风险，或者仅仅是当局将没有能力防止或消除反对集会者的暴力行为的可能性，不足以成为理由；
the State must be able to show, based on a concrete risk assessment, that it would not be able to contain the situation, even if significant law enforcement capability were to be deployed.	国家必须能够在切实的风险评估的基础上证明，它即便部署大量执法力量也无法控制局势。
Less intrusive restrictions, such as postponement or relocation of the assembly, must be considered before resort to prohibition.	在禁止集会之前，必须考虑采取侵入性较小的限制措施，如推迟集会或更改地点。
53.	53.
The regulation of the time, place and manner of assemblies is generally content neutral, and while there is some scope for restrictions that regulate these elements, the onus remains on the authorities to justify any such restriction on a case-by-case basis.	对集会时间、地点和方式的监管通常是内容中立的，虽然有一定的空间来施加限制以监管这些要素，但当局仍有责任逐案证明任何此类限制的正当性。
Any such restrictions should still, as far as possible, allow participants to assemble within sight and sound of their target audience, or at whatever site is otherwise important to their purpose.	凡此类限制，仍应尽可能让参与者在目标受众的视听范围内，或在对其目的而言有其他重要意义的任何地点集会。
54.	54.
Concerning restrictions on the time of assemblies, participants must have sufficient opportunity to manifest their views or to pursue their other purposes effectively.	关于集会时间的限制，参与者必须有足够的机会表达自己的观点或有效地追求其他目的。
Peaceful assemblies should generally be left to end by themselves.	通常应当让和平集会自行结束。
Restrictions on the precise time of day or date when assemblies can or cannot be held raise concerns about their compatibility with the Covenant.	对可以或不可以举行集会的确切时间或日期的限制，会令人关切这些限制是否符合《公约》。
Assemblies should not be limited solely because of their frequency.	集会不应当仅仅因为其频率而受到限制。
The timing, duration or frequency of a demonstration may, for example, play a central role in achieving its objective.	例如，示威的时机、持续时间或频率可能在实现集会目标方面具有核心作用。
However, the cumulative impact of sustained gatherings may be weighed in a proportionality assessment of a restriction.	但是，可以在对限制的相称性评估中权衡持续集会的累积影响。
For example, certain assemblies held regularly at night in residential areas might have a significant impact on those living nearby.	例如，某些集会定期于夜间在住宅区举行，这可能给附近居民造成重大影响。
55.	55.
As for restrictions on the element of place, peaceful assemblies may in principle be conducted in all spaces to which the public has access or should have access, such as public squares and streets.	至于对场所因素的限制，原则上，一切公众可以或应当可以进入的空间，例如公共广场和街道，都可以举行和平集会。
While rules concerning public access to some spaces, such as buildings and parks, may also limit the right to assemble in such places, the application of such restrictions to peaceful assemblies must be justifiable in terms of article 21.	虽然关于公众进入建筑物和公园等一些空间的规则也可能限制在这些地方集会的权利，但必须能够证明对和平集会适用此类限制符合第二十一条的规定。
Peaceful assemblies should not be relegated to remote areas where they cannot effectively capture the attention of those who are being addressed, or the general public.	和平集会不应被转移到偏远地区，在那里集会无法有效地吸引目标受众或广大公众的注意。
As a general rule, there can be no blanket ban on all assemblies in the capital city, in all public places except one specific location within a city or outside the city centre, or on all the streets in a city.	一般而言，不应一概禁止在首都、 在除市内 或非市中心 某一特定地点之外的所有公共场所、或在城市中的全部街道上举行的所有集会。
56.	56.
The designation of the perimeters of places such as courts, parliaments, sites of historical significance or other official buildings as areas where assemblies may not take place should generally be avoided, inter alia, because these are public spaces.	除其他外，一般应避免将法院、议会、具有历史意义的地点或其他官方建筑等场所的周边指定为不得举行集会的区域，因为这些是公共空间。
Any restrictions on assemblies in and around such places must be specifically justified and narrowly circumscribed.	凡是对在这些场所之内和周边集会的限制都必须有明确理由和严格界定。
57.	57.
While gatherings in private spaces fall within the scope of the right of peaceful assembly, the interests of others with rights in the property must be given due weight.	在私人空间内的聚集属于和平集会权的范畴， 但是享有产权的其他人的利益必须得到应有的重视。
The extent to which restrictions may be imposed on such a gathering depends on considerations such as whether the space is routinely publicly accessible, the nature and extent of the potential interference caused by the gathering with the interests of others with rights in the property, whether those holding rights in the property approve of such use, whether the ownership of the space is contested through the gathering and whether participants have other reasonable means to achieve the purpose of the assembly, in accordance with the sight and sound principle.	对此类集会可施加何种程度的限制取决于多种考虑，例如： 该空间是否一向对公众开放； 聚集对享有产权的其他人的利益可能造成何种性质和程度的干扰； 产权持有人是否同意这种使用； 聚集是否挑战了该空间的所有权； 以及按照视听范围原则，参与者是否有其他合理手段来实现集会的目的。
Access to private property may not be denied on a discriminatory basis.	不得以歧视性的理由禁止他人进入私有房地。
58.	58.
As far as restrictions on the manner of peaceful assemblies are concerned, participants should be left to determine whether they want to use equipment such as posters, megaphones, musical instruments or other technical means, such as projection equipment, to convey their message.	关于对和平集会方式的限制，应由参与者自行决定是否希望使用海报、扩音器、乐器等设备或放映设备等其他技术手段传达他们的信息。
Assemblies may entail the temporary erection of structures, including sound systems, to reach their audience or otherwise achieve their purpose.	集会可能需要临时搭建一些装置，例如音响系统，以触及受众或以其他方式达到集会目的。
59.	59.
In general, States parties should not limit the number of participants in assemblies.	一般而言，缔约国不应限制参加集会的人数。
Any such restriction can be accepted only if there is a clear connection with a legitimate ground for restrictions as set out in article 21, for example where public safety considerations dictate a maximum crowd capacity for a stadium or a bridge, or where public health considerations dictate physical distancing.	凡此类限制，只有在与第二十一条规定的限制的正当理由明确相关的情况下才可接受，例如，出于公共安全考虑规定了体育场或桥梁的最大人员容量，或出于公共卫生考虑规定了要保持物理距离。
60.	60.
The wearing of face coverings or other disguises by assembly participants, such as hoods or masks, or taking other steps to participate anonymously may form part of the expressive element of a peaceful assembly or serve to counter reprisals or to protect privacy, including in the context of new surveillance technologies.	集会参与者佩戴面部遮盖物或其他掩饰物，如头罩或口罩，或以其他方法匿名参与，可能是和平集会的表达要素的一部分，或是用于防止报复及保护隐私，包括在新监控技术的背景下。
The anonymity of participants should be allowed unless their conduct presents reasonable grounds for arrest, or there are other similarly compelling reasons, such as the fact that the face covering forms part of a symbol that is, exceptionally, restricted for the reasons referred to above (see para. 51).	应允许参与者匿名，除非他们的行为产生了合理的逮捕理由， 或者有其他令人信服的类似原因，例如面部遮盖物构成了某种标志，而这种标志由于上文所述原因而例外地受到限制(见第51段)。
The use of disguises should not in itself be deemed to signify violent intent.	使用掩饰物本身不应被视为有暴力意图。
61.	61.
While the collection of relevant information and data by authorities may under certain circumstances assist the facilitation of assemblies, it must not result in suppressing rights or creating a chilling effect.	尽管某些情况下，当局收集相关信息和数据或许有助于便利集会，但不能因此导致压制权利或造成寒蝉效应。
Any information gathering, whether by public or private entities, including through surveillance or the interception of communications, and the way in which data are collected, shared, retained and accessed, must strictly conform to applicable international standards, including on the right to privacy, and may never be aimed at intimidating or harassing participants or would-be participants in assemblies.	任何信息收集，无论由公共还是私人实体进行，包括通过监控或截取通信收集信息，以及收集、共享、保留和获取数据的方式，都必须严格遵守适用的国际标准，包括关于隐私权的标准，并且决不能以恐吓或骚扰集会参与者或潜在参与者为目的。
Such practices should be regulated by appropriate and publicly accessible domestic legal frameworks that are compatible with international standards and subject to scrutiny by the courts.	此类做法应当由适当的、公众可查阅的、符合国际标准的国内法律框架加以规范，并接受法院的审查。
62.	62.
The mere fact that a particular assembly takes place in public does not mean that participants’ privacy cannot be violated.	单凭某一集会公开举行这一事实不能说明参与者的隐私不会被侵犯。
The right to privacy may be infringed, for example, by facial recognition and other technologies that can identify individual participants in a crowd.	例如，人脸识别和其他能够在人群中识别个体参与者的技术就可能侵犯隐私权。
The same applies to the monitoring of social media to glean information about participation in peaceful assemblies.	监控社交媒体以收集有关参与和平集会的信息也是如此。
Independent and transparent scrutiny and oversight must be exercised over the decision to collect the personal information and data of those engaged in peaceful assemblies and over its sharing or retention, with a view to ensuring the compatibility of such actions with the Covenant.	必须对收集、共享或保留和平集会参与者的个人信息和数据的决定进行独立、透明的审查和监督，以确保这些行动符合《公约》。
63.	63.
The freedom of public officials to participate in peaceful assemblies should not be limited more than is strictly required by the need to ensure public confidence in their impartiality, and thus their ability to perform their service duties, and any such restrictions must comply with article 21.	对公职人员参加和平集会之自由的限制不应超出为确保公众信任他们的公正性从而确保其履职能力所必需的水平， 凡此类限制必须符合第二十一条的规定。
64.	64.
Requirements for participants or organizers either to arrange for or to contribute towards the costs of policing or security, medical assistance or cleaning, or other public services associated with peaceful assemblies are generally not compatible with article 21.	要求参与者或组织者安排或分摊与和平集会有关的警务或安保、 医疗援助或清洁、 或其他公共服务的费用，通常不符合第二十一条的规定。
65.	65.
Organizers and participants are expected to comply with the legal requirements made of an assembly, and they may be held accountable for their own unlawful conduct, including the incitement of others.	组织者和参与者应遵守对集会提出的法律要求，他们可能由于自己的非法行为，包括煽动他人而受到追究。
If, in exceptional circumstances, organizers are held accountable for damage or injuries for which they were not directly responsible, it must be confined to cases in which evidence shows that the organizers could reasonably have foreseen and prevented the damage or injuries.	特殊情况下，如果因组织者不负有直接责任的损害或伤害而追究其责任，则必须仅限于有证据表明组织者能够合理预见和防止损害或伤害的情况。
It is good practice for organizers to appoint stewards or marshals where necessary, but this should not be a legal requirement.	组织者在必要时任命管理人或引导员是一种良好做法，但法律上不应作此要求。
66.	66.
Authorities may not require pledges or undertakings from individuals not to organize or participate in future assemblies.	当局不应要求个人承诺或保证不组织或不参加未来的集会。
Conversely, no one may be forced to participate in an assembly.	反之，亦不得强迫任何人参加集会。
67.	67.
Where criminal or administrative sanctions are imposed on organizers of or participants in a peaceful assembly for their unlawful conduct, such sanctions must be proportionate, non-discriminatory in nature and must not be based on ambiguous or overbroadly defined offences, or suppress conduct protected under the Covenant.	如果和平集会的组织者或参与者因其非法行为而受到刑事或行政处罚，这种处罚必须是相称的、非歧视性的，并且不得基于模糊或定义过于宽泛的罪名，也不得压制受《公约》保护的行为。
68.	68.
While acts of terrorism must be criminalized in conformity with international law, the definition of such crimes must not be overbroad or discriminatory and must not be applied so as to curtail or discourage the exercise of the right of peaceful assembly.	恐怖主义行为必须依照国际法定为刑事犯罪，但此类犯罪的定义不得过于宽泛或带有歧视，也不得为限制或阻碍和平集会权的行使而适用。
The mere act of organizing or participating in a peaceful assembly cannot be criminalized under counter-terrorism laws.	仅仅组织或参加和平集会的行为不能根据反恐怖主义法定为刑事犯罪。
69.	69.
Recourse to courts or other tribunals to seek a remedy concerning restrictions must be readily available, including the possibility of appeal or review.	必须让人们能够方便地就限制措施诉诸法院或其他法庭以寻求救济，包括提供上诉或复审的可能性。
The timeliness and duration of such proceedings against restrictions on an assembly must not jeopardize the exercise of the right.	此类对集会受限提起的诉讼的及时性和持续时间不得影响权利的行使。
The procedural guarantees of the Covenant apply in all such cases, and also to issues such as detention or the imposition of sanctions, including fines, in connection with peaceful assemblies.	《公约》的程序保障适用于所有此类案件，也适用于与和平集会相关联的拘留或惩处(包括罚款)等问题。
V	五
.	.
Notification regimes	通报制度
70.	70.
Having to apply for permission from the authorities undercuts the idea that peaceful assembly is a basic right.	必须向当局申请许可，会削弱和平集会是一项基本权利的概念。
Notification systems requiring that those who intend to organize a peaceful assembly must inform the authorities in advance and provide certain salient details are permissible to the extent necessary to assist the authorities in facilitating the smooth conduct of peaceful assemblies and protecting the rights of others.	通报制度要求有意组织和平集会的人必须事先通知当局并提供某些重要细节，这种制度如果是帮助当局便利和平集会顺利举行并保护其他人的权利所必需的，则是可以允许的。
At the same time, this requirement must not be misused to stifle peaceful assemblies and, as in the case of other interferences with the right, must be justifiable on the grounds listed in article 21.	同时，不得滥用这一要求以阻碍和平集会，并且与其他干涉权利的情况一样，必须能够根据第二十一条所列理由证明其正当性。
The enforcement of notification requirements must not become an end in itself.	执行通报要求本身不能成为目的。
Notification procedures should be transparent, not unduly bureaucratic, their demands on organizers must be proportionate to the potential public impact of the assembly concerned, and they should be free of charge.	通报程序应当透明、不过于繁琐， 对组织者的要求必须与所涉集会可能造成的公众影响相称，并且应当免费。
71.	71.
A failure to notify the authorities of an upcoming assembly, where required, does not render the act of participation in the assembly unlawful, and must not in itself be used as a basis for dispersing the assembly or arresting the participants or organizers, or for imposing undue sanctions, such as charging the participants or organizers with criminal offences.	未按要求事先向当局通报集会并不会导致参加集会成为非法行为，这种情况本身也不应成为理由，据以驱散集会或逮捕参与者或组织者，或据以实施不当制裁，例如指控参与者或组织者犯有刑事罪。
Where administrative sanctions are imposed on organizers for failure to notify, this must be justified by the authorities.	如果以未通报为由给予组织者行政处罚，则当局必须证明处罚的正当性。
Lack of notification does not absolve the authorities from the obligation, within their abilities, to facilitate the assembly and to protect the participants.	未通报并不能免除当局在其能力范围内为集会提供便利和保护参与者的义务。
72.	72.
Any notification requirements for pre-planned assemblies must be provided for in domestic law.	凡是关于通报预先计划之集会的要求，必须在国内法律中有所规定。
The minimum period of advance notification might vary according to the context and level of facilitation required, but it should not be excessively long. If restrictions are imposed following a notification, they should be communicated early enough to allow time for access to the courts or other mechanisms to challenge them.	预先通报的最短期限可能因背景和所需便利程度而有所不同，但不应过长。 如果通报之后实施了限制，则应及早通知，留出诉诸法院或其他机制以便对限制提出质疑的时间。
Any notification regime should exclude assemblies for which the impact of a gathering on others can reasonably be expected to be minimal, for example because of its nature, location or limited size or duration.	如果能够合理地预计某集会对他人的影响极小，例如因为集会的性质、地点或者有限的规模或持续时间而对他人的影响极小，那么凡通报制度，都应将这种集会排除在外。
Notification must not be required for spontaneous assemblies for which there is not enough time to provide notice.	对于没有足够时间通报的自发集会，不得要求通报。
73.	73.
Where authorization regimes persist in domestic law, they must in practice function as a system of notification, with authorization being granted as a matter of course, in the absence of compelling reasons to do otherwise.	如果国内法中一直存在批准制度，则实践中这些制度必须作为通报制度运作，如没有令人信服的不批准的理由，则应当批准。
Notification regimes, for their part, must not in practice function as authorization systems.	而通报制度在实践中不得作为批准制度运作。
VI	六
.	.
Duties and powers of law enforcement agencies	执法机关的职责和权力
74.	74.
L
aw enforcement officials involved in policing assemblies must respect and ensure the exercise of the fundamental rights of organizers and participants, while also protecting journalists, monitors and observers, medical personnel and other members of the public, as well as public and private property, from harm.	参与维持集会治安的执法人员必须尊重和确保组织者和参与者行使基本权利，同时保护记者、 监督员和观察员、医务人员和其他公众成员以及公共和私有财产不受损害。
The basic approach of the authorities should be, where necessary, to seek to facilitate peaceful assemblies.	当局的基本方针应当是，必要时，力求为和平集会提供便利。
75.	75.
Relevant law enforcement agencies should as far as possible work towards establishing channels for communication and dialogue between the various parties involved in assemblies, before and during the assembly, aimed at promoting preparedness, de-escalating tensions and resolving disputes.	相关执法机构应尽可能争取在集会前和集会期间建立参与集会的各方之间的沟通和对话渠道，目的是促进充分准备、缓和紧张局势和解决争端。
While it is good practice for organizers and participants to engage in such contact, they cannot be required to do so.	虽然组织者和参与者进行这种接触是良好做法，但不应要求他们这样做。
76.	76.
Where the presence of law enforcement officials is required, the policing of an assembly should be planned and conducted with the objective of enabling the assembly to take place as intended, and with a view to minimizing the potential for injury to any person and damage to property.	在必须有执法人员在场的情况下，集会警务的规划和执行应旨在让集会能够按计划举行，并将伤害任何人员和损坏财产的可能性降至最低。
The plan should detail the instructions and equipment for and the deployment of all relevant officials and units.	计划应详细说明对所有相关官员和单位的指示以及他们的装备和部署情况。
77.	77.
Generic contingency plans and training protocols should also be developed by relevant law enforcement agencies, in particular for policing assemblies of which the authorities are not notified in advance and which may affect public order.	相关执法机构还应制定通用应急计划和培训规程，特别是用于事先未通报当局并可能影响公共秩序的集会的警务。
Clear command structures must exist to underpin accountability, as must protocols for recording and documenting events, ensuring the identification of officers and reporting any use of force.	为支持问责，必须有明确的指挥结构，同时必须有录制和文字记录事件的规程，确保识别警员的身份并报告任何使用武力的情况。
78.	78.
Law enforcement officials should seek to de-escalate situations that might result in violence.	执法人员应力求缓和可能导致暴力的局面。
They are obliged to exhaust non-violent means and to give prior warning if it becomes absolutely necessary to use force, unless doing either would be manifestly ineffective.	他们有义务用尽非暴力手段，如果绝对有必要使用武力，则必须事先发出警告，除非这两种做法都明显无效。
Any use of force must comply with the fundamental principles of legality, necessity, proportionality, precaution and non-discrimination applicable to articles 6 and 7 of the Covenant, and those using force must be accountable for each use of force.	凡是使用武力，必须遵守适用于《公约》第六条和第七条的合法性、必要性、相称性、预防和不歧视的基本原则，使用武力者必须对每一次使用武力负责。
Domestic legal regimes on the use of force by law enforcement officials must be brought into line with the requirements enshrined in international law, guided by standards such as the Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials and the United Nations Human Rights Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement.	关于执法人员使用武力的国内法律制度必须符合国际法所载的要求，并遵循《执法人员使用武力和火器的基本原则》和《联合国关于在执法中使用低致命武器的人权指南》等标准。
79.	79.
Only the minimum force necessary may be used where it is required for a legitimate law enforcement purpose during an assembly.	集会期间，只有在出于正当执法目的需要时，才可使用必要的最低限度的武力。
Once the need for any use of force has passed, such as when a violent individual is safely apprehended, no further resort to force is permissible.	一旦已不存在使用任何武力的需要，例如某个暴力的个人已被安全地捉拿，则不允许进一步诉诸武力。
Law enforcement officials may not use greater force than is proportionate to the legitimate objective of either dispersing an assembly, preventing a crime or effecting or assisting in the lawful arrest of offenders or suspected offenders.	执法人员使用武力不得超过与驱散集会、防止犯罪、实施或协助合法逮捕罪犯或犯罪嫌疑人之正当目标相称的程度。
Domestic law must not grant officials largely unrestricted powers, for example to use ”force” or ”all necessary force” to disperse assemblies, or simply to ”shoot for the legs”.	国内法不得给予官员基本不受限制的权力，例如使用“武力”或“一切必要的武力”驱散集会，或者径直“向腿部射击”的权力。
In particular, domestic law must not allow use of force against participants in an assembly on a wanton, excessive or discriminatory basis.	具体而言，国内法不得允许肆意、过度或歧视地对集会参与者使用武力。
80.	80.
Only law enforcement officials trained in the policing of assemblies, including on the relevant human rights standards, should be deployed for that purpose.	为此目的，只应部署接受过集会警务培训，包括相关人权标准培训的执法人员。
Training should sensitize officials to the specific needs of individuals or groups in situations of vulnerability, which may in some cases include women, children and persons with disabilities, when participating in peaceful assemblies.	培训应帮助官员认识到处境脆弱的个人或群体在参加和平集会时的具体需要，这些个人或群体在某些情况下可能包括妇女、儿童和残疾人。
The military should not be used to police assemblies, but if in exceptional circumstances and on a temporary basis they are deployed in support, they must have received appropriate human rights training and must comply with the same international rules and standards as law enforcement officials.	军队不应用于集会警务， 但如果特殊情况下临时部署军队提供支持，则军队必须接受过适当的人权培训，并且必须与执法人员遵守相同的国际规则和标准。
81.	81.
All law enforcement officials responsible for policing assemblies must be suitably equipped, including where needed with appropriate and fit-for-purpose less-lethal weapons and protective equipment.	所有负责集会警务的执法人员必须得到合适的装备，包括在需要时配备适当且符合目的的低致命武器和防护装备。
States parties must ensure that all weapons, including less-lethal weapons, are subject to strict independent testing, and that officers deployed with them receive specific training, and must evaluate and monitor the impact of weapons on the rights of those affected.	缔约国必须确保所有武器，包括低致命武器，都接受严格的独立测试，确保部署的配备武器的人员接受专门培训，并且必须评估和监测武器对受影响者权利的影响。
Law enforcement agencies must be alert to the potentially discriminatory impacts of certain policing tactics, including in the context of new technologies, and must address them.	执法机构必须警惕某些警务策略的潜在歧视性影响，包括在新技术的背景下，并且必须应对这些影响。
82.	82.
Preventive detention of targeted individuals to keep them from participating in assemblies may constitute arbitrary deprivation of liberty, which is incompatible with the right of peaceful assembly.	对目标个人实施预防性拘留以阻止他们参加集会可能构成任意剥夺自由，与和平集会权不符。
This is especially the case if detention lasts more than a few hours.	拘留超过数小时的情况尤其如此。
Where domestic law permits such detention, it may be used only in the most exceptional cases, for no longer than absolutely necessary and only where the authorities have proof of the intention of the individuals involved to engage in or incite acts of violence during a particular assembly, and where other measures to prevent violence from occurring will clearly be inadequate.	国内法允许这种拘留的情况下，只能在最特殊的情况下使用这种拘留， 拘留时间不得超过绝对必要，并且只有在当局有证据表明所涉个人有意在特定集会期间实施或煽动暴力行为，以及其他措施显然不足以防止暴力发生的情况下，才可使用这种拘留。
Practices of indiscriminate mass arrest prior to, during or following an assembly are arbitrary and thus unlawful.	在集会之前、期间或之后不加区分地大规模逮捕的做法具有任意性，因此非法。
83.	83.
Powers of “stop and search” or “stop and frisk”, applied to those who participate in assemblies, or are about to do so, must be exercised based on reasonable suspicion of the commission or threat of a serious offence, and must not be used in a discriminatory manner.	行使对参加或即将参加集会的人员进行“拦截搜查”或“拦截搜身”的权力必须基于实施严重罪行或有此威胁的合理怀疑，并且不得以歧视的方式使用这种权力。
The mere fact that authorities associate an individual with a peaceful assembly does not constitute reasonable grounds for stopping and searching them.	当局将某人与某一和平集会相关联这一事实本身并不构成拦截和搜查此人的合理理由。
84.	84.
Containment (“kettling”), where law enforcement officials encircle and close in a section of the participants, may be used only where it is necessary and proportionate to do so, in order to address actual violence or an imminent threat emanating from that section.	围堵(“水壶”战术)，即执法人员包围并封锁一部分参与者的做法，只有在必要且相称的情况下才可使用，以应对来自这部分参与者的实际暴力或迫切威胁。
Necessary law enforcement measures targeted against specific individuals are often preferable to containment.	针对特定个人的必要执法措施通常比围堵更为可取。
Particular care must be taken to contain, as far as possible, only people linked directly to violence and to limit the duration of the containment to the minimum necessary.	必须特别注意，尽可能只围堵与暴力直接关联的人，并将围堵的时间限制在必要的最低限度。
Where containment is used indiscriminately or punitively, it violates the right of peaceful assembly, and may also violate other rights such as freedom from arbitrary detention and freedom of movement.	不加区分或惩罚性地使用围堵会侵犯和平集会权，也可能侵犯其他权利，如免于任意拘留的自由和行动自由。
85.	85.
Only in exceptional cases may an assembly be dispersed.	只有在特殊情况下才能驱散集会。
Dispersal may be resorted to if the assembly as such is no longer peaceful, or if there is clear evidence of an imminent threat of serious violence that cannot be reasonably addressed by more proportionate measures, such as targeted arrests.	如果集会本身不再和平，或者有明确证据表明存在严重暴力的迫切威胁，无法通过逮捕目标人员等更相称的措施合理应对，则可采取驱散集会的做法。
In all cases, the law enforcement rules on use of force must be strictly followed.	任何情况下，都必须严格遵守关于使用武力的执法规则。
Conditions for ordering the dispersal of an assembly should be set out in domestic law, and only a duly authorized official may order the dispersal of a peaceful assembly.	国内法中应规定下令驱散集会的条件，只有获得正式授权的官员才能下令驱散和平集会。
An assembly that remains peaceful while nevertheless causing a high level of disruption, such as the extended blocking of traffic, may be dispersed, as a rule, only if the disruption is “serious and sustained”.	集会保持和平但仍造成高度干扰的，例如长期封锁交通的，通常只有在带来“严重和持续”扰乱的情况下，方可予以驱散。
86.	86.
Where a decision to disperse is taken in conformity with domestic and international law, force should be avoided.	在根据国内法和国际法决定驱散时，应避免使用武力。
Where that is not possible in the circumstances, only the minimum force necessary may be used.	如果在具体情况下不可能避免使用武力，则只能使用必要的最低限度的武力。
As far as possible, any force used should be directed against a specific individual or group engaged in or threatening violence.	凡是使用武力，应尽可能针对参与实施暴力或威胁使用暴力的特定个人或人群。
Force that is likely to cause more than negligible injury should not be used against individuals or groups who are passively resisting.	对被动抵抗的个人或人群，不应使用可能造成超过微小伤害的武力。
87.	87.
Less-lethal weapons with wide-area effects, such as tear gas and water cannons, tend to have indiscriminate effects.	具有大面积效应的低致命武器，如催泪瓦斯和水炮，往往具有不加区分的攻击效应。
When such weapons are used, all reasonable efforts should be made to limit risks, such as causing a stampede or harming bystanders.	使用这类武器时，应尽一切合理努力限制风险，如造成踩踏或伤害旁观者。
Such weapons should be used only as a measure of last resort, following a verbal warning, and with adequate opportunity given for assembly participants to disperse.	这类武器只应在口头警告之后用作最后手段，并让集会参与者有充足的机会散开。
Tear gas should not be used in confined spaces.	不应在密闭空间使用催泪瓦斯。
88.	88.
Firearms are not an appropriate tool for the policing of assemblies.	枪支并非执行集会警务的适当工具。
They must never be used simply to disperse an assembly.	如果仅为驱散集会，绝不能使用枪支。
In order to comply with international law, any use of firearms by law enforcement officials in the context of assemblies must be limited to targeted individuals in circumstances in which it is strictly necessary to confront an imminent threat of death or serious injury.	为了遵守国际法，凡是执法人员在集会背景下使用枪支，必须仅限于为应对死亡或重伤的迫切威胁而必须使用枪支时，针对目标个人使用。
Given the threat that such weapons pose to life, this minimum threshold should also be applied to the firing of rubber-coated metal bullets.	鉴于这类武器对生命构成的威胁，这一最低门槛也应适用于发射橡皮子弹。
Where law enforcement officials are prepared for the use of force, or violence is considered likely, the authorities must also ensure that adequate medical facilities are available.	执法人员准备使用武力或认为可能发生暴力的情况下，当局还必须确保有足够的医疗设施。
It is never lawful to fire indiscriminately or to use firearms in fully automatic mode when policing an assembly.	执行集会警务时，不加区分地射击或在全自动模式下使用火器在任何情况下都属非法。
89.	89.
The State is responsible under international law for the actions and omissions of its law enforcement agencies.	根据国际法，国家对本国执法机构的作为和不作为负有责任。
With a view to preventing violations, States should consistently promote a culture of accountability for law enforcement officials during assemblies.	为了防止侵犯行为，各国应始终如一地促进对执法人员在集会期间的行为问责的文化。
To enhance effective accountability, uniformed law enforcement officials should always display an easily recognizable form of identification during assemblies.	为加强有效问责，穿制服的执法人员在集会期间应始终佩戴易于辨认的身份标识。
90.	90.
States have an obligation to investigate effectively, impartially and in a timely manner any allegation or reasonable suspicion of unlawful use of force or other violations by law enforcement officials, including sexual or gender-based violence, in the context of assemblies.	各国有义务有效、公正、及时地调查关于执法人员在集会背景下非法使用武力或其他侵犯行为，包括性暴力或性别暴力行为的任何指控或合理怀疑。
Both intentional and negligent action or inaction can amount to a violation of human rights.	故意和过失的作为或不作为都可能构成侵犯人权。
Individual officials responsible for violations must be held accountable under domestic and, where relevant, international law, and effective remedies must be available to victims.	必须根据国内法以及在相关情况下根据国际法追究对侵犯行为负有责任的个体官员的责任，并且必须向受害者提供有效的补救措施。
91.	91.
All use of force by law enforcement officials should be recorded and reflected promptly in a transparent report.	执法人员所有使用武力的行为均应有所记录，并及时在透明的报告中反映。
Where injury or damage occurs, the report should contain sufficient information to establish whether the use of force was necessary and proportionate by setting out the details of the incident, including the reasons for the use of force, its effectiveness and the consequences of it.	发生伤害或损害的情况下，报告应包含足够的信息，列出事件细节，包括使用武力的原因、效力和结果，以确定使用武力是否必要和相称。
92.	92.
Any deployment of plain-clothed officers in assemblies must be strictly necessary in the circumstances and such officers must never incite violence.	凡在集会中部署便衣人员必须是由于严格必要，并且这些人员绝不能煽动暴力。
Before conducting a search, making an arrest or resorting to any use of force, plain-clothed officers must identify themselves to the persons concerned.	便衣人员在进行搜查、拘捕或使用武力之前必须向当事人表明身份。
93.	93.
The State is ultimately responsible for law enforcement during an assembly and may delegate tasks to private security service providers only in exceptional circumstances.	国家对集会期间的执法负有最终责任，只有在特殊情况下才可以将任务委托给私营安保服务提供方。
In such cases, the State remains responsible for the conduct of those service providers.	这种情况下，国家仍对这些服务提供方的行为负有责任。
This is in addition to the accountability of the private security service providers under domestic and, where relevant, international law.	除此之外，私营安保服务提供方还根据国内法以及在相关情况下根据国际法承担责任。
The authorities should set out in national legislation the role and powers of private security service providers in law enforcement, and their use of force and training should be strictly regulated.	当局应在国家法律中规定私营安保服务提供方在执法中的作用和权力，这些提供方使用武力和培训的情况也应受到严格监管。
94.	94.
The use of recording devices by law enforcement officials during assemblies, including body-worn cameras, may play a positive role in securing accountability, if used judiciously.	执法人员在集会期间使用包括随身摄像机在内的录音录像设备，如果使用得当，在确保问责方面可能发挥积极作用。
However, the authorities should have clear and publicly available guidelines to ensure that their use is consistent with international standards on privacy and does not have a chilling effect on participation in assemblies.	然而，当局应制订明确、可供公开查阅的指导方针，以确保这些设备的使用符合关于隐私的国际标准，并且不会对参加集会产生寒蝉效应。
Participants, journalists and monitors also have the right to record law enforcement officials.	参与者、记者和监督员也有权对执法人员进行记录。
95.	95.
The State is fully responsible for any remotely controlled weapons systems it uses during an assembly.	国家对其在集会期间使用的任何遥控武器系统负全责。
Such methods of force delivery may escalate tensions and should be used only with great caution.	这种武力投送方法可能加剧紧张局势，仅应极慎重地使用。
Fully autonomous weapons systems, where lethal force can be used against assembly participants without meaningful human intervention once a system has been deployed, must never be used for law enforcement during an assembly.	全自动武器系统一旦部署，就可以在没有真正人为干预的情况下对集会参与者使用致命武力，因此决不能在集会期间用于执法。
VII.	七.
Assembly during states of emergency and armed conflict	紧急状态和武装冲突期间的集会
96.	96.
While the right of peaceful assembly is not listed as non-derogable in article 4 (2) of the Covenant, other rights potentially applicable to assemblies, such as those enshrined in articles 6, 7 and 18, are non-derogable.	虽然《公约》第四条第二款没有将和平集会权列为不可克减的权利，但其他可能适用于集会的权利，如第六、第七和第十八条所载的权利，是不可克减的。
States parties must not rely on derogation from the right of peaceful assembly if they can attain their objectives by imposing restrictions in terms of article 21.	缔约国如果能够通过施加第二十一条范围之内的限制实现其目标，就不能依赖于克减和平集会权。
If States derogate from the Covenant in response, for instance, to mass demonstrations that include acts of violence, they must be able to justify not only that such a situation constitutes a threat to the life of the nation, but also that all measures derogating from their obligations under the Covenant are strictly required by the exigencies of the situation and comply with the conditions in article 4.	例如，国家如果为应对包括暴力行为在内的大规模示威而克减《公约》，则必须能够证明，这种局面不仅对国家的生命构成威胁，而且所有克减《公约》之下本国义务的措施均为应对局面所严格必需并且符合第四条的条件。
97.	97.
In a situation of armed conflict, the use of force during peaceful assemblies remains regulated by the rules governing law enforcement, and the Covenant continues to apply.	在武装冲突局势下，在和平集会期间使用武力仍然受执法规则的规范，《公约》也继续适用。
Civilians in an assembly are protected from being targeted with lethal force unless and for such time as they take a direct part in hostilities, as that term is understood under international humanitarian law.	集会中的平民除直接参与敌对行为以及在直接参与敌对行为期间外，受到保护而免于成为致命武力的目标，因为该词按照国际人道主义法理解。
In such a circumstance, they may be targeted only to the extent that they are not otherwise protected under international law from attack.	这种情况下，平民只有在未以其他方式受到国际法保护而免受攻击时，才可能成为目标。
Any use of force under applicable international humanitarian law is subject to the rules and principles of distinction, precautions in attack, proportionality, military necessity and humanity.	凡是根据适用的国际人道主义法使用武力，均须遵守区分、攻击中采取预防措施、相称性、军事必要性和人道的规则和原则。
In all decisions on the use of force, the safety and protection of assembly participants and the broader public should be an important consideration.	在所有关于使用武力的决定中，集会参与者和广大公众的安全与保护都应是重要的考虑因素。
VIII	八
.	.
Relationship between article 21 and other provisions of the Covenant and other legal regimes	《公约》第二十一条与其他条款和其他法律制度的关系
98.	98.
The full protection of the right of peaceful assembly depends on the protection of a range of rights.	充分保护和平集会权有赖于对一系列权利的保护。
Use of unnecessary or disproportionate force or other unlawful conduct by State officials during an assembly may breach articles 6, 7 and 9 of the Covenant.	国家官员在集会期间使用不必要或不相称的武力或其他非法行为可能违反《公约》第六、第七和第九条。
An extreme case, in which participants in peaceful assemblies are subjected to unlawful force or conduct as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, may also constitute, where the other relevant criteria are met, a crime against humanity.	极端情况下，和平集会的参与者遭受的非法武力或行为是针对任何平民人群的广泛或有系统的攻击的一部分，这种情况若满足其他相关标准，还可能构成危害人类罪。
99.	99.
Restrictions on people’s ability to travel, including abroad (art. 12 (2)), in order to participate in assemblies, marches and other moving assemblies may violate their freedom of movement (art. 12 (1)).	对人们出行，包括前往国外(第十二条第二款)，以便参加集会、游行和其他移动的集会之能力加以限制可能会侵犯他们的行动自由(第十二条第一款)。
Official decisions restricting the exercise of assembly rights must be open to legal challenge in a process that meets fair and public hearing requirements (art. 14 (1)).	限制行使集会权的官方决定必须经由符合公正公开审问要求的程序接受法律质疑(第十四条第一款)。
Surveillance of those involved in assemblies and other data-gathering activities may violate their right to privacy (art. 17).	对集会参与者的监控和其他数据收集活动可能会侵犯他们的隐私权(第十七条)。
Religious assemblies may also be protected under the freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs (art. 18).	宗教集会也可依据表示自己的宗教或信仰之自由受到保护(第十八条)。
The right of peaceful assembly is more than just a manifestation of freedom of expression (art. 19 (2));	和平集会权不仅仅是表达自由的一种表现形式(第十九条第二款)；
it often has an expressive element, and the rationale for the recognition of these two rights and the acceptable restrictions overlap in many ways.	它通常具有表达的因素，就得到承认的理由和可接受的限制而言，这两项权利有多方面重叠。
Freedom of access to information held by public bodies (art. 19 (2)) underlies the ability of the public to know about the legal and administrative framework applicable to assemblies and enables them to hold public officials accountable.	获取公共机构持有的信息的自由(第十九条第二款)是公众了解适用于集会的法律和行政框架的能力的基础，并让他们能够追究公职人员的责任。
100.	100.
Freedom of association (art. 22) also protects collective action, and restrictions on this right often affect the right of peaceful assembly.	结社自由(第二十二条)也保护集体行动，对这一权利的限制往往会影响和平集会权。
The right of political participation (art. 25) is closely linked to the right of peaceful assembly, and in relevant cases, restrictions must be justified under the conditions set out in both article 21 and article 25.	政治参与权(第二十五条)与和平集会权关联紧密，相关情况下，必须根据第二十一条以及第二十五条中规定的条件证明限制的正当性。
The right to non-discrimination protects participants against discriminatory practices in the context of assemblies (arts. 2 (1), 24 and 26).	不受歧视的权利在集会背景下保护参与者免受歧视做法的影响(第二条第一款、第二十四条和第二十六条)。
101.	101.
Participation in peaceful assemblies may be restricted in accordance with article 21, however, in order to protect the rights and freedoms of others.	但是，为保护他人的权利和自由，可以根据第二十一条限制参加和平集会。
102.	102.
The right of peaceful assembly has an intrinsic value.	和平集会权有其固有价值。
It is, moreover, often exercised with the aim of advancing the implementation of other human rights and other norms and principles of international law.	此外，行使这项权利之目的往往是推进落实其他人权以及国际法的其他规范和原则。
In such cases, the duty to respect and ensure the right of peaceful assembly derives its legal justification also from the importance of the broader range of other rights, norms and principles whose implementation it advances.	这种情况下，尊重和确保和平集会权的义务的法律依据还源自其所推动落实的广大其他权利、规范和原则的重要性。
* Adopted by the Committee at its 129th session (29 June–24 July 2020).	* 委员会第一百二十九届会议(2020年6月29日至7月24日)通过。
1 For example, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (art. 20 (1)); the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights) (art. 11); the American Convention on Human Rights (art. 15); and the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (art. 11). The Arab Charter on Human Rights protects the right for citizens (art. 24). Specific obligations relating to participation in peaceful assemblies can also be found in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (art. 15); the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (art. 5 (d) (ix)); and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (art. 8).
2	2
For examples from the regional mechanisms, see Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, and European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, 3rd ed. (Warsaw/Strasbourg, 2019);
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on Freedom of Association and Assembly in Africa (Banjul, 2017) and Guidelines for the Policing of Assemblies by Law Enforcement Officials in Africa (Banjul, 2017);	例如，《世界人权宣言》(第二十条第一款)；
and Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression, Protest and Human Rights: Standards on the rights involved in social protest and the obligations to guide the response of the State (2019).	《保护人权与基本自由公约》(《欧洲人权公约》)(第11条)； 《美洲人权公约》(第15条)；
	《非洲人权和民族权宪章》(第11条)。 《阿拉伯人权宪章》保护公民的权利(第24条)。 《儿童权利公约》中也有与参加和平集会相关的具体义务(第15条)； 《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》(第五条(卯)款(9)项)； 《非洲儿童权利和福利宪章》(第8条)。
3	3
A total of 184 of the 193 States Members of the United Nations recognize the right to peaceful assembly in their constitutions.	关于区域机制的例子，见Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, and European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, 3rd ed. (Warsaw/Strasbourg, 2019);
See www.rightofassembly.info.	African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on Freedom of Association and Assembly in Africa (Banjul, 2017)和Guidelines for the Policing of Assemblies by Law Enforcement Officials in Africa (Banjul, 2017);
	以及Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression, Protest and Human Rights: Standards on the rights involved in social protest and the obligations to guide the response of the State (2019).
4	4
Kivenmaa v. Finland (CCPR/C/50/D/412/1990), para. 7.6;
Sekerko v. Belarus (CCPR/C/109/D/1851/2008), para. 9.3;	联合国193个会员国中，共有184个国家在其宪法中承认和平集会权。 见www.rightofassembly.info。
and Poplavny and Sudalenko v. Belarus (CCPR/C/118/D/2139/2012), para. 8.5.
5	5
	Kivenmaa诉芬兰(CCPR/C/50/D/412/1990)，第7.6段；
General comment No. 31 (2004) on the nature of the general legal obligation imposed on States parties to the Covenant, para. 9.	Sekerko诉白俄罗斯(CCPR/C/109/D/1851/ 2008)，第9.3段；
	Poplavny和Sudalenko诉白俄罗斯(CCPR/C/118/D/2139/2012)，第8.5段。
6	6
General comment No. 15 (1986) on the position of aliens under the Covenant, paras. 1–2;	关于《公约》缔约国一般法律义务性质的第31号一般性意见(2004年)，第9段。
and CCPR/C/KWT/CO/3, para. 42.
7	7
	关于《公约》所规定的外侨地位的第15号一般性意见(1986年)，第1-2段；
CCPR/C/DOM/CO/6, para. 32.	以及CCPR/C/KWT/CO/3，第42段。
8	8
CCPR/C/NPL/CO/2, para. 14.	CCPR/C/DOM/CO/6，第32段。
9	9
CCPR/C/KOR/Q/4, para. 26.	CCPR/C/NPL/CO/2，第14段。
10	10
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, art. 2 (1).	CCPR/C/KOR/Q/4，第26段。
11	11
A/HRC/39/28, para. 14.	《公民及政治权利国际公约》第二条第一款。
12	12
Coleman v. Australia (CCPR/C/87/D/1157/2003), para. 6.4.	A/HRC/39/28，第14段。
13	13
See A/HRC/41/41.	Coleman诉澳大利亚(CCPR/C/87/D/1157/2003)，第6.4段。
14	14
OSCE and Venice Commission, Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, para. 51.	见A/HRC/41/41。
15	15
European Court of Human Rights, Frumkin v. Russia (application No. 74568/12), judgment of 5 January 2016, para. 97.	OSCE and Venice Commission, Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, para. 51.
16	16
CCPR/C/CHN-MAC/CO/1, para. 16.	European Court of Human Rights, Frumkin v. Russia (application No. 74568/12), judgment of 5 January 2016, para. 97.
17	17
A/HRC/31/66, para. 18.	CCPR/C/CHN MAC/CO/1，第16段。 18
18	A/HRC/31/66，第18段。
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Women Victims of Sexual Torture in Atenco v. Mexico, judgment of 28 November 2018, series C, No. 371, para. 175; and European Court of Human Rights, Frumkin v. Russia, para. 99.
19	19
Rabat Plan of Action on the prohibition of advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence (A/HRC/22/17/Add.4, appendix), para. 29 (f).	Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Women Victims of Sexual Torture in Atenco v. Mexico, judgment of 28 November 2018, series C, No. 371, para. 175；
	以及European Court of Human Rights, Frumkin v. Russia, para. 99。
20	20
See also general comment No. 31.	《关于禁止构成煽动歧视、敌意或暴力的鼓吹民族、种族或宗教仇恨言论的拉巴特行动计划》(A/HRC/22/17/Add.4，附录)，第29 (f)段。
21	21
Alekseev v. Russian Federation (CCPR/C/109/D/1873/2009), para. 9.6. See also Amelkovich v. Belarus (CCPR/C/125/D/2720/2016), para. 6.6;
and CCPR/C/GNQ/CO/1, paras. 54–55.	另见第31号一般性意见。
22	22
Strizhak v. Belarus (CCPR/C/124/D/2260/2013), para. 6.5.	Alekseev诉俄罗斯联邦(CCPR/C/109/D/1873/2009)，第9.6段；
	另见Amelkovich诉白俄罗斯(CCPR/C/125/D/2720/2016)，第6.6段； 以及CCPR/C/GNQ/CO/1，第54-55段。
23	23
Since issuing its Views in Turchenyak et al. v. Belarus (CCPR/C/108/D/1948/2010 and Corr.1), the Committee has often repeated that steps taken by States in response to an assembly “should be guided by the objective to facilitate the right” (para. 7.4).
See also CCPR/C/BEN/CO/2, para. 33, A/HRC/20/27, para. 33, and Human Rights Council resolution 38/11.	Strizhak诉白俄罗斯(CCPR/C/124/D/2260/2013)，第6.5段。
24	24
	委员会自从发布关于Turchenyak等人诉白俄罗斯一案的意见(CCPR/C/108/D/1948/2010和Corr.1)以来经常重申，各国回应某一集会而采取的步骤“应该追求一个目标，即便利实行这项权利”(第7.4段)。
Alekseev v. Russian Federation, para. 9.6.	另见CCPR/C/BEN/CO/2，第33段，A/HRC/20/27，第33段，以及人权理事会第38/11号决议。
25	25
CCPR/C/GEO/CO/4, para. 8; CCPR/C/MNG/CO/6, paras. 11–12; CCPR/C/RUS/CO/7, para. 10;
and CCPR/C/PRY/CO/3, para. 9.	Alekseev诉俄罗斯联邦，第9.6段。
See also CRC/C/KEN/CO/3-5, paras. 27–28; and United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, art. 2.
26	26
	C CPR/C/GEO/CO/4，第8段； CCPR/C/MNG/CO/6，第11-12段；
A/HRC/31/66, para. 16.	CCPR/C/RUS/CO/7，第10段；
	CCPR/C/PRY/CO/3，第9段。 另见CRC/C/KEN/CO/3-5，第27-28段； 以及《联合国土著人民权利宣言》，第2条。
27	27
CCPR/C/CHL/CO/6, para. 19.	A/HRC/31/66，第16段。
See also Fedotova v. Russian Federation (CCPR/C/106/D/1932/2010), para. 10.4.
28	28
European Court of Human Rights, Plattform “Ärzte für das Leben” v. Austria (application No. 10126/82), judgment of 21 June 1988, para. 32.	CCPR/C/CHL/CO/6，第19段。 另见Fedotova诉俄罗斯联邦(CCPR/C/106/D/1932/2010)，第10.4段。
29	29
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on Freedom of Association and Assembly in Africa, para. 70 (a).	European Court of Human Rights, Plattform “Ärzte für das Leben” v. Austria (application No. 10126/82), judgment of 21 June 1988, para. 32.
30	30
Zhagiparov v. Kazakhstan (CCPR/C/124/D/2441/2014), paras. 13.2–13.5.
See also the Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.	African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on Freedom of Association and Assembly in Africa, para. 70 (a).
31	31
CCPR/C/MRT/CO/1, para. 22.	Zhagiparov诉哈萨克斯坦(CCPR/C/124/D/2441/2014)，第13.2-13.5段。
See also General Assembly resolution 66/164.	另见《个人、群体和社会机构在促进和保护普遍公认的人权和基本自由方面的权利和义务宣言》。
32	32
Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework.	CCPR/C/MRT/CO/1，第22段。 另见大会第66/164号决议。
33	33
General comment No. 34 (2011) on the freedoms of opinion and expression, paras. 34, 37–38 and 42–43.	《工商企业与人权指导原则：实施联合国“保护、尊重和补救”框架》。
See also CCPR/C/LAO/CO/1, para. 33.
34	34
	关于意见和表达自由的第34号一般性意见(2011年)，第34段、第37-38段以及第42-43段。
Tulzhenkova v. Belarus (CCPR/C/103/D/1838/2008), para. 9.3.	另见CCPR/C/LAO/CO/1，第33段。
35	35
Evrezov et al. v. Belarus (CCPR/C/112/D/1999/2010 and Corr.1), para. 8.5.	Tulzhenkova诉白俄罗斯(CCPR/C/103/D/1838/2008)，第9.3段。
36	36
CCPR/C/CMR/CO/5, para. 41.	Evrezov等人诉白俄罗斯(CCPR/C/112/D/1999/2010和Corr.1)，第8.5段。
37	37
General comment No. 34, para. 34.	CCPR/C/CMR/CO/5，第41段。
38	38
Gryb v. Belarus (CCPR/C/103/D/1316/2004), para. 13.4.	第34号一般性意见，第34段。
39	39
Chebotareva v. Russian Federation (CCPR/C/104/D/1866/2009), para. 9.3.	Gryb诉白俄罗斯(CCPR/C/103/D/1316/2004)，第13.4段。
40	40
Turchenyak et al. v. Belarus, para. 7.4.	Chebotareva诉俄罗斯联邦(CCPR/C/104/D/1866/2009)，第9.3段。
41	41
OSCE and Venice Commission, Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, paras. 132 and 220–222.	Turchenyak等人诉白俄罗斯，第7.4段。
42	42
Nepomnyashchiy v. Russian Federation (CCPR/C/123/D/2318/2013), para. 7.7;
and general comment No. 34, para. 25.	OSCE and Venice Commission, Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, paras. 132 and 220–222.
43	43
	Nepomnyashchiy诉俄罗斯联邦(CCPR/C/123/D/2318/2013)，第7.7段；
General comment No. 34, para. 34.	以及第34号一般性意见，第25段。
44	44
Toregozhina v. Kazakhstan (CCPR/C/112/D/2137/2012), para. 7.4.	第34号一般性意见，第34段。
45	45
Ibid., paras. 7.4 and 7.6.	Toregozhina诉哈萨克斯坦(CCPR/C/112/D/2137/2012)，第7.4段。
See also OSCE and Venice Commission, Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, para. 131.
46	46
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (E/CN.4/1985/4, annex), para. 29.	同上，第7.4和第7.6段。 另见OSCE and Venice Commission, Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, para. 131。
47	47
Ibid., para. 32.	《关于〈公民及政治权利国际公约〉的各项限制条款和可克减条款的锡拉库扎原则》(E/CN.4/1985/4，附件)，第29段。
48	48
CCPR/C/MKD/CO/3, para. 19;	同上，第32段。
and Alekseev v. Russian Federation, para. 9.5.
49	49
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation of Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, para. 33.	CCPR/C/MKD/CO/3，第19段； Alekseev诉俄罗斯联邦，第9.5段。
50	50
Ibid., para. 22.	《关于〈公民及政治权利国际公约〉的各项限制条款和可克减条款的锡拉库扎原则》，第33段。
51	51
CCPR/C/KAZ/CO/1, para. 26;	同上，第22段。
and CCPR/C/DZA/CO/4, paras. 45–46.
52	52
European Court of Human Rights, Cisse v. France (application No. 51346/99), judgment of 9 April 2002.	CCPR/C/KAZ/CO/1，第26段； 以及CCPR/C/DZA/CO/4，第45-46段。
53	53
General comment No. 22 (1993) on the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, para. 8.	European Court of Human Rights, Cisse v. France (application No. 51346/99), judgment of 9 April 2002.
54	54
General comment No. 34, para. 32.	见关于思想、良心和宗教自由的权利的第22号一般性意见(1993年)，第8段。
55	55
Fedotova v. Russian Federation, paras. 10.5–10.6;	第34号一般性意见，第32段。
and Alekseev v. Russian Federation, para. 9.6.
56	56
Stambrovsky v. Belarus (CCPR/C/112/D/1987/2010), para. 7.6;	Fedotova诉俄罗斯联邦，第10.5-10.6段；
and Pugach v. Belarus (CCPR/C/114/D/1984/2010), para. 7.8.	Alekseev诉俄罗斯联邦，第9.6段。
57	57
	Stambrovsky诉白俄罗斯(CCPR/C/112/D/1987/2010)，第7.6段；
Alekseev v. Russian Federation, para. 9.6.	以及Pugach诉白俄罗斯(CCPR/ C/114/D/1984/2010)，第7.8段。
58	58
CCPR/C/MDG/CO/4, para. 51.	Alekseev诉俄罗斯联邦，第9.6段。
59	59
CCPR/C/79/Add. 86, para. 18;	CCPR/C/MDG/CO/4，第51段。
and general comment No. 34, para. 38.
60	60
	CCPR/C/79/Add.86，第18段；
General comment No. 34, paras. 50–52;	以及第34号一般性意见，第38段。
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, art. 4; and Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, general recommendation No. 35 (2013) on combating racist hate speech. See also the Rabat Plan of Action, para. 29, and the Beirut Declaration on Faith for Rights (A/HRC/40/58, annexes I and II).
61	61
OSCE and Venice Commission, Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, para. 152.
See also European Court of Human Rights, Fáber v. Hungary (application No. 40721/08), judgment of 24 October 2012, paras. 56–58.	第34号一般性意见，第50-52段； 《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》(第四条)； 以及消除种族歧视委员会，关于打击种族主义仇恨言论的第35号一般性建议(2013年)。 另见《拉巴特行动计划》第29段和《关于信仰促进权利的贝鲁特宣言》(A/HRC/40/58，附件一和附件二)。
62	62
Alekseev v. Russian Federation, para. 9.6.	OSCE and Venice Commission, Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, para. 152。
	另见European Court of Human Rights, Fáber v. Hungary (application No. 40721/08), judgment of 24 October 2012, paras. 56–58。
63	63
OSCE and Venice Commission, Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, para. 132.	Alekseev诉俄罗斯联邦，第9.6段。
64	64
Turchenyak et al. v. Belarus, para. 7.4.	OSCE and Venice Commission, Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, para. 132.
65	65
European Court of Human Rights, Éva Molnár v. Hungary (application No. 10346/05), judgment of 7 October 2008, para. 42.	Turchenyak等人诉白俄罗斯，第7.4段。
66	66
CCPR/C/KOR/CO/4, para. 52; and CCPR/C/TJK/CO/3, para. 49.	European Court of Human Rights, Éva Molnár v. Hungary (application No. 10346/05), judgment of 7 October 2008, para. 42.
67	67
	CCPR/C/KOR/CO/4，第52段；
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Protest and Human Rights, para. 72.	以及CCPR/C/TJK/CO/3，第49段。
68	68
CCPR/C/KAZ/CO/1, para. 26.	Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Protest and Human Rights, para. 72.
69	69
CCPR/C/DZA/CO/4, para. 45.	CCPR/C/KAZ/CO/1，第26段。
70	70
Turchenyak et al. v. Belarus, para. 7.5.	CCPR/C/DZA/CO/4，第45段。
71	71
Sudalenko v. Belarus (CCPR/C/113/D/1992/2010), para. 8.5.	Turchenyak等人诉白俄罗斯，第7.5段。
72	72
Zündel v. Canada (CCPR/C/78/D/953/2000), para. 8.5.	Sudalenko诉白俄罗斯(CCPR/C/113/D/1992/2010)，第8.5段。
73	73
Giménez v. Paraguay (CCPR/C/123/D/2372/2014), para. 8.3;	Zündel诉加拿大(CCPR/C/78/D/953/2000)，第8.5段。
and European Court of Human Rights, Annenkov and others v. Russia (application No. 31475/10), judgment of 25 July 2017, para. 122.
74	74
	Giménez诉巴拉圭(CCPR/C/123/D/2372/2014)，第8.3段；
European Court of Human Rights, Appleby and others v. United Kingdom (application No. 44306/98), judgment of 6 May 2003, para. 47.	European Court of Human Rights, Annenkov and others v. Russia (application No. 31475/10), judgment of 25 July 2017, para. 122。
75	75
European Court of Human Rights, Frumkin v. Russia, para. 107.	European Court of Human Rights, Appleby and others v. United Kingdom (application No. 44306/98), judgment of 6 May 2003, para. 47.
76	76
CCPR/C/THA/CO/2, para. 39.	European Court of Human Rights, Frumkin v. Russia, para. 107.
77	77
OSCE and Venice Commission, Guidelines on Peaceful Assembly, para. 153;	CCPR/C/THA/CO/2，第39段。
and African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on Freedom of Association and Assembly in Africa, para. 81.
78	78
A/HRC/31/66, para. 73.	OSCE and Venice Commission, Guidelines on Peaceful Assembly, para. 153；
	以及African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on Freedom of Association and Assembly in Africa, para. 81。
79	79
CCPR/C/KOR/CO/4, paras. 42–43.	A/HRC/31/66，第73段。
80	80
A/HRC/44/24, paras. 33–34.	CCPR/C/KOR/CO/4，第42-43段。
81	81
OSCE and Venice Commission, Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, para. 110.	A/HRC/44/24，第33-34段。
82	82
CCPR/C/CHE/CO/4, para. 48.	OSCE and Venice Commission, Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, para. 110.
83	83
Poliakov v. Belarus (CCPR/C/111/D/2030/2011), paras. 8.2–8.3;
and CCPR/C/BLR/CO/5, para. 51 (a).	CCPR/C/CHE/CO/4，第48段。
84	84
	Poliakov诉白俄罗斯(CCPR/C/111/D/2030/2011)，第8.2-8.3段；
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on Freedom of Association and Assembly in Africa, para. 102 (b).	以及CCPR/C/BLR/CO/5，第51 (a)段。
85	85
A/HRC/31/66, para. 26.	African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on Freedom of Association and Assembly in Africa, para. 102 (b).
86	86
OSCE and Venice Commission, Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, para. 224.	A/HRC/31/66，第26段。
87	87
CCPR/C/KHM/CO/2, para. 22;
and CCPR/C/JOR/CO/5, para. 32.	OSCE and Venice Commission, Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, para. 224.
88	88
CCPR/C/TKM/CO/2, para. 44.	CCPR/C/KHM/CO/2，第22段；
	以及CCPR/C/JOR/CO/5，第32段。
89	89
CCPR/C/SWZ/CO/1, para. 36;	CCPR/C/TKM/CO/2，第44段。
and CCPR/C/BHR/CO/1, para. 29. See also A/HRC/40/52.
90	90
CCPR/C/POL/CO/6, para. 23.	CCPR/C/SWZ/CO/1，第36段；
	以及CCPR/C/BHR/CO/1，第29段。 另见A/HRC/40/52。
91	91
E.V. v. Belarus (CCPR/C/112/D/1989/2010), para. 6.6.	CCPR/C/POL/CO/6，第23段。
92	92
CCPR/C/MAR/CO/6, para. 45;	E.V.诉白俄罗斯(CCPR/C/112/D/1989/2010)，第6.6段。
CCPR/C/GMB/CO/2, para. 41; and African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on Freedom of Association and Assembly in Africa, para. 71.
93	93
	CCPR/C/MAR/CO/6，第45段；
Kivenmaa v. Finland, para. 9.2.	CCPR/C/GMB/CO/2，第41段；
See also African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on Freedom of Association and Assembly in Africa, para. 72.	以及African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on Freedom of Association and Assembly in Africa, para. 71。
94	94
Kivenmaa v. Finland, para. 9.2.	Kivenmaa诉芬兰，第9.2段。
See also Sekerko v. Belarus, para. 9.4.	另见African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on Freedom of Association and Assembly in Africa, para. 72。
95	95
Popova v. Russian Federation (CCPR/C/122/D/2217/2012), para. 7.5.	Kivenmaa诉芬兰，第9.2段。 另见Sekerko诉白俄罗斯，第9.4段。
96	96
Poliakov v. Belarus, para. 8.3.	Popova诉俄罗斯联邦(CCPR/C/122/D/2217/2012)，第7.5段。
97	97
See, e.g., Popova v. Russian Federation, paras. 7.4–7.5.
See also A/HRC/31/66, para. 23.	Poliakov诉白俄罗斯，第8.3段。
98	98
	例如，见Popova诉俄罗斯联邦，第7.4-7.5段。
CCPR/CO/83/KEN, para. 23;	另见A/HRC/31/66，第23段。
CCPR/C/CHE/CO/4, para. 48; and CCPR/C/DZA/CO/4, para. 45.
99	99
Popova v. Russian Federation, para. 7.5.	CCPR/CO/83/KEN，第23段； CCPR/C/CHE/CO/4，第48段；
See also European Court of Human Rights, Éva Molnár v. Hungary, para. 38.	以及CCPR/C/DZA/CO/4，第45段。
100	100
CCPR/C/UZB/CO/5, paras. 46–47;	Popova诉俄罗斯联邦，第7.5段。
and CCPR/C/JOR/CO/5, para. 32.	另见European Court of Human Rights, Éva Molnár v. Hungary, para. 38。
101	101
CCPR/C/AGO/CO/1, para. 21;	CCPR/C/UZB/CO/5，第46-47段；
CCPR/C/GEO/CO/4, para. 12;
and CCPR/C/KOR/CO/4, para. 52.	以及CCPR/C/JOR/CO/5，第32段。
102	102
A/HRC/31/66, para. 41.	CCPR/C/AGO/CO/1, 第21段；
	CCPR/C/GEO/CO/4, 第12段； 以及CCPR/C/KOR/CO/4, 第52段。
103	103
Ibid., para. 38.	A/HRC/31/66，第41段。
104	104
Human Rights Council resolution 38/11;	同上，第38段。
and A/HRC/26/36, para. 51.
105	105
	人权理事会第38/11号决议；
A/HRC/31/66, para. 37.	以及A/HRC/26/36，第51段。
106	106
General comment No. 36 (2018) on the right to life, paras. 13–14.	A/HRC/31/66，第37段。
107	107
United Nations publication, Sales No. E.20.XIV.2.	关于生命权的第36号一般性意见(2018年)，第13-14段。
See also the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials.
108	108
	联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.20.XIV.2。
Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, art. 3.	另见《执法人员行为守则》。
109	109
Ibid., commentary to art. 3.	《执法人员行为守则》，第三条。
110	110
CCPR/C/MAR/CO/6, paras. 45–46;
and CCPR/C/BHR/CO/1, para. 55.	同上，第三条评注。
111	111
CCPR/C/KHM/CO/2, para. 12;	CCPR/C/MAR/CO/6，第45-46段；
CCPR/C/GRC/CO/2, para. 42;
and CCPR/C/BGR/CO/4, para. 38.	以及CCPR/C/BHR/CO/1，第55段。
112	112
CCPR/C/VEN/CO/4, para. 14;	CCPR/C/KHM/CO/2，第12段；
	CCPR/C/GRC/CO/2，第42段；
and African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on Policing Assemblies in Africa, para. 3.2.	以及CCPR/C/BGR/CO/4，第38段。
113	113
Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, art. 1.	CCPR/C/VEN/CO/4，第14段；
	以及African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on Policing Assemblies in Africa, para. 3.2。
114	114
General comment No. 36, para. 14. See also United Nations Human Rights Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement, section 4;
and Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, principles 2 and 3.	《执法人员行为守则》，第一条。
115	115
CCPR/C/GBR/CO/7, para. 11;	第36号一般性意见，第14段。
and A/HRC/44/24, para. 32.	另见《联合国关于在执法中使用低致命武器的人权指南》，第四节； 《执法人员使用武力和火器的基本原则》，原则2和原则3。
116	116
CCPR/C/MKD/CO/3, para. 19.	CCPR/C/GBR/CO/7，第11段；
	以及A/HRC/44/24，第32段。
117	117
General comment No. 35 (2014) on liberty and security of person, para. 15.	CCPR/C/MKD/CO/3，第19段。
118	118
European Court of Human Rights, S., V. and A. v. Denmark (application Nos. 35553/12, 36678/12 and 36711/12), judgment of 22 October 2018 (Grand Chamber), paras. 77 and 127.	关于人身自由和安全的第35号一般性意见(2014年)，第15段。
119	119
CCPR/C/CAN/CO/6, para. 15.	European Court of Human Rights, S., V. and A. v. Denmark (application Nos. 35553/12, 36678/12 and 36711/12), judgment of 22 October 2018 (Grand Chamber), paras. 77 and 127.
120	120
CCPR/C/GBR/CO/7, para. 11;	CCPR/C/CAN/CO/6，第15段。
and CCPR/C/USA/CO/4, para. 7.
121	121
	CCPR/C/GBR/CO/7，第11段；
A/HRC/31/66, para. 43.	以及CCPR/C/USA/CO/4，第7段。
122	122
European Court of Human Rights, Austin and others v. United Kingdom (application Nos. 39629/09, 40713/09;
and 41008/09), judgment of 15 March 2012 (Grand Chamber), para. 68.	A/HRC/31/66，第43段。
123	123
A/HRC/31/66, para. 62.	European Court of Human Rights, Austin and others v. United Kingdom (application Nos. 39629/09, 40713/09;and 41008/09), judgment of 15 March 2012 (Grand Chamber), para. 68.
124	124
Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, principle 13;
and A/HRC/26/36, para. 75.	A/HRC/31/66，第62段。
125	125
United Nations Human Rights Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement, para. 2.10.	《执法人员使用武力和火器的基本原则》，原则13；
	以及A/HRC/26/36，第75段。
126	126
S/2009/693, annex, para. 62;
and United Nations Human Rights Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement, para. 7.3.7.	《联合国关于在执法中使用低致命武器的人权指南》，第2.10段。
127	127
	S/2009/693，附件，第62段；
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on Policing Assemblies in Africa, para. 21.2.4.	以及《联合国关于在执法中使用低致命武器的人权指南》，第7.3.7段。
128	128
Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, principle 14.	African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Guidelines on Policing Assemblies in Africa, para. 21.2.4.
129	129
General comment No. 36, para. 12;
and Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, principles 9 and 14.	《执法人员使用武力和火器的基本原则》，原则14。
130	130
	第36号一般性意见，第12段；
United Nations Human Rights Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement, para. 7.5.8.	以及《执法人员使用武力和火器的基本原则》，原则9和原则14。
131	131
A/HRC/31/66, paras. 60 and 67 (e).
See also Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Resource book on the use of force and firearms in law enforcement (New York, United Nations, 2017), p. 96.	《联合国关于在执法中使用低致命武器的人权指南》，第7.5.8段。
132	132
European Court of Human Rights, Hentschel and Stark v. Germany (application No. 47274/15), judgment of 9 November 2017, para. 91;	A/HRC/31/66，第60和第67 (e)段。
and CAT/C/DEU/CO/6, para. 40.	另见联合国人权事务高级专员办事处和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室，《关于在执法中使用武力和火器的资料手册》(纽约，联合国，2017年)，第96页。
133	133
CCPR/C/COD/CO/4, paras. 43–44;	European Court of Human Rights, Hentschel and Stark v. Germany (application No. 47274/15), judgment of 9 November 2017, para. 91；
and CCPR/C/BHR/CO/1, para. 36.	以及CAT/C/DEU/CO/6，第40段。
See also The Minnesota Protocol on the investigation of potentially unlawful death (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.17.XIV.3).
134	134
General Assembly resolution 60/147, annex.	CCPR/C/COD/CO/4，第43-44段； 以及CCPR/C/BHR/CO/1，第36段。
	另见《关于或属非法致死事件调查的明尼苏达规程》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.17.XIV.3)。
135	135
United Nations Human Rights Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement, paras. 3.3–3.5.	大会第60/147号决议，附件。
136	136
General comment No. 36, para. 15.	《联合国关于在执法中使用低致命武器的人权指南》，第3.3-3.5段。
137	137
International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers (2010).	第36号一般性意见，第15段。
138	138
United Nations Human Rights Guidance on Less-Lethal Weapons in Law Enforcement, para. 3.2.	《私营安保服务提供商国际行为守则》(2010年)。
139	139
CCPR/C/CHN-HKG/CO/3, para. 10;	《联合国关于在执法中使用低致命武器的人权指南》，第3.2段。
and CCPR/C/CHN-MAC/CO/1, para. 16.
140	140
A/HRC/31/66, para. 71.	CCPR/C/CHN-HKG/CO/3，第10段；
	以及CCPR/C/CHN MAC/CO/1，第16段。
141	141
Ibid., para. 67 (f).	A/HRC/31/66，第71段。
142	142
General comment No. 29 (2001) on derogations from provisions of the Covenant during a state of emergency, para. 5.
See also CCPR/C/128/2, para. 2 (c).	同上，第67 (f)段。
143	143
General comment No. 29, paras. 5–9.	关于紧急状态期间《公约》条款克减问题的第29号一般性意见(2001年)，第5段。
	另见CCPR/ C/128/2，第2 (c)段。
144	144
General comment No. 36, para. 64.	第29号一般性意见，第5-9段。
145	145
CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, para. 9;
CCPR/C/UZB/CO/3, para. 8;	第36号一般性意见，第64段。
Olmedo v. Paraguay (CCPR/C/104/D/1828/2008), para. 7.5; and Benítez Gamarra v. Paraguay (CCPR/C/104/D/1829/2008), para. 7.4.
146	146
	CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3，第9段； CCPR/C/UZB/CO/3，第8段；
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, art. 7.	Olmedo诉巴拉圭(CCPR/C/104/D/ 1828/2008)，第7.5段；
	以及Benítez Gamarra诉巴拉圭(CCPR/C/104/D/1829/2008)，第7.4段。
147	147
Evrezov et al. v. Belarus, paras. 3.3 and 8.9.	《国际刑事法院罗马规约》，第七条。
148	148
General comment No. 22, para. 8.	Evrezov等人诉白俄罗斯，第3.3和第8.9段。
149	149
	第22号一般性意见，第8段。 150
Sudalenko v. Belarus, para. 8.6.	Sudalenko诉白俄罗斯，第8.6段。